Lesson 3 GM

Key Concepts of Rational
Functions
Functions and their Graphs
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:

1. Find the domain and range of a rational function
2. Determine the intercepts, zeroes and asymptotes of rational functions
3. Graph rational functions
4. Solve problems involving rational functions, equations and inequalities
Finding the domain and range of
a rational function
Definitions
• Domain
• The set of all values of x for which the function is defined
• Range
• The set of all values of y for which the function takes from the
values of the domain
Determining the Domain and the Range
• When determining the domain and the range of a rational function, it is important
to note that the domain of the function should not include values of x which would
make the denominator zero (0)
• The domain of a rational function consists of all real number except for those
values which would make the denominator zero.
• One way to determine the range of a rational function is by getting the domain of
the inverse of the rational function
Example
• Get the domain and the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−1
𝑥+1
• Domain: all real number except 𝑥 = 1

• Getting the inverse of the function
• 𝑦=
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
𝑦 𝑥−1 =𝑥+1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1
• 𝑥 𝑦−1 =𝑦+1
𝑦+1
𝑥 = 𝑦−1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
• Range = domain of the inverse 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 1

Example
• Get the domain and the range of 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
𝑥
• Domain: all real except 𝑥 = 0

• Getting the inverse of the function:
• 𝑦=
𝑥+1
𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 𝑥 𝑦−1 =1 𝑥=
1
𝑦−1
• 1
The inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
• Range is all values of 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 1
Determining the intercepts, zeroes
and asymptotes of rational functions
Graph rational functions
www.hccfl.edu/media/723099/l4-1140-sec%205-3.pptx
Definitions
• Intercept
• An intercept, or x-intercept and y-intercept, is a point on the axis where the graph of the
function passes through.
• Asymptote
• An asymptote is a vertical or horizontal line in the Cartesian plane that a graph approaches to
but never passes through.
• Zeros
• Zeros of a function are x-intercepts
The Graph of a Rational Function
• General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 1) Factor the numerator and the denominator
• 2) State the domain and the location of any holes in the graph
• 3) Simplify the function to lowest terms
• 4) Find the y-intercept (x = 0) and the x-intercept(s) (y = 0)
• 5) Identify any existing asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, or oblique)
• 6) Identify any points intersecting a horizontal or oblique asymptote.
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph above or below
the x-axis
• 8) Analyze the behavior of the graph on each side of an asymptote
• 9) Sketch the graph
Example
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 +𝑥−12
𝑥2 −4
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
• Domain: (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
• No holes
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function

• y-intercept (x = 0) x-intercept(s) (y = 0)
• (0+4)(0−3)
𝑓 0 = (0+2)(0−2) Use numerator factors
• 𝑓 0 =
−12
−4
=3 𝑥+4 =0 𝑥−3 =0
• (0, 3) 𝑥 = −4 𝑥=3
• (−4, 0) (3, 0)
• 5) Identify any existing asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, or oblique
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −4
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
• Horiz. Or Oblique Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes

• Examine the largest exponents Use denominator factors
• Same ∴ Horiz. - use coefficients 𝑥+2 =0 𝑥−2=0
• 𝑦=1
1
𝑥 = −2 𝑥=2
• 𝐻𝐴: 𝑦 = 1 𝑉𝐴: 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
• 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2−4
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
• 1=
𝑥 2−4
• 𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12
• −4 = 𝑥 − 12
• 8=𝑥
• (8,1)
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph above or
below the x-axis
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-4 -2 2 3
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑓 −3 =
(+)(−)
(−)(−)
=−
• 𝑓 −5 =
(−5+4)(−5−3)
(−5+2)(−5−2)
𝑓 −3 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
• 𝑓 −5 =
(−)(−)
(−)(−)
=+ 𝑓 0 =
(+)(−)
(+)(−)
=+
• 𝑓 −5 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓 0 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph
above or below the x-axis
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-4 -2 2 3
𝑓 2.5 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓 4 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

-4 -2 2 3
𝑥 → −2− 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
𝑥 → −2+ 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
-4 -2 2 3
𝑥 → 2− 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
𝑥 → 2+ 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
9) Sketch the graph
Example
1) Factor the numerator and the denominator
2) State the domain and the location of any holes in the

graph
Domain: (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, −3) ∪ (−3, ∞)
Hole in the graph at 𝑥 = −5
3) Simplify the function to lowest terms
y-intercept (x = 0) x-intercept(s) (y = 0)
Use numerator factors
𝑥−2 =0
𝑥=2
(2, 0)

