Gramar 4

Grammar Vocabulary Conversation strategies Writing Speaking Naturally
Unit 1 The way we are

Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson A People in a hurry
Lesson A People in a Adjectives vs. manner adverbs

hurry
Adjective + noun
Adjectives vs. manner
adverbs You can use adjectives to describe nouns:
be, feel, get, etc. + I'm a patient person. She's a careful driver
adjective
Lesson B Personality and
Verb + manner adverb
character
Adverbs before You can use adverbs to describe verbs. Manner adverbs describe how people do things:
adjectives and adverbs I wait patiently in lines. She drives carefully.
Adjective prefixes
Regular -ly adverbs
Unit 2 Experiences
Regular adverbs are adjective + -ly:
Unit 3 Wonders of the patient patiently

world careful carefully
For adjectives ending in -y, change the y to i and add -ly:

Unit 4 Family life
easy easily
Unit 5 Food choices For adjectives ending in -ic, add -ally:
Unit 6 Managing life automatic automatically
Unit 7 Relationships Irregular adverbs
Some adverbs are irregular. They do not end in -ly:

Unit 8 What if?
good well
Unit 9 Tech savvy? For example:

He's not a good singer. He doesn't sing very well.
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions Some irregular adverbs are the same as the adjective:
late late
Unit 12 In the news
fast fast
hard hard
For example:
He's a fast driver He drives very fast

Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson A People in a hurry
Lesson A People in a be, feel, get, etc. + adjective

hurry
Don't use adverbs after verbs like be, feel, get, and sound. Use adjectives:
adverbs I'm patient.
be, feel, get, etc. + I feel safe with her.

adjective
He gets reckless sometimes.
Lesson B Personality and
character His voice sounds terrible.
Adverbs before
adjectives and adverbs
But, when the verb feel means "have an opinion about", use an adverb:
Adjective prefixes I feel strongly about it.
Unit 2 Experiences
Unit 3 Wonders of the

world
Unit 4 Family life
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 6 Managing life
Unit 7 Relationships
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson B Personality and character
Lesson A People in a Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs

hurry
You can use some adverbs before adjectives and adverbs. Use these adverbs to make some adjectives
Adjectives vs. manner and adverbs stronger:
adverbs
extremely incredibly really so very
be, feel, get, etc. +
adjective She's extremely generous.
Lesson B Personality and She's incredibly talented.

character
He's a really cool guy.
Adverbs before
adjectives and We get along very well.
adverbs
Adjective prefixes
Use pretty and fairly to mean "more than a little":
Unit 2 Experiences He's pretty easygoing.
He's fairly laid-back.

world Use absolutely or really (but not very) with adjectives that are already very strong:
She's absolutely wonderful.
Unit 4 Family life
He's really fantastic.
Unit 5 Food choices

Use the expression at all to make negatives stronger. At all usually goes after the adjective:
She's not selfish at all.
Use completely and totally to mean 100%:

He's completely honest.
Unit 8 What if? She's totally reliable.
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson B Personality and character
Lesson A People in a Adjective prefixes

hurry
A prefix is a group of letters like dis, un, etc. at the beginning of a word. They add meaning to the word.
adverbs You can use prefixes to make adjectives with opposite meanings. Different adjectives have different
prefixes:
be, feel, get, etc. +
adjective patient impatient
Lesson B Personality and considerate inconsiderate

character friendly unfriendly
Adverbs before reliable unreliable
adjectives and adverbs honest dishonest
Adjective prefixes organized disorganized
Unit 2 Experiences

world
Unit 4 Family life
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 2 Experiences: Lesson A Hopes and dreams
Unit 2 Experiences Present perfect
Use the present perfect for events at an indefinite time before now:
Lesson A Hopes and
dreams I've traveled in Asia.
Present perfect (= I've traveled in Asia in the past, but I don't say when.)
Frequency expressions
with the present perfect Affirmative statements
Past participles Use a form of have + past participle:
Lesson B Unusual I've been to Europe.
experiences
He's surfed in Hawai'i.
Present perfect vs.
simple past Remember, the contracted form of have for he, she, and it is 's (= has).
Unit 3 Wonders of the When people talk about travel destinations, they generally use been as an alternative to gone to mean
world "gone somewhere and come back":
I've been to Paris (= I went and came back.)
Unit 4 Family life She's gone to Paris (= She's still in Paris.)
Unit 5 Food choices

