Modul Baca Untuk Jaya Physics

8 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Diagram 8.1 shows two boats of the same weight floating on the surface of water in the sea and in the river.
Diagram 8.1
(a) Name the principle applied for the floating of the boat.
Archimedes’ principle
(b) Define the principle you named in 8(a).
Archimedes’ principle states that when an object is immersed partially or wholly into a fluid, the weight of water displaced due buoyant force is equal
to the weight of weight of object being immersed into it.
(c) Explain why the boat is able to float?
The boat displaced water and gains the buoyant force to float.
(d) Deduce the relationship between the weight of the ship and the weight of the water displaced.
Equal
(e) A ship that travels round the world will has Plimsoll symbol as shown in Diagram 8.2 below:
DECK LINE
LTF LTF
LF
LT F
LS T
LW S
L R W
LWNA WNA
Diagram 8.2
State the common function of the Plimsoll line.
To ensure the maximum weight load limit that can be safely carried by the ship before the ship starts to sink.
(f) Diagram 8.3 shows a submarine.
Diagram 8.3
Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the suitable characteristics of the submarine that can work efficiently and safe.
Your answer should include the aspect: (i) Shape of the submarine, (ii) Strength of material used for body of the submarine, (iii) Rate
of rusting for the material used, (iv) Component which enable the submarine to submerge and float, (v) Type of power source used.
Suggestion Reason
The shape of submarine must be streamline To reduce the water friction while moving
Material used for body of the submarine must be strong Can withstand the water pressure from cracking
Material used must has very low rusting rate Can last for longer time without getting rust
Install a ballast tank on the submarine Can be filled with water to submarine or release water to float
Use nuclear power to generate the engine Just need small quantity of nuclear power but give out high power
(g) Diagram below shows four hot air balloons P, Q, R and S with different features.
Balloon Volume of balloon Number of burners Type of fabric Temperature of flame
P Small with 800 m3 1 Synthetic nylon 100C
Q Large with 2500 m3 2 Synthetic nylon 120C
R Large with 2500 m3 1 Canvas 60C
S Small with 800 m3 2 Canvas 80C
You are required to determine the most suitable hot air balloon which is able to carry three or four people to a higher altitude in a
shorter time. Hence, determine the most suitable balloon to be chosen and justify your choice.
Characteristics Reason
Use big with volume of 2500 m3 Can displace more air and thus gains more buoyant force to lift
Use more burners Faster heating up the air inside the balloon so that the balloon become lighter
The balloon fabric is synthetic nylon Long lasting and resistance to heat
Temperature of the flame must be high Faster heating up the air inside the balloon
So, the balloon Q is chosen because its volume is big, use many burners, the balloon fabric is synthetic nylon and the temperature of flame is big.
(h) A metal cube with sides of 30 cm × 40 cm × 50 cm is dropped into a tank of water. The density of water is 1000 kgm-3. Calculate the
buoyant force, F, acting on the metal.
Volume of cube, V = 0.3 m x 0.4 m x 0.5 m = 0.06 m3
Buoyant force, F = mg (weight of water displaced) Density of water,  = m/V
= Vg
= 1000 × 0.06 × 10 N
= 600 N
1
9 CONCEPT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show current is induced in the coils when similar magnets are dropped into the coils from the same height.
Magnet Magnet
N
N
Galvanometer Galvanometer
Coil Coil
Gegelung Gegelung
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2

(a) What is meant by induced current?
Induced current is the produce of current due to the cut of magnet in coil and there is no physical contact between them.
(b) (i) Give one reason why current is induced in the coil.
Due to the cut of magnetic flux in coil by the magnet
(ii) Name the law used to determine the magnitude of the induced current in 9(b)(ii).
Faraday’s law
(iii) Name the law used to determine the direction of the induced current as shown by the galvanometer 9(b)(ii).
Lenz’s law
(iv) State the concept applied for the produce of induced current.
Electromagnetic induction
(c) Based on Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare,
(i) Number of turns of the coils
Number of turns of coils in Diagram 9.2 is more than in Diagram 9.1
(ii) Magnitude of deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer
Magnitude of deflection of the pointer of galvanometer in Diagram 9.2 is more than in Diagram 9.1
(d) State the relationship between number of turns of the coil and,
(i) magnitude of deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer,
Number of turns of coils is directly proportional to the magnitude of deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer
(ii) magnitude of current flows in the coils.
Number of turns of coils is directly proportional to the magnitude of current flows in the coils.
9 Diagram 9.3 shows an apparatus set up to study a method of producing electricity. Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5 show movements of a bar
magnet in and out of the solenoid with the same force. A center zero galvanometer is used to detect the direction of the current flows.
Magnet Magnet Magnet
Hollow Galvanometer Hollow Galvanometer Hollow Galvanometer

cardboard cardboard P cardboard P
Solenoid Solenoid Solenoid
Diagram 9.3 Diagram 9.4 Diagram 9.5
(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the answer below.
The method of producing electricity without the electrical supply is known as (electromagnet, electromagnetic induction, transformer).
(b) Observe Diagram 9.4 and Diagram 9.5,
(i) Compare the direction of the current flow
Direction of the current flow in Diagram 9.4 is to the left but is to the right in Diagram 9.5
(ii) Compare the magnitude of current flows
Magnitude of current flows in Diagram 9.4 is more than in Diagram 9.5
(iii) Compare the polarity of magnet at P.
Polarity of magnet at P in Diagram 9.4 is north pole which is different with south pole in Diagram 9.5
(iv) Relate between the relative motion of the magnet to the polarity at P.
When magnet moves toward/downward to solenoid, polarity at P is North.
(c) State the physics law involved in b(ii).
Faraday’s law
(d) State the physics law involved in b(iv).
Lenz’s law
(e) Base on the information and the diagram given above, explain term of energy changes involved in the system.
Kinetic energy  Electrical energy
2
10 CONCEPT OF PRESSURE
Diagram 10.1 shows a water supply system.
Reservoir Dam
Supply tank
Pump
A
Diagram 10.1
The water held in a high reservoir is fed along pipes to houses at lower levels.
(a) What is meant by pressure?
Pressure is the force acting normally per unit area.
(b) Why it is necessary for a water pump to be fitted to the multistory building?
Gain more pressure to push the water up to the multistory building
(c) (i) Calculate the pressure of the water at the point A if the height of the building is 100 m. [Density of water = 1000 kgm-3]
.Pressure at A = hg
= 100 ×1000 × 10 Pa
= 1 × 106 Pa
(ii) The occupants at higher floors of a building always complain about low water pressure. Give a reason for the low water
pressure.
Because the water pressure has been balanced up by the pressure of higher floors of a building.
(d) Diagram 10.2 and Diagram 10.3 show two identical containers filled with water at a different depth. When the tap is opened, water
spurts out at different horizontal distance due to the pressure exerted on the wall of the container.
Lid
Water
Tap Tap
Water spurt
Water spurt
Horizontal depth Horizontal depth

(i) What is the meaning of pressure?
Pressure is the force acting normally per unit area.
(ii) Compare the depth of the tap from the surface of the water.
The depth of the tap from the surface of water in Diagram 10.3 is more than in Diagram 10.2
(iii) Compare the horizontal distance of the water spurting out.
The horizontal distance of water spurting out in Diagram 10.3 is longer than in Diagram 10.2
(iv) Relate the horizontal distance of the water spurting out to the pressure of water at the tap.
The horizontal distance of the water spurting out is directly proportional to the pressure of water at the tap
(v) Relate the pressure in the water to the depth of the water.
The pressure in the water is directly proportional to the depth of the water
(vi) What happens to the horizontal distance of the water spurting out in Diagram 10.3 when the lid of the container is opened?
Explain your answer.
The horizontal distance of the water spurting out in Diagram 10.3 will increase. Because there is an atmospheric pressure to push the water
down
(e) Diagram 10.3 shows the applied pressure of water which is transmitted equally to all the directions.
Water
Piston
Diagram 10.3
Name the physics principle in the above observation.
Pascal’s principle
(f) Diagram 10.4 shows the hydraulic jack being used to lift a car. Calculate the lifting force acting on piston Y.
30 N Pressure = 15000 Nm-2 [p = F/A]
X 20 cm 2 Y 80 cm
2 Lift force/0.008 = 15000
Lift force = 120 N
Diagram 10.4 If the distance down by piston X is 5 cm, calculate the distance
Calculate the pressure acting on piston X. being up by the piston Y.
Pressure at piston X = Fx/Ax = 30/0.02 = 15000 Nm-2 From Axdx = Aydy
(20)(5) = (80)(dy)
Calculate the pressure acting on piston Y. Distance by piston Y = 1.25 cm
Pressure onto piston Y = 15000 Nm-2
3
11 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN PERISCOPE
Diagram 11.1 shows the structure of mirror periscope.
Plane mirror Plane mirror
Object Object
Light from the object Light from the object
Observer Observer
Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.1 (answer for b)

(a) Name the light wave phenomenon shown in Diagram 11.1.
Reflection
(b) (i) On Diagram 11.1, complete the path of light ray from the object to the observer’s eye.
####Refer to Diagram 11.1 (answer for b)
(ii) State one characteristics of the image observed.
Upright // same size
(c) Diagram 11.2 shows a glass prism.
Glass prism
Glass prism
P
P
45o
o
45
Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.2 (answer iii)
(i) The critical angle of the glass prism is 42. Calculate the refractive index of the glass prism.
From refractive index, n = 1/sin c
= 1/sin 45
= 1.41
(ii) What happens to the light ray after passing point P?
The light ray will be totally internal reflected.
(iii) On Diagram 11.2, complete the path of light ray from point P.
###Refer to the answer in Diagram 11.2 (answer iii)
(d) The mirror periscope in Diagram 11.1 cannot produce a clear image.
(i) In the space below, draw the arrangement of the glass prisms in Diagram 11.2 to enable clearer image produced.
Object
Prism
Light from the object
Observer
(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 11(d)(i).

