Skeletal Anatomy
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to
form a strong, flexible framework each individual bone is a separate organ of the
skeletal system
bone is active tissue:
!5-7% bone mass/week ~270 bones (organs) of the Skeletal System
Functions of Skeletal System: with age the number decreases as bones fuse
1. Support by adulthood the number is 206 (typical)
strong and relatively light; 20% body weight
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bones can be categorized according to their general the general structure of a typical longbone:
shape:
eg. sternum, ribs, most skull bones, scapula, os coxa contains red marrow (=hemopoietic tissues)
4. irregular: elaborate shapes different from above ! produces blood cells in delicate mesh of reticular
tissues
eg. vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
in adults red marrow is limited to vertebrae, sternum,
ribs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, proximal heads of
Bone Structure humerus and femur
bones have outer shell of compact bone with age, red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow
articular cartilage
usually encloses more loosely organized bone tissue
= spongy (=cancellous) bone on surface of epiphyses
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resilient cushion of hyaline cartilage highly organized arrangement of matrix and
cells
diaphysis
lacunae w osteocyte
thick compact bone but light; hollow ! medullary cavity & canaliculi
haversian canal
yellow marrow – fat (adipose) storage
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microscopic structure of cartilage: Bone Markings: any bump, hole, ridge, etc on each
bone; eg.:
chondrocytes in lacunae
Foramen: opening in bone – passageway for nerves and blood
vessels
kinds of cartilage:
(all similar matrix with lots of collagen Fossa: shallow depression – eg a socket into which another bone
articulates
fibers; differ in other fibers)
Sinus: internal cavity in a bone
1. hyaline
most common Condyle: rounded bump that articulates with another bone
eg. covers articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage
of ribs, rings of tracheae, nose Tuberosity: large rough bump – point of attachment for muscle
A. Skull
7. Mandible = lower jaw very delicate and easily damaged by sharp upward blow to the
nose
largest, strongest bone of face
articulates at temporal bone can drive bone fragments through the cribriform plate
into the meninges or brain itself
Examples of Unpaired Skull Bones: can also shear off olfactory nerves! loses of smell
8. occipital bone 11. hyoid bone – single “U” shaped bone in neck just below
mandible
foramen magnum - large opening in base
through which spinal cord passes suspended from styloid process of temporal bone
occipital condyles - articulation of vertebral column only major bone in body that doesn’t directly articulate with
other bones
9. sphenoid bone – irregular, unpaired bone
serves as point of attachment for tongue and several other
muscles
resembles bat or butterfly;
Cervical (7):
sometimes blocks birth canal, must be broken
Lumbar (5):
Sacrum (5 fused):
triangular bone formed from fused vertebrae
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B. Lower Extremeties pubic symphysis: anterior joint of fibrous cartilage
large flaring portion = false pelvis a sesamoid bone = bones found where tension or pressure
exists; eg thumb and large toe
smaller actual opening = true pelvis
in tendons at knee joint; does not articulate directly with
!actual space child must fit through in women any other bone
each innominate is produced by fusion of three bones: if patella is lost through accident or injury get
~30% loss of mobility and strength due to > friction
ilium – upper, fan shaped
ischium – bottom 3. Lower Leg
pubis – front
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! more difficult walking, foot pain, back pain Amphiarthroses (=on both sides, joint)
!sore feet
Diarthroses (through a joining)
!freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
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articular surface of both bones Examples of the 3 kinds of articulations
-teeth in socket
Synovial Joints
eg. syndesmoses
articulation is surrounded by joint capsule - fibrous bands between two bones
and synovial membrane
- distal tibiofibular joint
joint capsule
articular cartilage 2. Slightly Moveable (Cartilaginous)
joint cavity
synovial membrane eg. symphyses
synovial fluid
periosteum -fibrocartilage pad or disc
-midline of body
In general structure is correlated with function:
-symphysis pubis
therefore, three major kinds of joints:
-intervertebral discs
1. immoveable ~ fibrous eg. synchondroses
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ball and socket joints (shoulder, hip) synovial sacs spaced around joints between
tendons or ligaments
Includes tendons and ligaments
cushion ! reduce friction
both composed mainly of fibrous connective
tissue Exercise and Synovial Joints
grain runs longitudinally for greatest strength !equiv. of skeletal mass is replaced every 7 years
bone tissue consists of cells and matrix: most calcium in body is contained in teeth and skeleton
tends to accumulate metals:lead & radium a supply of calcium must be constantly available for all
! bone cancer, leukemia these activities
1/3rd collagen and proteins (cartilage and
blood calcium homeostasis is maintained by
bone)
dissolving or depositing bones via osteocytes
mixture of organic and inorganic components allow
cells = osteocytes ( in lacunae)
bone to be strong without being brittle
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B. Puberty
C. Adulthood:
D. Old Age
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Disorders of Skeletal System
2. Vertebral curvature
1. Fractures normally spine has two “S” shaped curves
repairs more slowly than skin; up to 6 months provides flexibility and resilient support
11. Tendonitis
inflammation, usually due to overuse
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