Negative statements
Unit 6 Managing life Use a form of have not + past participle:

I haven't been to Paris.
She hasn't tried surfing before.
Unit 8 What if? Remember, the contracted form of have not for he, she, and it is hasn't (= has not).
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 2 Experiences Frequency expressions with the present perfect
The present perfect is often used with these frequency expressions:

Lesson A Hopes and
dreams
always
Present perfect
I've always wanted to study acting.
Frequency (= This was my dream a long time ago, and it's still my dream today.)
expressions with the
present perfect
once / twice / many times
Past participles We've gone sailing once / twice / many times.
Lesson B Unusual
experiences never . . . before
Present perfect vs. She's never tried it before.
simple past (= She didn't do this at any time in the past.)

world
Unit 4 Family life
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 2 Experiences Past participles
Regular past participles

Lesson A Hopes and
dreams Regular verbs have the same form for the simple past and past participle. They end in -ed:
Present perfect travel traveled traveled
Frequency expressions try tried tried
with the present perfect
Remember, for verbs ending in a consonant and a -y, change the y to i before you add -ed.
Past participles
Lesson B Unusual
experiences Irregular past participles
Present perfect vs. Irregular verbs sometimes have different forms for the simple past and past participle:
simple past
be was / were been
do did done
world go went gone
have had had
Unit 4 Family life see saw seen
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 2 Experiences Present perfect vs. simple past
Use the present perfect to ask about indefinite times before now.
Lesson A Hopes and
dreams
Use have + subject + past participle for present perfect questions:
Present perfect
Have you ever gone white-water rafting?
Frequency expressions (ever = at any time in your life up to now)
with the present perfect
Past participles Use the present perfect to give answers about indefinite times before now:
Lesson B Unusual No, I haven't. I've never gone rafting.
experiences
Present perfect vs.
simple past Use the simple past for specific events or times in the past:
A Have you ever gone white-water rafting?
Unit 3 Wonders of the B Yes, I have. I went rafting last May.
world
A Did you have a good time? (= on your rafting trip last May)
Unit 4 Family life B Yes, I did. But I fell off the raft.
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 3 Wonders of the world: Lesson A Human wonders
Unit 2 Experiences Superlatives
You can use superlatives of adjectives to compare three or more things:

world This is the tallest building in the world.
Lesson A Human
Short adjectives
wonders
Superlatives For short adjectives, superlatives are the + adjective + -est:
Lesson B Natural What's the tallest building in the world?

wonders
For short adjectives ending in e, add -st:
Questions with How +
adjective . . . ? Where is the largest shopping mall?
For two-syllable adjectives ending in y, change the y to i and add - est:

Unit 4 Family life
What's the busiest restaurant?
Unit 5 Food choices
For most one-syllable adjectives ending in vowel + consonant, double the last letter and add - est:
Unit 6 Managing life Which city has the biggest soccer stadium?
Long adjectives
Unit 8 What if? For long adjectives, superlatives are the + most / least + adjective:
What's the most interesting city in your country?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
What's the least expensive store?
Unit 10 What's up?

Irregular superlatives
Unit 11 Impressions
good the best
Unit 12 In the news

What's the best country to visit?
bad the worst
What's the worst problem in your country?
Superlatives with nouns
You can use the superlative form the most with nouns:
Which country has the most tourism?
Which stadium has the most seats?
Here, the most means "more than any other."


Unit 3 Wonders of the world: Lesson B Natural wonders
Unit 2 Experiences Questions with How + adjective . . . ?
You can use these adjectives in questions with How + adjective . . . ? In answers to questions like these,
Unit 3 Wonders of the you can repeat the adjective after the measurement:
world
high
Lesson A Human
A How high is Mount Everest?
wonders
B It's 8,850 meters (29,035 feet) high.
Superlatives
Lesson B Natural long
wonders
A How long is the Nile River?
Questions with How + B It's 6,695 kilometers (4,160 miles) long.
adjective . . . ?
wide
Unit 4 Family life A How wide is the Grand Canyon?
B It's about 29 kilometers (18 miles) wide.
Unit 5 Food choices
deep
A How deep is the Pacific Ocean?
B It's about 11,000 meters (36,000 feet) deep.
Unit 8 What if? You can also use these adjectives in questions with How + adjective . . . ? But, in answers to questions like
these, do not repeat the adjective:
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
large
Unit 10 What's up? A How large is the Sahara Desert?

