energies

Article
The Determination of Load Profiles and Power
Consumptions of Home Appliances
Fatih Issi 1, * ID
and Orhan Kaplan 2
1 Electronics and Automation Department, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri 18200, Turkey
2 Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Gazi University, Ankara 06500,
Turkey; okaplan@gazi.edu.tr
* Correspondence: fatihissi@karatekin.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-376-213-1195

Received: 26 January 2018; Accepted: 7 March 2018; Published: 9 March 2018

Abstract: In recent years, the increment of distributed electricity generation based on renewable
energy sources and improvement of communication technologies have caused the development of
next-generation power grids known as smart grids. The structures of smart grids have bidirectional
communication capability and enable the connection of energy generated from distributed sources to
any point on the grid. They also support consumers in energy efficiency by creating opportunities for
management of power consumption. The information on power consumption and load profiles of
home appliances is essential to perform load management in the dwelling accurately. In this study,
the power consumption data for all the basic home appliances, utilized in a two-person family in
Çankırı, Turkey, was obtained with high resolution in one-second intervals. The detailed power
consumption analysis and load profile were executed for each home appliance. The obtained data is
not only the average power consumption of each appliance but also characterizes different operating
modes or their cycles. In addition, the impact of these devices on home energy management studies
and their standby power consumptions were also discussed. The acquired data is an important source
to determine the load profile of individual home appliances precisely in home energy management
studies. Although the results of this study do not completely reflect the energy consumption behavior
of the people who live in this region, they can reveal the trends in load demands based on a real
sample and customer consumption behavior of a typical two-person family.

Keywords: home appliances; load profile; power consumption; demand management

1. Introduction
Smart grids (SGs) that attract intensive attention are reliable power grids having self-healing
ability, comprising the consumers producing their own energy based on renewable energy sources with
minimum cost and allowing the use of available infrastructure with full capacity [1–4]. In addition,
SGs give the opportunity for consumers to operate demand response programs independently so
that the optimal matching between source and load can be spread to each region of the horizontal
time axis by considering consumer habits. In the beginning, demand response was supposed as a
change in normal consumption demand taking into account the decrease or increase of the electrical
energy production [5]. Initial demand response programs were used to control loads at peak times
in the United States [6]. Demand response programs, considered as a power system resource and an
essential part of SGs currently, bring economic benefits to the consumers and utility by spreading the
consumption of electrical loads to the time axis, and they also enhance the reliability and sustainability
of power grids [6,7]. In many countries, incentives are given directly or indirectly to encourage the use
of demand response programs. Dynamic demand response programs were accepted by the European
Union as a strategic tool to achieve three main objectives, which are reducing greenhouse gases by 20%,

Energies 2018, 11, 607; doi:10.3390/en11030607 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, 607 2 of 18

increasing the energy production based on renewable energy sources by 20%, and increasing energy
efficiency by 20% [8]. Although the electricity consumed in buildings varies from country to country,
it is equal to 30–40% of the total electricity consumption all over the world [9]. According to the data
by the Turkish Statistical Institute, the electricity which is consumed by houses and commercial and
government buildings approximately constitutes 45% of overall energy consumption in Turkey [10].
While industrial and commercial buildings make use of demand response opportunities all around the
world, the vast majority of residential buildings cannot use these opportunities [11]. It is the opinion
that dwelling comfort may be reduced and energy consumption habits are the biggest obstacle for
the implementation of demand respond programs at homes [12]. However, intelligent home energy
management systems have gained popularity in recent years with the aim of enhancing the dwelling
comfort in parallel with the advances in information and internet technologies [13,14]. Therefore,
home energy management studies play a crucial role in enabling demand response programs to be
used effectively in residences [15].
The determination of residential load profile and electric power consumption has an effect upon
the accuracy of demand response studies. Thus, several methods were used to generate the load profile
and power consumption of home appliances precisely [16–19]. The bottom-up approach is often used
to generate real electricity consumption data of a residence in the literature [20]. The most important
disadvantage of the bottom-up approach is that it needs the detailed load consumption data [21].
To date, in many publications, representative data and statistical averages of the consumption of
electrical appliances have been used to overcome this problem. Ref. [22] classified the buildings in
Singapore based on their energy consumption and built their mathematical models and load profiles
using the bottom-up model. Then, the produced load models were compared with real models and they
classified the houses by the number of rooms they had. Abeykoon V. et al. described the electrical home
appliances using machine learning algorithms with the information gathered from power consumption
data of home appliances with fast and high precision [23]. This modeling was accomplished for the
vast majority of the devices, but there is a need for more sample consumption and training of the
algorithm in order to achieve the same success in the devices that contain complex operating modes.
Pipattanasomporn M. et al. specified load profiles based on the power consumption data for the
specified home appliances and described the demand management potentials of these loads. Although
the major electrical appliances used in the two separate houses were determined as data sources in
this study, the number of these appliances can be inadequate as a source for demand response studies.
In [17], the monthly power consumption of home appliances was predicted using a multiple regression
model. In addition, the effect of seasonal variation on the monthly power consumption was examined.
In 2007, the power consumption of home appliances in 72 dwellings was monitored for over two
years and the data was recorded in five-minute intervals [24]. The results of the study showed that
the energy consumption increased by 4.5% in the second year due to an increase in the appliances
that were left in standby mode. Munhaw K. et al. designed a measurement and control system for the
power consumption of home appliances [25]. The developed prototype suggests that home appliances
can be controlled effectively by pursuing the electricity tariff prices. The results of literary reviews
show that the information based on the load profiles and power consumption of home appliances is
used extensively in many fields such as demand management, energy efficiency, determination of load
usage trends, etc.
There are few studies focusing on the data for the power consumption and specific load profiles
with high resolution of home appliances which is required in many areas. This is the main reason
why the standard load profile and the average electricity consumption of home appliances were used
in previous years. With the advent of SGs, more realistic load profiles and power consumption data
are needed in the distribution system. The main purpose of this work is to meet the detailed power
consumption data and describe load profiles of all operating modes of home appliances with different
operating modes. In addition, this study aims to demonstrate demand management opportunities
and the impact of standby consumption on energy efficiency by analyzing the obtained data. For this
Energies 2018, 11, 607 3 of 18

