BIOLOGY PROJECT

TOPIC: AIDS AND HIV

 INDEX

1. Introduction
2. History of AIDS
3. Causes of AIDS
4. Transmission of AIDS virus
5. Screening test for AIDS
6. Manifestation of AIDS
7. AIDS Treatment
8. Preventions from AIDS
9. Reasons
10.Steps taken to prevent the spreading of AIDS
11.Observation
12.Problems for patient
13.Hypothesis
14.Conclusion
INTRODUCTION OF HIV AND AIDS
VIRUS

This is Project Report on HIV AIDS. Definition: Acquired

Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is a pandemic disease. AIDS cannot
be compared to disease like malaria and cholera which claim more live
in country currently. It has a greater impact than other disease. The
treatment options are still in the initial stages and are prohibitively
expensive. There are instances of quacks taking advantage of the
situation. This has compounded the misery of AIDS patients.
AIDS virus is 100 to 140 nm. in diameter and has a cylindrical
core. It is found in blood and semen and to a lesser extent in milk tears
and saliva. It is a retrovirus, i.e. its genetic material is - RNA (single
stranded linear) which can make a DNA copy of itself with the help of
the reverse transcriptase enzyme. The virus binds specifically to a
surface receptor on a helper T-cell and introduce its RNA and reverse
transcriptase enzyme into the cells here it multiplies and the release of
new virus destroys the cell. AIDS occurs when the helper T-cell falls
too low to fight the disease.
 History of HIV AIDS:

It was first noticed in USA in 1981. The American and French

scientist independently identified the AIDS virus 1984. The virus first
named as HCLV III (Human cell leukemia virus III). The name
(Human cell leukemia deficiency virus) is now preferred. It now seems
that HIV first passed into human from chimpanzees by eating
butchered chimps. 10% of the people, who get AIDS virus infection,
actually develop full blown AIDS.
 Causes of AIDS

The main causes of AIDS is a disorder of cell mediated immune

system of the body. The disorder is characterized by a reduction in the
number of helper. T-cell which stimulate antibody production by B-
cells. This result in the loss of natural defense against viral infection.
 Transmission of AIDS Virus

It is only transmitted by a direct contact of infected cells - containing

blood of patient to the blood of a healthy person as in -

1) Sexual intercourse with an infected partner if there is tissue injury

to permit blood contact.
2) Use of contaminated needles and syringes to inject drugs or
vaccines.
3) Use of contaminated razors, needles for boring pinnae.
4) Transfusion of infected blood or blood product.
5) Organ transplant.
6) Artificial insemination.
7) Parturition from mother to baby due to rupturing of blood
vessels.
Note: The sexual of transmission account for over 75% of infections.

AIDS is not a contagious disease. It does not spread by casual contact,

such as handshake, body contact in crowded places, working or playing
together , sharing clothes , eating food cooked by infected person, using
same toilet, swimming pools. It is also not and ribovirin seem most
promising. A drugs named zide vuidine prolongs the life of many
AIDS patient. However, some patients AIDS virus have already
mutated to zidovudine resistant forms.
 Screening Test of AIDS

AIDS Patient generally have circulating antibodies which can be

detected. In many countries this test is done as a routine on blood,
donor, screening may prove harmful to victims. Persons found to be
HIV positive become depressed and suicidal and are denied insurance,
evicted from their houses, fired from their jobs only a small minority of
such persons are likely to develop full blown AIDS. However the
infected persons may spread infection to others.
Today ‘ELISA’ test is done identify this pandemic disease (AIDS).
 Manifestation of AIDS

It can manifest in two major ways –

i) Maligent tumours in connective tissue

ii) Viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungalin-fection of any system of the
body. There are destruction of WBC’S, damage to brain, unexplained
fever, unexplained loss of appetite, unexplained loss weight over a short
time, chronic diarrhoea, cough, night sweats, enlargement of lymph
glands, shortness of breath, weakness.

AIDS Treatment
Medical treatment of AIDS consists of:
i) Antiviral therapy against the causative agent
ii) Immuno simulative therapy to increase the number of resistance -
providing cells in the body or both. However, no specific treatment has
been found so far and the mortality form AIDS is virtually 100%. A
victim of full blown AIDS dies within 3 years from infection of many
drugs tried, azithmidine transmitted by blood sucking insects such as
mosquitoes, AIDS virus has been found in urine, tears saliva, breast
milk and vaginal secretions, but is seems not to transmitted by these
fluids unless it gets a cut.
 PREVENTIONS FROM AIDS
Following steps may help in controlling this dreaded disease.

i) People particularly those in high risk group should be educated about

AIDS transmission.
ii) High risk group should refrain from blood donation.
iii) Disposable needles and syringes should be used.
iv) Sexual habits should change immediately.
v) Before receiving blood, ensure that it has been screened for HIV.
vi) Routine screening may be done in
a) Blood Donors,
b) Organ Donors
c) Donors of semen and growth hormone,
d) Patient receiving haemodialysis
e) Females in high risk group, who are pregnant or contemplating
pregnancy.
Chastity, lifelong monogamy, and a clean needle for each injection are
the only ways to prevents the spread of AIDS. These measure will
succeed only in persons not already infected.
Major causes & steps to prevent it
Reasons of spreading AIDS among world people
More than 90% of the infected persons are belong to developing
countries.

REASONS: -
(i) Low-level of socio-economic development.
(ii) Low health consciousness and facilities
(iii) A growing unmarried youth population due to delayed marriage
(iv) High rate of labour migration.
(v) Low level of literacy among high-risk groups.
(vi)High incidence of sexuality transmitted diseases and reproductive
tract infections among men and women.
 Steps taken to prevent the spreading of
AIDS:
(i) National AIDS programme of south East Asian countries are
beginning to yield encouraging results. The 100% condom use
programme in Thailand and the Sonagachi project in Calcutta, a model
peer education programme among sex workers, have helped bring
down AIDS infection and also reduced the incidence of STD.

(ii) Non-government organizations have brought Baptist interest

litigations against such cases of discrimination and the courts have
pronounced the rights of such peoples. This has helped alleviate the
misery of affected persons.
 OBSERVATION

AIDS immersed as pandemic disease. It is nondurable. It is more

common in developing countries. Now every day 1000 peoples are
going to become HIV infected in world. This is mainly due to blood
transfusion & Sexual contact. In whole world about 3 crores 30 lakhs
people are HIV +ve & in India 3 lakh 70 thousands are HIV +ve. The
number of HIV +ve persons are higher in Tamilnadu Bombay,
Calcutta and Kerala and Manipur.
 PROBLEMS FOR PATIENT

AIDS cause disease of Immune system of body. The HIV cause

damage to T & B cell. Thus this is becoming a threatening problem of
today and of future.

HYPOTHESIS
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damages
immune system of the body. Therefore, any medicine (Antiviral) drugs
are not effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge
about this disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease

CONCLUSION

After studying the cause and effects of ‘AIDS’ from different views, we
conclude that it is a pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually
and person of the age group of 25-45 years are the most affected group.
There are some methods like ‘Antiviral Therapy’ and Immuno
Stimulative therapy which bring some hope that even then no specific
treatment has been found so for and morality form is virtually 100%.
So only prevention in the test medicine care.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. Wikipedia
2. Science daily
3. Weekly
4. bioinfo.com
5. zizu.com
6. sciencefortoday