Certificate
This is to certify that Anusha
Kaushik student of class XII th- B;
Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1 AFS
Jamnagar has completed the project
titled “Study of Sexually
Transmitted Diseases” during the
academic year 2014-2015 towards
partial fulfillment of credit for the
Biology practical evaluation of
AISSCE 2014-2015, under the
supervision of Mr. Sunil Goswami.
Teacher In-charge
Examiner
Principal
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Cause
3. Main Types
4. Diagnosis
5. Study of HIV AIDS
6. Transmission of HIV
7. Types and Myths of HIV
8. Pathogenesis of HIV AIDS
9. Stages of HIV with their
symptoms
10. Diagnosis of HIV
11. Treatment
12. Prevention
13. Conclusion
14. Bibliography
Introduction
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), also referred to as sexually
transmitted infections (STI) and venereal diseases (VD), are
infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal
intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STDs initially do not cause
symptoms. This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to
others.[2] Symptoms and signs of disease may include: vaginal
discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals,
and pelvic pain. STDs acquired before or during birth may
result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause
problems with the ability to get pregnant.
More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can
cause STDs. Bacterial STDs include Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and
syphilis among others. Viral STDs include genital
herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STDs
include Trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by
sex, some STDs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with
contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during
childbirth. STD diagnostic tests are easily available in the
developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing
world.
The most effective way of preventing STDs is by not having
sex. Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain
infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV. Safer
sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of
sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person
only has sex with the other also decreases the risk. Circumcision
in males may be effective to prevent some infections. Most STIs
are treatable or curable. Of the most common infections,
syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis are curable,
while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but
not curable. Resistance to
certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such
as gonorrhea.
Cause
Transmission
The risks and transmission probabilities of
sexually transmitted diseases are summarized by
act in the table:
Chlamydia HP
Receiving Gonorrhea
V
oral sex—
man Herpes
Syphilis (1%)
Herpe HPV
Receiving
Bacterial
s
oral sex—
woman Vaginosis
Gonorrhea
(1%)
Giardiasis
Hepatitis A (1%)
Shigellosis (1%)
Main types
Sexually transmitted infections include:
Diagnosis
Testing may be for a single infection, or consist of a number of
tests for a range of STIs, including tests
for syphilis, trichomonas, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, herpes, hepatitis
and HIV. No procedure tests for all infectious agents.
STI tests may be used for a number of reasons:
Western blot.
This test is more difficult than the ELISA to perform.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
This test finds either the RNA of the HIV virus or the
HIV DNA in white blood cells infected with the
virus.