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18

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The ARM
designed
designed consumption
system
to consists
obtain the data.
of anThe
power consumed
Edimax Smart
consumption power
Plug value
of of
wireless
data home
each minicomputer
each device
device was
was taken with
taken from
fromQuadthe Core
the wireless
wireless processor,
power
power 2GB
measurement
measurement of RAM
plug
plug and
monitored
monitored8GB byof aastorage
by Radxa space.
Radxa RockPro
RockPro A
each device
power
appliances
softwaremeter
with was
based and
high taken
on Radxafrom
resolution.
Java was the
RockProwireless
The singlepower
designed
developed on board
the measurement
computer
system plug
(SBC).
consists
minicomputer andofmonitored
aThe
an Edimax
Edimax
Linux by Smart
aSmart
operating Radxa RockPro
Plug
Plug
system was
wireless
was
SBC
SBC minicomputer
minicomputer with with Quad
Quad Core
Core ARM
ARM processor,
processor, 2GB
2GB ofof RAM
RAM and and 8GB
8GB ofof storage
storage space.
space. AA
SBC minicomputer
connected
powerinstalled to Radxa
with each
the with
device Quad
to Core
determine ARM
thefromprocessor,
power 2GB The
consumption ofThe
RAM
data. and
The 8GB of the
consumed storage
power space.
value A
of
meter
software
software and
based
based onaim
on Java
Javaofwas
collecting
RockPro
was singledata
developed
developedboardon thesmart
on computer
the plugs.
(SBC).
minicomputer
minicomputer block
and
and Edimaxdiagram
aa Linux
Linux of
Smart
operating
operating implemented
Plug was
system
systemconnected
was
was
software
each
system based
device
and was
thetheon Java
taken
flowchart was
from developed
the
ofthe wireless
the power
developed on the
power minicomputer
measurement
software and
plug a Linux
monitored operating
by a system
Radxa was
RockPro
to each device
installed
installed to
with
with determine
the aim
aim of
of collecting
collecting data from
from smartare
dataconsumption
smart given
data.
plugs.
plugs. The
TheinThe
Figures
block
block 1 and 2,of
consumed
diagram
diagram ofrespectively.
power
the value of each
the implemented
implemented
installed
SBC with the aim
minicomputer of collecting
with Quad Core data
ARM from smart plugs.
processor, 2GB The blockand
of RAM diagram
8GB of the implemented
storage space. A
devicesystem and
and the
was taken
system flowchart
thefrom of
of the
the developed
the wireless
flowchart software
software are
power measurement
developed are given
plug
given in Figures
Figures 11 and
in monitored andby2,
2,arespectively.
Radxa RockPro SBC
respectively.
system and
software the flowchart
based on Java was of the developed
developed onsoftware are given inand
the minicomputer Figures 1 andoperating
a Linux 2, respectively.
system was
minicomputer with
installed with Quad
the aim ofCore ARM data
collecting processor, 2GB plugs.
from smart of RAM Theand 8GB
block of storage
diagram of thespace. A software
implemented
system and the flowchart of the developed software are given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Energies 2018, 11, 607 4 of 18

based on Java was developed on the minicomputer and a Linux operating system was installed with
the aim of collecting data from smart plugs. The block diagram of the implemented system and the
flowchart
Energies 2018,of11,
the developed
x FOR software are given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
PEER REVIEW 4 of 18
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18

Figure 1. The block diagram of the implemented system.

Figure
Figure 1. The block
1. The block diagram
diagram of
of the
the implemented
implemented system.
system.

Figure 2. The flowchart of the developed Java software.

Figure 2.
Figure 2. The
The flowchart of the
flowchart of the developed
developed Java
Java software.
software.
In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and
In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and
smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be
smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be
explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the
explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the
data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries
data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries
reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and
reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and
moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection with
moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection with
the smart plug, current and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained values
Energies 2018, 11, 607 5 of 18

In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and
smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can
be explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful,
the data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries
reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug
and moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection
Energies
with the2018, 11, x plug,
smart FOR PEER REVIEW
current and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained 5 of 18

values are formatted with 2 decimal places. The measured values are divided into sequences and
to a cloud database.
transmitted to a cloudIfdatabase.
there is aIftable
therebelonging to that device
is a table belonging in device
to that the database, the data the
in the database, is directly
data is
recorded in the corresponding table, and if the table belonging to the device
directly recorded in the corresponding table, and if the table belonging to the device is not found is not found in thein
database, a new table is automatically created. The database tables are named
the database, a new table is automatically created. The database tables are named according to theaccording to the date
of theofcorresponding
date the correspondingday. The
day. recording time time
The recording of theofdata is also
the data is added to a recording
also added file and
to a recording filethe
anddata
the
recording operation is completed. The algorithm saves the current, voltage, power,
data recording operation is completed. The algorithm saves the current, voltage, power, operating operating status
of devices,
status clock, clock,
of devices, date, and
date,plug
andID number
plug information
ID number in thein
information database with 1-sec
the database intervals
with 1-sec for each
intervals for
plug. The flow diagram of the data acquisition and storage in the database is shown
each plug. The flow diagram of the data acquisition and storage in the database is shown in Figure in Figure 3. The 3.
prepared algorithm ensures that very precise data of power consumption
The prepared algorithm ensures that very precise data of power consumption can be obtained by can be obtained by
continuous
continuous data data recording.
recording.

The flowchart
Figure 3. The flowchart of the monitoring and recording software.

3. Numerical Results
In this section, the results of the power consumption measurements of the specified home
appliances are discussed in detail for each devicedevice considering
considering different operating
operating modes. The data
recorded for three months (from October to December 2016) and a detailed detailed assessment
assessment was visualized
consumptiondata
by consumption dataininNovember
November2016 2016 and
and dealt
dealt with
with in this
in this section.
section. The The
powerpower consumption
consumption data
for the remaining months except November is given and the accuracy of the measurements was
data for the remaining months except November is given and the accuracy of the measurements
verified by the residential
residential electricity
electricity bill.
bill.
The refrigerator
Refrigerator: The refrigerator was
was dealt with primarily and the daily power consumption of the
refrigerator was depicted in detail in Figure 4. The refrigerator was operating for cooling at certain
intervals during the day and its energy consumption during a cooling process was determined as
approximately 46 W/h. The total cooling time per day was roughly measured as 13 h and 28 min.
When Figure 4 is examined, it is seen that the refrigerator performs defrosting twice for 15 min each
time and consumes approximately 280 W during a defrosting process. The daily consumption effect
of the defrosting process was measured as 140 W. The hourly and daily average power consumption
of the refrigerator were found as 32.61 W and 782.64 W, respectively.
Energies 2018, 11, 607 6 of 18

approximately 46 W/h. The total cooling time per day was roughly measured as 13 h and 28 min.
When Figure 4 is examined, it is seen that the refrigerator performs defrosting twice for 15 min each
time and consumes approximately 280 W during a defrosting process. The daily consumption effect of
the defrosting process was measured as 140 W. The hourly and daily average power consumption of
Energies
Energies 2018,
2018, 11,
11, x
x FOR
FOR PEER REVIEW 6
6 of
of 18
the refrigerator werePEER REVIEW
found as 32.61 W and 782.64 W, respectively. 18

Figure
Figure 4.
4. The
The daily
daily power
power consumption
consumption of
of the
the refrigerator.
refrigerator.

