MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Management is the scientific art of achieving the results and goals by effective utilization of
the resources. Management is the science which has made tremendous contributions to the
improvement of all the industry including health industry worldwide . As the health industry
is a core industry in today’s world and we are having united resources , so it has become a
great need to use these resources efficiently with meticulous managerial skills. Management
is required to plan , organise , coordinate and control the affairs of the organisation . It brings
the human and material resources together and motivates people for achievement of the
objectives of the organisation . Management is a universal process in all organised social and
economic activities. Management is involved to some extent in all activities of human life.

Health care delivery system facing highly competitive environment , so health care agency
must consistently deliver high quality , cost effective care to clients . Nursing care is the
major service of most of the health care agencies. So, effective nursing management is a
major determinant of them . To operate successfully , nurses should have knowledge of
managerial concepts.

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which

individuals , working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims.

Definitions :

According to Henri Fayol, "to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to
co-ordinate and to control."

Ghislain Deslandes defines it as “a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and
endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation and imagination, operating on
subjective, interpersonal, institutional and environmental levels”

Horald koontz defines “management as an art of getting things done through and with
people in formally organised groups .”

Meaning of management
The word management is derived from the Italian word “maneggiare ” which means “to
handle” which derives from the two Latin words manus (hand) and agere (to act) , from French
word “maneger” meaning “ to direct a household” i.e. “ to economize” “ an act of guiding
and leading”.

Five managerial functions around which managerial knowledge is organized i.e. planning ,
organizing , staffing, leading and controlling. As a manager and provider of client care , the
nurse coordinates various health care professionals and their services to help the client meet
desired outcomes and to become effective nurse mangers .

ADMINISTRATION

Administration is that part of management which is concerned with the installation and
carrying out of the procedures by which it is laid down and communicating the process of
activities ,regulated and checked against plans. Administration determines the basic
framework of the organization within which managerial functions are taken.

Definitions :

“ Administration is the organisation and direction of human and material resources to achieve
desired ends.”

( Pfiffner and presthus}

“Administration is determined action taken in the pursuit of a conscious purpose . It is the

systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources aimed at making those
things happen which one wants to happen and forestalling everything to the contrary .”

(Mars)

“Administration is the direction , coordination and control of many persons to achieve some
purposes or objectives.”

(LD White)
“Administration has to do with getting things done , with the accomplishment of getting
things done.”

(Luther gullick)

These two words are slightly similar and can employ interchangeable.

Management refers to private sector. Whereas administration refers to public sector.

Management or Administration is the process for exceeding the goal expected."

- Derek French and Heather Saward.

Meaning of administration :

The word “ administer” is derived from the Latin word “ad + ministraire” - to care for or to
look after people to manage affairs. Administraire means “ serve” the meaning is suggestive
enough , as it insists on the administrator to regard himself as servant , not that master to look
after, perform all functions. Administration is the process of permeating all collective effort ,
be it public or private , civil or military , large scale otherwise , and is that of universal
nature. It is a cooperative effort directed towards the realization of a consciously laid down
objectives.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMNT AND ADMINSTRATION

Basis of difference Management Administration

Nature of work It put into action the policies
and plans laid down by the
administration.
Type of function It is an executive function
Scope It takes decisions within the
framework set by the
administration.
Level of authority It is a middle level activity
Nature of status It is a group of managerial
personnel who use their
specialized knowledge to
It is concerned about the
determination of objectives
and major policies of an
organization
It is a determinative function
It takes major decisions of an
enterprise as a whole
It is a top-level activity.
It consists of owners who
invest capital in and receive
profits from an enterprise.
 fulfil the objectives of an
enterprise
Nature of usage It is used in business
enterprises.
Decision making Its decisions are influenced
by the values, opinions, and
beliefs of the managers
Main functions Motivating and controlling
functions are involved in it.
Abilities It require technical activities
It is popular with
government, military,
educational, and religious
organizations.
Its decisions are influenced
by public opinion,
government policies, social,
and religious factors.
Planning and organizing
functions are involved in it.
It needs administrative rather
than technical abilities.

FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATION
Different experts have classified functions of administration . The mainly are planning,
organising , actuating and controlling .

