∞
∑
Polar Coordinates:√ nth term test: If lim un ̸= 0, un diverges.
n→∞
r = x2 +( y 2) n=1
∞
∑
θ = tan−1 xy [chosen appropriately]
x = r cos θ Geometric series: arn , convergent for |r| < 1.
n=0
a
y = r sin θ If convergent, sum S = .
1−r
∑∞
Area in Polar Coordinates: 1
∫ ∫ p-series: , convergent for p > 1.
1 β( )2 1 β 2 np
A= f (θ) dθ = r dθ n=1
2 α 2 α ∑∞