All the rays enter the prism and then all are totally reflected.
(e) Diagram 11.3 shows a cat’s eye fixed into a road to help drivers What is meant by critical angle?
during dark or foggy surroundings. Light enters into the cat’s eye Critical angle is the incident angle when the reflected angle is 90
at B at an angle more than the critical angle of the glass prism.
On Diagram 7.1, complete the path of the light rays.
Glass prism Glass prism
Light from the headlamp
Light from the headlamp A
Cat’s eye B
B A
Based on Diagram 7.1, state the light phenomena in the cat’s

Cat’s eye eye.
Total internal reflection
Road
Explain why the light ray does not bend when it enters prism at
Diagram 11.3 point A.
Because the light enters at 90 which is perpendicular to the boundary
(f) Mirror is normally used to reflect light to certain area. State the type of mirror used. Give reason for your answer.
Use concave mirror. Because the reflected light is focused to one point.
4
12 CONVEX LENS
(a) A beam of light is travelling parallel to the axis of a thin lens as shown in Diagram 12.1.
X A C Y X A C Y
B F B F
Diagram 12.1 ANSWER FOR (a)(ii)

After passing through the lens, all the rays pass through the point F.
(i) Which word best describes what happens to the rays? Tick (√) the correct box
The rays will  converge.
diverge.
(ii) Complete the paths of the two rays on Diagram 12.1. [Refer to diagram ANSWER FOR (a)(ii)]
(iii) Referring to Diagram 12.1, complete the following sentence.
The focal length of the lens is the distance between points C and F .
(b) For this part of the question, you are required to draw an accurate ray diagram on Diagram 12.2 for the lens in part (a).
Object
X Y X Y
P F P F Image
Diagram 12.2 ##Answer for (b)(i)

(i) Complete the ray diagram shown in Diagram 12.2 to show the formation of the image. Refer to Answer for (b)(i)
(ii) State one characteristic of the image formed.
Inverted @ real @ diminished
(c) Diagram 12.3 shows an object O placed in front of a convex mirror which is part of a sphere with centre of curvature, C.
Convex mirror Convex mirror
Image
Object, O Object, O F C
F C
Diagram 12.3 ANSWER FOR (C)(III)

F is the focal point of the mirror and C is the centre of curvature.
(i) What is the meaning of focal point?
Is a point where all the light rays will converge after refraction.
(ii) If the radius of the mirror is 40 cm, calculate the focal length of the mirror.
From C = 2f
40 = 2f
f = 20 cm
(iii) Draw a ray diagram on Diagram 12.3 to show how the image is formed.
Refer to ANSWER FOR (C)(III)
(iv) State two characteristics of the image formed.
Upright @ diminished @ virtual
(v) State one use of convex mirror? Give reason for your answer.
As mirror inside the supermarket to view unwanted activities by customer. Because it has wider view of vision.
(d) Diagram 12.4 shows an object O placed in front of a concave mirror which is part of a sphere with centre of curvature, C.
Concave mirror
Concave mirror
Object, O
Object, O
Image, I C F F C
C F F C
Diagram 12.4 ANSWER FOR (d)(II)

F is the focal point of the mirror and C is the centre of curvature.
(i) State one use of concave mirror? Give reason for your answer.
As mirror in headlamp car. Because all the rays will converge to one point after reflection by the concave mirror .
(ii) Complete a ray diagram for Diagram 12.4 to show the formation of image.
Refer to the answer in ANSWER FOR (D)(II)
(iii) State three characteristics of the image formed.
Real, inverted and magnified
5
13 TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device to increase or decrease an a.c input voltage
(a) (i) What is meant by ideal transformer?
Ideal transformer is a transformer with 100% efficient with no energy losses during the process of transforming the voltage and transfer
power. The output power is equal to the input power.
(ii) You are given two coils, P and Q, with 100 turns and 500 turns respectively, a solid core and a 240 V a.c. power supply.
Using all the materials supplied and with the aid of labeled diagram, shows how you can build a simple step-down
transformer.
A simple step-down transformer can be constructed using a soft U-shape iron core with number of input coils is more than the output core
which is using an a.c. input voltage as shown below:
Primary coil Q Secondary coils P
500 turns 100 turns
Input a.c. Output a.c
voltage 240 V voltage 48 V
Soft iron core
(b) Diagram 13.1 shows four types of transformers with specific characteristics.
Transformer P Transformer R
Single core made of steel Laminated core made of iron
240 V a.c Output 240 V a.c Output
Rectangular shape Rectangular shape Thin copper wire

Thick nichrome wire
Transformer Q Transformer S
Laminated core made of soft iron Single core made of soft iron
240 V a.c Output 240 V a.c Output
Toroidal shape Thick copper wire Toroidal shape Thin nichrome wire
Diagram 13.1
As a researcher, you are assigned to study the characteristics of an efficient transformer to be used as the charger for a notebook
computer. You are given four types of transformers as shown in Diagram 13.1. You are required to determine the most suitable
transformer. Justify your choice.
The core used is toroidal shape To produce radial magnet
The core must be laminated To prevent the eddy current
The iron core must be soft Can be magnetized or demagnetized easily
Use thick wire Thick wire has smaller resistance and thus less current is wasted as heat
Use copper wire Copper wire is good conductor with low resistance
So, the transformer Q is chosen because its shape is toroidal, the core is laminated and soft, use thick and copper wire.
(c) Diagram 13.2 shows a transformer. The number of primary coils, Np, is 1000 turns and it is connected to an input voltage of 240 V
a.c. The secondary coil with Ns number of turns is connected to an output voltage of 24 V.
Soft iron core
Teras besi lembut
240 V a.c
240 V a.u 24 V, 48 W
Diagram 13.2
(i) State the type of transformer shown in Diagram 13.2.
Step down transformer
(ii) Calculate the number of turns of the secondary coil, Ns, and the efficiency of the transformer if the current in the primary coil is
0.25 A.
By ratio: 1000 turns  240 V Efficiency: Input power = IpVp = 0.25 × 240 = 60 W
Ns turns  24 V Output power = 48 W (from the bulb given at secondary coil)
So, 1000/Ns = 240/24 So, the efficiency = (Output power/input power) ×100%
Ns = 100 turns = (48/60) × 100%
=80 %
6
14 ANALYSING MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE
Diagram 14.1 and 14.2 show two watermelons fall off a table and drop on to surface A and surface B respectively.
Surface A Surface B

(a) What is meant by momentum, impulse and impulsive force?
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
Impulse is the change of momentum
Impulsive force is the rate of change of momentum
(b) With reference to Diagram 14.1 and Diagram 14.2,
(i) Compare the force on the watermelons that strike on surface A and surface B.
Force on the watermelons that strikes on the surface A is bigger than on surface B.
(ii) Compare the time of impact of the watermelons on surface A and surface B.
Time of impact of the watermelons on surface A is smaller than on surface B.
(iii) State the relationship between the force produced in a collision and the time of impact.
The force produces in a collision is inversely proportional to the time of impact.
(c) Mark with a (√ ) for the correct statement about the change of momentum of the watermelons in both situations above.
The change of momentum of the watermelon in Diagram 14.1 is greater than that of the watermelon in Diagram 14.2.
The change of momentum of the watermelon in Diagram 14.2 is greater than that of the watermelon in Diagram 14.1.
√ The change of momentum of the watermelon in Diagram 14.1 is equal to that of the watermelon in Diagram 14.2.
(d) Mark with a (√ ) for the correct statement about the rate of change of momentum of the watermelons in both situations above.
√ The rate of change of momentum of the watermelon in Diagram 14.1 is greater than in Diagram 14.2.
The rate of change of momentum of the watermelon in Diagram 14.2 is greater than in Diagram 14.1.
The rate of change of momentum of the watermelon in Diagram 14.1 is equal to the Diagram 14.2.
(e) Suggest a suitable material for surface B.
Surface is soft mattress
(f) A car with a mass 1 500 kg travels at a velocity 10ms-1 before it hit a tree. If the time impact is 2 seconds, find
(i) the impulse (ii) impulsive force exerted on the tree
Impulse = change of momentum Impulsive force = rate of change of momentum
= mv – mu = Change of momentum/Time taken
= 1500(10) – 1500(0) = 15 000/2
= 15 000 kgms-1 = 7500 N
15 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY
Diagram 15.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a high position to the ground without opening the parachute. Diagram 15.2 shows a man
with the same mass falls from the same height when the parachute is open.

(a) (i) What is the meaning of free fall?
Free fall is the fall of object under gravity only
(ii) Based on Diagram 15.1 and Diagram 15.2, compare the acceleration, the rate of change of momentum and the time of
impact. Relate the rate of change of momentum with the time of impact to make deduction on the relationship between the
acceleration and the rate of change of momentum.
The acceleration for in Diagram 15.1 is higher than in Diagram 15.2. The rate of change of momentum in Diagram 15.1 is more than in
Diagram 15.2. The time of impact in Diagram 15.1 is smaller than in Diagram 15.2. The rate of change of momentum is inversely
proportional to the time of impact. The acceleration is directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum.
(b) Two objects of difference mass are allowed to free fall from certain position. The acceleration due gravity is 10 ms-2.
(i) Is the time taken for both the objects to reach the ground the same? Explain your answer.
Yes. Because both the objects are pulled to fall under the same gravitational acceleration.
(ii) If the objects have reached the ground in 2 seconds. Calculate the height of objects being dropped.
From s = ut + ½ at2 u = 0 (free fall), s = height, a = gravitational acceleration = 10, t = 2
= 0(2) + ½ (10)(2)2
= 20 m
(iii) Compare in terms of gravity and gravitational force acting on the lighter and heavier object. Give reason.
The gravity acting on the both object of different masses are the same as the gravity does not depend on the mass.
The gravitational force acting on the heavier object is bigger than lighter object because the gravitational force is the product of mass and
gravity value.
7
16 UNDERSTANDING INERTIA
Diagram 16.1 shows a car and a lorry stopping at a red traffic light. When the traffic light turns green as in Diagram 16.2, the car is found to
move ahead of the lorry.

