11

What is hydro power?

Water which is high up has gravitational

potential energy

Energy is released when water falls

Hydro power takes this energy and

converts it into something more useful
 Hydro Power Plants
 A dam is built to trap water,
usually in a valley where there
is an existing lake.
 Water is allowed to flow
through tunnels in the dam, to
turn turbines and thus drive
generators.
 Notice that the dam is much
thicker at the bottom than at
the top, because the pressure
of the water increases with
depth.
 Hydro-electric power stations
can produce a great deal of
power very cheaply.
 Efficiency of Hydropower Plants

• Hydropower is very efficient

– Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the
“busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water)
• Typical losses are due to
– Frictional drag and turbulence of flow
– Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator
• Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
5
Production Expense Comparison

6
 Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2,
NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or
particulates
Renewable resource with high
conversion efficiency to electricity
(80+%)
Dispatchable with storage capacity
Usable for base load, peaking and
pumped storage applications
Scalable from 10 KW to 22,500 MW
Low operating and maintenance costs
Long lifetimes
Negative
Frequently involves impoundment of
large amounts of water with loss of
habitat due to land inundation
Variable output – dependent on rainfall
and snowfall
Impacts on river flows and aquatic
ecology, including fish migration and
oxygen depletion
Social impacts of displacing indigenous
people
Health impacts in developing countries
High initial capital costs
Long lead time in construction of large
projects 7
Percentage of global electricity by source

International Hydropower
Association
Kaplan turbine and electrical
generator cut-away view.
 General layout of Hydro-Power Plant

A) Reservoir
• Reservoirs ensure supply of water through out the year, by storing water
during rainy season and supplying the same during dry season.

 B) Dam
• The function of the dam is to increase the reservoir capacity and to increase
the working head of the turbine.

 C) Penstock
• A pipe between dam and turbine is known as penstock.
• It will carry the water from dam to turbine.
• Penstock is commonly made of steel pipes covered with RCC.
 General layout of Hydro-Power Plant

D )Surge tank/Forebay
-When the rate of water flow through the penstock is suddenly decreased,
the pressure inside the penstock will increase suddenly due to water
hammer and thereby damage the penstock.
- Surge tank/Forebay is constructed between the dam and turbine. It will act
as a pressure regulator during variable loads.

E) Turbine
Turbines convert the kinetic and potential energy of water into mechanical
energy to produce electric power.

F) Generator and Transformer

• Electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• A step up transformer will increase the voltage for loss free transmission.
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPP
 Advantages of hydraulic power plants
 Operating cost is very low
 Less Maintenance cost and less manpower required
 Pollution free
 Quick to start and easy to synchronize
 Can be used for irrigation and flood control
 Long plant life.

 Disadvantages of Hydraulic Power Plants

 Initial cost of total plant is comparatively high
 Power generation depends on availability of water
 Cost of transmission is high since most of the plants are in remote
areas
 Project duration is long.
 Hydroelectricity

Grand Coulee Dam-the largest dam of USA

 Hydroelectricity-What is it?
Harnessing the power of moving water
The most utilized form of renewable energy in
the world
A virtually emission and waste free method of
generating electricity.
Limited by geography
Flexible
 Hydroelectricity
 Conventional hydroelectric, referring to hydroelectric dams.
 Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, which captures the kinetic
energy in rivers or streams, without the use of dams.
 Pumped-storage hydroelectricity, to pump up water, and use
its head to generate in times of demand.
 Tidal power, which captures energy from the tides in
horizontal direction.
 Tidal stream power, usage of stream generators, somewhat similar to
that of a wind turbine.
 Tidal barrage power, usage of a tidal dam.
 Dynamic tidal power, utilizing large areas to generate head.
 Types of Systems
• Impoundment-Storage dams
– Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee,Tarbela Dam
• Diversion or run-of-river systems
– Niagara Falls,GBHP,Chief Joseph
– Most significantly smaller
• Pumped Storage
– Two way flow
– Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a
lower elevation for power generation
• A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production
19
20
Run-of-River
Chief Joseph, the largest run-of-the-river
hydroelectric power station at 2,620 MW.
 Power in water

 The power available in a stream of water is;

