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Number Properties 2

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Ensures that you know how to apply concepts,


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Scholaranium => Where to focus next…

Quadratic Inequalities

Algebra

Functions Exponents

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Key differences between the two approaches
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2. How do I evaluate whether I have truly learned a


Limited evaluation Tutor Evaluates
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Extensive
3. After I learn a concept, how do I figure out how to Little emphasis on
emphasis and
apply those concepts successfully. application
evaluation

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still 50-60 points away from my target GMAT (guesses) the weak areas.
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Number Properties 2

Agenda

Solve every NP question using a unified approach

Presenter
3 parts to this Webinar

The Company Live Session Questions

NP2 ?
Live Session

12 minutes 120 minutes 20 minutes

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Purpose of the Session

Help you understand that the Key to acing GMAT Quant is


1. Sound understanding of basics
2. Structured approach to solving questions

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Progression of the Session

Warm Up PS PS – 700+ DS – 700+


<650 Level (650 – 700) 700+ 700+
#5 #3 #4 #3
Q1 – Q5 Q1 – Q3 Q4 – Q7 Q8 – Q10

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o Basic Questions on Divisibility and Remainders
Warm-Up
o Feedback about current conceptual knowledge
Section
o Solutions provided
o No detailed discussion of solutions!

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Warm Up – Q1

Z is a 3-digit number whose digits are consecutive numbers.

Select the correct statement.


Divisibility rule of 3:
Sum of digits should be divisible by 3

Sum of digits of number Z = (x) + (x+1) + (x+2)


A Z may be divisible by 3.
= 3x + 3
= 3(x+1)
B Z is always divisible by 3.
Always divisible by 3
C Z is not divisible by 3.
Choice B

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Warm Up – Q2
Z is a 4-digit number whose digits are consecutive numbers.
Select the correct statement.
Divisibility rule of 4:
Last 2 digits should be divisible by 4

A Z may be divisible by 4.
1. Z could be odd
B Z is always divisible by 4. • Example: 2345
C Z is not divisible by 4. 2. Z could be even
• the last 2 digits may be divisible by 4
• Example: 3456
• the last 2 digits may not be divisible by 4
• Example: 1234
Correct choice A

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Warm Up – Q3

What is the number closest to 823467897 that is a multiple of 8?

A 823467904 Divisibility rule of 8 :


Last 3 digits should be divisible by 8
B 823467898
• 823467897
C 823467896
• 897/8 gives remainder as 1
D 823467894
• Closest number to 823467897 that is divisible
by 8 is one ending with 896

Choice C

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Warm Up – Q4

If a number N leaves a remainder 3 when divided by 204, what is the remainder when N is divided by 4?

A 0 Concept:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
N = 4p + r where r < 4
B 1 N = 204q + 3

Process Skill = Visualization


C 2

D 3 • 204q can be written as 4p as shown


• 204q = 4 x 51q
• i.e. p = 51q
• N = 204q + 3
• N = 4 x 51q + 3
• →r=3
Choice D
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Warm Up – Q5
If a number N leaves a remainder 6 when divided by 205, what is the remainder when N is divided by 5?

A 1 Concept:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
N = 5p + r where r < 5
B 2 N = 205q + 6
Process Skill = Visualization
C 3
Process Skill = Apply Constraints
D 6 • 205q can be written as 5p as shown
• 205q = 5 x 41q
• i.e. p = 41q
• →r=6

Choice A 6=5x1+1
• Thus r = 1

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o Ensure that you have 200% clarity in concepts
Warm-Up
o If you scored less than 100% in these questions, then revise
recommended concepts from the course.
Overall
o GMAT Questions require much advanced level of application
Feedback of these concepts

o Thus, 200% clarity is required in your conceptual


knowledge!!