B It's 9.1 million square kilometers (3.5 million square miles).
Unit 11 Impressions
hot
Unit 12 In the news A How hot does it get in Death Valley?

B It can reach 48 degrees Celsius (120 degrees Fahrenheit).

Unit 4 Family life: Lesson A Family gripes
Unit 2 Experiences let, make, and have
After let, make, and have, use an object + verb:

world My parents won't let me stay out late.
They make me come home before 10:00.

Unit 4 Family life
I have them do their homework before dinner.
Lesson A Family gripes

let, make, have
get, want, ask, and tell
help
Lesson B Family
memories
used to and would
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 2 Experiences get, want, ask, and tell
After get, want, ask, and tell, use an object + to + verb:

world I can't get them to clean up their rooms.
My parents want me to study law.

Unit 4 Family life
I have to ask them to drive me everywhere.
Lesson A Family gripes My wife is always telling me to slow down.
let, make, have

help
Lesson B Family
memories
used to and would
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 2 Experiences help
After help you can use an object + verb or an object + to + verb, but help + object + verb is more
Unit 3 Wonders of the common:
world
My kids never help me clean the house.
Unit 4 Family life My kids never help me to clean the house.
Lesson A Family gripes

let, make, have
help
Lesson B Family
memories
used to and would
Unit 5 Food choices
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 4 Family life: Lesson B Family memories
Unit 2 Experiences used to and would
Affirmative statements
world Use used to + verb for regular activities in the past that don't happen now:
I used to go over to my sister's house a lot.
Unit 4 Family life (= In the past, I went to my sister's house a lot, but I don't do this now.)
Lesson A Family gripes You can also use would or 'd + verb for regular activities in the past:
let, make, have I'd go over to my sister's house a lot.
Use used to + verb for situations in the past that are no longer true:
help
My sister used to live next door.
Lesson B Family
(= In the past, my sister lived next door, but this isn't true now.)
memories
used to and would You can only use would to describe regular activities. Do not use would for situations in the past that are
no longer true.
Unit 5 Food choices
Negative statements and questions

For negative statements and questions, write use to, not used to. Negative statements and questions with
use to are less common than affirmative statements with used to:
I didn't use to like jazz.
(= I didn't like jazz in the past, but now I like it.)
Unit 8 What if?
What kind of music did you use to like?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 5 Food choices: Lesson A Healthy food
Unit 2 Experiences Talking about quantities of food
Uncountable nouns
world Uncountable nouns are nouns you cannot count. You can use these words with uncountable nouns to talk
about small quantities:
Unit 4 Family life

a little = "some"
Unit 5 Food choices We have a little butter in the fridge.
very little = "not a lot"

Lesson A Healthy food
There's very little food.
Talking about
quantities of food
less (for comparisons)
Lesson B A question of
I'm trying to eat less fat.
taste
too, too much, too many not much
and enough
There's not much food in the house.

Countable nouns
Countable nouns are nouns you can count. You can use these words with plural countable nouns to talk
about small quantities:
Unit 8 What if?
a few = "some"
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
We have a few slices of cheese.
Unit 10 What's up? very few = "not a lot"

We eat very few frozen meals.
Unit 11 Impressions
fewer (for comparisons)
Unit 12 In the news Skim milk has fewer calories.
not many
There aren't many vegetables.
Food containers / items
You can use words for containers + of to talk about quantities of food:
a bag of nuts
a bottle of soy sauce
a can of tomatoes
a carton of juice
a jar of peppers
a loaf of bread
a package of rice
The containers are all countable nouns. You can use numbers + a plural noun to say how many:
a carton of juice two cartons of juice

a loaf of bread two loaves of bread
Notice that the plural form of loaf is loaves.
Weights and measures
You can also use weights and measures + of to talk about quantities of food:
a liter of / a quart of milk. (1 liter = 1.1 quarts)

a kilo of / a pound of rice / apples. (1 kilo = 2.2 pounds)
Remember: kilo = kilogram


Unit 5 Food choices: Lesson B A question of taste
Unit 2 Experiences Too, too much, too many, and enough
Too much, too many

world You can use too much / too many before nouns. They mean “more than is good, right, or necessary.” Use
too much before an uncountable noun and too many before a countable noun:
Unit 4 Family life I ate too much food.
I ate too many fries.

