BIOMETRICS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements of the degree of MBA

Submitted to
Mr.Gaurav Chandiok
Department of IT, ABS
Submitted by
310B14 – Sahil Behl
310B39 – Anuja Sharma
310B41- Abhishek Gupta

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PARTICULARS Pg. No.

Table of picture
Certificate
Introduction
Definition of biometrics
Types of biometrics
Application of biometrics
Appendix
References

1) ……………………………………..3
2) Certificate………………………………………...….4
3) Introduction………………………………………….5
4) Definition of biometrics…………………...………..7
5) Finger recognition………………………..…………10
6) Face recognition…………………………….………14
7) Hand geometry……………………………….……..16
8) Iris recognition…………………………….………..18
9) Voice recognition……………………………..…….21
10) Signature recognition………………..……….……..23
11) Application of biometrics………………..………….26
12) Appendix………………………………………..…..27

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 Table of Pictures
1) General biometric model…………………………………………….9
2) Finger print scanning………………………………………………..10
3) Finger print verification (fig a)……………………………………...11
4) Finger print biometric system (fig b)………………………………..11
5) Iris recognition biometric system……………………………………18
6) Structure of iris……………………………………………...……….18
7) Multi biometric system………………………………………….…..24

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sahil Behl, Anuja Sharma &

Abhishek Gupta students of Amity University, MBA-
M&S, 2010-12, have successfully completed a project on
the topic Biometrics.
This report has not been submitted to any other
organization & does not form part of any course undergone
by then, for the award of MBA degree.

INTRODUCTION

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What is Biometrics?
"Biometrics" means "life measurement" but the term is usually associated with
the use of unique physiological characteristics to identify an individual. The
application which most people associate with biometrics is security. However,
biometrics identification has eventually a much broader relevance as computer
interface becomes more natural. Knowing the person with whom you are
conversing is an important part of human interaction and one expects
computers of the future to have the same capabilities.
A number of biometric traits have been developed and are used to authenticate
the person's identity. The idea is to use the special characteristics of a person to
identify him. By using special characteristics we mean the using the features
such as face, iris, fingerprint, signature etc.

The method of identification based on biometric characteristics is preferred

over traditional passwords and PIN based methods for various reasons such as:
The person to be identified is required to be physically present at the time-of-
identification. Identification based on biometric techniques obviates the need to
remember a password or carry a token. A biometric system is essentially a
pattern recognition system which makes a personal identification by
determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral
characteristic possessed by the user. Biometric technologies are thus defined as
the "automated methods of identifying or authenticating the identity of a living
person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic".

A biometric system can be either an 'identification' system or a 'verification'

(authentication) system, which are defined below.

Identification - One to Many: Biometrics can be used to determine a person's

identity even without his knowledge or consent. For example, scanning a crowd
with a camera and using face recognition technology, one can determine
matches against a known database.

Verification - One to One: Biometrics can also be used to verify a person's

identity. For example, one can grant physical access to a secure area in a
building by using finger scans or can grant access to a bank account at an ATM
by using retinal scan.

Biometric authentication requires to compare a registered or enrolled biometric

sample (biometric template or identifier) against a newly captured biometric
5
sample (for example, the one captured during a login). This is a three-step
process (Capture, Process, Enroll) followed by a Verification or Identification
process.

During Capture process, raw biometric is captured by a sensing device such as

a fingerprint scanner or video camera. The second phase of processing is to
extract the distinguishing characteristics from the raw biometric sample and
convert into a processed biometric identifier record (sometimes called
biometric sample or biometric template). Next phase does the process of
enrollment. Here the processed sample (a mathematical representation of the
biometric - not the original biometric sample) is stored / registered in a storage
medium for future comparison during an authentication. In many commercial
applications, there is a need to store the processed biometric sample only. The
original biometric sample cannot be reconstructed from this identifier.