Recording /
controlling planning
Reporting

FUNCTIONS
OF
organising
ADMINSTAR
TION

directing /
staffing Budgeting
leading

Luther gullick give a pneumonic “ POSDCORB”

 P- PLANNING
 O- ORGANISATION
 S- STAFFING
 D- DIRECTING
 C- CONTROL AND COORDINATION
 R – RECORDING AND REPORTING
 B – BUDGETING
PLANNING : Planning is deciding what needs to be happen in the future ( today ,
next day , next week , next month next year, over the years etc. ) and generating plans
for action. It is the basic function which deals with chalking out a future course of
action and deciding in advance most appropriate course of actions for achievement of
predetermined goals .
According to Koontz , “ planning is deciding in advance – what to do , when to do
and how to do “
It bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to be . A plan is a future
course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving and decision making. Thus ,
planning is a systematic thinking about ways and means for accomplishments of pre-
determined goals . Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human and
non – human responses . Its all pervasive, an intellectual activity which helps in
avoiding confusion , uncertainties, risks , wastages etc.
ORGANISING : Organising in general means “ putting things in order.”
Organising is done to make optimum use of the resources required to enable to
successful carrying out of plans. It is the process of bringing together physical ,
financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them
for achievement of organisational goals.
Organisation consists of the relationship of individual to individuals and groups to
groups which are related as to bring about an orderly division of labour .
STAFFING : Staffing is a selection training , motivating and retaining of a
personnel in the organisation. Staffing involves manpower planning .
Manpower planning may be defined as a strategy for the acquisition , utilisation ,
improvement and preservation of human resources of an organisation . It’s a
technique for procurement , development , allocation and utilization of human
resources in an organisation .
DIRECTING : Direction means giving the order to start the operation for the
implementations of a policy or plan . Direction descends to the first line workers
engaged in operations through a hierarchy of supervising officers. The first line
supervisor is immediately responsible for directing the operations, but any doubt or
difficulties which he himself may experience have to be referred to and removed by
his supervisors and so on till the very top
COORDINATION : Coordination is the integration , synchronization or orderly
pattern of group efforts in the institution / organisation towards the accomplishment of
 common objectives . Coordination is the adjustment of the parts of each other and of
the movement and operation of party in time so that each can make into maximum
contribution to the product of the whole .
In general , coordination means making arrangements so that all parts of an
organisation pull together towards defined goals , without duplication , without gaps
and conflicts on time.
RECORDING & REPORTING : Good health acre administration depends
upon the good reports and records . Reports and records are good tool or vehicle for
transmitting information from downward to upward and upward to downward
communication . A client depends upon the staff nurse for the quality of care . Each
health care organisation has policies about recording and reporting client data , and
each nurse is accountable for practicing according to these standards.
BUDGETING : It serves as powerful tool of coordination and negatively effective
device of eliminating duplicating and wastage . Budget control is concerned with
measuring and comparing actual results as provide in the budget estimate or by taking
corrective measures indicates . Budget go hand in hand with programming under the
direct supervision of chief executive .

PLANNING AND CONTROL

Planning
Planning means to decide in advance what is to be done. It charts a course of actions
for the future. It is an intellectual process and it aims to achieve a coordinated and
consistent set of operations aimed at desired objectives.
Planning is the process of analysing and understanding a system , formulating its
goals and objectives, assessing the capabilities , designing alternative course of
actions or plans for purpose of achieving these goals and objectives, evaluating the
effectiveness of these plans , choosing the preferred plan , initiating necessary actions
for its implementation and continuous surveillance of the system in order to arrive at
an optimal relationship between the plan and systems
Essentials of good planning
Yields reasonable organizational objectives and develops alternative approaches to
meet these objectives.
Helps to eliminate or reduce the future uncertainty and chance.
Helps to gain economical operations.
Lays the foundation for organizing.
Facilitates co-ordination.
Helps to facilitate control.
Dictates those activities to which employers are directed.
Characteristics of planning
 Primacy
 Continuity
 Flexibility
 Unity
 Precision
 Pervasiveness
COMPONENTS OF PLANNING
 Objectives
 Policies
 Procedures
 Program
 Budget

Controlling

Controlling can be defined as the regulation of activities in accordance with the

requirements of plans.
Steps of control:
The control function, whether it is applied to cash, medical care, employee morale or
anything else, involves four steps.
1. Establishments of standards.
2. Measuring performance
3. Comparing the actual results with the standards.
4. Correcting deviations from standards.
Techniques of control
Communication
Orderly plans
Supervision
Leadership
Departmentation
Direct contact
REFERENCES
1. Basavanthappa BT. Nursing administration , Jaypee publishers 2nd edition pp. 92, 119,
142, 183, 212, 273, 283, 306
2. Koontz Harold , Weihrich Heinz . Essentials of management, Tata Mcgraw Hill
publishers 8th edition pp. 1-2