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GMAT Style Questions
650 – 700 level
Problem Solving Questions

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Q1
If m is a positive integer, and m/30 = 8.2, what is the remainder when m is divided by 15?
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

m = 30 * 8.2
A 0 m = 15p + r where r < 15
Visualization
m = (30 * 8) + (30 * 0.2)
B 0.2

C 6.0
Visualization m = 15 (2 * 8) + 6
D 8.2 • Thus r = 6

E 14.0 Choice C

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Q2
If m is a positive integer, and m/15 = 8.2, what is the remainder when m is divided by 30?
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

m = 15 * 8.2
A 0 m = 30p + r where r < 30
Visualization
m = (15 * 8) + (15 * 0.2)
B 0.2

C 3.0
Visualization m = 15 * 2 (4) + 3
D 8.2 = 30 (4) + 3

• Thus r = 3
E 15.0
Choice C

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Q3
If m is a positive integer, and m/15 = 9.2, what is the remainder when m is divided by 30?
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

m = 15 * 9.2
A 0.2 m = 30p + r where r < 30
Visualization
m = (15 * 9) + (15 * 0.2)
B 3.0

C 9.2
Visualization m = 15 * (8+1) + 3
D 15 = 15*8 + 15*1 + 3
= 15*2 *4 + 15*1 + 3
E 18
= 30 *4 + 15*1 + 3

Choice E = 30 *4 + 18 • Thus r = 18

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Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder Visualization

m = (30 * 8) + (30 * 0.2) m = 15p + r


m = 15 (2 * 8) + 6

650 – 700 Level PS Questions m = (15 * 8) + (15 * 0.2) m = 30p + r Progressively


increasing degree
m = 15 * 2 (4) + 3
of application
Overview of = 30 (4) + 3
• 200% clarity of concepts

Q1-Q3 m = (15 * 9) + (15 * 0.2) m = 30p + r


• Structured application
process

m = 15 * (8+1) + 3
= 15*8 + 15*1 + 3
= 15*2 *4 + 15*1 + 3
= 30 *4 + 15*1 + 3
= 30 *4 + 18

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GMAT Style Questions
700 + level
Problem Solving Questions

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So are you 200% confident with the concept?

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

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In the subsequent slides we will build upon

our understanding of this concept.

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Adding and Multiplying Remainders

1. What is the remainder when (31+ 43) is divided by 7? 2. What is the remainder when (31 x 43) is divided by 7?

Answer = 4 Answer = 3

What sequence of steps did you use to solve this? What sequence of steps did you use to solve this?

Sequence 1 Sequence 1
• 31 + 43 = 74 • 31 * 43 = 1333
74 1333
• • =3
7 R 7 R
Sequence 2 Sequence 2
31 31
• =3 • =3
7 R 7 R
43 43
• =1 • =1
7 R 7 R
• Add the two 3+1 = 4 • Multiply the two 3*1 = 3
Either is good. Clearly Sequence 2 is more efficient!
So use your judgment to see which one is better to use.
e.g. For larger numbers Sequence 2 may be more efficient.

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Rationale - Adding and Multiplying Remainders
1. What is the remainder when (31+ 43) is divided by 7? 2. What is the remainder when (31 x 43) is divided by 7?
Sequence 2 Sequence 2
31 31
• =3 • =3
7 R 7 R
43 43
• =1 • =1
7 R 7 R
• Add the two 3+1 = 4 • Multiply the two 3*1 = 3

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder


31 = 7*4 + 3 43 = 7*6 + 1
31 = 7*4 + 3 43 = 7*6 + 1
So, (31 * 43) = (7*4 + 3) * (7*6 + 1)
So, (31 + 43) = (7*4 + 3) + (7*6 + 1)
Simplifying it:
Writing it in the form of our equation:
= 7*4*7*6 + 3*7*6 + 7*4*1 + 3*1
= 7(4+6) + (3+1)
Writing it in the form of our equation:
= 7(4+6) + 4
= 7(4*7*6 + 3*6 + 4*1 ) + (3*1)
Thus, we can simply add the remainders in this case. = 7(p) + 3
Thus, we can simply multiply the remainders in this case.

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Q4
What is the remainder when 243×385 is divided by 3 ?

A 0 • 24 is completely divisible by 3
• Thus, the expression is completely divisible by 3
• Thus, r = 0
B 1

C 2
Stick to your basics conceptual understanding!
D 3

E Cannot be calculated

Choice A

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Q5
What is the remainder when (25×38)3 is divided by 3 ?