Background Concepts

A number of biometric characteristics may be captured in the first phase of

processing. However, automated capturing and automated comparison with
previously stored data requires that the biometric characteristics satisfy the
following characteristics:

1. Universal: Every person must possess the characteristic/attribute. The

attribute must be one that is universal and seldom lost to accident or
disease.
2. Invariance of properties: They should be constant over a long period of
time. The attribute should not be subject to significant differences based
on age either episodic or chronic disease.
3. Measurability: The properties should be suitable for capture without
waiting time and must be easy to gather the attribute data passively.
4. Singularity: Each expression of the attribute must be unique to the
individual. The characteristics should have sufficient unique properties
to distinguish one person from any other. Height, weight, hair and eye
color are all attributes that are unique assuming a particularly precise
measure, but do not offer enough points of differentiation to be useful
for more than categorizing.
5. Acceptance: The capturing should be possible in a way acceptable to a
large percentage of the population. Excluded are particularly invasive
technologies, i.e. technologies which require a part of the human body to
be taken or which (apparently) impair the human body.

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 6. Reducibility: The captured data should be capable of being reduced to a
file which is easy to handle.
7. Reliability and tamper-resistance: The attribute should be impractical to
mask or manipulate. The process should ensure high reliability and
reproducibility.
8. Privacy: The process should not violate the privacy of the person.
9. Comparable: Should be able to reduce the attribute to a state that makes
it digitally comparable to others. The less probabilistic the matching
involved, the more authoritative the identification.
10. Inimitable: The attribute must be irreproducible by other means. The
less reproducible the attribute, the more likely it will be authoritative.

Among the various biometric technologies being considered, the attributes

which satisfy the above requirements are fingerprint, facial features, hand
geometry, voice, iris, retina, vein patterns, palm print, DNA, keystroke
dynamics, ear shape, odor, signature etc.

The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure).
Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her
physiological or behavioral characteristics. This method of identification is preferred over
traditional methods involving passwords and PIN numbers for its accuracy and case
sensitiveness. A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system which makes
a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or
behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. An important issue in designing a
practical system is to determine how an individual is identified. Depending on the
context, a biometric system can be either a verification (authentication) system or an
identification system. Verification involves confirming or denying a person's claimed
identity while in identification, one has to establish a person's identity. Biometric systems
are divided on the basis of the authentication medium used. They are broadly divided as
identifications of Hand Geometry, Vein Pattern, Voice Pattern, DNA, Signature
Dynamics, Finger Prints, Iris Pattern and Face Detection. These methods are used on the

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basis of the scope of the testing medium, the accuracy required and speed required. Every
medium of authentication has its own advantages and shortcomings.

In biometric security we use physical characteristics or behavioral traits of an individual

for security purpose. Mainly there are five types of biometrics security: finger
recognition, face recognition, hand geometry, voice recognition and iris recognition.

The biometrics system requires scanners, digital image processor and complex
matching circuitry. The other thing is that in password security we have to remember the
password and it may leak out. But here in biometrics security the password is always
present as an indent which can neither be stolen nor is to be remembered.

Biometrics is used for two authentication methods:

• Identification: This involves establishing a person's identity based only on biometric

measurements. The comparator matches the obtained biometric with the ones stored in
the database bank using a 1:N matching algorithm for identification.[3]

• Verification: It involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity. A basic

identity (e.g. ID number) is accepted and a biometric template of the subject taken and is
matched using a 1:1 matching algorithm to confirm the person’s identity.

History of Biometrics-

Biometric history indicates that the science did not originate at a single place. People all
over the world were using the basics for mainly identifying individuals from each other.
We'll explain about biometric history in brief over the next few paragraphs.

The history of biometrics dates back to a long time. Possibly the most primary known
instance of biometrics in practice was a form of finger printing being used in China in the
14th century, as reported by explorer Joao de Barros.
Barros wrote that the Chinese merchants were stamping children's palm prints and
footprints on paper with ink so as to differentiate the young children from one another.
This is one of the most primitive known cases of biometrics in use and is still being used
today.

Apart from its Chinese genesis, use of biometrics was also noted elsewhere in the world.
8
Up until the late 1800s, identification largely relied upon "photographic memory". In the
1890s, an anthropologist and police desk clerk in Paris, Alphonse Bertillon, decided to fix
the problem of identifying convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field
of study.

Bertillon developed a technique of multiple body measurements which later got named
after him - Bertillon age. His method was then used by police authorities throughout the
world, until it quickly faded when it was discovered that some people shared the same
measurements and based on the measurements alone, two people could get treated as one.

