LEADERSHIP & ENTEREPRENUERSHIP

Assignment No: 01

CASE STUDY: LEADERSHIP

Submitted By:
Muhammad Bilal

Registration No.:
170511004

Program:
MS-Manufacturing Systems

Semester:
3rd

Submitted To:

Dr. USAMA QAZI

Mechanical Engineering Department,

Institute of Space Technology,
Islamabad.
Dated: 07-12-2018
Question: Analyze the case study of a leadership in context of his style, capabilities, achievements and
contribution for society.

NELSON MANDELA
A Nobel laureate, Nelson Mandela was the man responsible for
overthrowing apartheid & unifying the country of South Africa. Check
out this biography to know in details about his life, childhood, profile
& timeline.

Quick Facts
Famous as Anti-Apartheid Activist, President of ANC and
Former President of South Africa
Nationality South African
Religion Christianity (Methodism)
Political ideology African National Congress
Born on 18 July 1918 AD
Zodiac Sign Cancer
Born in Mvezo
Died on 05 December 2013 AD
Father Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
Mother Nosekeni Fanny
Spouses Graça Machel (m. 1998), Winnie Madikizela-
Mandela (m. 1958–1996), Evelyn Ntoko (m.
1944–1958)
Children Makgatho Mandela, Makaziwe Mandela,
Zindziswa Mandela, Zenani Mandela, Madiba
Thembekile Mandela
Education University of Fort Hare, University of London
External System, University of South Africa,
University of the Witwatersrand
Works & Achievements Nobel Peace Prize (1993), Struggle Against the
Apartheid Regime, Leadership of Civil Rights
Movement In South Africa
Awards 1980 - Jawaharlal Nehru Award
1993 - Noble Prize
1990 - Bharat Ratna Award
1990 - Lenin Peace Prize
1991 - Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize
1992 - Nishan-e-Pakistan Award
1999 - Atatürk Peace Award
2001 - International Gandhi Peace Prize

Ironically, his baptized forename, ‘Rolihlahla’

meaning ‘troublemaker’, blended well with his
personality over the growing years as Nelson
Mandela caused serious trouble to the government of
South Africa, through this anti-apartheid movement
and revolutionary ways. Inheriting the ‘proud
rebelliousness’ and ‘sense of fairness from his father,
Mandela was raised in a Methodist Christian
community. Ever since a young age, he was actively
involved in anti-colonial politics, which led to his
joining the ANC. The admittance was a historic one
not only in the life of Mandela but that of every countrymen of South Africa, as it eventually led to a
discrimination-free country. Inspired by Gandhi and committed to non-violent struggle, Mandela however
moved to armed struggle after a phase of time. This was basically due to failure of non-violent protest
against apartheid and increasing repression and violence from the state. In his 67 years long political
career, Mandela led numerous movements, and was arrested, convicted and imprisoned various times, the
longest being the 27 years life imprisonment. However, all the pain was worth it as year 1994 marked the
end of apartheid and holding of multi-racial elections. What’s more, Mandela became the inaugural
President of the country (apart from being the first black South African to hold the office). Probably, this
is why he is referred to by numerous titles, including ‘the father of the nation’, ‘the founding father of
democracy’, ‘the national liberator, the saviour, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one’.

Childhood & Early Life:

Nelson Mandela was born Rolihlahla Mandela, on July 18, 1918, to Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
and Nosekeni Fanny. His father served as a local chief and councillor to the monarch. He was a
polygamist with four wives and thirteen children, including four boys and nine girls.
Mandela grew up in the village of Qunu. Much of his early years were spent herding the cattle and
 playing with other boys of the district. Though both his parents were illiterate, they realized the
importance of education and sent Mandela to a Methodist school when he was seven. Two years
later, Mandela acquired the first name, Nelson, which was given to him by his teacher.

Post the death of his father, Mandela was entrusted to Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo by his mother.
He became a significant part of the Dalindyebo family, who treated young Mandela as their own
child.
He attended a mission school which was located near the palace. It was here that his interest in
African history grew tremendously. Alongside this, he also studied other subjects like English,
Xhosa, history and geography.
When Mandela turned 16, he travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the circumcision ritual that
symbolically marked the transition from boys to men. After the rite was over, he was given the
name ‘Dalibunga’
Mandela attained his secondary education from reputed institution, post which he enrolled at the
Methodist college in Fort Beaufort in 1937. Though the teachers emphasized on the significance
and superiority of English culture and government, Mandela found his true calling in native
African culture.
He then attended the University of Fort Hare to attain his graduation degree but due to his
involvement in the Student Representative Council and his boycotting against the university
policies, he was told to leave.
Mandela moved to Johannesburg in 1941. While he completed his BA via a correspondence course
during the night, most of the time during the day was dedicated to working for the African National
Congress activist, Walter Sisulu.

