Chemical Engineering

CENG
CENG101
101
(1) Chemical Engineering involves taking natural raw materials and
Lecture transforming them into useful products:
Lecture1.1.Chemical
ChemicalEngineering
EngineeringProcesses
Processes(5(5h)
h)
Learning Objectives:
Learning Objectives:
(1)
(1)Introduction
IntroductiontotoChemical
ChemicalEngineering
Engineeringand
andProcesses
Processes
(2)
(2)Chemical
ChemicalEngineering
EngineeringCalculation
Calculation
Units and conversion
Units and conversion
Measurements
Measurementsand andcalculation
calculation
Dimension
Dimension and dimensionlessquantities
and dimensionless quantities distillation

n
Data Presentation and analysis

o
Data Presentation and analysis

ati
orm
(3)
(3)Processes
Processesand
andProcess
ProcessVariables
Variables

n sf
Crude Oil
Mass and volume flow
Mass and volume flow

tra
Chemical
Chemicalcomposition

cal
composition

y si
Temperature
Temperatureandandpressure
pressure

Ph
Learning
LearningGuides:
Guides:
(1)
(1)Lecture
Lecturehandouts
handouts
(2)
(2)Chapters
Chapters1-2
1-2ofofTextbook:
Textbook:Elementary
Elementaryprinciples
principlesofof
chemical
chemicalprocesses
processes

Refinery

Chemical transformation
Chemical Engineering Processes may involve Chemical Engineering Processes may involve
(3) Chemically transformation of materials
(1) Transport of materials

(2) Physical transformation of materials

Smelting

Distillation
Chemical Engineering Processes may involve Chemical Engineering Processes may involve
(4) Waste reduction, pollution reduction and abatement (5) Understanding of energy generation and transformation
(a) Efficiency of a process

Wastewater treatment

(b) Phase equilibria

Recycling
Chemical Engineering Processes may involve Chemical Engineering Processes may involve
(c) Reaction (d) Physical properties of materials

Conductivity

Crystal shape and size

Protein folding

Self-assembly structures
From Research to Product Guide for developing a production process
(1) What is the product ? Who is the customer ?
- Better synthetic rubber for athletic shoes
Discovery - Nike company

We do not make a lot of things you use, but

we make it better …. 3M

(2) How much will they pay ? How much should it cost ?
- Market analysis, consultation with main target
Chemical customer
- Account for the financing the building or refurbishing
Engineering of production plant, cost of raw materials and operation
cost.

(3) How do we produce it ? (“Process”)

- Understand the basic chemistry of the reaction

A + B + Energy → Product + D + heat

Product
Process Design and Development Process Design and Development
(1) Mix the reactant A and B (2) Design and build the reactor
- Tubular reactor

A+B→ Reactor → Product + C Size ?

Heat

(a) use giant test tube

(b) batch reactor
(c) tube reactor

Material ?
Stainless steel?
Glass-lined for corrosive reaction

Heating ?
Electrical heater, heat exchanger or steam jacket
Process Design and Development Process Design and Development
(3) Reactant A & B (3) Reactant A & B
Buy or produce ? $$ ?
Purity ?
A+B→ Reactor → Product + C Transportation ?

Solid reactant A
Heat
Crusher to reduce particle size
and promote reaction
State of Material: Solid, liquid or gas ?

Extractor to remove
impurities

Screw pump to transport reactant A

to the reactor
Process Design and Development Process Design and Development
(4) Product (5) By-product C, unreacted A & B
Raw Material A
Raw Material A Product

Separator 1
Separator 1 Separator 3

Reactor → Product + C
Reactor
Heat
Separator 2
Heat
Separator 2 Separator 4

Raw Material B Sold the product as is ?

Or purify and get higher price ? Raw Material B Product 2

Separate and sell ? Or separate and recycle for reuse ?

Process Design and Development
(6) Safety and Environment
Automate Process ?
Safety guidelines and precautions ?
Waste reduction and treatment ?
Release guidelines ?
Community action group ? Education ?

http://www.eng.auburn.edu/users/tplacek/courses/2100/HowToSucceed.html
Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering
(1) Fundamental dimensions → length, mass and time (b) Pressure
P = force/area = F/A
Metric unit
MKS: meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s) Metric unit MKS: Bar (bar) English unit: atmosphere (atm)
cgs: centimeter (cm), gram (g) and second (s) cgs: Pascal (Pa)

English unit Conversions

foot (ft), poundmass (lbm) and second (sec) 1 bar = 105 kg m-1 s-2 = 105 N m-2
= 105 Pa = 102 kPa
Conversions = 106 dyne cm-2
1 m = 100 cm = 0.986 atm = 14.504 psia = 750 torr
= 3.28 ft = 39.37 in

1 kg = 1000 g
1 torr = 1 mm Hg
= 2.204 lbm
1 atm = pressure exerted by the air at
see level
1 s = 1 sec
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 14.7 psia
(2) Derived dimensions → based on primitive units
1 psia = 1 poundal per square inch
(a) Force
absolute
F = mass x acceleration = ma