After the failure of Bertillon age, the police started using finger printing, which was
developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland Yard, essentially reverting to the same
methods used by the Chinese for years. (Which still is going strong?)

Biometric history in the recent past (three decades) has seen drastic advancements and
the technology have moved from a single method (fingerprinting) to more than ten
prudent methods. Companies involved with new methods have grown into the hundreds
and continue to improve their methods as the technology available to them also advances.
Prices for the hardware required continue to fall making systems more feasible for low
and mid-level budgets and thus making this more adaptable in small businesses and even
households.

As the industry grows however, so does the public concern over privacy issues. Laws and
regulations continue to be drafted and standards are beginning to be developed. While no
other biometric has yet reached the breadth of use of fingerprinting, some are beginning
to be used in both legal and business areas.

Types of Biometrics:

There are basically two types of biometrics:

1. Behavioral biometrics

2. Physical biometrics

Behavioral biometric definition: Behavioral biometrics basically measures the

characteristics which are acquired naturally over a time. It is generally used for
verification. Examples of behavioral biometrics include:
* Speaker Recognition - analyzing vocal behavior
9
* Signature - analyzing signature dynamics
* Keystroke - measuring the time spacing of typed words

Physical biometric definition: Physical biometrics measures the inherent physical

characteristics on an individual. It can be used for either identification or verification.
Examples of physical biometrics include:

* Bertillonage - measuring body lengths (no longer used)

* Fingerprint - analyzing fingertip patterns
* Facial Recognition - measuring facial characteristics
* Hand Geometry - measuring the shape of the hand
* Iris Scan - analyzing features of colored ring of the eye
* Retinal Scan - analyzing blood vessels in the eye
* Vascular Patterns - analyzing vein patterns
* DNA - analyzing genetic makeup

THE GENERAL BIOMETRIC MODEL

Matching Score
Decision
Making 95%

Data Collection

Biometric Capture Template

Extraction
M

Verification
Making
Signal

Processin
g Enrollment
10

Storage
Biometrics security can be mainly classified as follows:

1) Finger recognition.

2) Hand geometry.

3) Face recognition.

4) Voice recognition.

5) Iris recognition

FINGER RECOGNITION: Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based

identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous
applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is
made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a
fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae
points. Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge
bifurcation or a ridge ending.

What is Fingerprint Scanning?

Fingerprint scanning is the acquisition and recognition of a person’s fingerprint

characteristics for identification purposes. This allows the recognition of a person through
quantifiable physiological characteristics that verify the identity of an individual. There
are basically two different types of finger-scanning technology that make this possible.

11
 1. One is an optical method, which starts with a visual image of a finger.
2. The other uses a semiconductor-generated electric field to image a finger. There is a
range of ways to identify fingerprints. They include traditional police methods of
matching minutiae, straight pattern matching, moiré fringe patterns and ultrasonic.

Fig-a

101
0

BIOMETRIC IMAGE 011

CAPTURE PROCESS 0

110
IMAGE LIVE 1
UPDATE
101
0

TEMPLATE 011 BIOMETRIC 98

EXTRACT MATCHING
0
%
STORAGE DEVICE 110 MATCHING SCORE
1
STORED
TEMPLATE

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Fig-b

Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories: minutiae-based and
correlation based. Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and then map their
relative placement on the finger. However, there are some difficulties when using this
approach. It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of
low quality. Also this method does not take into account the global pattern of ridges and
furrows. The correlation-based method is able to overcome some of the difficulties of the
minutiae-based approach. However, it has some of its own shortcomings. Correlation-
based techniques require the precise location of a registration point and are affected by
image translation and rotation. Fingerprint matching based on minutiae has problems in
matching different sized (unregistered) minutiae patterns. Local ridge structures cannot
be completely characterized by minutiae. A commercial fingerprint-based authentication
system requires a very low False Reject Rate (FAR) for a given False Accept Rate
(FAR). This is very difficult to achieve with any one technique.