• where:
• P = power (J/s or watts)
• η = turbine efficiency
• ρ = density of water (kg/m³)
• g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s²)
• h = head (m). For still water, this is the difference in height
between the inlet and outlet surfaces. Moving water has an
additional component added to account for the kinetic energy of
the flow. The total head equals the pressure head plus velocity
head.
• q= flow rate (m³/s)

24
24
 Scale of Hydropower Projects
• Mega-hydro
More than 500MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid

25
 Scale of Hydropower Projects
• Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
– Usually provided power for a small community or
rural industry in remote areas away from the
grid.
• Pico-hydro
– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
– Remote areas away from the grid.
 Water wheel
• Oldest
form of
water
turbine

27
 Water wheel
 The oldest and simplest
form of the hydraulic
turbine was the
waterwheel,
 first used in ancient Greece
 and subsequently adopted
in most of ancient and
medieval Europe for
grinding grain.
 thus acting as a so-called
undershot waterwheel.

28
28
 Three general types of waterwheels
 Waterwheel, simple mechanical device used to convert water
power into rotary motion.
 A waterwheel works on the principle that when water
undergoes a controlled change in elevation, the falling water
is a source of power and will turn the axle of the waterwheel.
 The three general types of waterwheels, which are
sometimes called: gravity wheels, are the
 undershot,
 overshot,
 breast shot wheel.

29
29
 Undershot water wheel
• UNDERSHOT:
• driven by water
passing beneath:
used to describe a
device, especially a
waterwheel, that is
driven by water
flowing beneath it

30
30
 Overshot water wheel
• OVERSHOT: driven
by water on upper
surface: used to
describe a water
wheel driven by
water flowing onto it
from above

31
31
32
32
 Backshot wheel
• A backshot wheel (also
called pitchback) is a
variety of overshot wheel
where the water is
introduced just behind the
summit of the wheel.
• It combines the advantages
from breastshot and
overshot systems, since the
full amount of the potential
energy released by the
falling water is harnessed
as the water descends the
back of the wheel.

33
33
 Breastshot water wheel
• A vertically-mounted
water wheel that is
rotated by falling water
striking buckets near
the center of the
wheel's edge, or just
above it, is said to be
breastshot.
• and are said to have
powered the American
industrial revolution
34
34
35
35
 Turbine
 Turbine, rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving
stream of water, steam, or gas into mechanical energy.
 The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with
paddles, propellers, blades, or buckets
 This mechanical energy is then transferred through a drive
shaft to operate a machine, compressor, electric generator, or
propeller.
 Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or water, turbines,
steam turbines, or gas turbines.
 Today turbine-powered generators produce most of the
world's electrical energy.
 Windmills that generate electricity are known as wind
turbines
 Turbine
 Based on working media
• a) Hydraulic turbine
• b) Steam turbine
• c) Gas turbine
• d) Wind Turbine

 Based on head
• Head is the elevation difference of reservoir water level and D/S water level

• a) High head turbine Pelton Turbine

• b) Medium head turbine Francis Turbine
• c) Low head turbine Kaplan Turbine
•
 Efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines

1) Hydraulic Efficiency – due to hydraulic losses

• Power developed by the runner

• Net power supplied at the turbine entrance

– SI Unit: kW
– Metric Unit : Horse Power/Water Horse Power (W.H.P)

• 2) Mechanical Efficiency – Due to mechanical losses ( bearing friction)

• Power available at the turbine shaft (P)

• Power developed by the runner
 Efficiencies of Hydraulic Turbines

• 3) Volumetric Efficiency – due to amountof water slips

directly to the tail race
• Amount of water striking the runner
• Amount of water supplied to the turbine

• 4) Overall Efficiency

• Power available at the turbine shaft (P)

• Net power supplied at the turbine entrance
 The Water Turbine
(Also Hydro Or Hydraulic Turbine)

 The water turbine (also known as

a hydro turbine or hydraulic
turbine) was developed in the
nineteenth century and was
widely used for industrial power
prior to electrical grids.
 Today, water turbines are mostly
used for hydroelectric
power generation.
 The hydro turbine harnesses a
clean and renewable energy
source.