(a) What is meant by mass?
Mass is the quantity of matter contained by an object.
(b) Based on Diagram 16.1 and Diagram 16.2, compare the masses of the vehicles and their ability to speed ahead. Relate the mass of
the vehicle and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept in physics with regard to the motion of objects.
The mass of the lorry is more than the car causing the lorry has less ability to speed ahead. The bigger mass of lorry causes the lorry harder to start
moving from rest. The physics concept involved is the inertia.
(c) Define the physics concept you name in (b).
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist the sudden change exerting on the object.
(d) Based on the physics concept stated in (b)(i), explain why a driver lurch forwards when a car he is driving comes to a sudden halt.
When the car comes to a sudden halt, the inertia is very big acting onto the driver. The inertia will cause the driver to continue to move forward
although the car has stopped. As a result, the driver will be surged forward.
(e) Explain how you would go to escape from being chased by a bull based on one concept.
1st: I will perform my run in zig-zag directions with no definite direction of run.
2nd: The bull has bigger mass if compared to me. This means that the bull will has bigger inertia as the inertia depends on the mass.
3rd: Due to inertia, the bull is harder to change its direction and will lose control and fall
(f) Diagram 16.3 and 16.4 show two identical block A and block B hanging by string X and string Z. Given the mass of block A is 2 kg.
In Diagram 16.3, the string W is given by an increasing gradually of pulling force.
In Diagram 16.4, the string Y is given by a sharp pull and fast.
String X String Z
Block A Block B
String W String Y
Pull Pull
Diagram 16.3: Pulled gently Diagram 16.4: Pulled very fast
(i) Calculate the weight of block B.
Weight of block B = mg = 2(10) m = mass = 2 kg , g = gravity = 10 ms-2
= 20 N
(ii) In Diagram 16.3, explain what will happen if the string W is given by an increasing gradually of pulling force.
If the string W is given by an increasing gradually of pulling force, the string X will crack.
Reason: The pulling force will be transferred from string W to the string X. String X has to support the pulling force and also has to support
the weight of block A at the same time. so, string X will crack.
(iii) In Diagram 16.4, explain what will happen if the string W is given by a sharp pull and fast.
If the string W is given by a sharp pull and fast, the string Y itself will crack.
Reason: If the string Y is given by a sharp pull and fast, the string Y will possess an inertia which will tend to resist the sudden pull exerting
onto it. As a result, string Y will crack.
(iv) Name one physics concept that can explain the situation in (f)(ii) and (f)(iii).
Inertia
(g) State a Newton’s law which is related to the inertia. Hence, define the law you named.
Newton’s first law of motion
Definition: Newton’s first law of motion states that an object will continue to rest if rest or if moving, will continue to move in straight line if there is no
external force acting on the system.
(h) Diagram shows five designs of ‘Newton’s Cradle’, P, Q, R, S and T, with different specifications.
Newton’s Cradle P: Newton’s Cradle Q: Newton’s Cradle R: Newton’s Cradle S: Newton’s Cradle T:
Material used to make Material used to make Material used to make Material used to make Material used to make
the balls: rubber the balls: steel the balls: steel the balls: steel the balls: rubber
You are required to determine the most suitable design to make the ball at the end swings up to higher level and at bigger speed.
Study all the five designs from the following aspects: (i) The arrangement of the balls, (ii) The number of string used to hang the balls,
(iii) The type of material used to make the balls, (iv) The position of the ball to start the oscillation. Justify your choice.
The ball is arranged at the same height The transfer of momentum from one ball to another is effective
Use two strings to tie every ball with two stands The ball will move in one direction and does not wobble after collision
Materials used to make the ball is steel Hard and thus faster transferring momentum due collision
The ball is released from higher position Gain more kinetic energy and thus produce bigger momentum
So, the Newton’s cradle Q is chosen because all the balls are at the same height, it uses two strings with two stands, the ball is made of steel and
one of the ball is released from higher position.
8
17 CONCEPT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX
Diagram 17.1 shows a light ray passing through from air into water. Diagram 17.2 shows a light ray passing through from air into glass.
[Refractive index: Glass = 1.50, Water =1.33]
Air Air
Water Glass

(a) (i) Name the phenomenon of light as shown in Diagram 17.1 and Diagram 17.2.
Refraction
(ii) What is the meaning of refractive index?
Refractive index is the ratio of sine of incident angle to the sine of refracted angle.
(iii) Calculate the critical angle for the glass and also for the water.
From n = 1/sin c n =refractive index, c = critical angle
Glass Water
n = 1/sin c n = 1/sin c
1.50 = 1/sin c 1.33 = 1/sin c
sin c = 1/1.50 sin c = 1/1.33
= 0.67 = 0.75
c = 41.8 c = 48.8
#Bigger refractive index will have smaller critical angle! If the critical angle is small, the ray will be easier to be totally reflected!
(iv) Observe Diagram 17.1 and Diagram 17.2. Compare the refractive index, the density and the angle of refraction of light ray.
Relate the density of medium with the angle of refraction to make a deduction of the relationship between the density of
medium and the refractive index.
The refractive index of glass is more than the water. The density of glass is more than the water. The angle of refraction of light ray in water
is bigger than in glass. If the density of medium is big, then the angle of refraction will be small. The density of medium is inversely
proportional to the refractive index.
(v) With use of diagram, explain what will happen if a ray hits an object at incident angle which is smaller than the critical angle,
or same with the critical angle or bigger than the critical angle.
Incident angle < Critical angle Incident angle = Critical angle Incident angle > Critical angle
The rays will be refracted into the object. The rays will do not refract but parallel to The rays will experience a total internal
Normal line the surface of the object. reflection.
Object Normal line
Object Object
Normal line
(b) Diagram 17.3 shows a glass window which opens outwards at an angle θ.
Ray of sunlight
 
X
Diagram 17.3
Diagram 17.3 shows the side view of the window. If rays of sunlight incident on the window undergo total internal reflection at points
like X, direct sunlight would not be able to enter the room and it would be cooler. Four designs P, Q, R and S of the window are
available and are designed such that it can be opened at a maximum angle of θ. Table 17.3 shows the characteristics of the glass
used and the angle θ of each design.
Design Refractive index Thickness / mm Thermal conductivity Temperature, θ/°C
P 1.5 3.0 Low 15
Q 1.8 5.0 Low 10
R 1.8 3.0 Medium 15
S 1.5 5.0 Medium 10
Diagram 17.3
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the glass and determine the most suitable design to be used so that the room would be
kept cool during the day. Give reasons for your choice.
The refractive index must be big So that the critical angle is small and thus the rays will be easier to be totally reflected
The thickness of glass must be high The ray is harder to refract
The glass must be low in thermal conductivity Slower conducting the heat into the room through the glass
The temperature of the glass must be low Give cooling effect
So, the design Q is chosen because its refractive index is big, has higher thickness, the thermal conductivity is low and its temperature is low.
9
18 UNDERSTANDING THE THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM CONCEPT
Diagram 18.1 shows a metal sphere with initial temperature of 30C is immersed in boiling water.
Water
Metal
sphere
Bunsen
burner
Diagram 18.1
(a) Differentiate between temperature and heat.
Temperature is the degree of hotness contained by an object.
Heat is a form of energy contained by an object.
(b) (i) What happen to the temperature of the metal sphere?
Temperature of the metal sphere increases.
(ii) Give a reason for the answer in 18(b)(i).
The heat from the water is transferred to the metal sphere.
(c) After sometime, the metal sphere and the boiling water have the same temperature.
(i) Tick (√ ) the box for the correct statement about heat flows between the metal sphere and the boiling water.
The rate of heat flows from boiling water < the rate of heat flows from metal sphere
√ The rate of heat flows from boiling water = the rate of heat flows from metal sphere
The rate of heat flows from boiling water > the rate of heat flows from metal sphere
(ii) State the physics concept involve in 1(b) (i).
Thermal equilibrium concept
18 (a) A student carries out an activity to record the temperature change of oil and water.
Both liquids are heated by identical heaters for two minutes. The initial temperature of oil and water are 30C.
Thermometer
1 kW heater 1 kW heater
Oil
Water
Measuring
scale

(a) Name the condition in which the temperature of the water is equal to the temperature of the thermometer.
Thermal equilibrium condition
(b) Observe Diagram 18.1 and Diagram 18.2. Compare:
(i) the mass of oil and mass of water.
The mass of oil is more than the mass of water.
(ii) the temperature change in oil and also in water
The temperature change in oil is less than in water
(c) (i) Compare the amount of heat supplied by the heater to the oil and to the water.
Amount of heat supplied to the oil is same with the water [##same power of immersion heater which is 1 kW]
(ii) Compare the amount of heat absorbed by oil and water
Amount of heat absorbed by the oil is less than the water
(iii) Name the physical quantity that will explain the comparison you made in 18(b)(ii). Explain your answer.
Volume. The water has less volume and thus faster getting hot.
(d) Table below shows the characteristics of five thermometers.
Thermometer Bore Capillary tube Length of the capillary tube Type of liquid
P 10 Alcohol
Q 15 Mercury
R 10 Alcohol
S 30 Alcohol
T 35 Mercury
As a researcher, you are assigned to study the characteristics of the thermometers. Explain the suitability of the characteristics.
Choose the most suitable thermometer that can be used in a school laboratory. Justify your choice.
The size of bore must be small More sensitive to heat and thus can react to small temperature change
The capillary tube must be narrower Increase its sensitivity to the small temperature change
Length of the capillary tube must be long Can calibrate more scale
Liquid used must be mercury Can expand and contradict uniformly with heat
So, the thermometer T is chosen because its size of bore is small, the capillary tube is narrower and long and the liquid used is mercury.
10
19 UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS (PART 1 BOYLE’S LAW)
Diagram 19.1 and Diagram 19.2 shows an experiment to study the relationship between the pressure and volume of air trapped in an air-tight
container. The pistons for both diagrams are pushed down slowly.
Force
Bourdon Bourdon Force
gauge gauge
Piston
Piston
0 kPa 30 0 kPa 30
Gas
Gas
(a) State the function of Bourdon gauge.
To measure the gas pressure
(b) Based on Diagram 19.1 and Diagram 19.2;
(i) Compare the volume of the gas in the air-tight container
Volume of gas in the air-tight container in Diagram 19.1 is more than in Diagram 19.2
(ii) The reading of Bourdon gauge
The reading of Bourdon gauge in Diagram 19.1 is lower than in Diagram 19.2
(iii) Temperature of the gas in the air-tight container
The temperature of the gas in the air-tight container for both diagram are same.
(c) (i) Using your answer in b(i) and b(ii), state the relationship between the volume of gas and the reading of Bourdon gauge.
Volume of gas is inversely proportional to the reading of Bourdon gauge
(ii) State the gas law involved.
Boyle’s law
(iii) Define the gas law you name in (c)(ii).
Boyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.
(d) The experiment above is usually applicable if a gas expands or compressed slowly. Why is this so?
The Boyle’s law is applicable if the temperature of the gas is constant. The gas must be expanded or compressed slowly as to reduce the collision
between the molecules of gas. The collision of molecules increase the friction of molecules between them and this friction will produce heat. If the
heat produced, then the temperature of the gas is not constant already.
(e) A syringe contains 50 m3 of air at a pressure of 100 kPa. This piston is pulled outwards slowly so that the air expands. What would be
the volume of the air when the air pressure drops to 80 kPa?
From Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2
(100)(50) = 80(V2)
V2 = 62.5 m3
UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS (PART 2 PRESSURE LAW)
Diagram 19.1 shows a Bourdon gauge which is used to measure gas pressure inside a round bottom flask.
Bourdon
gauge Rubber
tube
100 150
Round
50 200 bottom
0 250 flask
Pascal
Diagram 19.1
(a) (i) What is meant by sensitivity?
Sensitivity is the ability to detect the small change in its reading
(ii) State the sensitivity of the Bourdon Gauge.
5 Pascal [# smallest scale]
(b) (i) State the correct position of the eye while taking reading from the Bourdon Gauge?
Perpendicular to the scale
(ii) What is the pressure of the gas inside the round bottom flask as shown by the Bourdon gauge?
165 Pa
(c) The round bottom flask is then heated. Would the reading of the Bourdon gauge increase or decrease?
Increases
(d) (i) State one law that you used in (c).
Pressure law
(ii) Define the law you state in (d)(i).
Pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature such that the volume
of gas is kept constant.
11
(e) An experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between the pressure, P and the temperature, θ of a fixed mass of a gas.
The graph of pressure, P against temperature, θ obtained is as shown in Diagram 19.2.
P (Pa)
θ (o C)
To 0
Diagram 19.2
(i) What is the value of temperature, To when the pressure of the gas is zero?
– 273 C
(ii) What is the name given to To?
Absolute zero temperature
(f) Diagram 19.3 shows a manometer is filled with gas.
Gas in
14 cm
10 cm Mercury
What is the pressure of gas Y if the atmospheric pressure is at 76 cmHg?

