Prot of MV and LV

www.ProtectionRelay.
ir
Protection of Medium and Low

Voltage DistributionSystems
Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Page 111 2007-08 Author PTD SE PTI
Table of Content
www.ProtectionRelay.ir
• Network Structures
• Typical Calculation procedures
• Protection Principles and Co-ordination:
- Overcurrent Protection (relay, MCB, fuses)
- Distance Protection

Urban network structure
Building A
Building B
Building C
Building D

Industrial network structures
Ring network Central substation


Urban low voltage network
open point
400 V three phases

Meshed systems – radial systems

Typical Calculation Procedures

Short-circuit current calculations
U0 = Un/√3

Simple Short - Circuit Calculation

Protection Principles and Co-ordination:
Overcurrent Protection (Relays, MCBs, fuses)

Typical fuse and LC circuit breaker
tripping characteristics

Selectivity of Low Voltage Fuses

Selective tripping of fuses in meshed networks
Siemens LV-Fuses:
Selectivity (only
Fuse F3 blows) is
guranteed at high
currents up to a
ratio of :
I K1
≤ 0.8
I K1 + I K 2
•Cable of same cross-section
•Same LV fuses
Selectivity: Circuit Breaker → Downstream Fuse
I current dependent delayed overload trip

s short time delayed overcurrent trip

tA safety margin
Id pick-up current of the s-release
ts melting time of the fuse
td delay time of the s-release

Selectivity: Fuse → Downstream Circuit Breaker
> 1s
Overload
range Selectivity check
in the short-circuit range by
> 70ms I2t - comparison

Selectivity: Three similar infeeding transformators
Necessary CB protection functions:

1. Inverse time Overload element a
2. Short time delayed I>>-element z

Tripping Characteristic in Medium- and High-Voltage Network

CT-connections dependent on neutral-earthing
I> I>
I>
I>
I> I> I>
I>
Obsolete!
Only in old Obsolete!
substations, Practised only with
no more electromechanical
recommended! protection. !
2- phase connection for 3- phase connection for 2- phase + earth connection

isolated networks earthed networks for an increased earth fault sensitivity
Now generally applied,
independent of neutral-earthing

Measurement (analog) and digital calculation of earth current
L3 L1
L2
L3
L2
E
IR
L3 L2
relay Digital relay
c.t.s c.t.s
L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
Calculated:
IR = IL1 + IL2 + IL3 IR = I1 + I2 + I3
„Holmgreen“ connection

High sensitive earth fault relaying using a window-type CT
3 · I0 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3
L3
L1 L2
IFault Ishield
Iearth

Coordination of overcurrent relays: time grading
0,1 1,3 1,3 0,1 Starting from the

furthest
downstream
0,1
located relay, the
0,9 0,9
operating time is
step by step
increased in
0,5 0,5 0,1
direction of the
infeed.
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Coordination of overcurrent relays: Current grading
Ιf
~
Ιf
U {kV}
2
ZN = N {Ω}
Current grading S'K {MVA}
U {%} UN {kV}
2
ZTr = K Ω
100 SN {MVA}
fault location
Example: Ι >> for faults at HV-side
1 2
Netz
ΙK
UN = 100 kV 110 kV
SK = 5 GVA in 1 ΙK = = 26,5 kA
3 ⋅ 2,4 Ω line impedance
ZN = 2,4 Ω neglected!
SN = 20 MVA 110 kV
uK = 10% in 2 ΙK = = 2,4 kA
ZTr = 60,5 Ω 3 ⋅ 62,9 Ω

Selectivity by current grading
~ ~
Ι >>, t1 0,15 s Ι >, t3 0,1 s

Ι >, t2 0,3 s
ΙK
Ι >>
Ι>
t
t2
t1 t3

Definite and inverse overcurrent relay characteristics
t = 700 ms
t = 400 ms
t = 100 ms
I> I> I>
I> I> I>

Inverse time characteristics acc. To IEC 60255
100
Normal inverse:
t
[s]
0.14
t= x Tp
0.02
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1
⎝ Ip ⎠
10 Very inverse:
DT (4 s) 13.5
t= x Tp
1
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
NI ⎝ Ip ⎠
1.0 Extremely inverse:

VI 80
t= x Tp
2
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
EI ⎝ Ip ⎠
0.1
1 10 100 I / Ip
Normal inverse setting characteristic
t
[s]
Normal inverse:
0.14
t= x Tp
0.02
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1
⎝ Ip ⎠
NI setting characterisic of
the relay 7SJ6 (Siemens)
I / Ip

Application of different O/C characteristics
Definite time (DT)

Easy to coordinate
Constant tripping time independent of infeed variation and fault location

Normal inverse (NI)
Relativey small change in time per unit of change of current.
Most frequenly used in utility and industrial circuits.
Especially applicable where the fault magnitude is nmainly dependent on
the system generating capacity at the time of fault.
Very inverse (VI)
Suitable if there is a substantial reduction of fault current as the fault
distance from the power source increases.
Extemely inverse (EI)
Suitable for protection of distribution feeders with peak currents on
switching in (refrigerators, pumps, water heaters and so on).
Particular suitable for grading with fuses.