To
To obtain
To obtain
obtainthe the detailed
thedetailed power
detailedpower consumption
powerconsumption
consumptiondata data
data taking
taking
taking into
into
into account
account
account thethe
the opening
opening
opening of
of the
of the the
doordoor
door of
of
of the
the
the refrigerator,
refrigerator, the
the change
change of
of power
power consumption
consumption was
was given
given in
in Figures
Figures 4
4 and
and
refrigerator, the change of power consumption was given in Figures 4 and 5. In Figure 5, the time–area 5.
5. In
In Figure
Figure 5,
5, the
the time–
time–
area
of theof
area the
the refrigerator’s
ofrefrigerator’s
refrigerator’s opening
opening
opening 55 times
5 timestimes is
is considered
considered
is considered in in
in detail.
detail.
detail. OnOn
Onthe the first
thefirst opening,
firstopening,
opening,the the door
thedoor
door ofof the
of the
refrigerator was
refrigerator was leftleft open
open for
for 30
30 s.
s. After the door
After the door was
was closed
closed again,
again, thethe refrigerator
refrigerator operated
operated the
the fan
fan
motor for 1 min and expended approximately 4.1 W during this process.
motor for 1 min and expended approximately 4.1 W during this process. When the door was opened When the door was opened
for the
for the second
second time,
time, thethe duration
duration of opening time
of opening was 55 ss and
time was and thethe effect
effect on
on power
power consumption
consumption was was
measured
measured as
measured as 3.84
as 3.84 W/h.
3.84W/h. The
W/h. The refrigerator’s
The refrigerator’s
refrigerator’sdoor door
doorwaswas opened
wasopened
openedfor for
for1515 ss for
15s forfor the
the
the third
third
third times
times
times andand
thethe
and the effect
effect
effect on
on
the the
on the hourly
hourly
hourly power power
power consumption
consumption
consumption was
was was measured
measured
measured as 4.4
as 4.4asW/h. W/h.
4.4 W/h.
In theIn the
Infourth fourth
the fourth and fifth
and openings
and fifth openings
fifth openings of the
of theofdoor,
the
door,
door,
the the power
power consumption
the consumption
power consumption was
was determined
was determined determined
as 4.02 W/h as 4.02
as and
4.023.96W/h
W/h W/h,and 3.96
3.96 W/h,
W/h, respectively.
andrespectively. respectively.
It was observed It
It was
was
that
observed
observed
the that
that the
refrigerator’s refrigerator’s
thedoor
refrigerator’s
was openeddoor
door 15was
was opened
opened
times and for15 times
15 15 s onand
times and for
for 15
an average15 ss on
on
dayan
aninaverage
average
this home.day in
in this
this home.
day According home.to
According
According
these to these
to these due
assumptions, assumptions,
assumptions, due
due to
to the opening to the
ofthe opening
theopening of the door,
door, theofrefrigerator
the door, the the refrigerator
refrigerator
consumed consumed
0.25 consumed
W power for 0.25
0.25 W
W
each
power
power
time andfor each
forthis
each time and
and this
this value
timecorresponded
value valuetocorresponded
3.75 W in the to
corresponded to 3.75 W
W in
3.75power
daily in the
the daily
daily power
consumption. power consumption.
consumption.

Figure
Figure 5.
5. The
The power
power consumption
consumption when
when the refrigerator door
the refrigerator door is
is opened.
opened.

Washing Machine:
Washing Machine: The
The power
power consumed
consumed by
consumed by the
the washing
washing machine,
washing machine, which
machine, which has
which has 8
has 88 kg
kg capacity,
capacity, waswas
measured and
measured and recorded
recorded in
in different
different washing
washing programs. The
washing programs. The results
results showed
showed that
that consumers
consumers needed
needed
the washing machine using different washing modes three times in a week
the washing machine using different washing modes three times in a week with full loads. Wewith full loads. We
We firstly
firstly
investigated the cotton and synthetics
investigated the cotton and synthetics
investigated wash
synthetics wash programs
wash programs
programs at at 40 °C.
◦ C. The duration of this washing program
at 40 °C. The duration of this washing program
was 22 h
was h and
and 66 min,
min, and the
min, and the heater
the heater of the
heater of the machine
the machine worked to
machine worked to raise
raise the
the water
water temperature
temperature to to 40
40 ◦°C
°C
C
during 1/4 of
1/4 of
during 1/4 the
ofthe washing
thewashing time.
washing time. Using
time. Using the
Usingthe heater
theheater during
heater during operation
during operation time,
operation time, the
time, the power
the power consumption
power consumption was was
determined
determined as as 961.09
961.09 W
W and
and the
the total
total power
power consumption
consumption of of the
the machine
machine waswas recorded
recorded as as 1064.21
1064.21 W W
for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption
for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption of the washing of the washing
machine
machine was was 506.77
506.77 WW in
in washing
washing conditions.
conditions. ItIt was
was observed
observed thatthat roughly
roughly 90.3%
90.3% ofof the
the power
power
consumption
consumption of of the
the washing
washing machine
machine was was caused
caused byby the
the water
water heater.
heater. The
The determination
determination of of time
time
period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained
period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained from the washing from the washing
Energies 2018, 11, 607 7 of 18

determined as 961.09 W and the total power consumption of the machine was recorded as 1064.21 W
for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption of the washing
machine was 506.77 W in washing conditions. It was observed that roughly 90.3% of the power
consumption of the washing machine was caused by the water heater. The determination of time
period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained from the washing
Energies 2018,
modes 11, x FOR in
is indicated PEER REVIEW
Figure 6. 7 of 18

Figure 6. consumption of the washing machine for the cotton and

6. The power consumption and synthetics
synthetics washing
washing
programs ◦ C.
programs at
at 40
40 °C.

Afterwards, we
Afterwards, we examined
examined the
the mixed
mixed washing
washing program
program atat 30
30 ◦°C.
C. In
In this
this option,
option, the
the washing
washing time
time
lasted 11hhand
lasted and 1 min,
1 min, andand the total
the total powerpower consumed
consumed by the by the machine
machine during theduring
washingthe was
washing was
measured
measured as 286.19 W. The large part of the power consumption was constituted by the
as 286.19 W. The large part of the power consumption was constituted by the heater to raise the water heater to
raise the water temperature
◦ to 30 °C, similar to the previous operation mode. In
temperature to 30 C, similar to the previous operation mode. In this operation program, the power this operation
program, the
consumed bypower consumed
the heater by the heater
was determined as was determined
234.46 as 234.46
W. This rate W. This rate
corresponded corresponded
to 81.9% to
of the total
81.9% of the total power consumption. Figure 7 shows the power consumption curve
power consumption. Figure 7 shows the power consumption curve of the washing process for the of the washing
process
30 for the
◦ C mixed 30 °C mixed
washing washing program.
program.