Pressure of gas Y = 76 cmHg + unbalance in mercury column
= 76 cmHg + (14 – 10) cmHg
= 80 cmHg
(g) Before the journey, En Hassan checked the air pressure of his car tyre. The air pressure of the tyre is 200 kPa at a temperature of
30C. After the journey, the temperature of the tyre becomes 60C. Calculate the air pressure of the tyre at this temperature.
From pressure law, P1/T1 = (P2/T2) , T must be in unit Kelvin and so add 273K
[200/(273+30)] = [P2/(273+60)]
200/303 = P2/333
P2 = 219.8 kPa
UNDERSTANDING GAS LAWS (PART 3 CHARLES’ LAW)
Diagram 19.1 and Diagram 19.2 show an experiment is carried out to investigate a law of gas. A column of air is trapped in the capillary tube
and is heated for a period of time.
Thermometer
Capillary tube
Water
Sulphuric
acid
Trapped
air
Bunsen
burner
DIAGRAM 19.1 DIAGRAM 19.2
(a) State a law that will explain the Diagram 19.1 and Diagram 19.2.
Charles’ law
(b) Define the law you state in 19(a).
Charles’ law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure of gas is kept
constant.
(c) State what will happen if the temperature of the water is heated? Give reason for your answer.
The column of sulphuric acid in the capillary tube will raise. Because the gas trapped in the capillary tube has expanded and thus push the column
up.
(d) Name two physical quantities, which must be constant throughout this experiment.
Mass of gas, pressure of gas
(e) Calculate the final temperature if the gas is heated until the volume is expanded from 1.0 m 3 to 1.5m3. The initial temperature of the
gas is 28˚C.
From Charles’ law: V1/T1 = V2/T2 , T must be in unit Kelvin and so add 273K
[1.0/(273+28)] = [1.5/T2]
1.0/301 = 1.5/T2
T2 = 454.5 K
= 181.5 C
12
20 UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Diagram 20.1 and Diagram 20.2 show the heating curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid substance are heated respectively. The
melting point of the substance is 78C.
Thermometer Thermometer o
o
Temperature/ C Temperature/ C
78 78
Mass = 50 g Mass = 80 g
30 30
0 Time / min 0 Time / min
1.0 2.6 1.8 4.7
(a) (i) What is the meaning of melting point?
Melting point is a point where an object starts to melt to liquid from solid state.
(ii) What is meant by specific heat capacity?
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg object by 1C.
(ii) Based on the information and the observation on Diagram 20.1 and Diagram 20.2, compare the mass, the time taken to reach
the melting point and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely.
Relate the mass and the time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely to make a deduction on the relationship
between the mass and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the substance.
The mass in Diagram 20.1 is less than in Diagram 20.2. The time taken to reach the melting point in Diagram 20.1 is less than in Diagram
20.2. The time taken by the substance to change into liquid completely in Diagram 20.1 is less than in Diagram 20.2. When the mass
increases, the time taken by substance to change into liquid completely increases also. The mass is directly proportional to the latent heat
of fusion absorbed by the substance.
(b) Diagram 20.3 shows the phenomenon of sea breeze.
Land
Sea
Diagram 20.3
Using the concept of specific heat capacity, explain how the phenomenon of sea breeze occurs.
Sea breeze Land breeze [Extra note]
1st: Sea breeze happens during daytime. 1st: Land breeze happens during nighttime.
2nd: The land has lower specific heat capacity than the sea. 2nd: The land has lower specific heat capacity than the sea.
3rd: The land is faster getting hot than the sea when exposed to 3rd: The sea is slower getting cold than the sea at nightime.
sunlight. 4th: The air molecules at sea are slower being cooled down.
4th: The air molecules at land are faster heated up. 5th: The hot air molecules at sea will rise up and replaced with
5th: The hot air molecules at land will rise up and replaced with the cool air from the land.
the cool air from the sea. 6th: Movement of cool air molecules from the land to the sea is
6th: Movement of cool air molecules from the sea to the land is called the land breeze.
called the sea breeze.
(c) Diagram 20.4 shows a design of central heating system used in cold country to heat and keep houses warm.
Heat energy gives
Radiators out from radiator
Heat energy taken

in from boiler
Liquid
Boiler
Diagram 20.4
Suggest and explain how to build a house central heating system which can function effectively based on the following aspects: i) The
specific heat capacity of the liquid, ii) The boiling point of the liquid, iii) The properties of material used for transmission pipe, iv) The
size of the fan used to blow the heat from radiator.
Suggestion Reason
The specific heat capacity of the liquid is high The liquid can absorb a lot of heat but still slower getting hot
The liquid has high boiling point Can absorb a lot of heat before boiled
The material used for transmission pipe must be heat resistance Can withstand high heat without getting melt
The material used for transmission pipe must be low rusting rate Does not rust due water heat and thus long lasting
Size of fan used must be big Faster bowling out the heat from the radiator
13
20 (d) Diagram 20.5 shows a two-door refrigerator for household use.
Freezer
Pembeku
Lamp
Decks Lampu
Desk Cover
Penutup
To power supply
Ke bekalan kuasa
Diagram 20.5
Using the knowledge about heat flows, explain the modification needed to produce a refrigerator which is constantly cold, energy
saving and lasting for the purpose of keeping the freshness of the food stored in it. Your modification should be based on the
following characteristics: Material used to make the desk, Type of lamp used in refrigerator, Power of the refrigerator, Air circulation in
the refrigerator, Specific heat capacity of the cover of refrigerator
Material used to make the desk must be plastic Does not rust and long lasting
Use LED lamp or lamp with low power and just light when Does not heat up the refrigerator inside due to the lamp of bulb
the door is open
Use high power of refrigerator The refrigerator will be more cold to keep the freshness of food stored
The freezer must be installed at the highest part inside the The cool air has higher density will move down to cool the lower part of food and
refrigerator thus causes the air circulation. Hot air at lower part will move up and cooled down
by the freezer.
The specific heat capacity of the cover of refrigerator must Slower conducting the heat outside into the refrigerator.
be high.
(e) You are asked to investigate the features of heating material and the design of a pressure cooker as in Table 20.
P Safety valve The features of pressure cooker:
-Specific heat capacity of the body of pot: 1400 Jkg-1oC-1
-Specific heat capacity of the handle of pot: 890 Jkg-1oC-1
-Thickness of the pot: 5.0 mm
-Has safety valve
Q Safety valve The features of pressure cooker:

-Specific heat capacity of the pot: 385 Jkg-1oC-1
-Specific heat capacity of the handle: 890 Jkg-1oC-1
-Thickness of the pot : 3.0 mm
-Has safety valve
R The features of pressure cooker:

S Safety valve The features of pressure cooker:

-Specific heat capacity of the handle of pot:2300 Jkg-1oC-1
-Has safety valve
T The features of pressure cooker:
-Specific heat capacity of the body of pot: 1400 Jkg-1oC-1
Table 20
Explain the suitability of each features described in Table 20 and then determine the most suitable pressure cooker to be used. Give
a reason for your choice.
Safety valve is needed To release extra steam so that the pressure in the cooker does not reach a dangerous stage
Thickness of the pot must be high To withstand high pressure
Specific heat capacity of Heats up quickly and food will be cooked Faster
the pot must be low
Specific heat capacity of the handle Heats up slowly and can be held with bare hands
must be high
S is chosen because it has safety valve, high thickness, low specific heat capacity of the pot, high specific heat capacity of the handle.
14
21 OHM’S LAW
Diagram 21.1 and Diagram 21.2 show two diagrams of electrical circuits.
Battery
Battery
Bulb
Bulb
(a) Which diagram shows a series circuit?
Diagram 21.1
(b) State one disadvantage of series connection.
Once one of the bulb is burnt, the rest of the bulb will not light up as the circuit is short-open.
(c) Draw the circuit diagram for Diagram 21.2.
Batteries
Bulb
(d) Diagram 21.3 shows an electrical circuit.
12 V
A 20 Ω
2Ω
20 Ω
Diagram 21.3
(i) What is the physical quantity represented by the reading of ammeter? Tick (√) the correct box.
Potential difference
 Electric current
(ii) Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit.
For resistors 20 Ω in parallel:
The effective resistance, 1/R = 1/20 + 1/20
1/R = 2/20
R = 20/2
R = 10 Ω
So, the effective resistance of the circuit = 10 Ω + 2 Ω
= 12 Ω
(iii) What is the reading of the ammeter?
From ohm’s law: V = IR
12 = I(12)
I=1A
(iv) One of the 20 Ω resistor is removed from the circuit. Explain what happens to the ammeter reading?
Ammeter reading will decrease.
# Reason: When the 20 Ω resistor is removed, the remaining resistors are in series and so the effective resistance now is 20 Ω + 2 Ω = 22
Ω. The increase of the effective resistance will decrease the current.
(e) Table shows four heating elements F, G, H and J with different specifications. Three identical eating panels are needed to be fixed on
three sides of an electric dryer.
Heating element Diameter of wire Type of heating panel Arrangement of 3 heating panels Melting point
F Thick Parallel circuit Low
G Thin Parallel circuit High
H Thin Series circuit High
J Thick Parallel circuit High
You are required to determine the most suitable heating element that can produce highest amount of heat faster. Study the
specifications of all the four heating elements. Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable heating
element. Give a reason of your choice.
Specification Reason
The diameter of wire must be thin Increase the resistance
The heating panel is in coils Higher length and thus increase the resistance
The heating panels are arranged in parallel If one panel cannot function or damage, the others can still function
The melting point must be high Can withstand high temperature without getting melt
So, the heating element G is chosen because its diameter of wire is thin, the wire is in coils, heating elements are arranged in parallel and the
melting point is high.
15
22 TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
The transmission of electricity over the National Grid Network uses high voltage cables. You are assigned to study the characteristics of
cables which could be used as transmission cable. Table 22 shows the characteristics of four transmission cables.
Cable Resistivity (Ωm-1)