Fault current dependent on the fault location
ZS ZL
Infeed 0,4Ω 0,1 Ω/km 11kV

250MVA,
11 kV ~ 0.4 Ω/km 250MVA
Equivalent circuit
100%
0.1 Ω/km (cable)
fault
current Current grading
0.4 Ω/km (OH-Line) depends on the SIR ratio!
1km
fault location

Time grading: definite and inverse time characteristics
A B C D
ZS
~ X X X
51 51 51
IF
fault location
t
tg
tg

Time grading of normal inverse time characteristics
Grading requirement:
t g12 = t g 23 = 200 − 400 ms tg12

tg23
0.14 ⋅ Tp ,n 0.14 ⋅ Tp ,n +1 ⎡⎛
200 − 400 ms ⎜ Isc ⎟ ⎞
0.02
⎤
⇒ = 200 − 400 ms + ⇒ Tp,n = Tp,n +1 + ⋅ ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
⎢⎝ I p ⎠ ⎥
0.02 0.02
⎛ Isc ⎞ ⎛ Isc ⎞ 0.14
⎣ ⎦
⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎜ ⎟ −1
⎜I ⎟ ⎜I ⎟
⎝ p⎠ ⎝ p⎠
Conventional grading principle: Isc = maximum SC-current in the network

Disk emulation: Simulatin of the induction disc
Disk
position
∆t
Trip
3 Ip
2 Ip 0,4 Ip
With
Without
Disc emulation
Reset
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
t [s]

Combined use of inverse and definit time characteristics
The back-up tripping time can be reduced by

Combining inverse and definite time characteristics
ms
gain of
tripping
time
A B

Overcurrent protection co-ordination

Two definite overcurrent relays in series

Protection scheme acceleration

Definite overcurrent protection in cable ring

Protection in closed cable ring

Cable ring with advanced protection

Co-ordination of distance protection at infeeding cables
and overcurrent protection at downstream feeder cables

Advanced overcurrent protection
Reverse interlocking principle
1
Direction of power flow

51 blocking bus feeder protection blockins the
2 t0 = 50ms the fast 50ms-stage at the
t= xx ms infeeding relay via blocking
bus and is only tripping its own CB
2
Infeeding relay trips within 50ms,

as blocking bus is not activated
51 51 51
+ + +
Pick-up Pick-up. Pick-up.
M
1

Directional comparison + reverse interlocking
Fault between station B – C

A B C D
I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2
R1.1 forward, blocked by R1.2

I>,t R4 R1.2 reverse, is blocking R1.1
R5 I>,t R2.1 forward, is blocking BB-protection and trips
R2.2 forward, trips
Undelayed tripping for R3.2 forward, blocked by R3.1
busbar faults (t3 ca. 50ms) R4 no action
and cable faults using only R5 no action
R6 no action
one relay per feeder!!
Fault at outgoing feeder
A B C D
I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

R2.1 reverse, is blocking R2.2
R5 I>,t
R4 no action
R5 no action
R6 is blocking BB-protection and trips

Fault at busbar B
A B C D
I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

I>,t R4 R1.2 reverse, is blocking R1.1 and trips BB-protection
R2.1 reverse, is blocking R2.2 and trips BB-protection
R5 I>,t
R2.2 forward, is blocked by R2.1
R4 no action
R5 no action
R6 no action

Protection Principles and Co-ordination:
- Distance Protection

Basic principle of distance protection
Undelayed trip in first zone

breaker failure
Trip in second (back-up) zone

delayed with second zone time
e.g. in case of breaker failure
etc.
Graphical
representations:
Tripping zones in the impedance plane grading chart

Zone 1 - Setting guidelines
X
Line characteristic
X1 Recommendation for Zone 1 settings:

X1 ≈ 80...90% of line reactance
R1 ≈ 100% of arc resistance
R1E≈ 100% of arc resistance
R1
R1E t1 = 0 ms
R
If the measured impedance is within the set characteristic

and the set time has expired, a TRIP command is issued

Distance protection: Zone characteristics
for
• Distance zones
wa
X
rds
Line
– Inclined with line angle ϕ
Z5
Z4 – Angle α prevents overreach of

Z2 Z1 on faults with fault
Z1B resistance that are fed from
α
Z1 both line ends
rev
ers
e
Load ϕ Load
R • Fault detection (7SA6)

forw
– no fault detection polygon: the
ard
s largest zone determines the
fault detection characteristic
Z3
– simple setting of load
encroachment area with
rev
Rmin and ϕLoad

ers
e

Comparison of zone characteristics: MHO versus polygonal

Grading of the zones - radial network
Z3
Z2
A Z1 B C D
ZT
D D D Ι>>
Ι>t
∆Ι
Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B
Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C)

Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + ZB-C + 0.85 ZC-D ]

Grading of the zones - infeed at both ends
grading time
(s)
0.6
0.3
Ring with grading towards opposite line end

