MT 633: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

mdliu 08.28.2018

Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction

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Chemical Reaction
A process in which one or more substances are
converted into one or more new substances.

Chemical equation
• A shorthand notation to describe a chemical reaction.
• It is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
that shows:
• reactants on left side of reaction
• products on right side of equation
• relative amounts of each using stoichiometric
coefficients

Reactant(s) Product(s)

Balanced Chemical Equation

Consider a chemical equation below:

Law of Conservation of Matter

• There is no detectable change in quantity of matter in
an ordinary chemical reaction.
• Balanced chemical equations must always include the
same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the
equation.

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Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
• Non-RedOx Reactions
• Precipitation Reactions
• Neutralization Reactions

• Oxidation-Reduction (RedOx) Reactions

• Combination/Synthesis
• Decomposition
• Single Displacement Reactions

Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction

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Precipitation Reaction
Many ionic compounds are soluble in water.

If two of the ions combine to form a water-insoluble

compound, a precipitate forms.

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

molecular equation
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
ionic equation
Ag+(aq)+ Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s)
net ionic equation

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

molecular equation

Molecular (Formula) Equation

• Gives the overall reaction stoichiometry but not
necessarily the actual forms of the reactants and
products in solution.
• Reactants and products generally shown as
compounds.
• Use solubility rules to predict the solubilities of the
ionic compounds.

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Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds

Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

ionic equation

Complete Ionic Equation

• Represents as ions all reactants and products that
are soluble in water.

Spectator ions appear unchanged on both sides of a

chemical equation (ions that do not participate directly
in the reaction).
• Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions.

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 Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  AgCl(s)
net ionic equation

Formation of silver chloride,

AgCl (white precipitate)

Net Ionic Equation

• Includes only the ions that react (no spectator ions
are shown)

Exercise
1. Problem 4-4, page 98
When a solution of copper (II) chloride is added to a
solution of potassium sulfide, a black precipitate of
copper (II) sulfide forms. Write the net ionic equation.

2. Problem 4-31, page 116a

Predict whether a precipitate will form when aq. soln of
the ff. compounds are mixed. If a precipitate will form,
write the balanced molecular and net ionic equations.
a. CaCl2(aq) + K3PO4(aq) 
b. KCl(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 
c. (NH4)CO3(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) 

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Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

In 1884, Svante Arrhenius proposed these definitions:
• Acid: A substance that produces H3O+ ions in aqueous
solution.
• H+ reacts immediately with a water molecule to give
a hydronium ion.

*curved arrows to show the change in position of electron

pairs during this reaction.

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Arrhenius Acids and Bases
In 1884, Svante Arrhenius proposed these definitions:
• Base: A substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous
solution.
• Many bases are metal hydroxides such as NaOH,
KOH, Mg(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2.

• Some bases produce OH- by reacting with water

molecules.

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

• Acid: A proton donor.
• Base: A proton acceptor.

• Conjugate acid-base pair: Any pair of molecules or

ions that can be interconverted by transfer of a proton.

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Neutralization Reaction
A reaction between an acid and a base; proton-transfer
reaction.

Different kinds of neutralization reaction:

1. Reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide or a metal
oxide gives a salt plus water.

Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

MgO(s) + HNO3(aq)  Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

Neutralization Reaction
A reaction between an acid and a base.

Different kinds of neutralization reaction:

2. Reaction of an acid with a metal carbonate or a metal
bicarbonate gives a salt, CO2 and water.

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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Neutralization Reaction
A reaction between an acid and a base.

Different kinds of neutralization reaction:

3. Reaction of an acid with an ammonia or an amine to
form a ammonium salt.
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)  NH4Cl(aq)

Outline
1.1 Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation
1.2 Types of chemical reactions
1.3.1 Precipitation reaction
1.3.2 Neutralization reaction
1.3.3 Reduction-oxidation reaction

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Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one
species to another.

It involves change in the oxidation state of the reactants.

Oxidation state (oxidation number)

• It provides a way to keep track of electrons in
oxidation-reduction reaction.
• It refers to number of charges an atom would have in a
molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons are
transferred completely.

Assigning Oxidation States

• Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation
number of zero.
Ex. Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0
• In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the
charge on the ion.
Ex. Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2
• The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. (except
O22- where it is –1)
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 . (except when it
is bonded to metals in binary compounds where it is –1)
• The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a
molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or
ion.

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Assigning Oxidation States
• Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation
number of zero.
Ex. Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0
• In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the
charge on the ion.
Ex. Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2
• The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. (except
O22- where it is –1)
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 . (except when it
is bonded to metals in binary compounds where it is –1)
• The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a
molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or
ion.

The oxidation numbers of elements in their compounds

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Exercise
Assign oxidation number of element in the ff:
1. NaIO3
2. Cr2O72—
3. Cl2
4. SO2
5. HCO3—
6. MnO4—

Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
Consider the reaction:
Zn(s) + Cu+2(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Oxidation is a half-reaction that involves loss of electrons.

*Zn(s) is a reducing agent.

Reduction is a half-reaction that involves gain of

electrons.

*Cu2+(aq) is an oxidizing agent.

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Exercise
Identify oxidizing and reducing agents in the ff. redox
reactions:
1. Cl2(g) + KBr(aq)  Br2(g) + KCl(aq)
2. Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Types of RedOx Reaction

1. Combination Reaction

2. Decomposition Reaction

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Types of RedOx Reaction
3. Combination Reaction

Activity series of metals

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Activity series of halogens

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
Consider the combustion of methane:

An alternative definition of oxidation-reduction is:

oxidation: The gain of oxygen and/or loss of hydrogen.
reduction: The loss of oxygen and/or gain of hydrogen.

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Exercise
Classify the following reactions:
1. Ca2+ + CO32-  CaCO3
2. NH3 + H+  NH4+
3. Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
4. Ca + F2  CaF2
5. Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
6. 2NaI + Cl2  2NaCl + I2
7. CaCO3  CaO + CO2

Assignment
Answer the ff:
page 116a 4-31 d, e, g
116b 4-38, 4-39
232a 8-33

Reference: Intro to Gen, Org, & Biochem 11th ed.

Bettelheim, et.al.

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