Erlang Analysis for UMTS and LTE Systems with

Co-Channel Interference
Sk Thaherbasha#, Dr. Ravindra Dhuli*
# Research Scholar, Dept. of ECE, Vellore Institute of Technology-Andhra Pradesh, Amaravathi
# Associate Professor, Dept. of ECE, Vellore Institute of Technology-Andhra Pradesh, Amaravathi

Abstract—Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 2. PROBABILITY OF CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

(UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of the
standards in present cellular technologies which offer different A. Probability of Co-Channel Interference
data rates for voice, video conference and other services. The In this paper, the probability of CCI is considered for the
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and evaluation of WCDMA and OFDMA capacity under CCI [6],
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) well [7], [8]. The co-channel interference probability is defined as
suited multiple access schemes of UMTS and LTE for supporting
variable bit rate services. In order to provide good QoS, network PCCI   PCCI|n  Pn (1)
n
operators have to make the effective use of their available
resources. Co-channel Interference (CCI) is an important Where,
limiting factor for Erlang capacity in WCDMA, OFDMA-based P(CCI|n) is the corresponding conditional CCI probability and
cellular systems. The capacity of these cellular networks is P(n) is the probability of n co-channel interferers being active.
determined by the amount of CCI it can tolerate. In this paper a P(n) can be modeled with the binomial distribution and
new method is proposed for the evaluation of Erlang capacity of represented in terms of carried traffic per channel as
WCDMA and OFDMA systems under CCI and also calculated
K 
P n     A n 1  A
the Blocking Probability under tight frequency reuse factor. The K n
(2)
Erlang capacity of these cellular systems under CCI is evaluated n
 
and compared for different number of co-channel interferers,
Where, K is the maximum number of effective co-channel
voice activity factors and various Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
Keywords-OFDMA; CCI; Erlang capacity; spectral efficiency; interferers and A is carried traffic per channel
Blocking Probability (Erlang/channel).

1. INTRODUCTION B. Conditional CCI probability

The conditional probability is defined as the probability of an
Today, the most cellular systems are trying to use reuse factors
instantaneous (S/I) ratio below the required threshold at the
close to 1, so as to satisfy the needs of spectrum regulators.
receiver [9]. It can be formulated as
Hence, this tight frequency reuse will be a major key
parameter for future wireless systems. In this multiple access PCCI|n   PPd /Pn  α  (3)
techniques to use spectrum efficiently the cellular systems are Where, Pd is the desired signal power, Pn is the total
employing frequency reuse factor close to 1. So this tight interference power from n active channels and α is the
frequency reuse factor causes to co-channel interference in the required threshold at the receiver.
cellular systems [3], [4], [5]. In OFDMA-based cellular Small-scale or short-term fluctuations (few tens of
systems mostly we are using frequency reuse factor as 1. So wavelengths) of the received signal envelope in a multipath
this tight reuse factor affects the QoS parameters of the channel are commonly illustrated by a Rayleigh distribution.
cellular system. The probability density function for the signal amplitude ai of
In multi-cellular WCDMA and OFDMA systems, where tight the ith interferer, conditional on its local mean power P0i, is
frequency reuse is used, there is no inherent protection from given by
the ensuing co-channel interference (CCI) [2]. ai  a2 
Hence, we require an accurate estimation for QoS parameters p ai a i | p 0i   exp  i ,
 ai  0 (4)
of such cellular system under CCI. In this paper, the accurate p 0i  2 p 0i 
estimation of Erlang capacity for WCDMA and OFDMA- This significant small-scale variation is called fast fading. The
based cellular systems is done under CCI. corresponding probability density function for the
In Section II, we analyses the probability of co-channel instantaneous power Pi is exponentially distributed as
interference for WCDMA and OFDMA-based cellular
1  p 
systems. In Section III, we estimated the Erlang capacity of p pi  pi | p0i   exp  i  (5)
WCDMA and OFDMA under CCI. We present results in p0 i  p0 i 
Section IV and conclude the paper in Section V. The local mean power Poi reflects large-scale or long-term
variations in the received signal level and it is usually modeled
as a log-normal random variable with probability density
function
 1 ln p0i  mi 2  In Cellular systems, the traffic channels are allocated to
p p0 i  p 0 i   exp  