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15
𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥−2)
(𝑥+3)
Horiz. Or Oblique Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes

Examine the largest Use denominator factors
exponents 𝑥+3 =0
Same ∴ Horiz. - use coefficients
𝑥 = −3
𝑉𝐴: 𝑥 = −3
𝐻𝐴: 𝑦 = 1
𝑥+3=𝑥−2
3 = −2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph
above or below the x-axis
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-3 2
𝑓 0 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑓 −4 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓 3 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-3 2
• (𝑥−2)
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥+3)
• 𝑥 → −3− 𝑓(𝑥) →
(−)
(0− )
𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
• 𝑥 → −3 +
𝑓(𝑥) →
(−)
(0+ )
𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
9) Sketch the graph
Example
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 +3𝑥+2
𝑥−1
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
𝑥−1
• Domain: (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
• No holes
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)

• y-intercept (x = 0) x-intercept(s) (y = 0)
• 𝑓 0 =
(0+2)(0+1)
(0−1)
Use numerator factors
• 𝑓 0 =
2
−1
= −2 𝑥+2 =0 𝑥+1 =0
• (0, −2) 𝑥 = −2 𝑥 = −1
• (−2, 0) (−1, 0)
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
• Horiz. or Oblique Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes

• Examine the largest exponents Use denominator factors
• Oblique: Use long division 𝑥−1 =0
𝑥 +4 𝑥=1
𝑥 − 1 x  3x  2
2
−𝑥 2 −+𝑥 𝑉𝐴: 𝑥 = 1
4𝑥 +2
−4𝑥 −+4
0
O𝐴: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4
• 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
𝑥−1
• 𝑥+4 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
𝑥−1
• (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)
• 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
• 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
• 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph above or
below the x-axis
𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-2 -1 1
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
𝑓 −1.5 =
(+)(−)
(−)
=+
• 𝑓 −4 =
(−)(−)
(−)
=− 𝑓 −1.5 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓 3 =
(+)(+)
(+)
=+
• 𝑓 −4 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓 0 =
(+)(+)
(−)
=− 𝑓 3 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
• 𝑓 0 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
• 𝑥 → 1− 𝑓(𝑥) →
(+)(+)
(0− )
𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
• 𝑥→1 +
𝑓(𝑥) →
(+)(+)
(0+ )
𝑓 𝑥 →∞
9) Sketch the graph
Solve problems involving rational
functions, equations and inequalities
http://iws.collin.edu/jmerrill/1314/1314%20ppt_files/3.5-RationalFunctions.ppt
The Average Cost of Producing a Wheelchair
• A company that manufactures wheelchairs has costs given by the function

C(x) = 400x + 500,000, where the x is the number of wheelchairs produced per
month and C(x) is measured in dollars. The average cost per wheelchair for the
company is given by …
Original: C(x) = 400x + 500,000
• C(x) = 400x + 500,000

x
a. Find the interpret C(1000), C(10,000), C(100,000).
 C(1000) = 900; the average cost of producing 1000 wheelchairs per month is
$900.
C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x
 Find the interpret C(10,000)

C(10,000) = 450; the average cost of producing 10,000 wheelchairs per month is
$450.
 Find the interpret C(100,000)
C(100,000) = 405; the average cost of producing 100,000 wheelchairs per month
is $405.
C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x
b. What is the horizontal asymptote for the average cost function?
• Since n = d (in degree) then y = 400
• Describe what this represents for the company.

C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x
The horizontal asymptote means that the more wheelchairs produced per month,
the closer the average cost comes to $400. Lower prices take place with higher
production levels, posing potential problems for small businesses.
Solving Rational Equations
• To solve a rational equation first multiply each side by the LCD.
• You must check for extraneous solutions. (A solution that doesn’t work)
SOLVE: LCD?
( x  3)(x  3)
 x x  2 
( x  3)(x  3)    2  ( x  3)(x  3)
 x  3 x  3 ( xx 3)(9x  3) 
Multiply by LCD
SOLVE x( x  3)  x( x  3)  2
x 2  3x  x 2  3x  2
Check for Extraneous solutions.
2x  2
2
(plug answer into original problem
1 1 2 1 1 2
x 1
2
   
1  3 1  3 12  9  1  3  1  3 (1)  9
2
x  1 1 1 2 1 1 2
   
2 4 8 4 8 2
1 1
  1
 
1
4 4 4 4
SOLVE: LCD?
( x  2)(x  1)
 x 1 2 x  x  1 ( x  2)(x  1)
( x  2)(x  1)  2    
( xx 2
)(
3x  12) x  2 x  1
x 1  2 x( x  1)  ( x  1)(x  2)
x 1  2x2  2x  x2  x  2
2 x 2  3x  1  x 2  x  2
x2  2x  1  0
CHECK ??
( x  1)(x  1)  0 -1 does not work so
there is NO SOLUTION
x  1
How to solve using the CALC.
• Set equal to zero and graph (have to use parenthesis.