Metric unit MKS: Newton (N) English unit: poundal (lbf)

cgs: dyne

Conversions
1 N = 1 kg m s-2
= 105 dynes
= 0.2248 lbf
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html
Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering
(c) Temperature (d) Energy
E = force x distance = Fl
Metric unit: Kelvin (K) English unit: Rankine (R)
Metric unit MKS: Joules (J) English unit: ft-lbf and BTU
Conversions cgs: Erg (erg)
T (K) = t(°C) + 273 = T(R)/1.8
T (R) = t(°F) + 460 Conversions
t(°F) = 1.8 t(°C) + 32 1 J = 1 kg m-2 s-2 = 1 N m
= 10 cm3 bar
= 107 dyne cm = 107 erg
= 0.239 cal
= 0.7376 ft-lbf
= 9.478 x 10-4 BTU

Types of Energies:
Stored Energies: Internal energy (energy stored in molecules)
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Potential energy (configurational energy)
Kinetic energy (motion)
macroscopic

Transient Energies: Work (mechanical work)

Heat
Mechanical Energies Mechanical Energies
(1) Kinetic Energy → energy stored in moving objects (2) Potential Energy → energy stored in objects due to their relative
position or configuration.
Ek = 1/2 mu2
Gravitational potential energy: Ep = mgz

Elastic potential energy: Ep = 1/2kx2

Internal Energy Work and Heat
energy stored within the molecule as translational, rotational and Energy transfer between system and surrounding occurs either in
vibrational energies. Change in the internal energy is usually the form of work or heat
manifested by a change in the temperature.
Work (W) → refers to mechanical work
U = f(T)
W = Fdl

translational rotational vibrational Heat (Q) → refers to energy transferred from a hot to a cold object.
Enthalpy and Heat
Engineering Measurements Engineering Measurements
(1) Average (Mean) and Median (1) Precision
is denoted by the number of significant figures in the data
Measurement frequency
3.4 x 104 has 2 significant figures
52 1 35
54 4
3.40 x 104 has 3 significant figures
30
56 7 3.400 x 104 has 4 significant figures
58 20 25
60 35 20 Mathematical Operations
62 15
64 9 15 (1) Multiplication and division
66 2 10 7.29 × 0.4 = 2.916 → 2.9
68 4
5 8 x 100 ÷ 2.00 = 4.00 → 4 x 100
0
Average = 60.11 → 60 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 (2) Addition and substraction
Median = 58.9 → 59
7.29 + 0.401 + 3.1 = 10.791 → 10.8

(2) Precision and Accuracy (2) Range, sample variance, sample standard deviation

70

Measurements
66
X - Sx
62
58
X

54 X + Sx
50
0 5 10 15 20
RUN

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html
Homework # 1 Feb 14, 2003 Chemical Engineering Measurements
Feb 28, 2003
(1) Density(mass/volume), specific volume (volume/mass)
is given by kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3
Individual Problems
Chapter 2:Problem 2.2
Density depends on temperature as material expands during
Chapter 2: Problem 2.13
heating
Chapter 2: Problem 2.35
Team Problem
e.g., VHg(T) = V0(1 + 0.18182 x 10-3T + 0.0078 x 10-6T2)
Chapter 3: Problem 3.13
Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook

Specific density (ρ/ρref)

usually uses water at 4°C as reference

Ρref = 1000 kg/m3

1.000 g/cm3
62.43 lbm/ft3

Self-study:
(1) Find out about the units Baume, degree API and degree Twaddell

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html
Chemical Engineering Measurements Chemical Engineering Measurements
(1) Density(mass/volume), specific volume (volume/mass) (3a) Composition:
is given by kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3
Mass fraction: xA = mass of A/total mass of mixture
Density depends on temperature as material expands during
heating Mole fraction: x’A = mole of A/total mole of mixture

e.g., VHg(T) = V0(1 + 0.18182 x 10-3T + 0.0078 x 10-6T2)

Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook

(3b) Concentration:

Specific density (ρ/ρref) Mass concentration = mass of A/volume of mixture

usually uses water at 4°C as reference
Mole concentration = mole of A/volume of mixture
Ρref = 1000 kg/m3
1.000 g/cm3
62.43 lbm/ft3

Self-study:
(1) Find out about the units Baume, degree API and degree Twaddell

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html
Chemical Engineering Measurements Example 8. Calculate the pressure a scuba diver experience at 100
m beneath the surface of the ocean.
(4) Pressure (force/area)
is given by bar, Pa, lbf/ft2

Hydrostatic pressure
P0
P = P0 + ρgh

Head
ρgh
P
P = ρgh

Manometer
Example 9. The manometers shown in the figure was used to
measure the pressure at point 1 and 2 along a section of a piping.
Please determine the value of P1 and P2 in Psia.