SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR

Fundamental
Mechanics of Fluids
Fourth Edition

by
I.G. Currie
SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
Fundamental
Mechanics of Fluids
Fourth Edition

by
I.G. Currie
CRC Press
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 1

BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

 BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.1

Inflow through x = constant:  u y z


Outflow through x   x = constant:  u y z  (  u  y  z)  x 
x

Net inflow through x = constant surfaces:  ( u ) x y  z 
x

Net inflow through y = constant surfaces:  ( v ) x y  z 
y

Net inflow through z = constant surfaces:  ( w) x y  z 
z
But the rate at which the mass is accumulating inside the control volume is:

(   x  y  z)
t
Then the equation of mass conservation becomes:

    
 x  y  z    ( u )  (  v)  (  w)   x  y  z 
t  x y z 

Taking the limits as the quantities  x,  y and  z become vanishingly small, we get:

   
 ( u)  (  v)  (  w)  0
t x y z

Page 1-1
BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.2

Inflow through R = constant:  u R R   z


Outflow through R   R = constant:  u R R   z  (  u R R   z )  R 
R

Net inflow through R = constant surfaces:  (  R u R )  R   z 
R

Net inflow through  = constant surfaces:  (  u )  R   z 


Net inflow through z = constant surfaces:  (  u z ) R  R   z 
z
But the rate at which the mass is accumulating inside the control volume is:

(  R  R   z )
t
Then the equation of mass conservation becomes:

    
R  R   z    (  Ru R )  (  u  )  R (  u z )   R   z 
t  R  z 

Taking the limits as the quantities  R,  and  z become vanishingly small, we get:

 1  1  
 ( R u R )  (  u )  (  u z )  0
t R R R  z

Page 1-2
 BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.3

Inflow through r = constant:  u r r 2 sin   

Outflow through r   r = constant:  u r r 2 sin   

 (  r 2u r sin    )  r 
r

Net inflow through r = constant surfaces: (  r 2u r )sin   r   
r

Net inflow through  = constant surfaces:  (  u sin  ) r  r   


Net inflow through  = constant surfaces:  (  u  ) r  r   

But the rate at which the mass is accumulating inside the control volume is:

(  r 2 sin   r   )
t
Then the equation of mass conservation becomes:

 2    
r sin   r      (  r 2u r ) sin   r (  u  sin  )  r (  u  )   r   
t  r   

Taking the limits as the quantities  r,  and  become vanishingly small, we get:

 1  1  1 
 2 (  r 2u r )  (  u  sin  )  (  u )  0
t r r r sin   r sin  

Page 1-3
BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.4

Using the given transformation equations gives:

y
R2  x2  y2 and tan  
x
R R
 2R  2 x  2 R cos    cos 
x x
 y 1 sin   1
and sec 2   2     sin 
x x R cos 
2
x R

Using these results, the derivatives with respect to x and y transform as follows:

 R     sin  
   cos  
x x R x  R R 
 R     cos  
   sin  
y y R y  R R 
 

z z

Using these results and the relationships between the Cartesian and cylindrical vector
components, we get the following expressions for the Cartesian terms in the continuity equation:

  sin  
(  u )  cos [  (u R cos  u sin  )]  [(  (u R cos   u sin  )]
x R R 
  cos  
(  v)  sin  [  (u R sin   u  cos  )]  [(  (u R sin   u  cos  )]
y R R 

Adding these two terms and simplifying produces the following equation:

    uR 1 
(  u )  (  v)  ( u R )   (  u )
x y R R R 
1  1 
 ( R u R )  (  u )
R R R 

Substituting this result into the full continuity equation yields the following result:

 1  1  
 ( R u R )  (  u )  (  u z )  0
t R R R  z

Page 1-4
 BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.5

The equations that connect the two coordinate systems are as follows:

x  r sin  cos  y  r sin  sin  z  r cos 

y z2
r x y z
2 2 2 2
tan   cos   2
2

x (x  y 2  z 2 )

Using the relations given above, the following identities are obtained for the various partial
derivatives:
r r r
 sin  cos   sin  sin   cos
x y z
 1  1  1
  cos cos    cos sin    sin 
x r y r z r
 1 sin   1 cos  
  0
x r sin  y r cos z