Unit 5 Food choices
You can also use too much and too many by themselves. Here too much and too many are pronouns:
Lesson A Healthy food I ate too much / too many.
Talking about quantities
of food
Lesson B A question of Too
taste You can use too before an adjective. It means "more than is good, right, or necessary":
too, too much, too He's too full.
many and enough
You can also too before an adverb:
Unit 6 Managing life She eats too slowly.
Unit 7 Relationships You can use too much after a verb:

She talks too much.
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy? Enough
You can use enough after a verb and before a countable or uncountable noun. It means "the right or
Unit 10 What's up? necessary number / amount":
I ate / didn't eat enough fries.
Unit 11 Impressions
I ate / didn't eat enough food.
Unit 12 In the news

You can also use enough by itself. Here enough is a pronoun:
I ate / didn't eat enough.
You can use enough after an adjective:

Her salad wasn't filling enough.
You can also use enough after an adverb:

She doesn't eat fast enough.
You can also use enough after a verb:

She doesn't listen enough. (= she should listen more)

Unit 6 Managing life: Lesson A Making plans
Unit 2 Experiences Talking about the future
There are different ways of talking about the future.

world
Use will when you decide to do something as you are speaking:
I'll just stop by my apartment to get changed, and then I'll come right over to meet you.
Unit 4 Family life
Use will or be going to for factual information about the future:

Unit 5 Food choices
You're going to be out of town, but you'll be back Friday?

You can also use will or be going to for predictions based on what you know:
My boss is going to make us work late Friday.
Lesson A Making plans
Talking about the Our project won't be finished on time.
future
Lesson B Problems and
solutions Use the present continuous or be going to (not will) for decisions you've made and fixed plans. The
present continuous makes your plans sound more definite:
What's advisable,
necessary, preferable I'm meeting Anna after my kickboxing class.
We're going to have dinner together.

Unit 8 What if? Use the simple present for schedules:

I have my kickboxing class tomorrow. It starts at 7:00.
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 6 Managing life: Lesson B Problems and solutions
Unit 2 Experiences What's advisable, necessary, preferable
What's advisable
world You can use had better, ought to, or might want to + verb to give advice or say something is advisable:
Unit 4 Family life You'd better do something quickly. ('d = had)
I ought to do some volunteer work.

Unit 5 Food choices
You might want to take a colleague with you.
Unit 6 Managing life Remember: Don't use had better for general advice.
Lesson A Making plans

What's necessary
Talking about the future
Lesson B Problems and You can use be going to have to or have got to + verb to say something is necessary:
solutions
I'm going to have to do something about it.
What's advisable,
necessary, preferable I've got to decide by next week. ('ve = have)
Unit 7 Relationships Have got to is stronger than going to have to.
You can use don't have to + verb to describe something that is not necessary:
Unit 8 What if?
You don't have to spend time on this.

Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up? What's preferable
You can use would rather + verb to say that it's better to do this than something else:
Unit 11 Impressions
I'd rather stay in my current job. ('d = would)
Unit 12 In the news
You can use would rather not + verb to say something is not preferable:
I'd rather not change jobs because I really like my current job.

Unit 7 Relationships: Lesson A Circle of friends
Unit 2 Experiences Relative clauses
Relative clauses begin with who, that, and which. They give information about people or things:
world
Use the relative pronouns who and that to refer to people.
Use the relative pronouns which and that to refer to things.
Unit 4 Family life
Unit 5 Food choices Subject relative clauses
In subject relative clauses, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb. The subject does the action:
Nina is an interesting woman who / that sits across from me.
Unit 7 Relationships (The woman sits across from me.)
Nina had a company that / which planned weddings.

Lesson A Circle of friends (The company planned weddings.)
Relative clauses
Lesson B Things to In subject relative clauses, you have to use who, that, or which.
remember
Phrasal verbs Object relative clauses
In object relative clauses, the relative pronoun is the object of the verb. The object receives the action:
Unit 8 What if?
Charlie is someone (who / that) I can trust.
Unit 9 Tech savvy? (I can trust Charlie.)
Jen talks about the things (that) she's doing.