Figure 7. The power consumption of the washing machine for the mixed washing program
program at 30 ◦°C.
at 30 C.

The last
The last washing
washing program
programpreferred
preferredbybyconsumers
consumersinina aweek
weekwas
was the
the mixed
mixed washing
washing program
program at
at 40
◦ °C. The washing time lasted for 1 h and 6 min. During this washing process, the
40 C. The washing time lasted for 1 h and 6 min. During this washing process, the total power total power
consumed by
consumed bythe
themachine
machinewas
was measured
measured as 713.11 W. The
as 713.11 W. amount of power
The amount consumed
of power in the heating
consumed in the
heating process was determined as 650.97 W and this power constituted 91.2% of the total
process was determined as 650.97 W and this power constituted 91.2% of the power
total power
consumption. Figure
consumption. Figure 88 depicts
depicts the
the power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the washing
washing process
process for the 40
for the 40 ◦°C
C
mixed washing program.
mixed washing program.
 The last washing program preferred by consumers in a week was the mixed washing program
at 40 °C. The washing time lasted for 1 h and 6 min. During this washing process, the total power
consumed by the machine was measured as 713.11 W. The amount of power consumed in the heating
process was determined as 650.97 W and this power constituted 91.2% of the total power
consumption. Figure 8 depicts the power consumption curve of the washing process for the 40 °C
Energies 2018, 11, 607 8 of 18
mixed washing program.

Figure 8. The power ◦

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEERconsumption
REVIEW of the washing machine for the mixed washing program at 40 °C.
C.8 of 18

Dishwasher: The
Dishwasher: The frequency
frequency of of use
use of
of the dishwasher and
the dishwasher the total
and the total power
power consumption
consumption was was
determined. When
determined. When the the usage
usage samples
samples ofof the
the dishwasher
dishwasher were were examined,
examined, itit was found that
was found that two
two
washing programs were generally preferred in the home. The first washing program was the 55 ◦°C
washing programs were generally preferred in the home. The first washing program was the 55 C
economy program
economy program in in which
which dishes
dishes were
were washed
washed for for aa long
long time.
time. The
The washing
washing time
time of
of this
this program
program
was 33hhand
was and1111min.
min. The
The dishwasher
dishwasher consumed
consumed 871.97
871.97 W ofWpower
of power throughout
throughout this program.
this program. The
The water
water heating cycle lasted for a total of 22 min and consumed approximately 774.33
heating cycle lasted for a total of 22 min and consumed approximately 774.33 W for the heating. W for the heating.
The ratio
The ratio of
of the
the energy
energy consumed
consumed in the heating
in the heating cycle
cycle toto the
the total
total energy
energy was
was calculated
calculated as as 88%.
88%.
Figure 9 demonstrates the power consumption curve of the 55 ◦°C
Figure 9 demonstrates the power consumption curve of the 55 C economy program. economy program.

The power
power consumption ◦ C economy program.
Figure
Figure 9.
9. The consumption of
of the
the dishwasher
dishwasher for
for the
the 55
55 °C economy program.

The other
The other washing
washing program
program was was the
the 65
65 ◦°C power mode
C power mode program.
program. In In this
this program,
program, thethe washing
washing
time took 56 min. This operation time was shorter than the 55 C economy program by about 33 times,
time took 56 min. This operation time was shorter than the 55 °C
◦ economy program by about times,
and the
and the water
watertemperature
temperaturereached
reachedthe thedesired
desiredtemperature
temperature in in
31 31
min.min.TheThe amount
amount of energy
of energy usedused
for
for water
water heating
heating increased
increased considerably,
considerably, because
because the water
the water temperature
temperature was increased
was increased in a short
in a short time
time compared
compared to theto55the
◦ C55 °C economy
economy program.
program. The amount
The amount of power
of power consumed
consumed duringduring the heating
the heating time
timemeasured
was was measured as 1113.46
as 1113.46 W andW theand the
total total amount
amount of power ofconsumed
power consumed by the dishwasher
by the dishwasher was recorded was
recorded as 1125.2 W. When the obtained data was evaluated, 98.9% of the power
as 1125.2 W. When the obtained data was evaluated, 98.9% of the power was spent for water heating. was spent for water
heating.
The energyTheconsumption
energy consumption
curve of thecurve of the dishwasher
dishwasher in the 65 ◦in C the
power 65 °C power isprogram
program shown in is Figure
shown 10.in
FigureFigures
When 10. When Figures
9 and 10 are9 compared,
and 10 are compared, Figure
Figure 10 shows 10 the
that showswaterthat the water
heating heating consumption
consumption is too much
despite the washing time being much shorter. It can be explained by the fact that water hasthat
is too much despite the washing time being much shorter. It can be explained by the fact water
to heat 10
has to heat 10 degrees more in power mode in a period 3 times
degrees more in power mode in a period 3 times shorter than the economy mode. shorter than the economy mode.

Figure 10. The power consumption of the dishwasher for the 65 °C power program.
time was measured as 1113.46 W and the total amount of power consumed by the dishwasher was
recorded as 1125.2 W. When the obtained data was evaluated, 98.9% of the power was spent for water
heating. The energy consumption curve of the dishwasher in the 65 °C power program is shown in
Figure 10. When Figures 9 and 10 are compared, Figure 10 shows that the water heating consumption
is too much despite the washing time being much shorter. It can be explained by the fact that water
Energies 2018, 11, 607 9 of 18
has to heat 10 degrees more in power mode in a period 3 times shorter than the economy mode.

◦C
Figure 10. The power consumption of the dishwasher for the 65 °C power program.

