Electrical Machines I

Week 2: Magnetic circuits principles

RECALL… REMEMBER…. !!

Construction of dc machine

The Faraday laws

The EMF equation

The object of today’s lecture

• It is required to understand the concepts of

magnetic circuits
• By making Analogy between Electric circuit and
magnetic circuit

• Learn new concepts about “Hystresis and core

losses”

3
Analogy between Magnetic and Electrical Circuits

N: number of turns (T)
i= current (A)
H= magnetic field intensity (AT/m) i
l= MEAN length of the core (m)
A= CROSS sectional area of core (m2) N Toroidal core
F= Magneto motive force, (AT)
Ferromagnetic core: Iron, steel

Ampere’s Law: l
Side view
𝐻. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼 Ferromagnetic core C core
1 turn coil
EI core

THERFORE, for the The magnetic field

𝐻. 𝑙 = 𝑁 𝑖
ferromagnetic core
shown
𝐻=
H : some people call it
the magnetizing force
N turn coil
intensity H is in a sense
𝑁𝑖 a measure of the
𝐹 = 𝑁𝑖
“effort” that a current
𝑙
is putting into the
𝐹 establishment of the
𝐻=
𝑙 magnetic field.
 Quantity Electrical Circuit Magnetic Circuit

Driving force V (volt) EMF F (NI) MMF

Produce i (A) Ф (weber)
Limited by R (Ω) ℜ (AT/weber)
I 

V R F
 Since magnetic and
electrical circuits
have similar
characteristics, then
F =MMF is analogous to Electromotive force (EMF) =E we can apply the
traditional circuits
 = Flux is analogous to i = Current laws to magnetic
circuits
 = Reluctance is analogous to R = Resistance
1 1
P = Permeance  = Analogous to conductance G 
 R
Important Relations: Part ‘1’

𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅
OHM’s law 𝐹 = 𝐻𝑙 = 𝑁 𝑖
Relative
= 𝜑ℜ permeability is a
way to compare the
𝑙 1 l 1 l “magnetisability” of
𝑅=𝜌 R   materials
𝐴  A r 0 A

Resistance depends on length,

cross sectional area of cable AND
the material from which the
resistance is made
𝜇0 = permeability of free space = 4𝜋 10−7 H/m
𝜇𝑟 = relative permeability of material compared to free space
𝜇
𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0
Steel relative permeability could
reach up to 6000!!! AND is used in
machines.

Electrical ccts Magnetic ccts

Important Relations: Part ‘2’

𝑖 𝜑
𝐽= 𝐵=
𝐴 𝐴

Current density Flux density

(A/m2) (wb/m2)= Tesla Series Magnetic ccts

Kirchoff voltage law Kirchoff voltage law

Series resistances law Series resistances law

Kirchoff Current law Kirchoff Current law

Parallel resistances law Parallel resistances law

Parallel Magnetic ccts

Electrical ccts Magnetic ccts

Important Relations: Part ‘3’
saturation
B knee
i B
1 Linear
R   0 r

V H
H
Electrical ccts Magnetization curve Magnetization curve
(linear) (Ideal) (actual) (non-Ideal)
Current and voltage have a
“linear relationship”, the Assume that A= constant
slope of which determines l= constant i
the resistance of the N= constant
electrical circuit 𝜑 𝑁𝑖 ф
𝐵= 𝐻=
𝐴 𝑙

B is proportional to ф
H is proportional to i

Electrical ccts Magnetic ccts

 Important Relations: Part ‘4’
Magnetization Characteristics: (BH curve)
Required to proof: 𝐵 = 𝜇 𝐻
The slope of the BH
curve is actually
proof: dependent on the
F= 𝑁𝑖 = 𝐻𝑙 = 𝜑𝑅 permeability of the
magnetic core!!!
Also, 𝜑= B A
𝐻𝑙
∴ 𝐻𝑙= B A R , 𝐵=
𝐴𝑅

𝑙
∵ 𝑅=
𝜇𝐴

∴𝐵= 𝜇𝐻
Magnetization Characteristics
(BH curve)
Check the graph to the
right. Silicon steel sheets B2
have higher slope than
WHAT DOES THAT
cast iron. This means that
REALLY MEAN??!!!!!!
for the same amount of
magnetic force H, silicon
steel will produce more
magnetizing flux density B
and thus more flux ф

B2 > B1
B1
This could be very useful
if selecting cores used in
motor and transformer
applications
 Magnetization Characteristics (BH curve) : A CLOSER LOOK
Part “a” : First Quad of the BH curve, CURRENT Part “a” : First Quad of the BH curve, CURRENT
INCREASE INCREASE

