3/11/2009

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Makassar Mensuration?

ƒ Penentuan hasil (isi) berdasarkan data pengukuran

Mensuration:
A
Areas andd
Volumes
Mahmud Achmad

LOGO

Introduction Penentuan Luas

ƒ Penetuan luas dan volume digunakan untuk ƒ Luasan Beraturan

mengetahui luas dan volume pekerjaan. Hal ini
berkaitan erat dengan disain/pengembangan
wilayah
ƒ Geometri/bentuk (2D/3D) mempengaruhi
metode perhitungan
ƒ Keakuratan hasil tergantung pada teknik
perhitungan dan ketelitian pengukuran
(ketelitian: alat, surveyor)
ƒ Unit konversi
Segiempat, jajaran genjang, trapesoid, segitiga,
lingkaran, dan ellips dpt ditentukan dengan
rumus/formula.
ƒ Luasan Tak beraturan (Irregular Shapes)
1. Luasan dari field notes ditentukan dengan metode
split shape atau dengan metode simpangan garis
lurus (Simpson
(Simpson’s
s rule atau Trapezoidal rule)
2. Luasan dari coordinates ditentukan dengan metode
double longitudes (jarak meridian ganda) atau total
coordinates products
3. Planimeter

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Metode Split Shape Metode Split Shape(2)

ƒ Approach
ƒ Luasan dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian berupa
bentuk yang teratur (segitiga atau segiempat)
1. Luas segitiga dg 3 sisi yg berbeda:

C
dimana,
area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
a
Where s = ½ (a + b + c)
2. Luas segitiga dg sudut yg diapit 2 sisi b

B area = ½ ab sinC
c
A

Metode Simpangan Garis Lurus Area by Offsets

ƒ Approach
ƒ Metode Trapezium
ƒ

ƒ Metode Simpson

h1 h2 b

⎛h h ⎞
area = b⎜ 0 + h1 + h2 + L + n ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠

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Area by Offsets Metode Coordinates

ƒ Approach ƒ Approach

D (XD, YD) Area = ½ [XA(YD-YB) + XB(YA-YC)

+ XC(YB-YD) + XD(YC-YA)]

C (XC, YC)

h1
a b h2 c d e f g

A (XA, YA)
area =
1
[a(h0 + h1 ) + b(h1 + h2 ) + c(h2 + h3 )L] B (XB, YB)
2

Metode Coordinates Metode Coordinates

D (XD-XA) D area1 = ½ (XD-XA)(YD-YA)

area
a ea2 = ½ (X
( B-XA)(
)(YA-YB)

C (YD-YA) 1 C

A A
(YA-YB) 2
B (XB-XA) B

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Metode Coordinates Metode Coordinates

(XD-XA) D area3 = ½ [(XD-XA)+(XC-XA)](YD-YC)

area = area3 + area4 - area1 - area2
area
a ea4 = ½ [(X
[( C-XA))+(X
( B-XA)](
)](YC-YB)
= ½ [(XD-XA) + (XC-XA)](YD-YC) + ½ [(XC-XA) + (XB-XA)](YC-YB)
(YD-YC) 3
- ½ (XD-XA)(YD-YA) - ½ (XB-XA)(YA-YB)
C
= ½ [XAYB + XBYC + XCYD + XDYA - XBYA + XCYB + XDYC + XAYD]
(XC-XA)
= ½ [XA(YD-YB) + XB(YA-YC) + XC(YB-YD) + XD(YC-YA)]

4 XA YA
(YC-Y
YB)
XB YB
A Area = ½ |sum (plus products) – sum (minus products)|
XC YC

(XB-XA) B XD YD

XA YA

Contoh dg Metode Coordinates Cth Perhitungan

D (XD, YD) Station X' Y'

XA YA A 0.000 m 10.000 m

C (XC, YC) XB YB B 15.181 m 36.023 m

XC YC C 53.143 m 29.205 m

XD YD D 58.144 m 4.084 m
A (XA, YA) A 0.000 m 10.000 m
B (XB, YB) XA YA

Station X Coordinate Y Coordinate Station X' Y'

area = ½ [XAYB + XBYC + XCYD + XDYA - XBYA + XCYB + XDYC + XAYD]
A 10000.000 m 5000.000 m A 0.000 m 10.000 m
B 10015.181 m 5026.023 m B 15.181 m 36.023 m = ½ [0 + 443.361 + 217.036 + 581.440 – 151.810 – 1914.370
C
– 1698.096 – 0]
10053.143 m 5019.205 m C 53.143 m 29.205 m
D 10058.144 m 4994.084 m D 58.144 m 4.084 m = ½ [-2522.439 m2] = 1261.219 m2

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Area from Maps Scaling Geometric Components

ƒ Approaches ƒ Example
ƒ Faktor Skala ƒ Map with scale 1:1000
ƒ Planimeter
Pl i ƒ Rectangular area on map: dimensions 1.25 in x 2.35 in
ƒ Koordinat ƒ Solution
ƒ Scale dimensions to ground units

ƒ Accuracy of calculated area 1 1.25 in 1000 × 1.25 1ft

= ⇒x= = 1250 in 1250 in × = 104.17 ft
1000 x in 1 12 in
ƒ Keakuratan Peta
1 2.35 in 1000 × 2.35 1ft
ƒ Pendekatan
P d k t titik acuan & titik batas
b t = ⇒y= = 2350 in
i 2350 in × = 195.83 ft
1000 y in 1 12 in