Fingerprint Classification:

Large volumes of fingerprints are collected and stored everyday in a wide range of
applications including forensics, access control, and driver license registration. An
automatic recognition of people based on fingerprints requires that the input fingerprint
be matched with a large number of fingerprints in a database (FBI database contains
approximately 70 million fingerprints!). To reduce the search time and computational
complexity, it is desirable to classify these fingerprints in an accurate and consistent
manner so that the input fingerprint is required to be matched only with a subset of the

13
fingerprints in the database. The algorithms are developed to classify fingerprints into
five classes, namely, whorl, right loop, left loop, arch, and tented arch. The algorithm
separates the number of ridges present in four directions (0degree, 45 degree, 90 degree,
and 135 degree) by filtering the central part of a fingerprint. The classifier is tested on
4,000 images in the database. . For the four-class problem (arch and tented arch
combined into one class), we are able to achieve a classification accuracy of 94.8%.

Accuracy and Integrity:

Someone may attempt to use latent print residue on the sensor just after a legitimate user
accesses the system. At the other end of the scale, there is the gruesome possibility of
presenting a finger to the system that is no longer connected to its owner. Therefore,
sensors attempt to determine whether a finger is live, and not made of latex (or worse).
Detectors for temperature, blood-oxygen level, pulse, blood flow, humidity, or skin
conductivity would be integrated.

Advantages:

a. Very high accuracy.

b. Is the most economical biometric PC user authentication technique.

c. it is one of the most developed biometrics

d. Easy to use.

e. Small storage space required for the biometric template, reducing the size of the
database memory required

f. It is standardized.

Disadvantages:

a. For some people it is very intrusive, because is still related to criminal identification.
14
b. It can make mistakes with the dryness or dirty of the finger’s skin, as well as with the
age (is not appropriate with children, because the size of their fingerprint changes
quickly).

c. Image captured at 500 dots per inch (dpi). Resolution: 8 bits per pixel. A 500 dpi
fingerprint image at 8 bits per pixel demands a large memory space, 240 Kbytes
approximately → Compression required (a factor of 10 approximately).

FACE RECOGNITION:

Facial recognition systems are built on computer programs that analyze images of human
faces for the purpose of identifying them.

The programs take a facial image, measure characteristics such as the

distance between the eyes, the length of the nose, and the angle of the jaw, and create
a unique file called a "template." Using templates, the software then compares that
image with another image and produces a score that measures how similar the images
are to each other. Typical sources of images for use in facial recognition include
video camera signals and pre-existing photos such as those in driver's license
databases.

How well does facial recognition work?

Computers can do increasingly amazing things, but they are not magic. If
human beings often can't identify the subject of a photograph, why should computers

15
 be able to do it any more reliably? The fact is that faces are highly complex patterns
that often differ in only subtle ways, and that it can be impossible for man or machine
to match images when there are differences in lighting, camera, or camera angle, let
alone changes in the appearance of the face itself. Not surprisingly, government
studies of face-recognition software have found high rates of both "false positives"
(wrongly matching innocent people with photos in the database) and "false negatives"
(not catching people even when their photo is in the database). One problem is that
unlike our fingerprints or irises, our faces do not stay the same over time. These
systems are easily tripped up by changes in hairstyle, facial hair, or body weight, by
simple disguises, and by the effects of aging.

For example by study, it was found false-negative rates for face-recognition verification
of 43 percent using photos of subjects taken just 18 months earlier, for example. The
study also found that a change of 45 degrees in the camera angle rendered the software
useless. The technology works best under tightly controlled conditions, when the subject
is starting directly into the camera under bright lights.

In addition, questions have been raised about how well the software works on dark-
skinned people, whose features may not appear clearly on lenses optimized for light-
skinned-people.

Samir Nanavati of the International Biometric Group, a consulting firm, sums it up: "You
could expect a surveillance system using biometrics to capture a very, very small
percentage of known criminals in a given database."

It would work especially poorly in the frenetic environment of an airport, where fast-
moving crowds and busy background images would further reduce its already limited
effectiveness.

Advantages:

a. Non intrusive

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b. Cheap technology.

Disadvantages

a. 2D recognition is affected by changes in lighting, the person’s hair, the age, and if the
person wear glasses.

b. Requires camera equipment for user identification; thus, it is not likely to become
popular until most PCs include cameras as standard equipment.