40
Kaplan Turbine
A propeller-type runner rated 28,000 hp (21 MW)
A view of Francis Turbine
Guide vanes in Francis turbines

46
46
Runner: Francis turbine

47
47
A Francis turbine runner, rated at nearly one
million hp (750 MW), being installed at
the Grand Coulee Dam, United States.
Assembly of a Pelton wheel at Power Plant
Steam Turbine in Power Station

50
50
Windmills and wind turbines

51
51
Parts of a Wind Turbine
 Generator

Ken Youssefi General Engineering-E10 53

 TURBINES: Machines to extract fluid power
from flowing fluids

Steam Water Wind Gas

Turbine Turbines Turbines Turbines

•High Pressure, High Temperature gas

•Generated inside the engine Aircraft Engines
•Expands through a specially designed Power Generation
TURBINE
 Turbomachines that add energy to the fluid stream

 Pump :
• - when the fluid is a liquid or a slurry.
• -Very small to very large pressure rise.
• Rotating element is called an impeller.

 Fans, Blowers, or Compressors when handling a gas or a

vapor:
• Fans - generally have a small pressure rise (< 1 inch water)
• Blowers - moderate pressure rise (1 inch of mercury)
• Compressors - very high pressure rise (up to 150,000 psi)
 Components of water turbine
 Water turbines are basically fairly simple systems. They
consist of the following components:
I. intake shaft - a tube that connects to the piping or penstock which brings the
water into the turbine
II. water nozzle /wicket Gates- a nozzle which shoots a jet of water (impulse type of
turbines only)
III. runner - a wheel which catches the water as it flows in causing the wheel to turn
IV. generator shaft - a steel shaft that connects the runner to the generator
V. generator - a small electric generator that creates the electricity
VI. exit valve/Draft Tube - a tube or shute that returns the water to the stream it
came from
VII. powerhouse - a small shed or enclosure to protect the water turbine and
generator from the elements
VIII. Tailrace

56
 Draft Tube
• Draft tubes and diffuser
tubes
In reaction turbines, to
reduce the kinetic energy still
remaining in the water
leaving the runner a draft
tube or diffuser stands
between the turbine and the
tail race.
• A well-designed draft tube
allows, within certain limits,
the turbine to be installed
above the tailwater elevation
without losing any head.
China: the world’s hydropower leader

• Between 1950-1980,
an average of 600 dams
/ year were built in
China.

• Nearly one-half of
the world’s large dams
(22,000) are in China.

• 60% of all dams

under construction
worldwide are in China
or India.

US & International Water

Institutions

EVR 5332–Integrated Solutions for

Water in Environment &
Development
September 24, 2007
 Top 10 largest power producing facilities

Electricity
Capacity generation
Rank Station Country Fuel type
(MW) per annum
(TWh)
1 Three Gorges Dam China 22,500 84.37 Hydroelectricity
Brazil
2 Itaipu Dam 14,000 94.69 Hydroelectricity
Paraguay
3 Guri Dam Venezuela 10,235 53.41 Hydroelectricity
4 Tucuruí Dam Brazil 8,370 21.4 Hydroelectricity
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclea Power
5 Japan 8,212 24.63 Nuclear
Plant

6 Bruce Nuclear Generating Station Canada 6,810 36.25 Nuclear

7 Grand Coulee Dam United States 6,809 21 Hydroelectricity
8 Longtan Dam China 6,426 Hydroelectricity
9 Uljin Nuclear Power Plant South Korea 6,157 44.81 Nuclear
Yeonggwang Nuclear Power
10 South Korea 6,139 48.16 Nuclear
Station

60
 Largest Hydroelectric power stations
Installed
Rank Name Country River Years of completion
Capacity (MW)
1 Three Gorges Dam People's Republic of China Yangtze 22,500 2003/2012
2 Itaipu Dam Brazil Paraguay Paraná 14,000 1984/1991, 2003
3 Guri Venezuela Caroní 10,200 1978, 1986
4 Tucuruí Brazil Tocantins 8,370 1984
1942/1950, 1973,
5 Grand Coulee United States Columbia 6,809 1975/1980,
1984/1985
6 Longtan Dam People's Republic of China Hongshui 6,426 2007/2009
7 Krasnoyarskaya Russia Yenisei 6,000 1972
8 Robert-Bourassa Canada La Grande 5,616[ 1979/1981
9 Churchill Falls Canada Churchill 5,428 1971/1974
10 Bratskaya Russia Angara 4,500 1967
11 Laxiwa Dam People's Republic of China Yellow 4,200 2010
11 Xiaowan Dam People's Republic of China Mekong 4,200 2010
13 Ust Ilimskaya Russia Angara 3,840 1980
1985/1989,
13 Sayano Shushenskaya Russia Yenisei 3,840
2010/2014
15 Tarbela Dam Pakistan Indus 3,478 1976/1993