1st Zone Settings
Normal Situation No relay in the next station

A B A B C
Z1.zone= 0.85 x ZA,B Z2.zone = 0.85 x (ZA,B + ZB,C)
Spur line Transformer
A B A B
Z1.zone = 1.20 x ZA,B Z1.zone=Z2.zone=Z3zone Z1.Zone = 0.85 x Ztransf. Z1.zone=Z2.zone=Z3.zone

2nd Zone Settings
A C
Z2.zone = 0.90 x ( ZA,B + 0.85 x min {ZB…} )
2nd zone impedance grading acc. to the

D shortest 1st zone setting and the next
busbar ( ZB,D < ZB,C < ZB,F ), hereby spur
lines are neglected (ZB,E).
E Z2.zone = 0.90 x ( ZA,B + 0,85 x ZB,D )
B F

2nd Zone Settings in Case of Short and Long Lines in Series
Example
long line short cable line

2nd Zone Settings in Case of Short and Long Lines in Series
Protection strategy 1 Alternative:

Protection relay R2 at
the terminal B can be

R1 R2 graded with 2nd zone
A B C
in reverse direction.
Z2.zone = 0.85 x ( ZAB + 0.85 x ZAC ) < 1.00 ZAB
Comment: absolutely selective grading schedule, but short-circuit
faults on the last part of long line will be tripped in the 3rd zone.
Protection strategy 2
A B C
Z2.zone = 1.2 x ZAB

Comment: fast 1st zone and 2nd zone will trip all short-circuit faults on
the long line, but no selective tripping in the 2nd and higher zones.

3rd Zone Settings
A E
C F
B D G
Z3.zone = 0.85 x ( ZA,B + 0.85 ( ZB,C + 0.85 x ZC,E ) )

ZB,C + 0.85 x ZC,E < ZB,D + 0.85 x ZD,G
Grading according to the shortest 2nd zone of the outgoing lines at

the next station . Fault at station C will not be cleared with 3rd zone!
3rd Zone Settings

Infeed Cable with Distance Protection

Impedance Plan with Relay Zone Reach

Coordination of Relays, Fuses and

LV-Circuit breakers
Case Study

Inverse time Relay Setting Parameters
I>
Phase Fault : Ip Tp
I> T> *)
I >> T >> T>
I >>> T >>>
I >>
T >>
Earth Fault : I Ep TEp
I E> T E> *) I >>>
I E>> T E>>
T >>>
*) characteristic

Definite Time Relay SettingCharacteristics
time [s]
I>
T>
I >>
T >>
current [A]

Relay inverse Time Characteristics acc. to IEC and BS142
time [s]
Ip
Tp normal inverse
Typ very inverse
extremly inverse
I>
T>
current [A]

LV Circuit Breaker Setting Parameters
Phase Fault : Ir tc
Id td Ir
Ii ti tc
Id
td
Earth Fault : Ig tg
Ii
I2t=const.
ti

Protection Area - „Motor“
thermal
Motor curve
I rated
I start Short-circuit current

bandwidth

Protection Area - „Transformer“
thermal
Curve
SC limit
secondary
In
Rush SC limit
primary
time limit of
Protection below

Example: Network 20/6/0.4 kV

Data base for short circuit calculation

Short circuit calculation results

Summary of results - maximum 3-phase short circuit

Summary of results - minimum 2-phase short circuit

CT data and protection devices

Protection Coordination – Motor feeder
Requirements:
Ip ~ 110 % * In,motor
tmot[Istart,motor] < tcurve
Istart,motor < I>> < Isc,min

Protection Coordination (1)– Transformer feeder 20/0,4kV
Check settings !!!

Requirements HV side:
I> ~ I>>sec.side
T> = T>>sec side + 1 time step
I>> > Isc,max of sec. side

I>> < Isc,min of prim side
Requirements LV side:
Ip ~ 1.1 * In,tr
I>> ~ 3 – 4 * In,tr
I>> < Isc,min



Protection Coordination –Transformer 20/6kV

Check Protection Coordination – Motor & Transformer


Prot of MV and LV

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Prot of MV and LV

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

www.ProtectionRelay.

Protection of Medium and Low

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

• Typical Calculation procedures

• Protection Principles and Co-ordination:

- Overcurrent Protection (relay, MCB, fuses)

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Ring network Central substation

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

400 V three phases

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Typical Calculation Procedures

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Protection Principles and Co-ordination:

Overcurrent Protection (Relays, MCBs, fuses)

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

I current dependent delayed overload trip

s short time delayed overcurrent trip

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Necessary CB protection functions:

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

I> I> I>

2- phase connection for 3- phase connection for 2- phase + earth connection

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

3 · I0 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

0,1 1,3 1,3 0,1 Starting from the

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Ι >>, t1 0,15 s Ι >, t3 0,1 s

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

I> I> I>

I> I> I>

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

1.0 Extremely inverse:

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Definite time (DT)

Constant tripping time independent of infeed variation and fault location

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Infeed 0,4Ω 0,1 Ω/km 11kV

0.1 Ω/km (cable)

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

t g12 = t g 23 = 200 − 400 ms tg12

Conventional grading principle: Isc = maximum SC-current in the network

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

The back-up tripping time can be reduced by

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.