Unit 10 What's up? (Jen's doing things.)
Unit 11 Impressions In object relative clauses, you don't have to use who, that, or which.
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 7 Relationships: Lesson B Dating
Unit 2 Experiences Phrasal verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a particle like along, away, back, out, up, etc. The verb can have different
Unit 3 Wonders of the forms, but the particle never changes its form:
world
Steve and Anna grew up in the same town.
Unit 4 Family life They got along well and started going out together.
Unit 5 Food choices Remember, some verbs have objects:

Steve liked Anna. (Anna is the object.)
These phrasal verbs don't usually have an object:
Unit 7 Relationships grow up get along go out go away fly back work out break up
Anna went away to college.

Lesson A Circle of friends
Relative clauses She flew back home once a month.
Lesson B Things to Things didn't work out, so they decided to break up.
remember
Phrasal verbs
You can use with + somebody after get along and go out.
Unit 8 What if? Steve and Anna got along well. Steve and Anna went out together.
Steve got along with Anna. Steve went out with Anna.
Unit 9 Tech savvy? Anna got along with Steve. Anna went out with Steve.
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 8 What if?: Lesson A Wishes
Unit 2 Experiences Wishes for the present or future
You can use wish + past form of the verb to talk about wishes for the present or future. In sentences like
Unit 3 Wonders of the this, the opposite is true right now:
world
I wish I had more free time.
Unit 4 Family life (I don't have a lot of free time right now.)
Unit 5 Food choices She wishes she didn't live so far away.
(She lives very far away.)
I wish I weren't so busy with my work.
Unit 7 Relationships (I'm very busy with my work.)
Unit 8 What if? We wish we could afford to move.

(We can't afford to move.)
Lesson A Wishes
Remember, people say I wish I was . . . more frequently than I wish I were . . . , but this is not considered
Imaginary situations correct in written English.
or events in the
present or future
Imaginary situations or
events in the present or
future
Lesson B Life's little
dilemmas
Asking about imaginary
situations or events
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 8 What if?: Lesson A Wishes
Unit 2 Experiences Imaginary situations or events in the present or future
You can use if + past form of the verb, then would / could + verb to describe imaginary situations in the
Unit 3 Wonders of the present or future. In sentences like this, the opposite is true right now:
world
If I had more free time, I'd / I would go kayaking.
Unit 4 Family life (I don't go kayaking.)
Unit 5 Food choices If she lived closer, she'd / she would be able to help out.
(She isn't able to help out.)
If I were less busy, I could go away on the weekends.
Unit 7 Relationships (I can't go away on the weekends.)
Unit 8 What if? If we could afford to move, we wouldn't live in this tiny place.
(We live in this tiny place.)
Lesson A Wishes
The if + past form of the verb describes what needs to be true to get the result you want:
events in the present or
future If I had more free time . . .
(= I don't have enough free time.)
Imaginary situations
or events in the
present or future The would / could + verb describes the result you want:
Lesson B Life's little If I had more free time, I'd / I would go kayaking.
dilemmas (= I want to have more free time in order to go kayaking.)
Asking about imaginary
situations or events Remember, people say If I was . . . more frequently than If I were . . . , but this is not considered correct in
written English.
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 8 What if?: Lesson B Life's little dilemmas
Unit 2 Experiences Asking about imaginary situations or events
Information questions and answers

world You can ask information questions about imaginary situations or events like this:
What would you do if you broke a friend's camera?
Unit 4 Family life (= You didn't break your friend's camera, but let's imagine you did. What would you do?)
The question has two clauses: a main clause with an information question and an if clause. The if clause
Unit 5 Food choices describes an imaginary situation or event.
Unit 6 Managing life The if clause can come after or before the main clause:
What would you do if you broke a friend's camera?
If you broke a friend's camera, what would you do?
Unit 8 What if? When the if clause comes before the main clause, use a comma (,) after the if clause.
To answer information questions about imaginary situations use would / 'd or wouldn't:
Lesson A Wishes
A What would you do if you broke a friend's camera?
events in the present or B I'd apologize for breaking it. / I wouldn't say anything about it.
future
events in the present or Yes-No questions and answers
future
Use would + subject + verb to ask Yes-No questions about imaginary situations or events. Use would or
Lesson B Life's little wouldn't to answer the questions:
dilemmas A Would you pay for a new camera?
Asking about
B Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.
imaginary situations
or events
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 9 Tech savvy?: Lesson A Tech support
Unit 2 Experiences Questions within sentences
Questions within questions

world You can make two direct questions into one question:
What's the problem? Do you know?
Unit 4 Family life Do you know what the problem is?
Which site did you use? Can you remember?