B Saturation zone B
Flux takes
Saturation
Bsat is achieved
Bsat
another
when path when
dipoles are current
Br: Residual flux decreases
arranged
density. It’s the
value of B when
Br H =0. We call it
Knee S N “REMENANCE or S N
RETENTIVITY”
i H i
H Hsat
H c
H
Hsat
c Even through there is no
Linear zone magnetizing force, the core is
still magnetized with Residual
“Current is increased” Magnetism. “Current is decreased”

Linear zone: i increases, H increases, B increases sharply AND VICE VERSA

Saturation zone: i increases, H increases, B increases slightly till any further increase in H will NOT
allow any change in B AND VICE VERSA
 Magnetization Characteristics (BH curve) : A CLOSER LOOK
Part “b” : Second and Third Quad of the BH curve, Part “b” : Third and Fourth Quad) of the BH curve,
CURRENT INCREASE CURRENT DECREASE
B

This represents the B

amount of magnetizing “Hystresis” is the true

force needed to name of the BH
“demagnetize” the core characteristics
Br completely. It is called
“COERCIVITY”
-Hsat
H
-Hc Hc Hc -Hc H

S
N -Br S
N

i
i

-Bsat
-Bsat

“Current is increased” “Current is decreased”

In Part ‘b’, the polarity of the supply has been reversed

The magnet keeps traveling along the “hystresis curve” over and over everytime the magnetization changes
its magnitude OR direction
Magnetization Characteristics (BH curve) : SUMMARY
Magnetization Characteristics (BH curve) : A CLOSER LOOK

Decrease magnetization
This means that the i (demagnetization) in
magnet goes forward direction
through the process
of magnetization
and Decrease magnetization
demagnetization 4 (demagnetization) in
times in 1 cycle of reverse direction
the ac supply

We have seen what happens to a core increase magnetization

when magnetized and de magnetized by dc in forward direction
current, SO WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE
EXCITING CURRENT IS
ALTERNATING??? increase magnetization
in reverse direction
Magnetization Characteristics (BH curve) : USES

It has been concluded

that “turning the atoms”
will require ENERGY!! This
energy must be taken
from the source, which
will lead to LOSSES!!
Magnetization Characteristics: LOSSES

Hystresis Losses 𝑃
Core Losses (also ℎ
known as Magnetic
or Iron Losses) Eddy Current
Losses
𝑃𝑒
 Magnetization Characteristics: LOSSES

1- Hystresis Losses:
• The fact that turning the dipoles (atoms of magnet) require energy, leads to
the FIRST type of losses occurring in magnetic cores which is called
HYSTRESIS LOSSES

• HYSTRESIS LOSSES= The energy required to accomplish orientation of

domains during each cycle of the applied ac current to the core

The area enclosed in the hystresis loop formed by applying an as

current to the core is directly proportional to the energy lost in a
given ac cycle. The smaller the applied MMF on the core, the smaller
the area of the resulting hystresis loop and so the smaller the
resulting losses
Losses cause
we can't eliminate the loss but we can reduce it to some extent by using heating of
appropriate cores for each type pf application as mentioned in the previous core and
slide materials with thin hysteresis have minimum hystresis losses may cause
fatigue to
material
 Magnetization Characteristics: LOSSES

2- Eddy Current:
• Eddy currents are created when a conductor experiences
changes in the magnetic field.
• EDDY CURRENT LOSSES= Induced currents in the core will D
e  -N
cause current to circulate in the core causing heat to the Dt
magnetic core
Faraday law 1 states that if a flux passes through a turn of a coil of a wire, a
voltage will be induced in the wire that is directly proportional to the rate of
change if the flux with respect to time. This “time changing flux” induces voltage
WITHIN a ferromagnetic core in just the same manner as it does in a wire
wrapped around the core !!!! They act exactly like when current passes through a
resistance and causes heat losses and they depend on the resistivity of material in
which the current swirls and the size of the swirl.

we reduce eddy currents by making the core of thin laminations OR use high
resistivity material. Thin laminations will cause current swirl to be reduced, thus lower
emf induced and lower current will circulate.
Questions
• Demonstrate the analogy between electrical and magnetic circuits
• Explain the theory of hystresis curve
• Describe and define what is meant by the following terms used in
magnetic cores “Saturation- Remenance- Permeability- Reluctance-
Coercivity”
• Explain the types of losses occurring in magnetic cores and how can
you reduce them