61
Three Gorges Dam (China)

62
THREE GORGES DAM

63
 Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)

64
“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org
ITAIPU DAM

65
Large-scale hydroelectric dams.
 Hydropower to Electric Power

Electrical
Potential Energy
Energy
Electricity

Kinetic
Energy

Mechanical
Energy

67
  Turbines are turned by water.
 That turning motion drives a
generator which produced electricity.
 Classification of Hydro Turbines
• Reaction Turbines
– Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
– Totally immersed in water
– Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
– Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
• Impulse Turbines
– Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
– No pressure drop across turbines
– Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

69
69
 Classification of Hydro Turbines
Impulse Turbine:
• The pressure of liquid does not change while flowing through the rotor
of the machine.
• In Impulse Turbines pressure change occur only in the nozzles of the
machine.
• One such example of impulse turbine is Pelton Wheel.
Reaction Turbine:
• The pressure of liquid changes while it flows through the rotor of the
machine.
• The change in fluid velocity and reduction in its pressure causes a
reaction on the turbine blades; this is where from the name Reaction
Turbine may have been derived.

Francis and Kaplan Turbines fall in the category of Reaction

Turbines.
 Types of Systems

Turbines can be of many forms.

Listed are a few of the major types.

High head Medium head Low head

Impulse Pelton cross-flow cross-flow

turbines Turgo multi-jet Pelton
Turgo

Reaction Francis propeller

turbines Pump-as-turbine Kaplan
(PAT)
 Hydraulic turbines…
Difference between Kaplan turbine and Francis
turbine:
S.No. Kaplan turbine
1 Water enters the runner
vanes axially and leaves
axially, hence it is called
axial flow turbine.
2 The number of blades in
the runner is generally
between 3 and 8.
Francis turbine
Water enters the runner
vanes radially and leaves
axially, hence it is called a
mixed flow turbine.
The number of blades in
the runner is generally
between 12 and 24.
73
 Hydraulic turbines…
Difference between Impulse and Reaction hydraulic turbines:
Sl.No. Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
e.g. Pelton turbine e.g. Kaplan & Francis turbines

1 In an impulse turbine all the In a reaction turbine, at the

available energy of water is entrance to the runner, only a
converted into kinetic energy part of the available energy of
as it passes through a nozzle. water is converted into kinetic
energy and a greater part
remains in the form of pressure
energy.
2 The water flowing through the The water is guided by the
nozzle impinges on the buckets guide blades to flow over the
which are fixed on the outer runner vanes.
periphery of the wheel.
74
 SELECTION OF THE TURBINES

Turbine Type Head(H) Range in Meters Head(H) Range in Feet

Kaplan and Propeller 2 < H < 40 6 < H < 125

Francis 10 < H <350 30 < H < 1200
Pelton 50 < H < 1300 150 < H < 5000
Banki - Michell 3 < H < 250 9 < H < 750
Turgo 15 < H < 250 50 < H < 750
ALL NEED TO RUN AT CONSTANT SPEED
KAPLAN – LARGE Q LOW H, VARY BLADE ANGLE
FRANCIS – VARY Q BY ADJUSTING GUIDE VANES
PELTON – VARY IMPULSE BY NOZZLE SPEAR
 Types of Hydropower Turbines

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 77

77
 Turbine vs head/flow
• Graphic showing turbine vs head and flo
 Pelton and Turgo
Impulse – jet of water

4“
 Banki and Crossflow
Impulse – sheet of water
Crossflow

Banki
 Francis
Reaction Turbines
Submerged in the flow;
driven by the pressure differential

Kaplan

http://www.waterwheelfactory.com/francis.htm

http://www.toshiba.co.jp/f-ene/hydro/english/products/equipment/index01_2.htm
 Turbine specific speed
• Turbines can be classified based on Specific Speed.
• Specific speed is defined as the speed in rpm of a geometrically similar
turbine, which is identical in shape, dimensions, blade angles and gate
openings with the actual turbine working under unit head and
developing unit power.
• Specific speed is used to compare the turbines and is denoted by Ns.