Unit 5 Food choices
Can you remember which site you used?

The direct question becomes a question within question. Use statement word order in questions within
questions:
What is the problem? (direct question: verb before the subject)
Do you know what the problem is? (question within question: verb after the subject)
Unit 8 What if?
When the main direct question is a Yes-No question, use if:
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Do you know if the battery is charged? (= Is the battery charged? Do you know?)
Lesson A Tech support

Questions within Questions within statements
sentences
You can make a direct question and a statement into one statement:
Lesson B How things
What's the problem? I don't know.
work
I don't know what the problem is.
Separable phrasal
verbs Why is it doing that? I have no idea.
how to, where to, what I have no idea why it's doing that.
to
The direct question becomes a question within a statement. Use statement word order in questions within
statements:
Unit 10 What's up?
What is the problem? (direct question: verb before the subject)
Unit 11 Impressions I don't know what the problem is. (question within statement: verb after the subject)
When the direct question is a Yes-No question, use if:

Unit 12 In the news
I wonder if the battery is charged. (= Is the battery charged? I wonder if it is.)

Unit 9 Tech savvy: Lesson B How things work
Unit 2 Experiences Separable phrasal verbs
Examples of separable phrasal verbs are:

world plug in turn on turn off turn up turn down
When the object of a separable phrasal verb is a noun, it can go after or before the particle:
Unit 4 Family life
How do you turn on the game controller? (verb + particle + noun object)
Unit 5 Food choices How do you turn the game controller on? (verb + noun object + particle)
Unit 6 Managing life When the object of a separable phrasal verb is an object pronoun, it goes before the particle. Do not put
an object pronoun after the particle:
Unit 7 Relationships How do you turn it on? (verb + object pronoun + particle)
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Questions within
sentences
Lesson B How things
work
Separable phrasal
verbs
how to, where to, what
to
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 9 Tech savvy: Lesson B How things work
Unit 2 Experiences how to, where to, what to
You can use a question word + to + verb in questions within statements, and in questions within questions:
world
Let me show you what to do.
(What do you have to do? Let me show you. = Let me show you what you have to do.)
Unit 4 Family life
Can you show me how to turn it on?
Unit 5 Food choices
(How do you turn it on? Can you show me? = Can you show me how you turn it on?)
Unit 6 Managing life Do you know where to plug it in?

(Where do you plug it in? Do you know? = Do you know where to plug it in?)
Remember, an object pronoun goes before the particle in phrasal verbs.
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Questions within
sentences
Lesson B How things
work
Separable phrasal
verbs
how to, where to, what
to
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 10 What's up?: Lesson A Catching up
Unit 2 Experiences Present perfect continuous vs. present perfect
Use the present perfect continuous for an ongoing or repeated activity that started before now and
Unit 3 Wonders of the continues into the present.
world
Present perfect continuous questions
Unit 4 Family life
Use (question word +) has / have + subject + been + verb + -ing:
Unit 5 Food choices What have you been doing lately? (lately = in the past and up until now)
Have you been taking any classes?

Unit 7 Relationships Present perfect continuous statements
Use has / have + been + verb + -ing:

Unit 8 What if? I've been going to a pottery class.
(= I started going to a pottery class in the past, and I still go to a pottery class.)
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Use the present perfect to show the results of an activity or how many times it has happened.
Unit 10 What's up?
Remember, use (question word +) have + subject + past participle for present perfect questions; use
subject + have + past participle for present perfect statements:
Lesson A Catching up
Present perfect A What things have you made so far?
continuous vs. B I've made eight vases and two bowls.
present perfect
Since, for, and in for
duration
Lesson B Movies
already, still, and yet
with present perfect
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 10 What's up?: Lesson A Catching up
Unit 2 Experiences Since, for, and in for duration
Use since with points in time:

world I've been going to a pottery class since September.
What have you been doing since I saw you last?