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3

E 4

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Q5
What is the remainder when (25×38)3 is divided by 3 ?
• Expression can be considered as shown
• (25x38) x (25x38) x (25x38)

• Thus, remainder for each term can be


A 0 calculated and then all remainders can be
multiplied.
B 1
• Also, remainder of like terms will be the same.

C 2 • So, answer =
3
25 38
• 𝑋
D 3 3 R 3 R
• (1 x 2)3
• 23
E 4 • 8
Apply Constraints • But r < 3
• Thus, 8 = 3*2 + 2
Choice C • Thus, remainder = 2

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Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Calculations can be simplified extensively


700 Level PS Questions 31+43 31 43
→ = +
7 R 7 R 7 R
Overview of →
31 X 43
=
31
X
43
7 R 7 R 7 R
Q4-5 313 31 3
→ =
7 R 7 R

Simplification

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Negative Remainders Positive remainder = Negative remainder + Divisor

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder


Apply Constraints
r < divisor
But how about if we write the But before we mark the answer, we should
r≥0 divisibility equation as shown convert the –ve remainder back to +ve remainder.

5
=1
2 R • 5=2*3–1+2- 2 add and subtract the divisor
• 5=2*3-1
These are =2*3- 2–1+2 rearrange terms
• 5=2*2+1
–ve = 2 (3 -1) – 1 + 2
remainders = 2 *2 + 1
8
=2
3 R r=1
• 8=3*3 -1
• 8=3*2+2 • 8=3*3–1+3- 3 add and subtract the divisor
Sometimes for ease of =3*3- 3–1+3 rearrange terms
processing, we can consider = 3 (3 -1) – 1 + 3
–ve remainders as shown. Visualization = 3*2 + 2
r=2

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Q6
What is the remainder when (243×385)+ 177 is divided by 3 ?

24 3 x 38 5 +17 7
3 R

A -1 24 3 x 38 5 17 7
+
3 3 R
B 0
17 7
C 1 0 + 17 = 3*6 - 1 17 = 3*5 + 2
3 R
since 24 is divisible by 3
D 2
Easier processing with –ve remainder = (-1)7
= -1
E 3
= -1 + 3
Converting to +ve remainder
=2
Choice D Thus, remainder = 0 + 2 = 2

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Q7
What is the remainder when (243×385)+ 177 is divided by 6 ?

24 3 x 38 5 +17 7
6 R

A -1 24 3 x 38 5 17 7
+
6 6 R
B 0
17 7
C 2 0 + 17 = 6*3 - 1 17 = 6*2 + 5
6 R
since 24 is divisible by 6
D 4
Easier processing with –ve remainder = (-1)7
= -1
E 5
= -1 + 6
Converting to +ve remainder
=5
Choice E Thus, remainder = 0 + 5 = 5

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Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Sometimes –ve remainders can simplify calculations


700+ PS Questions
→ Its ok to process –ve remainders

Overview of → But its important to convert –ve remainders to +ve remainders

Q6 - 7 → Positive remainder = Negative remainder + divisor

Simplification

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GMAT Style Questions
700 + level
Data Sufficiency Questions

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Q8
What is the remainder when the positive integer p is divided by the positive integer m, where m>1?
I. p = (m+1)8
II. m=8

A Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.

B Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

C BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

D EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

E Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

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Q8 – Solution
What is the remainder when a positive integer p is divided by a positive integer m, where m>1?
I. p = (m+1)8
II. m=8

Question Statement Analysis To find – p remainder m m>1

A
Statement 1 Analysis p = (m+1)8 p m+1 8 B
=
m m C
R D
Answer can be found
E
m+1 8 Statement 1 is sufficient
=
m R
= (1)8
=1
A
Statement 2 Analysis m=8 Answer cannot be found
B
Statement 2 is not sufficient
No information about p C
D
E

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Q9
2
If n is a positive integer, what is the remainder when 38𝑛 is divided by 13?

I. n leaves no remainder when divided by 4.


II. √n is only divisible by 1 and itself.

A Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.

B Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

C BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

D EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

E Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

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Q9 – Solution
38n2
2
If n is a positive integer, what is the remainder when 38𝑛 is divided by 13?
To find – n>0
I. n leaves no remainder when divided by 4. 13 R
II. √n is only divisible by 1 and itself.

Question Statement Analysis n2


38
=
13 R
38 = 13 * 3 - 1 38 = 13 * 2 + 12
2
= (−1) n Thus, we need to know the even-odd
nature of n to find the answer to the
Case 1 – n is odd Case 2 – n is even
question asked in the question
Remainder = -1 = -1 + 13 = 12 Remainder = +1 statement.
A
B
Statement 1 Analysis n = 4K + 0 C
= 4K Answer can be found
D
= even Statement 1 is sufficient
E
A
Statement 2 Analysis B
√n = prime number
C
n = prime number2 Answer cannot be found
D
even, odd, odd, … Statement 2 is not sufficient
= 22, 32, 52, 72… E

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Q10
What is the remainder when 4m is divided by 16, where m is a +ve integer greater than 1?

I. m leaves a remainder of 4 when divided by 3232.


II. m3 is divisible by 16.

A Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.

B Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

C BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

D EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

E Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

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Q10 – Solution
What is the remainder when 4m is divided by 16, where m is a +ve integer greater than 1?
I. m leaves a remainder of 4 when divided by 3232
II. m3 is divisible by 16
4m m > 0 and integer
To find –
Question Statement Analysis 16 R

𝟒𝒎 = 𝟏𝟔𝒒 + 𝒓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 15 We need to find ‘r’

32
multiplying by 4 to bring it into the form needed.
Statement 1 Analysis 𝑚 = 32 𝑘 + 4
4𝑚 = 4(3232 𝑘 + 4)
4𝑚 = 4 × 32 × 3231 × 𝑘 + 4 × 4
4𝑚 = 4 × 4 × 8 × 3231 × 𝑘 + 4 × 4

4𝑚 = 16𝑝 + 16
4𝑚 = 16 𝑝 + 1 A
B
C
→ Remainder = 0 Answer can be found D
Statement 1 is sufficient E

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Q10 – Solution
What is the remainder when 4m is divided by 16, where m is a +ve integer greater than 1?
I. m leaves a remainder of 4 when divided by 3232
II. m3 is divisible by 16
4m m > 0 and integer
To find –
Question Statement Analysis 16 R

𝟒𝒎 = 𝟏𝟔𝒒 + 𝒓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 15 We need to find ‘r’


Statement 2 Analysis where
Let a>0
𝑚 = 2𝑎 × 𝑃1 𝑏 × 𝑃2 𝑐 . . . b, c . . . ≥ 0
cubing 𝑚= 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
both sides
3𝑏 3𝑐 Divisible by 16 = 2𝟒
𝑚3 = 2𝟑𝒂 × 𝑃1 × 𝑃2 . . . 3𝑎 ≥ 4
4 𝟒𝑚 = 𝟒 × 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑎 ≥
3 A
𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 B
4𝑚 = 16q
C
D
Statement 2 is sufficient 𝒓=𝟎 E

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GMAT Quant can be MASTERED
You can improve from a low Quant score, if you
focus on learning!!

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Krish
GMAT 740
(Q51, V38)
Learn more

1. Failed in traps initially


2. Focused on solving
questions the right way
3. Changed his approach in
DS
4. Scored Q51

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Leonardo GMAT 750 (Q49, V44) + Wharton admit
Background
• Was unable to cross Q45 despite
working really hard.

What helped him Improve to Q49


• Methodical approach – to avoid
repeat mistakes
• Used analytics – Isolate weakness
• Selective Practice – Quant
Scholaranium

Admitted to Stern, Tepper,


Video Debrief: https://e-gmat.wistia.com/medias/pvm1ifhx6f and Wharton

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Mazibar
Q30(20p.) to Q45 (59p.)

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Guillermo Gonzalez - 710 (Q38 to Q50 improvement)
Background
• Had a starting score of Q38 (38
percentile.