Oven: Another
Oven: Another home home appliance
appliancethat thatplays
playsaasignificant
significantroleroleininenergy
energyconsumption
consumption inin
thethe home
home is
is an oven. When the usage samples of the oven were examined, it was
an oven. When the usage samples of the oven were examined, it was observed that the household observed that the household
needed to
needed to cook
cook with
with the
the oven
oven for three times
for three times atat 180
180 °C
◦ C and
and once
once atat 150
150 °C
◦ C on
on average
average within
within aa week.
week.
The power consumption curve of the oven is shown in Figure 11, if the consumer chooses the 180 ◦°C
The power consumption curve of the oven is shown in Figure 11, if the consumer chooses the 180 C
temperature for
temperature baking, taking
for baking, taking 11 h h and
and 22 min.
min. When
When the the oven
oven waswas operated,
operated, the heating resistor
the heating resistor
remained on
remained for aa long
on for long time
time and
and then
then it
it was
was switched
switched off off when
when the the oven
oven temperature
temperature reached
reached anan
adequate
Energies level.
2018, 11, x Therefore,
FOR PEER the
REVIEW power consumption was very high. While
adequate level. Therefore, the power consumption was very high. While the heating resistor did the heating resistor did
9 not
of 18
operate, the oven only needed power to perform lighting. The heating
not operate, the oven only needed power to perform lighting. The heating resistor was switched on resistor was switched on
occasionally until
occasionally until the cooking process
the cooking process was
was completed,
completed, keeping
keeping the the temperature
temperature of of the oven at
the oven at the
the
desired value. The heating resistor remained active for 24 min and 50 s in
desired value. The heating resistor remained active for 24 min and 50 s in this cooking process and thethis cooking process and
the total
total power power consumption
consumption of theofheating
the heating
resistorresistor was measured
was measured as 947.49 as W947.49
during W the
during
bakingtheinterval.
baking
interval.
The sum The sum
of the of when
time the time
thewhen
heatingtheresistor
heatingwas resistor
not in was not in operation
operation was obtainedwas obtained
as 38 minasand 38 27
min s.
and 27 s. The power consumed by the oven for lighting, fan, and other
The power consumed by the oven for lighting, fan, and other electronic components was calculated as electronic components was
calculated
104.96 as 104.96
W with W withresistor
the heating the heating resistor
switched off.switched
The totaloff. The total
amount amount
of power of power
that the oventhat the oven
spent was
spent was measured as 1052.45 W during the cooking period. If lighting and
measured as 1052.45 W during the cooking period. If lighting and other energy-consuming components other energy-consuming
components
were considered weretoconsidered to beduring
be in operation in operation
heating, during heating,
the heating the heating
resistor consumed resistor consumed
approximately
approximately
842.53 W of power, 842.53 W ofequaled
which power, to which
80.05%equaled
of theto 80.05%
total powerof the total power consumed.
consumed.

Figure 11. The power consumption curve of the oven for cooking at 180 ◦°C
C temperature.

Iron: An
Iron: An iron
iron with
with three
three temperature
temperature scales
scales for
for the
the ironing of different
ironing of different cloths
cloths was
was analyzed,
analyzed, andand
the consumer
the consumergenerally
generallypreferred
preferredtotouse
use
it it
at at
thethe temperature
temperature level
level 2. The
2. The average
average timetime for ironing
for ironing was
measured as 38.5 min a day per week. If Figure 12 depicting the power consumption curve ofcurve
was measured as 38.5 min a day per week. If Figure 12 depicting the power consumption of
the iron
theexamined,
is iron is examined,
the heatingtheandheating andcycles
standby standbycan cycles
be seen.can be seen. Considering
Considering an ordinaryan ordinary
ironing time,ironing
it was
time, it was observed that the heating worked for about 15 min and waited for 23
observed that the heating worked for about 15 min and waited for 23 min. The total power consumed min. The total
power consumed in this ironing
in this ironing period was 486.3 W. period was 486.3 W.
 Iron: An iron with three temperature scales for the ironing of different cloths was analyzed, and
the consumer generally preferred to use it at the temperature level 2. The average time for ironing
was measured as 38.5 min a day per week. If Figure 12 depicting the power consumption curve of
the iron is examined, the heating and standby cycles can be seen. Considering an ordinary ironing
time, it2018,
Energies was11,observed
607 that the heating worked for about 15 min and waited for 23 min. The10total of 18
power consumed in this ironing period was 486.3 W.

Figure
Figure 12.
12. The
The power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve for
for one ironing period
one ironing period in
in the
the operating
operating mode
mode level
level 2.
2.

Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging
Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging
to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the hair
to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the
dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an
hair dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an
additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the
additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the
users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer
users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer
was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average
was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average
power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power
power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power
consumption curve
Energies 2018, 11, curve
of the hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period.
x FOR PEER
consumption of theREVIEW
hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period. 10 of 18

Figure 13.
Figure The power
13. The power consumption
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the hair
hair dryer
dryer in
in high-speed
high-speed blowing
blowing mode.
mode.

Kettle: Another
Kettle: Anotherhomehome appliance
appliance evaluated
evaluated was was a kettle
a kettle neededneeded frequently
frequently in theAlthough
in the kitchen. kitchen.
Although the kettle had the ability to heat the total two liters of water, it was
the kettle had the ability to heat the total two liters of water, it was observed that the investigatedobserved that the
investigated
household household
utilized it to utilized
heat up it
toto0.5heat upof
liters towater
0.5 liters of waterThe
generally. generally. The kettle
kettle boiled boiled
0.5 liters 0.5 liters
of water in
of water in approximately 1 min 53 s and in this duration the consumed
approximately 1 min 53 s and in this duration the consumed power was 66.56 W. In addition, when power was 66.56 W. In
addition,
the amount when the amount
of water of water
in the kettle wasin 1L the
andkettle was
1.5 L, the1 time
L andneeded
1.5 L, the timethe
to boil needed
water towasboil the water
recorded as
was recorded as 3 min 17 s and 4 min 30 s, respectively. The power consumed
3 min 17 s and 4 min 30 s, respectively. The power consumed for these processes was measured as for these processes was
measured
104.84 W andas 104.84
155.06 WW,and 155.06 W,Figure
respectively. respectively. Figure
14 depicts 14 depicts
the power the powercurve
consumption consumption curve
of the kettle usedof
the kettle
with usedamounts
different with different amounts of water.
of water.
investigated household utilized it to heat up to 0.5 liters of water generally. The kettle boiled 0.5 liters
of water in approximately 1 min 53 s and in this duration the consumed power was 66.56 W. In
addition, when the amount of water in the kettle was 1 L and 1.5 L, the time needed to boil the water
was recorded as 3 min 17 s and 4 min 30 s, respectively. The power consumed for these processes was
measured as 104.84 W and 155.06 W, respectively. Figure 14 depicts the power consumption curve of
Energies 2018, 11, 607 11 of 18
the kettle used with different amounts of water.

Figure The
14. The
Figure 14. power
power consumption
consumption curvecurve
of theof the for
kettle kettle forL (a)
(a) 0.5 0.5 (b)
water, L water; (b)and
1 L water, 1 L(c)water;
1.5 L
and (c) 1.5 L water.
water.