Unit 4 Family life
Unit 5 Food choices Use for and in with periods of time, but use in only in negative statements:
He's been doing karate for nine years.
I haven't been out to eat in months.
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Present perfect
continuous vs. present
perfect
duration
Lesson B Movies
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 10 What's up?: Lesson B Movies
Unit 2 Experiences already, still, and yet with present perfect
You can use yet at the end of questions and negative statements for things that are expected:
world A Have you seen Funny Guy yet? (= I imagine you're planning to see it.)
B No, I haven't seen it yet. / No, not yet. (= I haven't seen it, but I plan to.)
Unit 4 Family life
Unit 5 Food choices You can use already to say that you did something before now. You can use already after have or at the
end of affirmative statements:
Unit 6 Managing life A Have you seen Funny Guy yet?
B Yes, I've already seen it. / Yes, I've seen it already. (= I saw it earlier.)
Unit 8 What if? You can use still in statements to say something is ongoing. In negative statements you can use still for
something you haven’t done, but you want to plan to do. Use still before haven't or hasn't:
Unit 9 Tech savvy? A Have you seen Funny Guy yet?
B No, I still haven't seen it. (= I've wanted to see it for weeks, but I haven't yet.)
Unit 10 What's up?
Present perfect
continuous vs. present
perfect
duration
Lesson B Movies
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 11 Impressions: Lesson A Speculating
Unit 2 Experiences Modal verbs for speculating
Modal verbs are verbs like: must, can't, could, may and might.
world
You can use some modal verbs with a simple or continuous verb to speculate (= make guesses) about the
present:
Unit 4 Family life
She must work hard. (modal + verb)
Unit 5 Food choices She must be graduating today. (modal + be+ verb + -ing)
Unit 6 Managing life Use must (not) when you are 100% certain about your guess:
She must be a genius. (= I bet she's a genius.)
She must be graduating today. (= I bet she's graduating today.)
Unit 8 What if? She must not go out much. (= I bet she doesn't go out much.)
Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Use can't when you feel very certain that something is impossible:
Unit 10 What's up? She can't be more than 12. (= It's not possible she's more than 12.)
Unit 11 Impressions
Use could, may and might when you feel less than 100% certain about a guess:
Lesson A Speculating He could be one of her friends. (= It's possible he's one of her friends.)
Modal verbs for He may be her professor. (= Maybe he's her professor.)
speculating
They might be feeling sad. (= Maybe they're feeling sad.)
Lesson B Features
Adjectives ending in -ed
and -ing
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 11 Impressions: Lesson B Ups and downs
Unit 2 Experiences Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing
Adjectives ending in -ed can describe how you feel about someone or something:
world I'm bored with my job. (This is how I feel about my job.)
I'm interested in astronomy. (This is how I feel about astronomy.)

Unit 4 Family life
I get annoyed with my sister. (This is how I feel about my sister.)
Unit 5 Food choices I'm excited about my vacation. (This is how I feel about my vacation.)

Adjectives ending in -ing can describe someone or something:
Unit 7 Relationships My job is very boring. (This is a description of my job.)
I think astronomy is interesting. (This is a description of my astronomy.)

Unit 8 What if?
She does a lot of annoying things. (This is a description of the things she does.)
Unit 9 Tech savvy? My vacation is going to be exciting. (This is a description of my vacation.)
Unit 10 What's up?

Sometimes there is an adjective ending in -ed, but not an adjective ending in –ing, for example, worried /
worrisome, scared / scary:
Unit 11 Impressions
I'm scared of spiders. (This is how I feel about spiders.)
Lesson A Speculating but
Modal verbs for I think spiders are scary. (This is a description of spiders.)
speculating
Lesson B Features
Adjectives ending in -
ed and -ing
Unit 12 In the news


Unit 12 In the news: Lesson A Local news
Unit 2 Experiences Simple past passive
In sentences with active verbs, the subject is the "doer" or cause of an action. The object is the "receiver"
Unit 3 Wonders of the of the action. Use active verbs to focus on the "doer" or cause:
world
A student found a bag on a bus.
Unit 4 Family life The sentence has a subject (a student), a verb (found), and an object (a bag). The subject (a student)
"does" the action.
Unit 5 Food choices