Improvement to Q50 (87 Percentile)


• Focused on learning
• Obtained accurate estimate of
ability in each area
• Followed a process to track
improvement

Received Interview invite (and possibly admission) from


Video Debrief: https://e-gmat.wistia.com/medias/j0rlmyaxgs Wharton. At Q38, Wharton (Quant focused school) seemed a
distant dream

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To ace GMAT Quant …
Focus on Learning and adopting
good habits….

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• Ensure that you have 200% clarity in the concepts

• Ensure that you solve questions in a step by step fashion

• Become an active reader of question statement


Concluding • Trust the test maker – He will not throw anything at you that you
cannot solve.
Remarks
• Believe in your skills – You have everything in your arsenal to solve
any such problems

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1. Review ALL Number Properties Concepts in the Free
Trial
1. Prime Numbers

2. Divisibility

3. Remainders

Next Steps 2. Solve Practice Questions in the Shared PDF - 2

3. Solve Number Properties questions in Scholaranium - 59

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Questions for your Practice!!

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Q1
If n is an integer and n4 is completely divisible by 32, 27 and 25, then n must be divisible by which of the
following?
I. 6
II. 8
III. 20

A I

B I and II

C I and III

D II and III

E I, II and III

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Q1 - Solution
If n is an integer and n4 is completely divisible by 32, 27 and 25, then n must be divisible by which of the
following?
I. 6
II. 8 Given: Let 𝑛 = 2𝑚 × 3𝑛 × 5𝑝 × 𝑃4 𝑞 . . . m, n, p are non-negative integers
III. 20 Find: Need to find: m, n, p
Approach and Working:
A I
So, 𝑛4 = 2𝟒𝒎 × 3𝟒𝒏 × 5𝟒𝒑 × 𝑃4 4𝑞 . . .
B I and II
32 = 25 27 = 33 25 = 52

4𝑚 ≥ 5 4𝑛 ≥ 3 4𝑝 ≥ 2
C I and III 5 3 2
𝑚 ≥ 𝑛 ≥ 𝑝 ≥
4 4 4
𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1
D II and III 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2

So, 𝑛 = 2𝑎 × 3𝑏 × 5𝑐 × 𝑃4 𝑞 . . . where a , b, c, q ≥ 0
E I, II and III
Infer: n has minimum two 2s, one 3 and one 5.
Choice C Thus, n must be divisible by 6 and 20 but not 8

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Q2
Is 10n K + T divisible by 18, where n, K and T are positive integers and K>1?

I. (10mK + T) is divisible by 27, where m is a positive integer


II. T is prime and a factor of 4

A Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.

B Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.

C BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.

D EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.

E Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

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Q2 – Solution
Is 10n K + T divisible by 18, where n, K and T are positive integers and K>1?
I. (10mK + T) is divisible by 27, where m is a positive integer
II. T is prime and a factor of 4
Any number x is divisible by 18 if :
Question Statement Analysis To find –10n K + T divisibility by 18 A. x is divisible by 2 only
B. x is divisible by 9 only
C. x is divisible by both 2 and 9
Is 10n K + T divisible by 18 ?

Is 10n K + T divisible by 2 ? Is 10n K + T divisible by 9 ?

Is 10n K + T even? Is (9+1)n K + T divisible by 9?


10n K will
always end Is 1nK + T is divisible by 9
with zero
Is units digit of T even? Is K + T divisible by 9?

If answer to both questions is YES, then 10n K + T is divisible by 18

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Q2 – Solution
Is 10n K + T divisible by 18, where n, K and T are positive integers and K>1?
I. (10mK + T) is divisible by 27, where m is a positive integer
II. T is prime and a factor of 4
To find – 1. Units Digits of T even
Question Statement Analysis 2. IS T + 9 divisible by 9?

Statement 1 Analysis Statement 2 Analysis

10mK + T is divisible by 27 T = prime factor of 4 A


B
T=2 Answer cannot be found
C
Statement 2 is not sufficient
10mK + T is divisible by 9 D
T is even
Answer cannot be found E
Statement 1 is not sufficient
1mK + T is divisible by 9 Combining Both Statements
A Statement 1 Statement 2 A
B B
C K + T is divisible by 9 T is even C
K + T is divisible by 9
D D
E E
No information about units digit of T!!
Combining both Statements : Sufficient

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