HAND GEOMETRY: How it Works:

Every hand is unique. Hand geometry scanners such as those made by Recognition
Systems Inc. take over 90 measurements of the length, width, thickness, and surface area
of the hand and four fingers--all in just 1 second. The technology uses a 32,000-pixel
CCD digital camera to record the hand's three-dimensional shape from silhouetted images
projected within the scanner. The scanner disregards surface details, such as fingerprints,
lines, scars, and dirt, as well as fingernails, which may grow or be cut from day to day.
When a person uses the scanner, it compares the shape of the user's hand to a template
recorded during an enrollment session. If the template and the hand match, the scanner
produces an output--it may unlock a door, transmit data to a computer, verify
identification, or log the person's arrival or departure time. To register in a hand-scan
17
system a hand is placed on a reader’s covered flat surface. This placement is positioned
by five guides or pins that correctly situate the hand for the cameras. A succession of
cameras captures 3-D pictures of the sides and back of the hand. The attainment of the
hand-scan is a fast and simple process. The hand-scan device can process the 3-D images
in 5 seconds or less and the hand verification usually takes less than 1 second. The image
capturing and verification software and hardware can easily be integrated within
standalone units. Hand-scan applications that include a large number of access points and
users can be centrally administered, eliminating the need for individuals to register on
each device. The user's template may reside in internal memory or on other media such as
a hard disk or smart card chip.

Advantages:

a. Though it requires special hardware to use, it can be easily integrated into other
devices or systems.

b. It has no public attitude problems as it is associated most commonly with authorized

access.

c. The amount of data required to uniquely identify a user in a system is the smallest by
far, allowing it to be used with Smartcards easily.

Disadvantages:

a. Very expensive

b. Considerable size.

c. It is not valid for arthritic person, since they cannot put the hand on the scanner
properly.

APPLICATIONS:
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Geometry scanners verify identity at the front entrances of over half the nuclear power
plants in the U.S. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) use Rhand
geometry scanners to allow over 60,000 frequent travelers to bypass immigration lines
(through the INSPASS program). Employers use hand-scan for entry/exit, recording staff
movement and time/attendance procedures. The drastic reductions in cost of
microprocessors in recent years have brought affordable hand geometry technology to the
commercial market. Biometrics is no longer found only in nuclear power plants. Day care
centers, athletic clubs, obstetrics wards, and police departments now use scanners.

IRIS RECOGNITION:

Fig. a

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 Fig. b

Iris scan biometrics employs the unique characteristics and features of the human iris in
order to verify the identity of an individual. The iris is the area of the eye where the
pigmented or colored circle, usually brown or blue, rings the dark pupil of the eye. The
iris-scan process begins with a photograph. A specialized camera, typically very close to
the subject, no more than three feet, uses an infrared imager to illuminate the eye and
capture a very high-resolution photograph. This process takes only one to two seconds
and provides the details of the iris that are mapped, recorded and stored for future
matching/verification. Eyeglasses and contact lenses present no problems to the quality of
the image and the iris-scan systems test for a live eye by checking for the normal
continuous fluctuation in pupil size. The inner edge of the iris is located by an iris-scan
algorithm which maps the iris’ distinct patterns and characteristics. An algorithm is a
series of directives that tell a biometric system how to interpret a specific problem.
Algorithms have a number of steps and are used by the biometric system to determine if a
biometric sample and record is a match. Iris’ are composed before birth and, except in the
event of an injury to the eyeball, remain unchanged throughout an individual’s lifetime.
Iris patterns are extremely complex, carry an astonishing amount of information and have
over 200 unique spots. The fact that an individual’s right and left eyes are different and
that patterns are easy to capture, establishes iris-scan technology as one of the biometrics
that is very resistant to false matching and fraud. The false acceptance rate for iris
recognition systems is 1
20
In 1.2 million, statistically better than the average fingerprint recognition system. The
real benefit is in the false-rejection rate, a measure of authenticated users who are
rejected. Fingerprint scanners have a 3 percent false-rejection rate, whereas iris scanning
systems boast rates at the 0 percent level. Iris-scan technology has been piloted in ATM
environments in England, the US, Japan and Germany since as early as 1997. Airports
have begun to use iris-scanning for such diverse functions as employee
identification/verification for movement through secure areas and allowing registered
frequent airline passengers a system that enables fast and easy identity verification in
order to expedite their path through passport control. Other applications include
monitoring prison transfers and releases, as well as projects designed to authenticate on-
line purchasing, on-line banking, on-line voting and on-line stock trading to name just a
few. Iris-scan offers a high level of user security, privacy and general peace of mind for
the consumer. A highly accurate technology such as iris-scan has vast appeal because the
inherent argument for any biometric is, of course, increased security.