• Y2 = 0
• Find where the graph crosses x-axis (2nd trace intersect).
2 x 2 2 x2 x x 2
 1     2
x2 x2 x  x x x 1
2 x 3 x 3 x 9
Answer: X=0 Answer: X= -2 Answer: X= 1, -1

Word Problems
• The function below gives the concentration of the saline solution after adding x
milliliters of 0.5% solution to 100 milliliters of 2% solution.
100(0.02)  x(0.005)
y
100  x
• How man ML of the 0.5% solution must be added to have a combined
concentration of 0.9%?
100(0.02)  x(0.005)
.009 
100  x
Answer: (graph? solve X=275
by hand)
• You earn a 75% on the first test of the quarter how
many consecutive 100% test scores do you need to
bring your test average up to a 95%?
Write a rational function. 75  100x
Answer:
f ( x) 
Find when the rational x 1
function will be 95%
75  100 x
95 
x 1
To find the average of Answer: (graph) You will need to make
something: add and divide 100% on the next 4 test to
by total number bring your test average
up to a 95%
Distance = rate x time
When a problem involves “how fast”, “how far”, or “for how long”, think about distance
equation d =rt
1850  480(t )
• A plane flies 1850 miles at a speed of 480 mph. Find the time of the trip to the nearest hundredth.
Answer: t  3.85
• On the return trip the plane travels at the same speed (480) but a tail wind helps the plane move faster. The
total flying time for the round trip is 7.55 hours. Find the speed x of the tail wind.
1850  (480  x)(3.7)

Answer: x  20
Work Problems
Joe can paint a room in 8 hours and Steve can paint the same
room in 12 hours. How long will it take the two to paint the room
if they work together?
• “you have to think of the problem in terms of how much each person or thing does
in a given amount of time” Working together Mary and Sally
How much of the job can Joe do in can paint a fence in 5.14 hours.
one hour? Steve? Working alone Mary can paint the
fence in 9 hours. How long would it
1 1 1
  take Sally to paint the fence alone?
8 12 t 1 1 1
 
5 1 24 9 x 5.14
 t
24 t 5 x  11.98
A plane leaves Chicago and flies to San Rate * time = distance
Francisco (1850 miles away) with a headwind r *t  d Time of a trip equals
the distance over
The same plane returns to Chicago with a speed d
tailwind. The round trip took 7.75 hours.If the 1850 t 
t r
airplane cruises at 480 mph, what is the speed 480  x
of the wind? (Assume the winds are constant.)
X=wind speed
San Francisco
Chicago
1850 1850
7.75  
480  x 480  x
1850
t
Solve by Graphing 480  x
Zoom fit, x-max to 50
X = 35.195 Write an equation

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Key Concepts of Rational

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:

• Domain: all real number except 𝑥 = 1

• Range = domain of the inverse 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 1

• Domain: all real except 𝑥 = 0

• 4) Find the y-intercept (x = 0) and the x-intercept(s) (y = 0)

• Horiz. Or Oblique Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes

𝑓 2.5 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓 4 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

1) Factor the numerator and the denominator

2) State the domain and the location of any holes in the

• 5) Identify any existing asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, or oblique

Horiz. Or Oblique Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes

• 4) Find the y-intercept (x = 0) and the x-intercept(s) (y = 0)

• Horiz. or Oblique Asymptotes Vertical Asymptotes

• A company that manufactures wheelchairs has costs given by the function

• C(x) = 400x + 500,000

 Find the interpret C(10,000)

b. What is the horizontal asymptote for the average cost function?

• Since n = d (in degree) then y = 400

• Describe what this represents for the company.

• To solve a rational equation first multiply each side by the LCD.

• Set equal to zero and graph (have to use parenthesis.

Answer: X=0 Answer: X= -2 Answer: X= 1, -1

1850  (480  x)(3.7)

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