ANALOG TRANSMISSION MECHANISM

An analog wave form (or signal) is characterized by being

continuously variable along amplitude and frequency. In the case of
telephony, for instance, when you speak into a handset, there are
changes in the air pressure around your mouth. Those changes in air
pressure fall onto the handset, where they are amplified and then
converted into current, or voltage fluctuations. Those fluctuations in
current are an analog of the actual voice pattern—hence the use of the
term analog to describe these signalsWhen it comes to an analog
circuit—what we also refer to as a voice-grade line—we need to also
define the frequency band in which it operates.

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION MECHANISM

Digital transmission is quite different from analog transmission. For

one thing, the signal is much simpler. Rather than being a
continuously variable wave form, it is a series of discrete pulses,
representing one bits and zero bits. Each computer uses a coding
scheme that defines what combinations of ones and zeros constitute
all the characters in a character set (that is, lowercase letters,
uppercase letters, punctuation marks, digits, keyboard control
functions). How the ones and zeros are physically carried through the
network depends on whether the network is electrical or optical. In
electrical networks, one bits are represented as high voltage, and zero
bits are represented as null, or low voltage. In optical networks, one
bits are represented by the presence of light, and zero bits are
represented by the absence of light.
2. For the bit stream 01001110, sketch the waveforms for:

a. NRZ-L :

b. NRZI :

c. Bipolar-AMI :

d. Pseudoternary :

e. Manchester :
3. Given the bit pattern 001110, encode this data using:

a. ASK :

b. FSK :

c. PSK :

4. The waveform of Figure 1 below belongs to a

Manchester-encoded binary data stream. Determine the
beginning and end of bit periods and give the data
sequence.

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
5. The bipolar-AMI waveform representing the binary
sequence 0100101011 is transmitted over a noisy channel.
The received waveform is shown in Figure 2; it contains a
single error. Locate the position of this error and explain
your answer.

The error is at bit position 7, where there is a negative pulse. For

AMI, positive and negative pulses are used alternately for binary 1.
The pulse in position 1 represents the third binary 1 in the data stream
and should have a positive value.

6. Draw the waveform for the sequence 11111011111 using

a. NRZ-L
b. Bipolar-AMI

c. Pseudoternary

7. A signal is quantized using 10-bit PCM. Find the signal-

to-quantization noise ratio.