Hood:One
Range Hood: Oneofofthe themajor
major devices
devices in the
in the kitchen
kitchen is a range
is a range hood.hood.
In theIn the where
home home thewhere the
energy
energy analysis
analysis was done, wasthe done,
range thehood
rangewith
hood3 different
with 3 different
fan speeds fan speeds was operated
was operated under
under the fanthe fan
speed
speed3 level
level 3 generally.
generally. The operation
The operation time of thetime
rangeof hood
the range
using hood
the fanusing
speedthe fan3 speed
level level 3 was
was determined as
3determined
h 11 min inastotal3 h in
11aminweek.in total in a week.
The power The power
consumption dataconsumption data and
and the operation the for
times operation times
the different
for the
fan different
speeds of the fan speeds
range of the
hood in range
a weekhoodwereindetermined.
a week were The determined.
range hood The range
whosehood whosewas
fan speed fan
speed wasatadjusted
adjusted level 1 was at level
run 1twowastimes
run two
in a times
week in fora about
week for about
34 min 34 minlighting,
without without lighting, and its
and its average
averageconsumption
power power consumptionwas measuredwas measured
as 41.79 Wasper 41.79
run.W per run.
When When
the fan speedtheoffan
thespeed
range of
hoodthewas
range at
hood was at level 2, it was detected to be used for 18 min once a week
level 2, it was detected to be used for 18 min once a week and the power consumption was measuredand the power consumption
was
as measured
24.82 as 24.82
W. At level W. highest
3, the At levellevel
3, theofhighest
fan speed,levelthe
of range
fan speed,
hoodthe wasrange hoodfor
utilized was
an utilized
averagefor of
an min,
18 average of 18a min,
5 times week, 5 and
timesit aconsumed
week, and32.88it consumed
W of power 32.88for Weach
of power for each
use. The hourlyuse. The hourly
consumption
consumption
values valueshood
of the range of thewere
range hood wereas
determined determined
73.76 W for asfan
73.76 W for
speed fan1,speed
level 82.75level
W for1, level
82.752,Wandfor
level 2,
93.95 Wandfor 93.95
level 3.WThefor level
range3.hood
The range hood0.96
consumed consumed 0.96 Wper
W of power of min
power andper minW
58.15 and
of 58.15
powerWper of
power per hour for lighting. Figure 15 shows the power consumption graphs
hour for lighting. Figure 15 shows the power consumption graphs for different fan speeds of the range for different fan speeds
of thewith
Energies
hood range
2018,andhood
11, FORwith
PEERand
x without without lighting.
REVIEW
lighting. 11 of 18

Thepower
Figure 15. The powerconsumption
consumptioncurve
curveofof
thethe range
range hood
hood forfor
fanfan speed
speed (a) level
(a) level 1; level
1, (b) (b) level 2;
2, and
and (c) level
(c) level 3. 3.

Toast Machine:
Toast Machine: Another
Another home
home appliance
appliance analyzed
analyzed in
in terms
terms of
of power
power consumption
consumption andand usage
usage
frequency was
frequency wasaatoast
toastmachine.
machine.The
Theresults
resultsofof
thethe measurements
measurements showshowthatthat
thethe consumers
consumers utilized
utilized the
the toast machine 14 times in a month at the highest heating level. It was seen that the toast machine
toast machine 14 times in a month at the highest heating level. It was seen that the toast machine was
was used for an average of 13 min and it only consumed power during 7 min 44 s for each use. During
the working period, the total energy consumption was measured as 209.47 W. The power
consumption of the toast machine was calculated as 2932.58 W monthly. Figure 16 depicts the average
power consumption curve of the toast machine for each use.
 Figure 15. The power consumption curve of the range hood for fan speed (a) level 1, (b) level 2, and
(c) level 3.

Toast Machine: Another home appliance analyzed in terms of power consumption and 12
Energies 2018, 11, 607
usage
of 18
frequency was a toast machine. The results of the measurements show that the consumers utilized
the toast machine 14 times in a month at the highest heating level. It was seen that the toast machine
used for an
was used foraverage of 13ofmin
an average and and
13 min it only consumed
it only power
consumed during
power 7 min
during 44 s 44
7 min forseach use.use.
for each During the
During
working period, the total energy consumption was measured as 209.47 W. The
the working period, the total energy consumption was measured as 209.47 W. The power power consumption
of the toast machine
consumption wasmachine
of the toast calculated
wasas 2932.58 W
calculated monthly.
as 2932.58 Figure 16Figure
W monthly. depicts16 the average
depicts power
the average
consumption curve ofcurve
power consumption the toast machine
of the for eachfor
toast machine use.
each use.

Figure 16. The

Figure 16. The power
power consumption curve of
consumption curve of the
the toast
toast machine
machine for
for the
the obtained
obtained sample
sample case.
case.

Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load profile and power consumption
Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load profile and power consumption
was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television
was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television watching
watching habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was
habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was different
different on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min
on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min during the
during the weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change
weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change cases
cases affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly
affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly
watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control
watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control only,
only, the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel
the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel closed.
closed. From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed
From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed 18.69 W
18.69 W for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58
for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58 W
W per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total
per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total
consumption. Figure
Energies 2018, 11, xFigure 17 illustrates
FOR PEER REVIEW the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend.
12 of 18
consumption. 17 illustrates the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend.

Figure 17. The

Figure 17. The power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the television.
television.

Computer: A desktop computer is another device frequently used during a day in the house and
energy utilization.
one we analyzed in terms of energy utilization. The computer’s average daily usage measured as 2 h
and 14 min with peripheral devices, which included a standard box, a desktop speaker, and two LCD
monitors, one
monitors, one19”
19”and
andthetheother
otherone
one 24”.
24”. TheThe power
power consumed
consumed by the
by the computer
computer in standby
in standby mode mode
was
was measured
measured asW
as 5.09 5.09
perWhour
per and
hournever
and never taken
taken to tomode.
sleep sleep mode. It was calculated
It was calculated that thisthat thiscaused
value value
causedW
110.79 110.79 W per
per day day ofconsumption
of power power consumption andW3323.7
and 3323.7 W perofmonth
per month powerofconsumption
power consumption
in standbyin
standbyThe
mode. mode. The average
average hourlyconsumption
hourly power power consumption of the computer
of the computer during operation
during operation and
and total total
power
power consumption for one day of use were measured as 173.48 W and 387.4 W, respectively. The
computer consumed a total of 14,946.6 W power per month and about 22% of this power was depleted
while the computer was in standby mode. Figure 18 depicts the power consumption curve of the
computer throughout the utilization time.
 Computer: A desktop computer is another device frequently used during a day in the house and
one we analyzed in terms of energy utilization. The computer’s average daily usage measured as 2 h
and 14 min with peripheral devices, which included a standard box, a desktop speaker, and two LCD
monitors, one 19” and the other one 24”. The power consumed by the computer in standby mode
was measured as 5.09 W per hour and never taken to sleep mode. It was calculated that this value
Energies 2018, 11, 607 13 of 18
caused 110.79 W per day of power consumption and 3323.7 W per month of power consumption in
standby mode. The average hourly power consumption of the computer during operation and total
consumption
power consumptionfor one for
dayone
of use
daywere measured
of use as 173.48as
were measured W173.48
and 387.4 W, respectively.
W and The computer
387.4 W, respectively. The
consumed a total of 14,946.6
computer consumed a total ofW powerW
14,946.6 per month
power perand about
month and22% of this
about 22%power was depleted
of this power while
was depleted
the computer
while was in standby
the computer mode. Figure
was in standby mode.18 depicts
Figure 18the power
depicts consumption
the curve of the
power consumption computer
curve of the
throughout the utilization
computer throughout time.
the utilization time.