– Calculate ground area = 104.17 ft x 195.83 ft = 20,399 ft2

1 acre
20399 ft 2 × = 0.468 acres
43560ft2

Scaling Geometric Components Errors & Mistakes Komputasi Luas

ƒ Errors
ƒ Example
ƒ Map with scale 1:1000
ƒ Pembulatan
ƒ Rectangular area on map: dimensions 1.25 in x 2.35 in ƒ Tanda
T d (+ ( dan
d -)
ƒ Solution ƒ Posisi poligon
ƒ Calculate area in map units: 1.25 in x 2.35 in = 2.9375 in2
ƒ Scale map area to ground area
ƒ Mistakes
2
⎛ 1000 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ft ⎞
2
1 acre
ƒ Koma dan titik
2 9375 in2 × ⎜
2.9375 ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟ ×
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 12 in ⎠ 43560 ft
2

⎛ 1000000 ⎞ 1ft 2 1 acre

= 2.9375 in2 × ⎜ ⎟× × = 0.468 acres
⎝ ⎠ 144 in 43560 ft
2 2
1

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Metode Hitung Volume

Metode Hitung Volume Penentuan Volume

ƒ End Area Method

Penentuan Volume

V = d(A
( 1 + A2))/2 + d(A
( 2 + A3))/2 + d(A
( 3 + A4))/2 + ........ + d(A
( n-1 + An))/2
V = d[A1 + 2A2 + 2A3 + 2A4 + ......... + 2An-1 + An]/2

V = [First area + last area + 2S(all remaining areas)]

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Penentuan Volume Penentuan Volume

ƒ Metode Prisma (2)

ƒ Consider firstly a rectangular prism.
Clearly A = A = A. Therefore the volume is,
1 2 3

V = A.2d = 2A.d = 6Ad/3, but since A = A = A

1 1 1 1 2 3

V = d[ A + 4A + A]/3, which is the required generalised form.

1 2 3

ƒ Secondly, the wedge as shown:

In this case A = 2A and A = 0. Therefore the total volume is,
1 2 3

V = 1/2.A.2d = A.d = d[3A]/3

1 1 1

V = d[A + 4A + A]/3 which is the required generalised form.

1 2 3

spaced cross sections is given by,

ƒ V = d/3 [(area + area) + 4S(even areas) + 2S(odd areas)]
1 n

This formula may be applied to an odd number (n) of cross sections evenly
spaced (d) along a constant direction.

Penentuan Volume Volumes Spot Heights - Grid Levelling

ƒ Rectangular Base Method

ƒ Need a typical survey of a site using grid levels.
ƒ Each and every intersection of the grid (which unfortunately must
be established in the field) a level is obtained.
ƒ The general problem is to calculate the volume of material above
or below a certain reduced level (RL).
ƒ It should be pointed out that this method will only calculate the
net volume and not the gross volume (made up of cut and fill
volumes).
ƒ Generally this is a disadvantage as the RL to which the
calculations are referred MUST NOT intersect the surface
defined by the grid of levels.
ƒ This problem is investigated later in this section to locate the line
of 'zero cut and fill'.

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Example Grid: Volume: Grid Element and Total

ƒ Now assume that each grid element is a truncated prism of which
the right area is s2 and the height of the prism through the centre of
gravity is approximated to the mean of the four corner heights.
Therefore for the first element the volume is,

ƒ The total volume of the area covered by the entire

grid of levels is, V = [V1 + V2 + V3 + ............. + Vn]
and therefore the volume in general terms may be
ƒ In the figure
g above the ggrid interval is s in both directions, therefore the area
of a grid element is s2. The reference RL is defined as RL0 and the problem expressed as,
is to calculate the volume of material between this horizontal plane and the s2 is the area of the grid cell
surface defined by the grid levels. The height difference at each grid point is Ni is the Occurrence number,
given by;
hi is the height difference at each point
hi = RLi - RL0

Kelemahan? Triangular Base Method

ƒ This method is based on the assumption that the ƒ Triangular elements can better define the surface because any three
levels will define a plane where as four levels (in the general case)
level for each grid element is the mean of the will only define a warped non planar surface.
four corner levels.
levels
ƒ This is, in the majority of cases, an invalid
assumption.
ƒ It will not lead to significant errors if the terrain is
reasonably flat or if the grid spacing (s) is small
with
ith respectt tto the
th surface
f roughness.
h
ƒ The problem can be avoided (but not totally
eliminated) if each square element is considered
to be a prism on a triangular base.

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Perhitungan Volume Penentuan Volume

ƒ In this case the area becomes (s2/2). Then the total volume is made ƒ Volumes from spot heights is convenient but is
up of a series of prisms on triangular bases and be developed by,
V1 = (h1 + h2 + h6) s2/6
generally restricted to small areas since the
ƒ For the second and third elements the volumes are, setting out and levelling of a large grid can be
V2 = (h2 + h6 + h7) s2/6 extremely tedious and time consuming.
V3 = (h2 + h3 + h7) s2/6 ƒ The use of triangles rather than rectangles will
ƒ The total volume of the area covered by the entire grid of levels is,
usually increase the accuracy slightly, though it
V = [V1 + V2 + V3 + ............. + Vn]
and therefore the volume in general terms may be expressed as, will tend to increase the amount of arithmetic
involved.
involved
where Ni is the occurrence number,
hi is the height difference at each point,
s2 the area of the square grid element,