Density (kgm-3) Rate of oxidation Rate of thermal expansion
P 3.0 × 10-7 5 × 105 Low High
Q 1.8 × 10-8 2 × 103 Low Low
R 7.5 × 10-7 8 × 102 High Medium
S 7.0 × 10-8 4 × 103 Medium High
Table 22
Based on the Table 22, explain the suitability of the characteristics of the cables to be used as transmission cable. Determine the most
suitable transmission cable to be used and give reasons for your choice.
The resistivity must be low To reduce current loss as heat in cable
The density must be low The cable will be lighter to be supported by the pylon
The rate of oxidation must be low Does not rust easily and thus long lasting
The rate of thermal expansion must be low The cables does not expand much during hot weather
So, the cable Q is chosen because its resistivity is low, density is low, rate of oxidation is low and the rate of thermal expansion is low.
(b) Diagram 22.2 shows four types of moving coil ammeter, R, S, T and U to measure small direct current. You are required to determine
the most suitable moving coil ammeter to measure the small direct current effectively.
30 20 30
20 Non- linear scale Non- linear scale
10
10 Skala tak linear Skala tak linear
0
Soft spring Hard spring

Spring lembut Spring keras
Permanent magnet Permanent magnet

Magnet kekal Magnet kekal
S S
Soft iron cylinder Rectangular steel core
N Silinder besi lembut Teras keluli segiempat
N
Hair spring Hair spring
Spring rerambut Spring rerambut
Current in Current in
Arus masuk Arus masuk
Moving coil ammeter R Moving coil ammeter S
30 40 20 30
20 Linear scale 10 Linear scale
Skala linear Skala linear
0
0
Soft spring
Soft spring Spring lembut
Spring lembut
Permanent magnet
Permanent magnet
Magnet kekal Magnet kekal
S S
Soft iron core Soft iron cylinder
Teras besi lembut N Silinder besi lembut
N
Hair spring Hair spring
Spring rerambut Spring rerambut
Current in Current in
Arus masuk Arus masuk
Moving coil ammeter T Moving coil ammeter U

Diagram 12.2 / Rajah 12.2
Study the specification of all the four moving coil ammeters based on the following aspects:
(i) The shape of the permanent magnet and core (iii) The stiffness of the hair spring
(ii) The material of the core (iv) The type of scale of the ammeter
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable moving coil ammeter. Give reasons for your choice.
Specification Reason
The permanent magnet used must be curved To produce radial magnetic field
The material of the core must be soft The core can be magnetized or demagnetized easily
The hair spring must be soft Can detect small current and thus more sensitive
The scale of ammeter must be uniform The deflection of needle is uniform with the scale can be read easily by direct observation
So, the moving coil ammeter T is chosen because its permanent magnet used is in curve shape, material of the core is soft, hair spring is soft and
the scale of ammeter is uniform.
16
23 DIODES
Diagram 23.1 and Diagram 23.2 show two circuits which consist of identical ammeters, dry cells and semiconductor diodes.
1 2 1 2
0 3 0 3

(a) Name an example of pure semiconductor material.
Silicon
(b) Observe the Diagram 23.1 and Diagram 23.1. state the difference between:
(i) The connection of the diodes
The diode is in forward bias in Diagram 23.1 but the diode is in reverse bias in Diagram 23.2
(ii) The reading of the ammeters
The ammeter in Diagram 23.1 has shown a reading but no reading in Diagram 23.2
(iii) Explain the difference in the readings of the ammeters
The current flow is in forward bias in Diagram 23.1 causes an ammeter reading but no reading in Diagram 23.2 due to the reverse of diode
which has blocked the current flow
(c) Based on the answer in (b)(iii), state the function of diode.
To allow the flow of current in one direction only
(d) Diagram 23.3 shows a cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO is connected to a diode circuit.
Diode
a.c Diod To CRO
a.u
R
Ke OSK
Diagram 23.3
(i) Sketch the output waveform on the Diagram 23.4 given below
Output voltage Output voltage
Time Time
0 0
Diagram 23.4 ANSWER

(ii) Sketch the output waveform on the Diagram 23.5 if a capacitor is connected parallel to resistor in Diagram 23.3.
Time Time
0 0
Diagram 23.5 ANSWER

(e) Diagram 23.6 shows a cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO is connected to another diodes circuit.
Diode
Diod
a.c
a.u
R C To CRO
Ke OSK
Diagram 23.6
Sketch the output waveform in Diagram 7.6 that shown by the CRO.
Time Time
0 0
Diagram 23.6 ANSWER

(f) State the function of capacitor in Diagram 23.6.
To smoothen the output voltage
17
24 CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
Diagram 24.1 shows a bright spot, M, formed on the screen on the cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO, when it is switched on.
BRILLIANCE
OFF
M FOCUS
X GAIN
X SHIFT
Y-GAIN STABILITY VARIABLE

VOLT/DIV TIME / DIV
5 2 1
10 1ms 100 us
.5 10 ms 10 us TRIG
Y-INPUT 20
50 .1 100 ms 1 us
EXT
SWEEP
DC AC TRIGLEVEL OUTPUT
AUTO
Diagram 24.1
(a) What is the meaning of cathode ray?
Cathode ray is a fast moving electron beam
(b) What is the meaning of thermionic emission?
Thermionic emission is the process of releasing electrons from a heated cathode surface.
(c) Name the particle that produces the bright spot, M, when it hits the fluorescent screen of the CRO.
Electron
(d) Explain how to produce a bright spot, M on the screen of CRO?
The d.c voltage is supplied to the CRO with the time-base is set off.
(e) Diagram 24.2 shows the bright spot,N when a direct current d.c. supply is connected to the Y-input of the CRO.
BRILLIANCE
OFF
N FOCUS
X GAIN
X SHIFT
Y-GAIN STABILITY VARIABLE

VOLT/DIV TIME / DIV
5 2 1
10 1ms 100 us
.5 10 ms 10 us TRIG
Y-INPUT 20
50 .1 100 ms 1 us
To direct
EXT
current supply SWEEP
DC AC TRIGLEVEL
d.c OUTPUT
AUTO
Diagram 24.2
The Y-gain of the CRO is set at 5 V / division with the time-base is set off.
(i) Calculate the value of the voltage shown by N.
Value of voltage = 5 V per division × 2 divisions
= 10 V
(ii) State the peak voltage, Vp, of N.
Peak voltage, Vp = 10 V
(iii) Calculate the root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s , of the a.c supply.
Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s = Vp/2
= 10/2
= 7.07 V
(f) The CRO in Diagram 24.2 is connected to alternating current supply, a.c and the time-base is set off.
On Diagram 24.3 below, sketch the output waveform that will be displayed on the screen.
Diagram 24.3 ANSWER

(g) State one common function of CRO.
To display waveform //To measure short time interval // To measure the potential difference
18
25 FARADAY’S LAW/ LENZ’S LAW/ ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Diagram 25.1 shows a bar magnet with north pole at point P and Diagram 25.2 shows a bar magnet with south pole at point Q which are
moved towards the solenoid to produce current. Diagram 25.3 shows a bar magnet with south pole being moved away from the solenoid C.
Solenoid A String Solenoid B String Solenoid C String
N S S N S N
PBar magnet Q Bar magnet R Bar magnet
Zero-centered Zero-centered Zero-centered

galvanometer galvanometer galvanometer
Diagram 25.1 Diagram 25.2 Diagram 25.3
(a) What is the polarity of the solenoid at point P, Q and R when the magnet is moved towards the solenoid?
P: North pole Q: South pole R: North pole .
(b) State the law you used in (a).
Lenz’s law
(c) What is the relationship between the number of turns and the magnitude of induced current?
Number of turns is directly proportional to the magnitude of induce current.
(d) Name the law involved in (c).
Faraday’s law
(e) Suggest another method to increase the deflection of the pointer.
Increase the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet // Use a stronger magnet// Use a soft magnet
(f) State an instrument that uses the application of induced current.
Direct Current Generator (D.C. Dynamo) // Alternating Current Generator (A.C. Dynamo) // Moving coil microphone // Transformer
(g) What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
Electromagnet induction is the produce of electromotive force across a conductor when it cuts a magnetic flux.
(h) Electrical generators can produce direct current or alternating current. You are asked to investigate the features in the design of five
generators as shown in Table 25.
Generator Number of turns of Type of mounting for coil Connection at the ends Type of magnet
coil of coil
P 4000 Coil mounted on laminated soft iron core Split-ring commutator Permanent magnet
Q 4000 Coil mounted on solid soft iron core Split-ring commutator Electromagnet
R 9000 Coil mounted on laminated soft iron core Split-ring commutator Electromagnet
S 9000 Coil mounted on solid soft iron core Slips rings Permanent magnet
T 9000 Coil mounted on laminated soft iron core Slip rings Electromagnet
Table 25
Explain the suitability of each feature in Table 25 for the construction of a direct current generator. Determine the most suitable
generator that can supply direct current efficiently to an electronic device. Give reasons for your choice.
Suggestion of feature Reason
Use more turns of coils A larger induced voltage can be produced
Coil mounted on laminated soft iron core Concentrates the magnetic flux
Split-ring commutator is used Exchange contact with the carbon brushes every half-turn to obtain a direct current output
Use electromagnet Can produce a stronger magnetic field
So, the generator R is chosen because it has more turns of coils, the coil is mounted on laminated soft iron core, using split-ring commutator and
uses an electromagnet.
(i) Large generators are used to generate the electricity that will be used in the country. Electricity is distributed throughout the country
by the National Grid Network.
State four advantages in the use of the National Grid Network to distribute electricity to the consumers.
1st: reduces power loss during transmission
2nd: the supply of electricity is more stable and reliable
3rd: electricity can be distributed to different users according to the voltage requirement
4th: maintenance and repair work of the power stations, cable and pylons can be done at anytime
(j) Diagram 25.4 shows a transformer connected between a 240 V a.c. power supply and two light bulbs. The bulbs are at normal
brightness and the reading of the ammeter is 0.25 A.
A
240 V a.c 6 V 12 W 6 V 24 W
Diagram 25.4
(1) State the type of transformer in Diagram 25.4.
Step-down transformer
(2) What is the output voltage of the transformer?
6V
(3) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer?
Input power, P = IV = 240 × 0.25 = 60 W
Output power, P = 12 W + 24 W = 36 W
Efficiency = (36/60) × 100% = 60 %
(4) Explain why the transformer must use a.c. input voltage?
So that the voltage can be changed easily
19
26 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Diagram 26 shows three light rays from a point O travelling in a glass block towards points X, Y and Z. The refractive index of the glass block
is 1.5.
X Y Z
30o
50o
O
Diagram 26
(a) Calculate the angle of , α and β.
For  (refraction phenomenon) For α (Total internal reflection) For β (refraction phenomenon)
From n = sin i / sin r The incident angle hits the critical angle of the glass block. From n = sin i / sin r
1.5 = sin  / sin 30 From n = 1/sin c 1.5 = sin β / sin 40
sin  = 0.75 1.5 = 1/sin α sin β = 0.96
 = 48.6 sin α = 0.67 β = 74.62
α = 41.8
## remember the refractive index, n = sin i / sin r with condition where i = angle in the air and r = angle in medium no matter how the direction of the
ray moving
(b) Table 26 shows the design of five torchlights P, Q, R, S and T.
Bulb beyong
Bulb at the pole of
principle focus
Copper connecting the mirror
P Constantan connecting wire R
wire
Concave reflector
Battery Battery Convex reflector
Bulb at principle Bulb at the pole