Figure 18.
Figure 18. The
The power consumption curve
power consumption curve of
of the
the desktop
desktop computer
computer during
during one
one day
day utilization.
utilization.

Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power
Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power
consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W daily
consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W
on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded to 7
daily on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded
min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19. The
to 7 min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19.
remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby
The remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby
mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If
mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If the
the printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the
printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the energy
energy used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal
used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal to about
to about 2858.2 W per month.
2858.2
Energies W per
2018, 11,month.
x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18

Figure 19. The

Figure 19. The example
example power
power consumption curve for
consumption curve for the
the laser
laser printer.
printer.

4. Assessment
4. of Energy
Assessment of Energy Consumption
Consumption
After the
After the power
power consumption values of
consumption values of the
the home
home appliances
appliances were
were recorded
recorded with
with high
high resolution,
resolution,
the evaluation of the data was made. The usage frequency of each device was recorded
the evaluation of the data was made. The usage frequency of each device was recorded daily, weekly,
daily,
and monthly and their utilization ratios in Table 2 were determined considering the operating
weekly, and monthly and their utilization ratios in Table 2 were determined considering the operating
frequencies of
frequencies of these
these devices
devices for
for November.
November.

Table 2. Usage density and power consumption of household appliances for November 2016.
Total Average Total
Device Mode Duration Power Usage Density Consumption Additional Info
per Run (Monthly)
(−18 °C) Defrosting
Refrigerator 24 h 782.83 W All Time 23,469 W 17.8%
(+4 °C) Power Ratio
30 °C Mix 1 h 1 min 286.19 W 81.9%
Washing Heating Power
40 °C Mix 1 h 8 min 650.97 W 1 per week 8005.48 W 91.2%
Machine Ratio
40 °C Synthetic 2 h 6 min 1064.21 W 90.3%
55 °C Economy 3 h 11 min 871.97 W 6 per month 5231.82 W Heating Power 88%
Dishwasher
65 °C Power 56 min 1125.2 W 2 per month 2250.4 W Ratio 98.9%
150 °C 50 min 933.62 W 1 per week Resistor Power
Oven 16,363.88 W 80.02%
Energies 2018, 11, 607 14 of 18

Table 2. Usage density and power consumption of household appliances for November 2016.

Total Average Total

Device Mode Duration Power Usage Density Consumption Additional Info
per Run (Monthly)
(−18 ◦ C) Defrosting
Refrigerator 24 h 782.83 W All Time 23,469 W 17.8%
(+4 ◦ C) Power Ratio
30 ◦ C Mix 1 h 1 min 286.19 W 81.9%
Washing Heating Power
40 ◦ C Mix 1 h 8 min 650.97 W 1 per week 8005.48 W 91.2%
Machine Ratio
40 ◦ C Synthetic 2 h 6 min 1064.21 W 90.3%
55 ◦ C Economy 3 h 11 min 871.97 W 6 per month 5231.82 W Heating 88%
Dishwasher
65 ◦ C Power 56 min 1125.2 W 2 per month 2250.4 W Power Ratio 98.9%
150 ◦ C 50 min 933.62 W 1 per week Resistor
Oven 16,363.88 W 80.02%
180 ◦ C 1 h 2 min 1052.45 W 3 per week Power Raito
Heating Time
Iron Level 2 38.5 min 486.3 W 1 per week 1945.2 W 63.8%
Ratio
High Heating
Hair Dryer 43 min 1263.77 W 1 per week 5055.08 W - -
& Blowing
0.5 L 1 min 53 s 66.56 W 2 per day
Kettle 1L 3 min 17 s 104.84 W 6 per week 6864.2 W - -
1.5 L 4 min 30 s 155.06 W 1 per week
Level 1 34 min 41.79 W 2 per week Additional
Range 0.96
Level 2 18 min 24.82 W 1 per week 1091.2 W Lightning
Hood W/min
Level 3 21 min 32.88 W 5 per week Power
Toast
Level 3 13 min 209.47 W 14 per month 2932.58 W - -
Machine
Total Printing 7 min 53 s 44.05 W 16 per month Stand By
Printer 2858.2 W 3 W/h
Stand-By 23 h 52 min 3W Power
Weekday 4 h 17 min 245.39 W 22 per month Shutting
Television 8413.7 W 3.11 W
Weekend 6 h 33 min 376.89 W 8 per month Down Power
On Power 2 h 14 min 387.43 W Stand By 5.09
PC Everyday 14,946.6 W
Stand By 21 h 46 min 110.79 W Power W/h
TOTAL 99,427.34 W

As the measurement periods have one-second resolution, the total working time of each device is
taken as seconds and the total amount of power consumed in each usage based on the hourly power
consumption data is found. The monthly power consumption of each device can be calculated using
Equation (1) considering their usage frequency and power values.
 
PMeasured (ID)
PMonthly = ∑12
id=1 Duration(ID) × (Density(ID)) (1)
3600

In the Equation (1), PMeasured (ID), Duration (ID), and Density (ID) represent the amount of hourly
power, the total operating time, and the usage frequency of devices, respectively. The usage frequency
was categorized daily, weekly, and monthly for each device and their usage density was found by
using Equation (2).

 daily; Density(ID) = Usage Count × 30

Density(ID) = weekly; Density(ID) = Usage Count × 4 (2)

 monthly; Density(ID) = Usage Count

In addition, it was discovered that some devices consumed energy in the standby mode, and the
amount of unnecessary energy was calculated by using Equation (3) per month.

PStand−By (ID) = ∑12

id=1 (24 − Duration(ID)) × PMeasured−StandBy(ID) (3)
Energies 2018, 11, 607 15 of 18

where PMeasured-StanBy (ID) stands for the power consumption value in the standby mode. The total
power consumption of the home appliances is approximately calculated at 99.4 kW for November.
The electricity bill in November 2016 showed that the actual power consumption of the dwelling
was 124.4 kW and this result proved the measurement accuracy. The difference between the real
consumption and the measurement results represents the power needed by lighting, combi boiler,
and low-power devices which was excluded.
Table 3 shows the total power consumption of the home appliances for three months. Table 4
shows how the power consumption of each home appliance impacts total power consumption from
October to December.

Table 3. The total power consumption of home appliances from October to December.