In sentences with passive verbs, the subject is the "receiver" of the action. Use passive verbs to focus on
the "receiver" or when the "doer" or cause is not known or not important. In sentences with passive verbs,
Unit 6 Managing life the subject is the "receiver" of the action:
A bag was found on a bus.
Unit 8 What if? Use subject + was / wasn't / were / weren't + past participle for the simple past passive:
The authorities closed the airport. (simple past active)
Unit 9 Tech savvy? The airport was closed. (simple past passive)
The people who closed the airport are not important, so you don't need to mention them in the
Unit 10 What's up? sentence with the passive verb.
Unit 11 Impressions The accident didn't injure the passengers. (simple past active)
The passengers weren't injured. (simple past passive)
Unit 12 In the news
Lesson A Local news

Simple past passive
Lesson B Natural
disasters
The simple past passive
with by + agent
Adverbs with the
passive

Unit 12 In the news: Lesson B Natural disasters
Unit 2 Experiences The simple past passive with by + agent
The "doer" is sometimes called the "agent". When the "doer" of the action, or agent, is important, you can
Unit 3 Wonders of the use by after a passive verb to introduce it:
world
Three families were rescued by emergency workers.
(= Emergency workers rescued three families. Here emergency workers are the "doer" of the
Unit 4 Family life
action.)
A town was struck by an earthquake.
Unit 5 Food choices
The fires were caused by careless campers.
Unit 6 Managing life A shopping mall was damaged by a tornado.
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news
Lesson A Local news

Simple past passive
Lesson B Natural
disasters
The simple past
passive with by +
agent
Adverbs with the
passive

Unit 12 In the news: Lesson B Natural disasters
Unit 2 Experiences Adverbs with the passive
In simple past passive statements, adverbs usually come between was (not) / were (not) and the past
Unit 3 Wonders of the participle:
world
A mall was (not) badly damaged.
Unit 4 Family life No one was seriously injured.
The forest was completely destroyed.

Unit 5 Food choices
Power was temporarily disrupted.
Unit 6 Managing life Homes were partially destroyed.
Unit 8 What if?
Unit 9 Tech savvy?
Unit 10 What's up?
Unit 11 Impressions
Unit 12 In the news
Lesson A Local news

Simple past passive
Lesson B Natural
disasters
The simple past passive
with by + agent
Adverbs with the
passive

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Grammar Vocabulary Conversation strategies Writing Speaking Naturally

Unit 1 The way we are

Lesson A People in a Adjectives vs. manner adverbs

Unit 3 Wonders of the patient patiently

For adjectives ending in -y, change the y to i and add -ly:

Unit 6 Managing life automatic automatically

Unit 7 Relationships Irregular adverbs

Some adverbs are irregular. They do not end in -ly:

Unit 9 Tech savvy? For example:

Unit 1 The way we are

Lesson A People in a be, feel, get, etc. + adjective

be, feel, get, etc. + I feel safe with her.

Unit 3 Wonders of the

Unit 4 Family life

Unit 5 Food choices

Unit 6 Managing life

Unit 8 What if?

Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Unit 10 What's up?

Unit 12 In the news

Unit 1 The way we are

Lesson A People in a Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs

Lesson B Personality and She's incredibly talented.

Unit 2 Experiences He's pretty easygoing.

He's fairly laid-back.

Unit 5 Food choices

Use completely and totally to mean 100%:

Unit 8 What if? She's totally reliable.

Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Unit 10 What's up?

Unit 12 In the news

Unit 1 The way we are

Lesson A People in a Adjective prefixes

Lesson B Personality and considerate inconsiderate

Unit 3 Wonders of the

Unit 4 Family life

Unit 5 Food choices

Unit 6 Managing life

Unit 8 What if?

Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Unit 10 What's up?

Unit 12 In the news

Unit 1 The way we are

Unit 2 Experiences Present perfect

Unit 5 Food choices

Unit 6 Managing life Use a form of have not + past participle:

Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Unit 10 What's up?

Unit 12 In the news

Unit 1 The way we are

Unit 2 Experiences Frequency expressions with the present perfect

The present perfect is often used with these frequency expressions:

Unit 3 Wonders of the

Unit 4 Family life

Unit 5 Food choices

Unit 6 Managing life

Unit 8 What if?

Unit 9 Tech savvy?

Unit 10 What's up?

Unit 12 In the news

Unit 1 The way we are

Unit 2 Experiences Past participles

Regular past participles