focus Constantan of the mirror
Q Copper connecting wire
S
connecting wire
Battery Concave reflector Battery Convex reflector
Bulb between the

two plane mirror
T Iron connecting
wire Plane reflector
Battery
Table 26
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of the five torchlights shown in Table 26. Explain the suitability of each characteristics
of the torchlight and determine the torchlight which can produce a strong parallel beam of light. Give reasons for your choice.
Use copper connecting wire Good conductor with low resistance and thus reduces the current loss as heat
The batteries are arranged in series To increase the potential difference between two points
Bulb is located at the principle focus To produce parallel beams
Use concave reflector The rays will converge to one point after reflection
So, the torch light Q is chosen because it uses copper connecting wire, batteries are arranged in series, the bulb is located at the principle focus and
use concave reflector.
(c) Diagram shows an astronomical telescope. An astronomical telescope is used to view very large objects like moon.
Table shows the characteristics of four different simple astronomical telescopes.

Telescope Type of objective lens Objective of focal length Type of eyepiece lens Diameter of objective lens
S Convex 40 Convex 5.0
T Concave 10 Concave 5.0
U Convex 10 Concave 2.5
V Concave 40 Convex 2.5
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the telescope and determine the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very
far object. Give reason for your choice.
Use convex lens as objective lens Converge all the rays to one point
Focal length of the objective lens must be long To view distant object
Type of eyepiece lens is convex lens Can magnitfy the first image formed by the objective lens
Diameter of objective lens must be big Allow more refraction of light and thus produce brighter image
So, the telescope S is chosen because it uses convex lens as objective lens, focal length of objective lens is long, use convex lens as eyepiece lens
and the diameter of objective lens is big.
20
27 SEMICONDUCTOR
As a research engineer in a factory, you are asked to investigate the characteristics of several substances in order to produce p-type or n-
type to produce semiconductor diode.
Table 9 shows the characteristics of five semiconductors P, Q, R, S and T.
Semiconductor Valence electron of the Valence electron of Size of the doping atom compared with the Type of intrinsic
intrinsic semiconductor doping substance size of the atom relative to intrinsic semiconductor
semiconductor atom
P 5 2 Big Silicon
Q 4 5 Small Silicon
R 3 4 Small Germanium
S 5 2 Almost the same Germanium
T 4 3 Almost the same Silicon
Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the semiconductor P, Q, R, S and T to be used in the production of a semiconductor diode.
Give reasons for your choice.
The valence electron of the intrinsic semiconductor is 4 When it is doped, the conductivity of the semiconductor increases
The valence of the doping substance are 3 or 5 Valence of 3 is used to produce hole as majority charge carrier (P-type) and valence of 5 is
used to produce electron as majority charge carrier (N-type)
Size of the atom of the doping substance is almost same Can maintain the crystallize structure of the substance and thus produces good effect in the
as the size of the substance doping process
The type of pure semiconductor is silicon It has greater power handling and not easy overheated
So, the semiconductor T is chosen because its valence electron of intrinsic semiconductor is 4, valence electron of doping substance is 3, size of doping
atom is almost the same with the size of intrinsic semiconductor atom and use silicon as intrinsic semiconductor.
(a) What is the semiconductor?
Semiconductor is a half metal which has the conductivity between the metal and non-metal and its conductivity can be increased by increasing its
temperature.
(b) How to produce a p-type semiconductor?
By doping the semiconductor of silicon with materials of three valence electrons like Boron and Gallium. The majority charge carriers are holes
(c) How to produce a n-type semiconductor?
By doping the semiconductor of silicon with materials of 5 valence electrons like phosphorus and arsenic. The majority charge carriers are electrons
(d) What will be formed if the p-type semiconductor is fused together with the n-type semiconductor?
Diode // semiconductor diode
(e) What is meant by logic gate?
Logic gate is a switch which operates using two or more than two inputs but with only one output.
(f) State the basic logic gates.
Basic logic gates are AND gates, OR gates and NOT gates.
Extra notes:
AND gate OR gate NOT gate NOR gate NAND gate X-exclusive gate
P R P R P R P R P R P R
Q Q Q Q Q
P Q R P Q R P R P Q R P Q R P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Name of combination gates: Read from behind!!

(g) You are given several batteries, two switches and one bulb. Show how you would arrange these component to produce
-AND gate circuit -NOT gate circuit -NOR gate circuit
-OR gate circuit -NAND gate circuit
Circuit which is equivalent to the Circuit which is equivalent to the Circuit which is equivalent to the
AND gate OR gate NOT gate
Batteries Batteries Batteries
Bulb Switch Bulb Switch
Switch Switch Bulb

Switch
#Not gate has only one input and
therefore using one switch only
Circuit which is equivalent to the Circuit which is equivalent to the
NAND gate NOR gate
Batteries Batteries
Switch Switch Switch
Switch
Bulb
Bulb
21
28 You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in Table 28 and choose a backhoe that can do heavy works, an example
of a backhoe is shown in Diagram 28.1. Explain the suitability of the characteristics each backhoes. Determine the most suitable backhoe.
Give reason for your choice
Diagram 28.1
Type of Backhoe Size of tyre Fluid used in hydraulic system Mass Base area Centre of gravity
P Large Liquid Large Large Low
Q Large Liquid Small Large Low
M Large Gas Large Small High
N Medium Liquid Large Medium Low
S Large Liquid Large Medium High
Answer:
The size of tyre must be big To prevent the backhoe from sinking into soft ground
Fluid used in the hydraulic system is liquid Liquid has very low compressibility
The mass must be big The backhoe will be more stable
The base area must be big Ensure that the backhoe will not collide
The centre of gravity must be low Stable from falling
So, the backhoe P is chosen because its tyre is big, fluid used in hydraulic system is liquid, has large mass, the base area is large and has low centre of
gravity.
Diagram 28.2 shows four racing motorcycles, P, Q, R and S, with different specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable
motorcycle to move fast and safe when racing. Study the specifications of all the four motorcycles. Explain the suitability of the aspects.
Justify your choice.
Racing bike A Racing bike C
Type of brake: without ABS Type of brake: ABS Seat
Mass: 205.0 kg Seat (Antilock Brake System) height
Seat height: 905 mm height Mass: 208.0 kg
Width of tyre
Width of tyre: 1440 mm Seat height: 815 mm
Width of tyre Width of tyre: 1440 mm
Racing bike B Racing bike D
Type of brake: without ABS Type of brake: ABS
Mass: 220.0 kg Seat Mass: 242.0 kg Seat
Seat height: 1010 mm height Seat height: 1055 mm height
Width of tyre: 940 mm Width of tyre Width of tyre: 940 mm Width of tyre
Diagram 28.2
Answer:
The brake with ABS To reduce jerking when it stopped immediately and can be controlled if direction changes
The tyres used are wide Better support and more stable when turn
The mass of the bike is low Lighter and can move faster
Seat height is low Lower centre of gravity and thus more stable
The racing bike C because it has ABS brake, wider tyres, low mass and low seat height.
Diagram 28.3 shows the lamps in a domestic lightning circuit are connected in parallel.
Diagram 28.3
The circuit is not complete and not efficient for electrical energy consuming and less safety. Suggest modifications that need to be done to
the circuit to improve safety, produce the lamps lights up with normal brightness and to increases the efficiency of electrical energy
consuming. State and explain the modification based on the following aspects: (i) switch, (ii) connection between bulb C and D, (iii) suitable
connection for the bulbs, (iv) safety aspect and (v) suitable device to be connected to bulb B.
Suggestion Reason
Attach switch for each lamp To allows each lamp to be switched on and off independently
Connect the metal fitting lamp to the earth wire To flows electron (extra) to earth to avoid lethal shock
Bulbs are connected in parallel If one bulb blows another bulb can still function
Using only 240 V light bulb To ensure the bulbs light up with normal brightness
Step down transformer / adapter Reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V.
22
29 TRANSVERSE WAVE
Diagram 29 shows the electromagnetic wave spectrum.
Increasing wavelength Increasing frequency 
P Microwave Infrared Visible light Q X-ray Gamma ray
Diagram 29
(a) Complete the sentence below by underlining the correct answer in the bracket.
The electromagnetic wave is a ( transverse , longitudinal ) wave.
(b) What is meant by spectrum?
Spectrum is the continuous spread of light into seven colour with different wavelength and frequency.
(c) Name P and Q.
P: Radiowave Q: Ultraviolet
(d) State one application for each of the component of light ray.
Radiowave: Telecommunication Visible light: For sight Gamma ray: Kill cancer cells
Microwave: For heating/cooking Ultraviolet: To detect the counterfeit notes
Infrared: Short-distance linking X-ray: For scanning
(e) Table 29 shows the characteristics of three electromagnetic waves.
Waves Type of waves Frequency / Hz Wavelength / cm
P Gamma ray 1 × 1022 1 × 10-13
Q Infrared 1 × 1013 1 × 10-4
R Ultraviolet 1 × 1017 1 × 10-8
Table 29
Based on the Table 29, state the suitability of the waves to be used as the remote control of a toy car. Give reason.
(i) Type of wave: Infrared
Reason: Not dangerous to the user
(ii) Frequency: Must be low
Reason: The energy is weak
(iii) Wavelength: Must be short
Reason: Easy to diffract
(iv) Wave to be chosen: Q
(f) Diagram 29.1 shows a radar system at airport. The radar system functions to transmit signals to determine the position of an
aeroplane.
ASTRO
Parabolic disc
Receiver
Ground
Diagram 29.1
(i) Name the type of wave transmitted in Diagram 29.1.
Radio wave
(ii) Suggest a suitable size for the parabolic disc.
Big diameter of parabolic disc
(iii) Relate the distance of the signal receiver from the centre of parabolic disc to the focal length. Give reason for your answer.
The signal receiver must be located exactly at the focal length. Because all the signals will converge to one point at focal point
(iv) The distance of an aeroplane from the radar transmitter is 80 000 m. The radar transmits a signal with a frequency of 2.0 ×
1010 Hz to the aeroplane and receives the reflected signal 8.0 ×10-4 s later. Calculate:
- The speed of the signal - The wavelength of the wave
From v = d/t From v = f
= 80 000/ (8.0 ×10-4 ÷ 2) 2 × 108 = (2.0 × 1010)
= 2 × 108 ms-1  = 0.01 m
(g) Diagram 29.2 shows the location of a transmitter and receivers.
Radar system House
Hill
Bukit
Factory
Diagram 29.2
The residents of the housing estate are unable to receive the television and radio signals from the transmitter. You are required to
give some suggestions to design a transmitter which can improve the reception of signals. Using your knowledge of electromagnetic
wave and the properties of transmitter, state and explain the suggestions based on the aspects: -Frequency of the radio wave, -
Wavelength of the radio waves, -Building location of the transmitter, -Function of transmitter, -Strength of the signal
Suggestion Reason
Frequency of the wave must be low Longer wavelength and the diffraction easier
Wavelength of the radio wave must be long More diffraction of wave
The transmitter must be built at high location The transmission of wave will not be block by high building or object
A big transmitter is used To transmit and receive signal
The signal must be high strength More energy and can move further
23
30 PHENOMENON OF WAVES (INTERFERENCE/ REFRACTION/DIFFRACTION)
(a) INTERFERENCE
Diagram 30.1 and 30.2 show wave pattern produced by the vibration of two spherical dippers on the water surface set to be at
different distances.