• Specific speed Ns = N √P / H5/4

 Impulse turbines have the lowest ns values, typically ranging from 1 to

10, a Pelton wheel is typically around 4,
 Francis turbines fall in the range of 10 to 100,
 while Kaplan turbines are at least 100 or more, all in imperial units.
 Turbine specific speed

Expressed in English units, the "specific speed"

is defined as ns = n√(P)/h5/4
 where n is the wheel speed in rpm
 P is the power in horsepower
 h is the water head in feet
 Runaway speed
• The runaway speed of a water turbine is its
speed at full flow, and no shaft load.

• The turbine will be designed to survive the

mechanical forces of this speed.

• The manufacturer will supply the runaway

speed rating.
84
 Different kinds of Dams(Structure)

• Arch Dams
• Gravity Dams
• Arch-gravity Dams
• Embankment Dams
 Arch Dams

Water Forces

Weight Forces

Aldeadávila Dam (in Spain)

Daniel-Johnson Dam, Quebec, is a multiple-arch buttress dam.
 Gravity Dams

Water forces

Weight Forces

Guri Dam (in Venezuela)

The Grand Coulee Dam is an example of a solid gravity dam.
 Arch-Gravity dams

Hoover Dam (between the U.S. States of Arizona and Nevada)

The Hoover Dam is an example of an arch-gravity dam.
Embankment Dam

Tarbela Dam
 High head
• Pelton and Turgo
 Medium/High head
• Crossflow and Francis
 Low head
• Kaplan, fixed pitch propeller
Cont…
iv) Based on specific speed

Turbines can be classified based on Specific Speed.

Specific speed is defined as the speed in rpm of a geometrically similar
turbine, which is identical in shape, dimensions, blade angles and gate
openings with the actual turbine working under unit head and developing
unit power.
Specific speed is used to compare the turbines and is denoted by Ns.

Specific speed Ns = N √P / H5/4

a) Low specific speed (8.5 – 30) - Pelton Turbine

b) Medium specific speed (50 – 340) - Francis Turbine
c) High specific speed (255 – 860) - Kaplan Turbine
Cont…
v) Based on disposition of turbine main shaft
a) Horizontal shaft
b) Vertical shaft

vi) Based on flow through the runner

a) Radial flow
1. Inward
2. Outward
b) Axial flow - Kaplan Turbine
c) Mixed flow - Francis Turbine
d) Tangential flow - Pelton Turbine
 Pelton Wheel Turbine

Design of Pelton Wheel Turbine

 It has a circular disk with cup shaped blades/buckets,

 Water jet emerging from a nozzle is tangential to the circumference of
the wheel.
HEPP with Pelton Wheel
 Parts of Advanced Pelton Turbine

• The main components of a Pelton turbine are:

• (i) water distributor and casing,
• (ii) nozzle and deflector with their operating mechanism,
• (iii) runner with buckets,
• (iv) shaft with bearing,
• (v) auxiliary nozzle.
• Auxiliary nozzle is used as brake for reducing the speed during
shut down.
• The runner is located above maximum tail water to permit
operation at atmospheric pressure.
Working Principle of Pelton Turbine

 Water jets emerging strike the buckets at splitter.

 Stream flow along the inner curve of the bucket and leave it in the
direction opposite to that of incoming jet.
 The high pressure water can be obtained from any water body
situated at some height or streams of water flowing down the hills.
 The change in momentum (direction as well as speed) of water stream
produces an impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine.
This impulse generates the torque and rotation in the shaft of Pelton
Turbine.
 Horizontal shaft - Not more than 2 jets are used and
Vertical shaft - Larger no. of jets (upto 6) are used.
 Iron/Steel casing to prevent splashing of water and to lead water to
the tail race.
 KAPLAN TURBINES

• The turbines that take his name have revolutionized in these

years the use of jumps of little height.

• The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines of axial

flow, with a bun that works in similar way to the helix of a
boat.