(6)
users as long as there are channels available, after which all
2  i p0i  2  i
2
 incoming users are blocked until the channel becomes free.
Equations 4 to 6 are valid for the amplitude, instantaneous and
local mean power of the desired signal by substituting the The blocking probability is obtained from the classical Erlang
index i with d in corresponding variables ( ai , Pi , P0i , si , mi analysis of the M/M/S/S queue.
and xi ). The Erlang-B formula gives the blocking probability under the
All interference components are assumed to be identically above conditions.
distributed random variables. Rayleigh distributed components
( A) S / S!
are assumed to be independent and thus uncorrelated. Log- Erlang-B formula: Pblocking  S
normal components may be correlated or uncorrelated.
Furthermore, it is presumed that co-channel interference adds  ( A)
k 0
k
/ k!
non-coherently.
If it is assumed that the total interference from different Where
sources is the result of non-coherent addition with equal local S is the number of channels or servers,
mean powers, i.e. Poi=Po, the probability density function for A is the Traffic load (Erlang Capacity) Erlangs/Cell.
the joint interference power Pn is obtained by convolving Eq.
3 n times. The result is the gamma distribution 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1  pn / p0 
n 1
 p  The evaluation of Erlang capacity of WCDMA and OFDMA
p pi  p n   exp  n  (7)
p 0 n  1!
system under CCI has been done with various values of co-
 p0  channel interferers. The capacity analysis has also been
The conditional co-channel interference probability can be performed with variation of different dynamic parameters such
derived from Equations 3, 5 and 7 as as voice activity factor and SNR values.
1  pn p0 
 p n 1
n
 p p  The parameters of WCDMA and OFDMA system considered
PCCI | n    dpn  exp  d  n dpd (8)
0 0
p0 p0 d n  1!  p0 d p0 
as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Cellular system parameters
Finally, after integrating Eq. 8 the probability of CCI for n
interferers can be obtained as Parameter Value
n No. of interference channels 5,10
 1 
PCCI | n   1    (9) Voice activity factor V 0.5,0.6
   p0 p0d  1  Data rates 128Kbps, 256Kbps, 512 Kbps
Where, P0 is the local mean power of the interference and P0d Spectral efficiency Seff 0.5, 0.8, 1.4 b/Hz/Sec
is the mean power of the desired signal. SNR Eb / N0 6dB,8dB

3. ERLANG CAPACITY OF OFDMA

A. Evaluation procedure for calculation of Erlang Capacity
under CCI:
The following procedure gives the calculation of Erlang
capacity of WCDMA and OFDMA-based cellular systems
under tight frequency reuse factor or CCI.
Step 1: Calculate the value of Radio capacity by Selecting the
By using these parameters, we follows the step wise procedure
to calculate Erlang capacity of Cellular systems under CCI.
The variation of Erlang capacity of WCDMA and OFDMA-
based cellular systems under CCI with the number of co-
channel interfere K as 5, has shown in Fig.2.
Erlang Capacity for K=5
10
3

WCDMA
parameters of OFDMA (number of interferers active, mean OFDMA
power of the received interference, mean power of the desired
signal, Spectral efficiency, Voice activity factor and other
transmission parameters). 10
2

Step 2: To analyze the CCI, Rayleigh distribution function is

Erlang Capacity

applied on the signals.

Step 3: Calculate the conditional probability for number of
active interferes P(CCI/n) 10
1

Step 4: Compose polynomial function according to Eq. 4 and

make it equal to the desired CCI probability.
Step 5: Solve roots (A, carried traffic with CCI in a cellular
system) of the polynomial and pick up the smallest real root 10
0

which is A < 1. 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

P(CCI)
0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Step 6: Calculate the Erlang capacity under CCI

Fig.2.Variation of Erlang capacity with CCI for Number of
E  C A
interfering channels K=5
B. Blocking Probability of WCDMA and OFDMA
Table 2. Variation of Erlang capacity with CCI for Number of
interfering channels K=5 OFDMA-based cellular system under CCI with voice activity
P(CCI) Erlang Capacity (Erlangs/Cell) when K=5 factor as 0.6 has shown in Fig.4 From these results the P(CCI)
WCDMA OFDMA is varied from 0.01 to 0.1 then the Erlang capacity varies from
0.01 4 12.26 3.34 to 34.8 Erlangs/Cell for WCDMA and 10.25 to 106.95
0.02 8.08 24.69 Erlangs/Cell for OFDMA. As the voice activity factor
increases the Erlang capacity of WCDMA and OFDMA based
0.03 12.16 37.18
cellular systems decreases.
0.04 16.28 49.83
0.05 20.34 62.59 10
3
Erlang Capacity with Voice activity factor=0.6

0.06 24.6 75.40

WCDMA
0.07 28.84 88.385 OFDMA

0.08 33.08 101.42 10

2

Erlang Capacity
0.09 37.40 114.62
0.1 41.78 127.87
1
10
From the above results if the P(CCI) is varied from 0.01 to 0.1
then the Erlang capacity is varies from 4 to 41.78 Erlangs/Cell
for WCDMA and 12.265 to 127.87 Erlangs/Cell for OFDMA
with 5 interfering channels. As the P(CCI) increases the 10
0

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Erlang Capacity of Cellular systems is increases. P(CCI)

The variation of Erlang capacity of WCDMA and OFDMA- Fig.4.Variation of Erlang capacity under CCI with voice
based cellular systems under CCI with the number of co- activity factor
channel interfer K as 10, has shown in Fig.3. OFDMA-based cellular system under CCI with Signal to
10
2
Erlang Capacity for K=10
Noise Ratio (SNR) has shown in Fig.5 From these results the
P(CCI) is varied from 0.01 to 0.1 then the Erlang capacity
varies from 3.0 to 31.34 Erlangs/Cell for WCDMA and 9.19
to 95.90 Erlangs/Cell for OFDMA. As the voice activity
factor increases the Erlang capacity of WCDMA and OFDMA
Erlang Capacity

based cellular systems decreases.