Important points:

 The iris is a thin membrane on the interior of the eyeball.

 Iris patterns are extremely complex. Patterns are individual.
 Patterns are formed by six months after birth, stable after a year. They remain the
same for life.
 Imitation is almost impossible. Patterns are easy to capture and encode.

Advantages:

a. Very high accuracy.

b. Verification time is generally less than 5 seconds.

21
c. The eye from a dead person would deteriorate too fast to be useful, so no extra
precautions have to been taken with retinal scans to be sure the user is a living human
being.

Disadvantages:

a. Intrusive.

b. A lot of memory for the data to be stored.

c. Very expensive

VOICE RECONITION:

"Biometric technologies - those use voice - will be the most important IT innovations of
the next several years.” -Bill Gates at Gartner Group Itexpo '97. In comparing voice to
other forms of biometrics, the frequency locations plotted on the voice print table are
proportionate to the physical locations of minutiae used in fingerprint identification. The
minutiae are the endpoints and bifurcations of the swirls of your fingerprint. The
advantage of using speech is that the number of locations is almost endless. The capacity
to extend data collection over multiple words for even better accuracy is a distinct
advantage over image-based techniques such as fingerprints and retina scans where only

22
a finite amount of biometric data is available. Although it is virtually impossible for an
impostor to copy someone's voice, it is also very difficult for someone to repeat exactly
the phrase originally enrolled. This is very similar to the fact it is difficult to reproduce
the exact version of your signature on your credit card.

Voice biometrics works by digitizing a profile of a person's speech to

produce a stored model voice print, rather like a template, which is referred to each time
that person attempts to access secure data. The position and movement of the glottal
tissues, lips, jaw and tongue correspond with speech movements in the vocal tract.
Biometrics technology reduces each spoken word into segments: sub-word like syllables,
phonemes, trip hones or similar units of sound, composed of several dominant
frequencies called formants, which remain relatively constant over that segment. Each
segment has three or four dominant tones that can be captured in digital form and plotted
on a table or spectrum. This table of tones yields the speaker's unique voice print.

The voice print is stored as a table of numbers, where the presence of each
dominant frequency in each segment is expressed as a binary entry. Since all table entries
are either 1 or 0, each column can be read bottom to top as a long binary code. When a
person speaks his or her pass phrase, the code word or words are extracted and compared
to the stored model for that person.

When authenticating, a user is asked to answer up to three prompted questions, the

answers to which are easily remembered by the user. In order to provide audible content
of at least one second in length, typical prompts are:

 User's first, middle and last name .User's date and month of birth Mother's first,
middle and last maiden name .Home telephone number.

Advantages:

a. Non intrusive. High social acceptability.

b. Verification time is about five seconds.

23
c. Cheap technology.

Disadvantages:

a. A person’s voice can be easily recorded and used for unauthorised PC or network.

b. Low accuracy.

c. An illness such as a cold can change a person’s voice, making absolute identification
difficult or impossible.

SIGNATURE RECONITION:

Signature verification is the process used to recognize an individual’s hand-written

signature. There are two types of signature recognition techniques: simple and dynamic.
There is an important distinction between simple signature comparisons and dynamic
signature verification. Both can be computerized, but a simple comparison only takes into
account what the signature looks like. Dynamic signature verification takes into account
how the signature was made. With dynamic signature verification it is not the shape or
look of the signature that is meaningful; it is the changes in speed, pressure and timing
that occur during the act of signing. There will always be slight variations in a person’s
handwritten signature, but the consistency created by natural motion and practice
overtime creates a recognizable pattern that makes the handwritten signature a natural for
biometric identification.