• The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of

the bun turn itself when it is on, adjusting automatically
according the work to the conditions of optimal yield.
KAPLAN TURBINE
 DERIAZ TURBINES

• Deriaz invented later the turbine

that takes his name

• This turbine is reversible

• The price of the machinery is

reduced using the same machine
like pump and turbine.
 DERIAZ TURBINE’S ADVANTAGES

The Deriaz turbine is like Francis turbine but with

adjustable blades and has:

• Working like turbine, better yield than a Francis turbine with

analogous bun of stator blades
• Working like pump, better yield than a turbine-pump of
stator blades
 FRANCIS TURBINES

• The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines

• The radial flow causes the turn of the runner

• This turbine is reversible

• Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads

and flows
FRANCIS TURBINE
 Steam turbine

• A steam turbine is a
thermo-mechanical
device that extracts
thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and
converts it into rotary
motion.
 Steam
• Steam is vapourized water. It is a transparent gas. At standard
temperature and pressure, pure steam (unmixed with air, but
in equilibrium with liquid water) occupies about 1,600 times
the volume of an equal mass of liquid water.

• Saturated steam is steam at equilibrium with liquid water at

the same pressure and temperature.

• Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its

boiling point at a given pressure
Rankine Cycle

• There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, these states are identified
by number in the diagram to the right.
• Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the
fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy.
• Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at
constant pressure by an external heat source to become dry saturated
vapour.
• Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine,
generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the
vapour, and some condensation may occur.
• Process 4-1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is
condensed at a constant pressure and temperature to become a saturated
liquid. The pressure and temperature of the condenser is fixed by the
temperature of the cooling coils as the fluid is undergoing a phase-change.
T- s Diagram
Impulse & Reaction turbines

•An impulse turbine has fixed

nozzles that orient the steam
flow into high speed jets.
• These jets contain significant
kinetic energy, which the rotor
blades, shaped like buckets,
convert into shaft rotation as
the steam jet changes
direction.
•A pressure drop occurs across
only the stationary blades, with
a net increase in steam velocity
across the stage.
 Reaction turbine

• In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form
convergent nozzles.

• This type of turbine also makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam
accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor.

• Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the
stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor.

• The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of
the blades.

• A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam
accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net
change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and
temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
Working of steam turbine based power plant
Mounting of a
steam turbine
produced by
Siemens
A rotor of a
modern steam
turbine, used in
a power plant
A modern steam turbine generator installation
 Gas Turbine
• A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type
of internal combustion engine.
• It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a
downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between.
Gas Turbine
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
 Brayton cycle

Brayton cycle
 Simplistic Gas Turbines working principles

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in a combustor)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
Types of Electricity Generating Windmills

Small (10 kW)

• Homes Intermediate
• Farms (10-250 kW)
• Remote Applications • Village Power
(e.g. water pumping, • Hybrid Systems
telecom sites,
icemaking) • Distributed Power

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
Parts of a Wind Turbine
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers Blade
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

Nacelle Components 10

16
17
12
12
1. Hub controller 11. Blade bearing
2. Pitch cylinder 12. Blade
3. Main shaft 13. Rotor lock system
4. Oil cooler 14. Hydraulic unit
5. Gearbox 15. Machine foundation
6. Top Controller 16. Yaw gears
7. Parking Break 17. Generator
8. Service crane 18. Ultra-sonic sensors
9. Transformer 19. Meteorological gauges
10. Blade Hub
 Large Wind Turbines
• 450’ base to blade
• Each blade 112’
• Span greater than 747
• 163+ tons total
• Foundation 20+ feet deep
• Rated at 1.5 – 5 megawatt
• Supply at least 350 homes
 Calculation of Wind Power

•Power
Power inWind
in the the wind
= ½ρAV3
Effect of air density, 
– Effect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, V
R

Swept Area: A = πR2

Area of the circle swept
by the rotor (m2).
 Power in the Wind (W/m2)

= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3

 A V3

Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) Area =  r2 Instantaneous Speed
T - air temperature (K) (not mean speed)
kg/m3 m2 m/s
 Wind Energy Natural
Characteristics
• Wind Speed
– Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed
– 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more
electricity
– 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

• Height
– Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power
– 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity
 Wind Energy Natural
Characteristics
• Air density
– Wind energy increases proportionally with air density
– Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates
– Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations
– Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

• Blade swept area

– Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades
• Blades are shaped like airplane wings
– 10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept
area
– Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter
• Resulting in 600 foot total height
Carnage!