Thus the following expressions are obtained for the various Cartesian derivatives:

 r     
  
x x r x  x 
  1 sin  
 sin  cos   r cos  cos  
r  r sin  
 r     
  
y y r y  y 
 1  1 cos  
 sin  sin   cos sin  
r r  r sin  
 r     
  
z z r z  z 
 1 
 cos   sin 
r r 

Next we need the Cartesian velocity components expressed in terms of spherical components.
This may be achieved by noting that the velocity vector may be written as follows:

u  u e x  v e y  w e z  u r e r  u e   u  e 

Then, if we express the base vectors in spherical coordinates in terms of the base vectors in
Cartesian coordinates, equating components in the previous equation will yield the required
relationships. Thus, noting that:

Page 1-5
BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

r  x e x  y e y  z e z  r sin  cos  e x  r sin  sin  e y  r cos e z

Also, recalling from Appendix A that:

r r
ei  it follows that
x i x i
e r  sin  cos  e x  sin  sin  e y  cos e z
e   cos  cos  e x  cos  sin  e y  sin  e z
e    sin  e x  cos  e y

Substituting these expressions into the equation obtained above for the velocity vector, and
equating coefficients of like base vectors, yields the following relationships connecting the
Cartesian and spherical velocity components:

u  u r sin  cos   u  cos  cos   u  sin 

v  u r sin  sin   u  cos  sin   u  cos 
w  u r cos   u  sin 

Using these results, and those obtained for the Cartesian derivatives, produces the following
expression for the Cartesian terms that appear in the continuity equation:

   1  1  1 
(  u )  (  v)  (  w)  2 (  r 2u r )  (  u  sin  )  (  u )
x y z r r r sin   r sin  

Substituting this result into the full continuity equation yields the following expression:

 1  1  1 
 2 (  r 2u r )  (  u  sin  )  (  u )  0
t r r r sin   r sin  

Problem 1.6

From Appendix A, the following value is obtained for the convective derivative:

1  a1 a 2 a 3  a 2    
(a ) a   a1  a2  a3    (h2 a 2 )  (h1 a1 ) 
h1  x1 x1 x1  h 2  x1 x 2 
a3     
  (h1 a1 )  (h3 a 3 )  e 1  ( )e2  ( )e3
h3  x 3 x1  

Page 1-6
 BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Applying this result to cylindrical coordinates, we interpret the various terms as follows:

a1  u R a 2  u a3  u z
x1  R x2   x3  z
h1  1 h2  R h3  1
e1  e R e 2  e e3  e z

Using these results, the required term becomes:

 u R u u z  u  u R   u R u z 
e R  (u  ) u    u R  u  uz   ( Ru  )    u z  
 R R R  R  R    z R 

Simplifying the right side of this equation produces the required result:

u R u  u R u R
2
u
e R  (u  ) u   u R    uz
R R  R z

Problem 1.7

We use the same starting equation from Appendix A as in the previous problem. However, since
we are dealing with spherical coordinates here, the various terms are as follows:

a1  u r a 2  u a3  u
x1  r x2   x3  
h1  1 h2  r h3  r sin 
e1  e r e 2  e e 3  e

Using these results, the required term becomes:

 u r u  u   u   u r  u   u r  
e r  (u  ) u    u r  u  u   (r u  )     (r u  sin  
 r r r  r  r   r sin    r 

Simplifying the right side of this equation yields the required result:

u r u  u r u  u  u r
2 2
u
e r  (u  ) u   u r   
r r  r r sin  

Page 1-7
BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.8

For a Newtonian fluid, the shear stress tensor is defined by the following equation:

u k  u i u j 
ij  ij    
x k  x j x i
 
Evaluating the various terms in this expression for Cartesian coordinates ( x, y , z ) and Cartesian
velocity components ( u, v, w ) yields the following results:

 u v w  u
 xx        2
 x y z  x
 u v w  v
 yy        2
 x y z  y
 u v w  w
 zz        2
 x y z  z
 u v 
 xy   yx     
 y x 
 u w 
 xz   zx     
 z x 
 v w 
 yz   z y     
 z y 
For a monotonic gas, the Stokes relation requires that    2  / 3 . Then the relations obtained
above assume the following special form:

  u v w 
 xx  4 2 2 
3  x y z 
  v u w 
 yy  4  2 2 
3  y x z 
  w u v 
 zz  4 2 2 
3  z x y 
 u v 
 xy   yx     
 y x 
 u w 
 xz   zx     
 z x 
 v w 
 yz   z y     
 z y 