Advantages:

a. Non intrusive.

b. Little time of verification (about five seconds).

c. Cheap technology.
24
 Disadvantages:

IMAGE
a. Signature verification is designed to verify subjects based on the traits of their unique
ACQUISITION
signature. As a result, individuals who do not sign their names in a consistent manner
MODULE
may have difficulty enrolling and verifying in signature verification.

b. Error rate: 1 in 50.

A Multibiometric system

(FINGER PRINT + FACIAL SCANNING + SPEECH)

ENROLLMENT MODULE

Face
Databa Extractor
se
Browse
Minutiae
r
Extractor

Central
Analysis

Template
Finger space
Projection
Database

Face Fingerspac
e
Locato

Minutiae Minutiae Decision Accept/

25
Extracto Matching Fusion Reject

SPEECH Central HMM

 VERIFICATION MODULE

User acceptance is also an important issue to consider when selecting a biometric system
for employees to use on a regular basis. The following is a general user acceptance list in
descending order, from the most accepted to the least accepted:

1. Iris scan
2. Keystroke/patterning
3. Signature/handwriting
4. Speaker/voice recognition
5. Facial recognition/face location
6. Fingerprint
7. Hand geometry
8. Retinal scan

The following is a general CER list in descending order of accuracy, from the most
effective to the least effective:
1. Hand geometry
2. Iris scan
3. Retinal scan
4. Fingerprint
5. Speaker/voice recognition
6. Facial recognition/face location
7. Signature/handwriting
8. Keystroke/patterning

Biometric System Design and Evaluation

• Sensing and data acquisition
• Performance evaluation
• Scalable biometric identification architectures
• Real-time embedded biometric systems
• Integration and deployment with smart cards
• Template aging
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• Template protection, compromise detection, and revocation
• System inter-operability and integration issues
• liveness (spoof) detection
• Individuality assessment.

Application of Biometrics-

Government—Passports, national identification (ID) cards, voter cards, driver’s licenses,

social services, and so on
Transportation—Airport security, boarding passes, and commercial driver’s licenses
Healthcare—Medical insurance cards, patient/employee identity cards
Financial—Bankcards, ATM cards, credit cards, and debit cards
Retail and gaming—Retail programs, such as check cashing, loyalty rewards and
promotional cards, and gaming systems for access management and VIP programs
Security—Access control and identity verifications, including time and attendance
Public justice and safety—Prison IDs, county probation offices’ use for identification of
parolees, county courthouses’ use for ID systems
Education—Student/teacher identity verification and access control. Biometrics is now
being implemented in large-scale ID systems around the globe. Many new passports and
national ID card systems use some type of biometric encoded in a bar code or smart chip.
Driver’s licenses—Technologies being recommended by American Association of
Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA), the organization that oversees DMV
standards, include biometrics and two-dimensional bar codes. Georgia, North Carolina,
Kentucky, and others already utilize biometrics on their respective state driver’s licenses.

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 APPENDIX

Research Papers:
1- Emerging Methods of Biometrics Human Identification
Michał Chora´s Image Processing Group, Institute of Telecommunications,
University of Technology & Life Sciences, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz,
Poland

2- Introduction to the Special Issue on Biometrics:

Progress and Directions Salil Prabhakar, Senior Member, IEEE, Josef Kittler,
Davide Maltoni, Lawrence O’Gorman, Fellow, IEEE, and Tieniu Tan, Fellow,
IEEE

3- BIOMETRIC SECURITY- KARTHIK PAIDI, SAI NITESH REDDY, SIVANI

COLLEGE OF ENGG.

4-A multimodal biometric identification system by A.Spoorthy and M.Sudha rani.

5- Iris Recognition System by L.SANTHOSH KUMAR and P.SEETA

RAMAIAH- The department of Computer science & Information Technology, Sri
Sarathi Institute of Engg. and Tech. , Nuzvid.

6- Iris Biometrics Recognition Application in Security Management,

Chowhan.S.S* and G.N.Shinde, Indira Gandhi College, CIDCO, Nanded431602,

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