Formula Sheet: Mid-Session Exam

Algebraic identities Differentiating an integral:

Z g(x)
d
(a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2 f (t) dt = f (g(x)).g 0 (x) − f (h(x)).h0 (x)
dx h(x)
(a ± b)3 = a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3
3
a ±b 3
= 2
(a ± b)(a ∓ ab + b ) 2 [f (x).g(x)] = f 0 (x).g(x) + f (x).g 0 (x)
Product rule: d
dx

an − bn = (a − b)(an−1 + an−2 b + · · · + abn−2 + bn−1 ) f 0 (x).g(x) − f (x).g 0 (x)

 
d f (x)
Quotient rule: = 2
dx g(x) [g(x)]
Roots of a quadratic equation:
The general form of the equation is
Chain rule: d
dx [f (g(x))] = f 0 (g(x)).g 0 (x)
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c ∈ R, a 6= 0
Integration by parts:
Z Z
0
and its solution is given by f g dx = f g − f 0 g dx
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac Partial Fractions forms:
x= p(x)
2a = A
+ B
+ ··· + Z
(x−a)(x−b)...(x−z) x−a x−b x−z
• if b2 > 4ac, two real roots p(x)
= A
+ B
+ ··· + Z
(x−a)n x−a (x−a)2 (x−a)n
• if b2 = 4ac, two identical real roots p(x)
= A1 x+B1
+ ··· + An x+Bn
(ax2 +bx+c)...(dx2 +f x+g) ax2 +bx+c dx2 +f x+g
• if b2 < 4ac, no real roots p(x)
= A1 x+B1
+ A2 x+B2
(ax2 +bx+c)n ax2 +bx+c (ax2 +bx+c)2 + . . .
Radian and degree conversion + (axA2n+bx+c)
x+Bn
n

180o = π radians Complete the Square: a x + b 2

+c− b2
2a 4a

Trigonometric identities First order linear DE - Integrating

Z factor:
2 2
cos θ + sin θ = 1 R(x) = exp p(x) dx
sin(θ ± φ) = sin θ cos φ ± cos θ sin φ dy
cos(θ ± φ) = cos θ cos φ ∓ sin θ sin φ This gives R(x) + R(x)p(x)y = R(x)q(x) and so
Z dx Z
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ d (R(x)y) = R(x)q(x)dx.
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 2 cos2 θ − 1 Solving linear DE with constant coefficients:
= 1 − 2 sin θ2 y = yc + yp

sin x cos y = 1
[sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)] Given the solutions to the auxiliary eqn (α, β real)
2
1 k = α, β (distinct), yc = Aeαx + Beβx
cos x cos y = [cos(x + y) + cos(x − y)]
2 k = α, α, yc = (Ax + B)eαx
sin x sin y = − 12 [cos(x + y) − cos(x − y)] k = α + jβ , yc = eαx (A sin βx + B cos βx)
Hyperbolic functions (definitions & identities) For f (x) = αeβx try yp = aeβx
1 x For f (x) = αx + β try yp = ax + b
cosh x = (e + e−x )
2 For f (x) = quadratic try yp = ax2 + bx + c
1 x
sinh x = (e − e−x ) For f (x) = sin βx
2 or f (x) = cos βx try yp = a cos βx + b sin βx
sinh x
tanh x = For f (x) = eαx g(x) try yp = eαx h(x)
cosh x where h(x) is the trial for g(x)
√
sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1


Solving DEs by substitution:
√ dy dv
cosh−1 x = ln x+ x


2
 −1 If y = vx then =v+x .
dx dx
tanh−1 x = 12 ln 1−x1+x
dy 1 dv
If y = v 1/(1−n) then = v n/(1−n) .
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 dx 1−n dx
sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y dy dρ d2 y
If ρ = then = .
cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y dx dx dx2
Squeeze Theorem: If an ≤ un ≤ bn for all n ∈ N and if
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
lim an = lim bn = L for some L, then lim un = L.
cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x n→∞ n→∞ n→∞

= 2
2 cosh x − 1 Arithmetic Sequence: {an } where an = a1 + (n − 1)d
= 1 + 2 sinh2 x Geometric Sequence: {an } where an = a1 rn−1