(i) What is the wave phenomenon shown in Diagram 30.1 and 30.2?
Interference
(ii) Explain why the water level in the ripple tank must be at constant depth during the experiment.
If the depth is not constant, the wavelength of wave changes whereby the wavelength increases with depth and vice-versa. If the
wavelengths for two waves combine are not constant, the position of the constructive and destructive points will be changed.
(iii) Observe Diagram 30.1 and 30.2. Compare the wave patterns produced by the spherical dippers. State the relationship
between the distance of two coherent sources and the separation / distance of two consecutive nodes or antinodes lines.
Wave patterns for both the Diagram 30.1 and Diagram 30.2 are same which are circular. When the distance between two coherent sources
increases, the separation or distance of two consecutive nodes or antinodes line decrease.
(b) REFRACTION (i) Name the wave phenomenon shown in Diagram 30.3.
Diagram 30.3 shows the pattern of sea waves when approaching Refraction
the beach. (ii) Explain in terms of the wave phenomena in 30(b)(i), why
the water waves follow the shape of the beach as it
approaches the shore.
BAY When the waves refract from deep sea to shallower sea, both
the wavelength and the energy decrease. Therefore, it becomes
weaker and follows the shape of the beach.
Diagram 30.3
(iii) Diagram 30.3 shows the seashore of a fishing village. During the rainy season, waves are big. One year the waves eroded
the seashore, caused the jetty to collapse and damaged the fishermen’s boats. [Important]
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest building retaining walls and relocating the jetty. You should
use your knowledge of reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to explain these suggestion, to include the aspects:
i. the design and structure of the retaining wall ii. the location of the new jetty iii. the size or energy of the waves.
Suggestions Explanations
Design a inclined concrete barrier Wave is refracted with velocity/ magnitude/decreasing wavelength
Design a curve barrier Can be absorb waves/decreasing reflection
Jetty is build at bay Water at the bay is stiller
Built diffraction barrier (slit very small) for ship passage To diffract the wave / diffracted
Barrier is built from a strong material/concrete Not easily corrosive/broken// can prevent a strong /hard wave
Design the higher barrier Water cannot over flow
(c) DIFFRACTION (i) Name the type of wave and phenomenon involved.
Diagram 30.4 shows water waves passing through the entrance Type of wave is transverse wave. Phenomenon involved is
of a model harbour. diffraction
Harbour wall (ii) Define the type of wave you state in (a)(i).
Transverse wave is wave where the vibrations of particles are
perpendicular to the propagation of the waves.
Gap
(iii) State why the wave shape is only slightly change after
passing the gap?
The size of gap is longer than the wavelength of the wave
Diagram 30.4 causing the effect of diffraction is not obvious.
(iv) The beach in Diagram will be used as a place where fisherman boats are kept. You are assigned to investigate the design for
the location to keep the boats SAFELY and the characteristics of the retaining wall as shown in Diagram given based on the
aspects of the location to keep the boat, material used for the retaining wall, the height of retaining wall and the size of slit.
Design P Design Q Design R Design S
Beach Beach Beach Beach
Bay Cape Bay Cape

Size of slit Size of slit
Size of slit Size of slit
High concrete retaining wall High wooden retaining wall Short wooden retaining wall Short concrete retaining wall
The retaining wall is built at bay Wave is calmer
Concrete retaining wall Long lasting, stronger and can withstand the pressure of sea wave
High wall Prevent high wave from entering the bay
Smaller opening/aperture / slit of retaining wall Diffraction obvious but with low wave energy
P is chosen as at bay, concrete retaining wall, high wall and smaller slit.
24
31 SOUND WAVE/RESONANCE
(a) State the type of sound wave.
Longitudinal wave
(b) Define the type of wave you named in (a).
Longitudinal wave is a wave where the vibrations of particles are parallel to the direction of propagation of wave.
(c) Diagram 31.1 shows a sound wave produced by vibration of a tuning fork. The sound wave travels in air.
Diagram 31.1
With the help of Diagram 31.1 explain how the sound wave is produced.
1st : When a tuning fork vibrates, air molecules will vibrate.
2nd : When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air is compressed.
3rd : When the tuning fork moves backwards, the air layers are pulled apart and cause a rarefraction.
4th : Therefore, a series of compression and rarefactions will produce sound.
5th : The sound energy is propagated through the air around it in the form of waves.
(d) Diagram 31.2 shows a radar system at an airport. Signals are transmitted from the radar system to determine the position of an
airplane.
Signal
receiver Parabolic
disc
Diagram 31.2
Suggest modifications that need to be done to improve the radar system. You should consider the aspects in your explanation:
(i) The diameter of the parabolic disc,
(ii) The distance of the signal receiver from the centre of the parabolic disc.
(iii) The types of wave transmitted
(iv) The height of the parabolic disc from the ground.
(v) The material of the parabolic disc
Answer:
1st : Large diameter so that it can receive more signal
2nd : The distance of signal receiver from the centre of the parabolic disc is same as the focal length so that the radar gives out parallel
Beam or signals focused to the receiver
3rd : Use microwave wave as it has high energy
4th: Short wavelength so that it can easily reflected
5th: High frequency will has high energy and can travel at longer distance
6th: The position of the parabolic disc is high so that the signal is not blocked, much coverage and can detect signal
7th: Strong material used as it is not easily broken
(e) What is meant by monochromatic light?
Light with only one colour and one wavelength.
(f) What is meant by coherent source?
Coherent source means source with same phase and same frequency
(g) State factors affecting the quality of sound.
-Pitch of sound where it depends on the frequency of the sound
-Loudness of sound where it depends on the amplitude of the sound
(h) Diagram 31.3 shows a Barton’s pendulum which consists of five simple pendulums hanging on a horizontal string. When A is pulled
and released, it will cause the other four pendulums to oscillate.
B
C A
D
E
Diagram 31.3
It is observed that the four pendulums B, C, D and E will oscillate with different amplitudes but with the same frequency.
(i) What is the meaning of amplitude?
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of wave from the equilibrium position
(ii) Which pendulum oscillates with the maximum amplitude?
Pendulum C
(iii) State one reason for your answer in 31(b)(i).
Has the same length with the pendulum A
(iv) Name the phenomenon stated in 31(h).
Resonance
25
32 ELECTRICITY (HEATING ELEMENT)
Diagram 32.1 shows a hair dryer labelled 240 V, 500 W connected to a three pin plug. Diagram 32.2 shows the fuse in the three pin plug.
Three pins plug Hair dryer
Fuse
Heating

(a) State three properties of the material of the heating element in the hair dryer.
Has high melting point, has high resistance, has low specific heat capacity
(b) (i) What is the meaning of the label 0.5 A on the fuse?
Maximum current that can be loaded to the fuse is 0.5 A
(ii) Table 32 shows the specification of a few metals to be used as a fuse wire.
Metal Melting point /°C Specific heat capacity/ J kg-1°C-1 Diameter Resistivity
W 1100 900 Big Low
X 600 900 Small High
Y 1100 240 Big Low
Z 700 240 Small High
Table 32
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the fuse
wire. Give reasons for your choice.
The melting point must be low Easy melt when hot
Specific heat capacity must be low Faster getting hot
The diameter of metal must be low Produces higher resistance which can convert current to heat
The resistivity must be high Produces high resistance
So, the metal Z is chosen because its melting point is low, specific heat capacity is low, small diameter and its resistivity is low.
(c) The hair dryer is Diagram 32.1 is switched on.
(i) Calculate the current flowing through the hair dryer.
Given the hair dryer labelled 240 V, 500 W
 