Device October (Watt) November (Watt) December (Watt)

Refrigerator 24,803.68 23,469.00 23,120.41
Washing Machine 9827.95 8005.48 9127.25
Dishwasher 6486.34 7482.22 9603.37
Oven 5939.47 16,363.88 19,192.35
Iron 2001.68 1945.20 2601.76
Hair Dryer 3787.19 5055.08 5120.20
Kettle 5098.33 6864.20 8106.64
Range Hood 622.31 1091.20 982.55
Toast Machine 793.64 2932.58 3871.99
Printer 944.74 2858.20 2657.86
Television 4968.59 8413.70 9627.10
PC 8684.56 14,946.60 14,183.56
Other 17,367.52 24,991.66 40,304.96
Total 91,330 124,420 148,500

Table 4. The energy consumption ratios of each home appliance from October to December.

Device October November December

Refrigerator 27.16% 18.86% 15.57%
Washing Machine 10.76% 6.43% 6.15%
Dishwasher 7.10% 6.01% 6.47%
Oven 6.50% 13.15% 12.92%
Iron 2.19% 1.56% 1.75%
Hair Dryer 4.15% 4.06% 3.45%
Kettle 5.58% 5.52% 5.46%
Range Hood 0.68% 0.88% 0.66%
Toast Machine 0.87% 2.36% 2.61%
Printer 1.03% 2.30% 1.79%
Television 5.44% 6.76% 6.48%
PC 9.51% 12.01% 9.55%
Other 19.02% 20.09% 27.14%
Total 100% 100% 100%

When the results from Table 3 were analyzed, the monthly power consumption was calculated as
121.41 kW on average for the family comprising two persons. In addition, to determine how much
energy the consumers use at what time of day, a day was allocated 3 parts according to the energy tariff
policy applied in Turkey. Considering this classification, the hours between 06.00 am and 17.00 pm
were the daylight tariff part, the hours between 17.00 pm and 22.00 pm were the peak tariff part,
and the hours between 22.00 pm and 06.00 am were the night tariff part. When the home energy
consumption was classified according to the three mentioned parts, it was seen that the daytime
consumption amount for November and December was higher than the others and the amount of
demand consumption for October was more than the other energy tariff times. In addition, peak usage
pm were the daylight tariff part, the hours between 17.00 pm and 22.00 pm were the peak tariff part,
and the hours between 22.00 pm and 06.00 am were the night tariff part. When the home energy
consumption was classified according to the three mentioned parts, it was seen that the daytime
consumption amount for November and December was higher than the others and the amount of
demand
Energies consumption
2018, 11, 607 for October was more than the other energy tariff times. In addition,16peak of 18
usage of the three months took place in December. This result can be attributed to increased combi
boiler usage excluded in the test depending on drops in temperature in December. Table 5 indicates
of
howtheoften
threepower
months took in
is used place in December.
energy Thisfor
tariff periods result
eachcan be attributed to increased combi boiler
month.
usage excluded in the test depending on drops in temperature in December. Table 5 indicates how
often power is used in energy
Table tariff periods
5. The amount forconsumption
of power each month.according to energy tariff.

5. The
MonthTableDay amount
Time (kW) of power
Demandconsumption
Time (kW)according to energy
Night Time (kW)tariff.
Total (kW)
October 32.35 33.83 25.14 91.33
Month Day Time (kW) Demand Time (kW) Night Time (kW) Total (kW)
November 48.40 41.05 34.97 124.42
October 32.35 33.83 25.14 91.33
December 68.10 49.40 30.99 148.50
November 48.40 41.05 34.97 124.42
Total (kW)
December 148.85
68.10 124.28
49.40 91.1
30.99 364.25 148.50
Total (kW) 148.85 124.28 91.1 364.25
Finally, the home appliances that consume energy in standby mode were investigated to
improve energy
Finally, efficiency.
the home It that
appliances was consume
determined that
energy the computer,
in standby television,
mode were printer,
investigated oven,
to improve
dishwasher, and washing machine consumed energy in standby mode. Figure 20 shows the
energy efficiency. It was determined that the computer, television, printer, oven, dishwasher, and ratio of
total andmachine
washing standby consumed
power usage for November
energy 2016. Standby
in standby mode. energy
Figure 20 showsuse
thefor that
ratio of month was
total and up to
standby
4.7% of the total energy.
power usage for November 2016. Standby energy use for that month was up to 4.7% of the total energy.

Figure 20.
Figure The total
20. The total and
and standby
standby power
power consumption
consumption of
of the
the household
household appliances
appliances for
for November.
November.

5. Assessment of Demand Side Opportunities

In the triple time electricity tariff, which is one of the two tariff options offered by electricity
distribution companies for residences in Turkey, the unit energy price varies according to the hours
of the day. In this section, the possibility of using the home appliances at another time of the day
is evaluated without sacrificing dwelling comfort in the case of the household using the triple time
electricity tariff. Therefore, the home appliances were classified into two groups according to the
dwelling comfort. The first group comprised washing machine, dishwasher, and iron deferrable
electrical loads, and the second group undeferrable electrical loads, such as television, computer,
refrigerator, and others. The results of the classification of the home appliances are given in Table 6.
The classification of the electrical loads may vary considering consumer priorities. When Table 6 is
examined, approximately 15% of the total power consumption in a month is at the deferrable loads
and the consumers can easily plan its usage time without sacrificing dwelling comfort.
Energies 2018, 11, 607 17 of 18

Table 6. The classification of home appliances.

Device Deferrable Undeferrable

Refrigerator 4
Washing Machine 4
Dishwasher 4
Oven 4
Iron 4
Hair Dryer 4
Kettle 4
Range Hood 4
Toast Machine 4
Printer 4
Television 4
PC 4

6. Conclusions
In this study, home appliances’ realistic load profiles and power consumption data needed by
SG studies were constituted with high resolution. For this purpose, the special measurement system,
including a wireless smart plug for power measurement and minicomputer, was designed. The power
consumption data of 12 different home appliances employed by a two-person family living in Çankırı,
Turkey was recorded for three months. By evaluating and observing the obtained data, the working
cycles of each home appliance are determined in detail. Energy consumption behavior and power
consumption analysis were performed and detailed load profile data for each home appliance was
given on a website at http://profil.guctakip.com. To increase energy efficiency, energy-consuming
devices in standby mode were detected and their energy consumption was investigated by comparing
overall consumption rate. In addition, according to the energy tariff periods employed in Turkey,
all consumption data was evaluated. It was determined that about 15% of the total load at home
can be shifted taking energy tariffs into account. The main contribution of this study is to create a
realistic load profile and power consumption data which can be used by researchers interested in SG
studies and power distribution companies. This data educates consumers about energy efficiency
by revealing standby power consumption of a real home. It is expected that residential consumers
take the opportunities of demand side management and available resources can be employed with
optimum capacity.

Author Contributions: Fatih Issi and Orhan Kaplan proposed the main idea, performed the measurements,
and wrote the manuscript. All authors have approved the final version of this manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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