Page 1-8
 BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

Problem 1.9

For a Newtonian fluid, the dissipation function is defined by the following equation:
2
 u k   u i u j  u j
       
 x k
   x j x i  x i
Evaluating the various terms in this equation for the Cartesian coordinates ( x, y , z ) and the
Cartesian velocity components ( u, v, w ), yields the following value for  :

 u v w 
2
 u  2  v  2  w  2 
      2          
 x y z   x   y   z  
 u v  2  u w  2  v w  2 
           
 y x   z x   z y  

For a monotonic gas, the Stokes relation requires that    2  / 3 . Then the general expression
for  obtained above assumes the following special form:

 2  u v w  2  u 
2
 v 
2
 w 
2

         2   2   2 
 3  x y z   x   y   z 

 u v   u w   v w  
2 2 2

         
 y x   z x   z y  

Problem 1.10

For steady flow of an inviscid and incompressible fluid, but one for which the density is not
constant, the two-dimensional governing equations are:

 
(  u )  (  v)  0
x y
u u p
u  v 
x y x
v v p
u  v 
x y y

Dividing the continuity equation by  0 and using the definitions of the new velocity
components as given, we get:

Page 1-9
BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

   *    *
 u   v 0
x   0  y   0
 


  u * v *  *     *    
   u  v  0
 0  x x  x   0  y   0 

The last two terms in the last equation represent the steady-state form of the material derivative
of the square root of the density ratio. For an incompressible fluid, this quantity will be zero.
Then the continuity equation becomes:

u * u *
 0 (1.15)
x x

Adding the original form of the continuity equation to each of the components of the momentum
equation, and dividing throughout by the constant  0 , yields the following form of the
momentum equations:

   2     1 p
 u    u v   
x   0  y   0  0 x

       2 1 p
 u v    v 
x   0  y   0  0 y

Using the definitions of the new velocity components, these equations become:


x  
2
u* 

y

u* v*  
1 p

 0 x
 * *
x

u v 

y

2
v*    
1 p
 0 y

Expanding the terms on the left side of this equation and using Eq. (1.15) reduces the momentum
equations to those of an incompressible fluid. The resulting equations are as follows:

u * v *
 0
x y
u * u * 1 p
u*  v* 
x y  0 x
v * v * 1 p
u*  v* 
x y  0 y

Page 1-10
 2

FLOW KINEMATICS
 FLOW KINEMATICS

Problem 2.1

The following graph was drawn using EXCEL.

__________________________________________________________________________

Problem 2.2

dy v
(a) 1 t
dx u
y (1 t ) x C
But x y 1 when t 0 C 0

Hence at t 0 the equation of the streamline is:

y x

Page 2-1
FLOW KINEMATICS

dx 1 dy
(b) u v 1
dt 1 t dt
x log (1 t ) C1 y t C2

The condition that x y 1 when t 0 requires that C1 C2 1 , so that:

x 1 log (1 t ) y 1 t

Eliminating t between these two equations shows that the equation of the pathline is:

y ex 1

(c) Here, the equations obtained in (b) above are required to satisfy the condition x y 1
when t . This leads to the values C1 1 log (1 ) and C 2 1 . Hence the
parametric equations of the streakline are:

x log (1 t ) 1 log (1 ) y t 1

At time t 0 these equations become:

x 1 log (1 ) y 1

Eliminating the parameter between these two equations yields the following equation
for the streakline at t 0 :

y 2 e1 x

Problem 2.3

(a) u x(1 t ) v 1 w 0
dx
x(1 t ) x C1 e(1 t ) s C1 e s at t 0
ds
dy
1 y s C2
ds
But x = y = 1 when s = 0 so that C1 C2 1. Hence:
x e s and y s 1

x ey 1

Page 2-2