Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 6 7 5 9 3 8 5 9 3 9 *

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/01

Paper 1 October/November 2014
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
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DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all the questions.

You may not need all the answer lines for your answer.

You should read and study the sources before answering the questions.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 16 printed pages.

DC (NF/SW) 82099/3
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1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows two development indicators for selected countries.

Energy use (Kg oil equivalent per person)

3000
South Africa
2500
Venezuela
2000 Latvia
Chile
China
1500

1000 Indonesia
Angola India
500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Rural population (%)

Fig. 1

(i) What percentage of people in India live in rural areas?

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(ii) Describe the relationship between the percentage of people living in rural areas and the
energy use per person. You should refer to examples and use figures in your answer.

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(iii) Oil is a non-renewable resource. What is the meaning of this term?

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(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows the percentage of the population relying on different types of
cooking fuels in the least developed countries.

Key
wood
charcoal
gas
dung
other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Population (%)

Fig. 2

(i) What fuel do most people use for cooking in least developed countries?

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(ii) Fuel used by people in rural areas is often collected from the surrounding area. Describe
the local environmental problems this may cause.

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(iii) Suggest the problems governments might face in providing electricity to rural areas.

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(c) Large scale destruction of forests is a serious problem in many parts of the world.

Describe the methods used to reduce deforestation and protect forests. You should develop
the points you make.

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[Total: 20 marks]
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2 (a) Millennium Development Goal 4 is to reduce child mortality. Study Fig. 3 which shows the
change in the under-five mortality rate between 2006 and 2009 for selected countries.

140
Key
under 5 mortality rate 2006
120
under 5 mortality rate 2009
Child mortality rate (per 1000)

100

80

60

40

20

0
Benin Cambodia China Costa Malawi Namibia Pakistan Peru
Rica

Fig. 3

(i) What was Malawi’s child mortality rate in 2009?

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(ii) Describe the main features of the bar chart. Use examples of countries in your answer.

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(b) Study Fig. 4 which is an extract from The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011.

In sub-Saharan Africa, diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia are responsible for more than
half the deaths of children under five. In Southern Asia, over half of all childhood deaths
occur in the first 28 days after birth, pointing to the need for better post-natal care. In both
regions, undernutrition is an underlying cause of a third of these deaths. Special efforts to
fight pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria, while bolstering nutrition, could save the lives of
millions of children.

Fig. 4

(i) Which three diseases cause most deaths in children under five in sub-Saharan Africa?

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(ii) What is meant by the term ‘post-natal care’?

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(iii) Explain how the following diseases can be prevented.

a) diarrhoea

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b) malaria

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(c) Measles is another cause of child mortality.

How can governments increase vaccination rates for diseases such as measles?

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(d) Explain why it is important for a country to have healthy children and adults if economic
development is to take place. You should develop the points you make.

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[Total: 20 marks]
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3 (a) Study Fig. 5 which gives information about the main countries involved in migration to and
from Kenya.

COUNTRY Destination / GDP per HDI HDI WORLD

Country of Origin person (US$) (max. 1.0) RANKING in 2010
(out of 169 countries)

AUSTRALIA D 41 000 0.94 2

UNITED STATES D 47 200 0.90 4

CANADA D 39 400 0.89 8

UNITED KINGDOM D 34 800 0.85 26

KENYA 1 600 0.47 128

UGANDA D and O 1 300 0.42 143

TANZANIA D and O 1 400 0.40 148

SUDAN O 2 300 0.38 154

ETHIOPIA O 1 000 0.33 157

SOMALIA O 600 Not available Not available

D = Destination country for migrants from Kenya

O = Country of origin for migrants to Kenya

Fig. 5

(i) Name a high income country to which people migrate from Kenya.

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(ii) What is the level of development of the countries from which people migrate to Kenya?

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(iii) The countries are ranked according to their HDI. What does the term ranked mean?

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(iv) What does the information in Fig. 5 show about the relationship between GDP per person
and HDI?

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(v) Why is the HDI regarded as a better indicator of development than GDP per person?

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(b) Study Fig. 6 which is taken from a newspaper report about refugees from Somalia fleeing to a
camp in Kenya.

‘It is more like a city
than a refugee camp.
It sprawls for 30 miles
and its population
could soon be half a
million. Drought and
famine in the Horn
of Africa are driving
hungry and exhausted
people from hundreds
of miles around to this
arid corner of northern
Kenya. Day after day,
refugees flock here from
Somalia – trekking with
their families through
barren lands for up to a
month.’

Fig. 6

(i) Identify the problems that are likely to be found in refugee camps such as the one in
Fig. 6.

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(ii) Explain the impact large numbers of refugees will have on the development of a country
such as Kenya.

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(c) Describe the benefits and the problems for families of economic migrants who travel to work
in another country. You should develop the points you make.

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4 (a) Study Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 which show commercial farming activities.

Maize harvesting Rice spraying

Fig. 7 Fig. 8

(i) Farming is part of the primary sector of the economy. What is the meaning of this term?

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(ii) State the type of technology shown in Fig. 7 and suggest why commercial farmers use
this type of technology.

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(iii) Explain how farmers make use of the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy.

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(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows the growth in sales of Fairtrade bananas in the United Kingdom
between 2000 and 2009.

400
Sales (US $ millions) 350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year

Fig. 9

(i) Describe the changes in Fairtrade banana sales shown by the graph.

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(ii) Explain how managers of Fairtrade banana plantations could make sure that their
workers do not suffer from discrimination and that their working conditions are good.

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(c) Modern commercial farming is able to increase output in a number of ways. Explain the
effects these methods may have on the natural environment. You should develop the points
you make.

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[Total: 20 marks]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1 Figure 1 © www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook; http://data.worldbank.org.

Question 1 Figure 2 © adapted: The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries; World Health Organisation; 2009.
http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/PowerPoint_Energy_Access_paper-lr.pdf.
Question 2 Figure 3 © http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/.
Question 2 Figure 4 © http://data.worldbank.org/indicators.
Question 3 Figure 5 © https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html; http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/.
Question 3 Figure 6 © Ben Brown; An arid city crying out for help; The Sunday Telegraph; 10 July 2011.
Question 4a Figure 7 © Ref: AABXHF; INSADCO Photography; Bilderbox/Alamy; Corn/maize crop/harvesting; www.alamy.com.
Question 4a Figure 8 © Ref: AH5YH0 Chao-Yang Chan/Alamy; Farmer spraying pesticide on rice field; www.alamy.com.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

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Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2014 0453/01/O/N/14