Voltage Power
From Power, P = IV
500 = I(240)
I = 2.08 A
(ii) State whether the 0.5 A fuse is suitable to be used in the plug.
Not suitable. The hair dryer needs 2.08 A to function. This current of 2.08 A which passes to the fuse of 0.5 A will burn the fuse directly
before working up the hair dryer.
(iii) Calculate the energy used by the hair dryer when it is switched on for 10 minutes. [5 marks]
Power = Energy/Time
Energy = Power × Time
= 500 × (10 × 60) J
= 300 000 J @ 300 kJ
(d) Fuse takes some time to melt or blow. A fast blowing fuse is required to protect semiconductor equipments which cannot stand high
current surge for too long. When a fuse blows, sparking may occur and produces high temperature. The fuse wire is placed in a
sheath or cartridge as shown in Diagram 32.3 to prevent its sparks from causing damage.
Table 32.2 shows the specifications of five fuses that can be used to protect a semiconductor device.
Fuse Thickness of fuse wire Cartridge tye Rating Melting point
P Medium Rubber 10 A Medium
Q Thin Glass 10 A Low
R Thin Ceramic 13 A Low
S Thick Plastic 10 A High
Table 32.2
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a 240V, 2000 W semiconductor material device. Study the specifications of all five fuses
given and justify your choice.
The thickness of fuse wire is thin Has higher resistance which can get hot faster
The cartridge tye must be glass Easily expand and get broken when hot
The fuse rating is 10 A Enough to break down the 240V, 2000 W semiconductor device which needs only a current of 8.33 A
The melting point must be low Faster getting melt and short-open the circuit when the circuit overheated
So, the fuse Q is chosen because its thickness of fuse wire is thin, cartridge tye is made of glass, fuse rating is 10 A and the melting point is low.
##Remember: The fuse itself must be can get hot faster with high resistance and easily get melt so that the circuit is short-open and thus protect the
electrical component from getting burnt.
26
33 UNDERSTANDING ELASTICITY
Diagram 33.1 shows the graph of force against extension for three springs P, Q and R.
Force, F/N
100 P
Q
80 X X R
60 X
40
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Extension, x/cm
Diagram 33.1
(a) (i) A law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied if the elastic limit of the spring is not
exceeded. Name this law.
Hooke’s law
(ii) On the graph in Diagram 33.1, mark ' X ' at the elastic limit for each spring. [Refer to graph]
(b) The spring stores energy when it is extended.
(i) Name the energy stored in the spring when it is extended.
Elastic potential energy
(ii) Calculate the energy stored in spring R when its extension is 8.0 cm.
By observing the graph given, the extension of 8 cm needs 60 N of force.
Energy stored, E = ½ Fx
= ½ (60)(0.80)
= 24 J
(c) The springs are to be used in a Newton balance to measure a maximum load of mass 8 kg.
(i) What is the maximum weight of the load?
Maximum weight = mg = (8)(10) N
= 80 N
(ii) Based on Diagram 33.1, choose two springs which are suitable to be used in the Newton balance specified above.
Spring P and Q
(iii) Which spring is the most suitable to be used in the Newton balance? Explain your answer.
Spring Q. Spring Q has bigger extension although it has same elastic limit with P. If the extension is more, it means the spring has smaller
force constant and softer. Softer spring is more sensitive to detect the small change in weight.
(d) Explain why a spring is elastic?

1st: Spring has intermolecular forces of attractive and repulsive force which are in balance
2nd: When the spring is stretched, the attractive force between molecules is more than the repulsive force and this attractive force will pull the spring
back to its original state.
3rd: When the spring is compressed, the repulsive force between molecules is more than the attractive force and this repulsive force will push the
spring back to its original state.
4th: Therefore, the spring is elastic and can resume to its original state once the applied force is removed.
(e) Table 33.1 shows the characteristics of spring which could be used to make the baby’s cradle.
Spring Force constant / Ncm-1 Diameter of spring wire/ cm Diameter of the coils/ cm Type of material
P 40 5.0 0.2 Alloy
Q 100 2.0 0.5 Iron
R 50 4.0 0.8 Steel
S 150 5.0 0.5 Steel
T 20 1.0 0.4 Iron
Table 33.1
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of the springs in Table 33.1 which could be used to make the baby’s cradle as shown
in Diagram 33.1. Explain the suitability of each characteristics in Table 33.1 and hence, determine which spring is the most suitable to
be used to make the baby’s cradle. Justify your choice.
The force constant must be big The spring is stiffer and thus can withstand big mass but with small extension
The diameter of spring must be big To improve the elasticity of spring
The diameter of coils of spring must be big Increase the elasticity of spring
Material used to make the spring is steel Strong material and can withstand big mass without crack
So, the spring S is chosen because its force constant is big, big diameter of spring, big diameter of coils of spring and the spring is made of steel.
27
34 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION/RADIOISOTOPE
Diagram 34.1 and Diagram 34.2 show the thickness of copper rod influence the magnitude of induced e.m.f. produced in a galvanometer.
Moved down Moved down
Copper rod Copper rod
N S N S
Zero-centered Zero-centered
galvanometer galvanometer
(a) (i) What is the meaning of electromagnetic induction?
Electromagnet induction is the produce of electromotive force across a conductor when it cuts a magnetic flux.
(ii) Using the Diagram 34.1 and Diagram 34.2, compare the thickness of copper rod, the strength of magnet used and the
magnitude of deflection of galvanometer. Relate the thickness of copper rod with the magnitude of deflection of galvanometer
to make a deduction regarding to the relationship between the magnitude of induced e.m.f with the magnitude of deflection of
galvanometer.
The thickness of copper rod in Diagram 34.1 is thicker than in Diagram 34.2. The strength of magnet used for both the Diagram 34.1 and
Diagram 34.2 are same (same magnetic flux shown in diagram). The deflection of galvanometer in Diagram 34.1 is more than in Diagram
34.2. When the thickness of the copper rod increases, the magnitude of deflection of galvanometer increases also. When the magnitude of
induced e.m.f increases, the magnitude of deflection of galvanometer increases also.
(b) Diagram 34.3 shows a transformer. A transformer is operated based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Laminated soft iron core
3 V a.c 6 V, 12 W
Primary coil Secondary coil

Diagram 34.3
Explain
(i) Why the core of the transformer must be laminated?
To reduce the eddy current
(ii) The working principle of transformer.
1st: The working principle of transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. The input voltage must be alternating current.
2nd: When an alternating input current flows in primary coil, it induces a magnetic flux around the coil.
3rd: This induced magnetic flux will be induced to the secondary coil. The magnitude of e.m.f. induced to the secondary coils depends on the
number of secondary coils besides the core is laminated or soft or not.
4th: This induced e.m.f will produce a induced voltage and also induced current to the bulb to light on.
(iii) Given the number of turns of secondary coils are 120 turns and the primary current is 5 A. Calculate the number of turns of
primary coils, input power and the efficiency of the transformer.
From ratio: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np Input power, P = IV Efficiency = (Output power/Input power) × 100%
6/3 = 120/Np = (5)(3) = (12/15)× 100%
Np = 60 turns = 15 W =80%
(c) Table 34.1 shows the characteristics of five radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T.
Radioisotope Half-life Types of ray State of matter Ionising power
P 7 hours Alpha Solid High
Q 10 days Beta Liquid Moderate
R 100 days Gamma Solid Low
S 10 years Gamma Liquid High
T 30 years Beta Solid Low
Table 34.1
As a factory engineer, you are required to determine the most suitable radioisotope that can be used by the system to ensure the
volume of guava juice is uniform. Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and explain the suitability of the aspects. Determine
the most suitable radioisotope and give the reason for your choice.
The half-life must be long Can be used for longer time with the least of refillment cost
The ray is beta Beta has medium ionizing and penetrating power
The state of matter is solid Easy to handle which does not mix up with the juice
The ionizing power must be low Does not ionize and change the taste of juice
So, the radioisotope T is chosen because its half-life is short, use beta ray, state of matter is solid and the ionizing power is low.
(d) Table 34.2 shows the reading of the rate meter for 6 bottles through detector and radioactive source.
Bottle A B C D E F
Rate meter reading / count per minute 464 468 467 462 568 470
Table 34.2
(i) State one detector that is suitable to be used purpose.
Geiger-Muller tube
(ii) Based on Table 12.3, which bottle shows the least volume of juice and state the reason for your answer.
Bottle E. When the volume is less, most the radioisotope can penetrate through and thus give a higher reading by the detector
28

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8 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2

Hollow Galvanometer Hollow Galvanometer Hollow Galvanometer

Diagram 9.3 Diagram 9.4 Diagram 9.5

Horizontal depth Horizontal depth

Light from the object Light from the object

Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.1 (answer for b)

Light from the object

(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 11(d)(i).

Based on Diagram 7.1, state the light phenomena in the cat’s

Diagram 12.1 ANSWER FOR (a)(ii)

Diagram 12.2 ##Answer for (b)(i)

Diagram 12.3 ANSWER FOR (C)(III)

Diagram 12.4 ANSWER FOR (d)(II)

Soft iron core

240 V a.c Output 240 V a.c Output

Rectangular shape Rectangular shape Thin copper wire

240 V a.c Output 240 V a.c Output

Diagram 14.1 Diagram 14.2

Diagram 15.1 Diagram 15.2

Diagram 16.1 Diagram 16.2

Diagram 17.1 Diagram 17.2

Diagram 18.1 Diagram 18.2

What is the pressure of gas Y if the atmospheric pressure is at 76 cmHg?

Heat energy taken

Q Safety valve The features of pressure cooker:

R The features of pressure cooker:

S Safety valve The features of pressure cooker:

G Thin Parallel circuit High

H Thin Series circuit High

J Thick Parallel circuit High

Cable Resistivity (Ωm-1)

Soft spring Hard spring

Permanent magnet Permanent magnet

Moving coil ammeter T Moving coil ammeter U

Diagram 23.1 Diagram 23.2

Diagram 23.4 ANSWER

Diagram 23.5 ANSWER

Diagram 23.6 ANSWER

Y-GAIN STABILITY VARIABLE

Y-GAIN STABILITY VARIABLE

Diagram 24.3 ANSWER

Zero-centered Zero-centered Zero-centered

Bulb at principle Bulb at the pole

Bulb between the

Table shows the characteristics of four different simple astronomical telescopes.

Name of combination gates: Read from behind!!

Bulb Switch Bulb Switch

Switch Switch Bulb

Switch Switch Switch

Diagram 30.1 Diagram 30.2

Bay Cape Bay Cape

Diagram 32.1 Diagram 32.2

(d) Explain why a spring is elastic?

Copper rod Copper rod

Primary coil Secondary coil

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