Table 4. Erlang capacity under CCI with voice activity factor
1
10
WCDMA
OFDMA V=0.6
Erlang Capacity
P(CCI)
V=0.6
WCDMA OFDMA
0
0.01 3.34 10.25
10
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.02 6.74 20.65
P(CCI)
0.03 10.15 31.09
Fig.3. Variation of Erlang capacity with CCI for Number of 0.04 13.15 41.67
interfering channels K=10 0.05 17.00 52.34
From the above results if the P(CCI) is varied from 0.01 to 0.1
0.06 20.50 63.06
then the Erlang capacity varies from 2.0 to 20.96 Erlangs/Cell
0.07 24.00 73.92
for WCDMA and 6.05 to 64.02 Erlangs/Cell for OFDMA
0.08 27.60 84.82
with 10 interfering channels. As the number of interfering
0.09 31.20 95.86
channels increases the Erlang capacity of WCDMA and
OFDMA based cellular system are decreases. 0.1 34.80 106.95

By using Erlang-B formula the evaluation of Blocking

Table 3. Variation of Erlang capacity with CCI for Number of Probability of WCDMA and OFDMA system under CCI has
interfering channels K=10 been done. The Fig.6 shows the variation of Blocking
Erlang Capacity (Erlangs/Cell) Probability with probability of Co-channel interference for
P(CCI) When K=10 WCDMA and OFDMA based cellular systems. The Fig.7 and
WCDMA OFDMA Fig.8 shows variation of Blocking probability with Erlang
0.01 2 6.05 capacity under CCI for WCDMA and OFDMA based cellular
0.02 4.04 12.21 systems respectively.
0.03 6.08 18.42
0.04 8.16 24.69
0.05 10.24 31.02
0.06 12.32 37.45
0.07 14.44 43.94
0.08 16.6 50.54
0.09 18.76 57.25
0.1 20.96 64.02
 10
2
Erlang Capacity with SNR=8dB Fig.7.Variation of WCDMA Blocking Probability with Erlang
capacity under CCI

0
Erlang Capacity Under CCI Vs Blocking Probability
10
Erlang Capacity

1 -2
10 10
WCDMA
OFDMA

Blocking Probability
-4
10

-6
10
0
10
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
P(CCI) -8
10
Fig.5.Variation of Erlang capacity under CCI with SNR 8dB
Table 5. Variation of Erlang capacity under CCI with SNR -10
10
8dB 20 40 60 80 100 120
Erlang Capacity Erlang capacity under CCI [Erlangs/Cell]
P(CCI)
SNR=8dB Fig.8.Variation of OFDMA Blocking Probability with Erlang
WCDMA OFDMA capacity under CCI
0.01 3.00 9.19
0.02 6.06 18.52 5. CONCLUSION
0.03 9.12 27.80
In this paper a new method is proposed to evaluate capacity
0.04 12.20 37.30
(Erlangs/Cell) for WCDMA and OFDMA-based cellular
0.05 15.30 46.90
systems with tight frequency reuse factor (under CCI). The
0.06 18.40 56.50
probability of CCI is considered as Raleigh distribution
0.07 21.60 66.20
function for the Erlang capacity estimation. The Erlang
0.08 24.80 76.06 capacity results are evaluated, analyzed and compared for
0.09 28.07 85.96 WCDMA and OFDMA cellular systems with various values
0.1 31.34 95.90 of co-channel interferers, voice activity factor and SNR
P(CCI) vs Blocking Probability
values. The Erlang capacity of a WCDMA and OFDMA-
0
based cellular system is more effected with more number of
10
co-channel interferers, high value of voice activity factor and
10
-5 high value SNR value. Hence while designing a WCDMA and
OFDMA-based cellular system we have to consider the effect
Blocking Probability

of all these parameters. The estimated Erlang capacity under

-10
10
WCDMA

-15
OFDMA CCI is useful for the accurate estimation of blocking
10
probability of WCDMA and OFDMA-based cellular systems.
10
-20 These estimated values are useful to provide inherent
protection from co-channel interference (CCI) in WCDMA
10
-25
and OFDMA-based cellular systems.
-30
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