Capabilities:

Post completing his BA in 1943, Mandela enrolled at the University of Witwatersrand to initiate
his law studies. He was the only native African in his class. Mandela joined the ANC under the
leadership of Sisulu, who was increasingly influencing Mandela.
It was during this time that Mandela's political ideals were formed. He became actively involved
in the anti-apartheid movement and even suggested the need for a youth wing in ANC, which led
to the establishment of African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL), on Easter Sunday, of
which Mandela was in the executive committee.
In 1947, Mandela was appointed the position of a Secretary at the ANCYL. The organization
was aimed at letting off of the old tactics of political petitioning and employing new methods of
boycott, strike, civil disobedience and non-cooperation, with policy goals of full citizenship,
redistribution of land, trade union rights, and free and compulsory education for all children
Mandela was appointed as the national president of the ANCYL in 1950. In his new found
position, Mandela continued his fight against racism. Other than this, he delved into a larger
picture which meant working for national liberation.
Two years henceforth, Mandela, profoundly influenced by Gandhi, set on the path of non-violent
resistance. He formulated the Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist
 groups. Starting with a group of merely 10,000 people, in no time the numbers expanded to reach
100,000.
The government, in order to counterattack the campaign, permitted martial law and mass arrest.
They even banned Transvaal ANU President J. B. Marks from making public appearances, a result
of which was Mandela taking up the position as his successor.
For his anti-apartheid movement, Mandela was arrested a couple of times. He was convicted of
contravening suppression of communism for his Defiance Campaign and given a suspended prison
sentence on July 30, 1952. Additionally, he was given a six-month ban from attending meeting or
talking to more than one individual at a time.
As a result of the ban, Mandela structured out M-Plan or Mandela Plan, which involved dividing
the organisation into a cell structure with a more centralised leadership. The main aim of the plan
was to enable the leading members of the ANC to maintain dynamic contact with its members
without recourse to public meetings.
Meanwhile, Mandela passed his qualification examination to become a full-fledged attorney. He
started working for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before opening his own law firm in
collaboration with Oliver Tambo under the name, Mandela and Tambo. The firm was the only
African-run law firm and often dealt with cases of police brutality.

Political Pursuits:

In 1955, Mandela formed the Congress of the People, with active involvements from South
African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade
Unions and the Congress of Democrats. The main aim of the move was to evoke South Africans
and ask them to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era.
Numerous proposals came in which were implemented upon to form the resultant, Freedom
Charter. Created by Rusty Bernstein, the charter aimed at creating a democratic, non-racialist state
with the nationalisation of major industry. A conference was called upon and attended by 3000
delegates. However, it did not turn out to be productive as police intervened.
Despite being banned several times, which restricted him from public appearance; Mandela defied
the same and often appeared in the public. Following this, on December 5, 1956, Mandela, along
with other ANC activist were arrested on grounds of high treason against the state.
Though they were bailed out a fortnight later, the legal proceedings began only on January 9, 1957
in which the judge resolved that there were sufficient reason to put the defendants on Trial. The
trial which ended six years later, in 1961, proclaimed the innocence of the defendants and billed
them as ‘not guilty’.
Meanwhile, militant Africans formed a new group under the leadership of Robert Sobukwe, which
was called the Pan-African Congress (PAC). The activity against the government caused mass
arrest, including imprisonment of Mandela and other ANC and PAC leaders and banning of the
two organizations

From 1961 until 1962, Mandela travelled throughout the country in a disguised avatar and spread
 the mass stay-at-home strike. He was also involved in organizing the ANC’s new cell structure -
Umkhonto we Sizwe or ‘Spear of the Nation’, popularly known as MK.
MK was the armed wing of ANC and was involved in channelling some violence against the
government. The MK intended to exert maximum pressure on the government causing minimum
civilian harm. As such, they mostly attacked the military installations, power plants, telephone
lines and transport links at night.
Mandela was chosen as a delegate of ANC to the February 1962 Pan-African Freedom Movement
for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) meeting. The tour was a profitable one as
Mandela was exposed to the political reforms of other countries and met prominent activists,
reporters and politicians. Additionally, he also managed to collect some funds required for
weaponry for MK.

Life Imprisonment:

Upon his return to South Africa, Mandela was arrested for illegal exit from the country and
sentenced to five years of imprisonment. The imprisonment protracted to become life-
imprisonment for Mandela as he was convicted for crimes that had occurred while he was
spearheading the ANC struggle.
He was sent to Robben Island Prison, a maximum security prison on a small island near Cape
Town, where he spent nearly 18 years of his 27 years sentence. After this, he was transferred to
Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town and later to the Victor Verster Prison near Paarl from where he
was eventually released.
Though Mandela was offered freedom on a couple of occasions in exchange for compromising on
his political position, he refused to accept the same. He stood by his opinion according to which
personal freedom was of no use if the organization of the people remained banned.

Leadership Style:

State president F.W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and announced the release of Nelson
Mandela from the prison on February 2, 1990. His years at jail had not weakened the spirit of
fighting in him, as Mandela declared his commitment to bring peace to the black majority and
give them right to vote in elections.
He returned to the leadership of ANCF and resumed office as the elected President of ANC,
headquartered in Shell House. With his multi-party negotiation, he argued for the first multi- racial
elections. Though the White South African’s were willing to share power, the black wanted
complete control and transfer of power. Due to this, violent eruptions became common. However,
Mandela resistance.
In 1994, South Africa held its first democratic elections. The result of the election was in favour
of Mandela who went on to become the country’s first Black President.
As a President, Mandela worked day in and out to smoothen the transition of a minority black rule
 to a majority black rule. He ended the apartheid rule and established a new Constitution, according
to which a strong central government based on majority rule was formed that guaranteed the rights
of minorities and the freedom of expression.
He introduced new reforms in economic policy to encourage land reform, combat poverty and
expand healthcare services. On the international platform, Mandela served as the mediator for
Libya and United Kingdom and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho
After his successful first term, Mandela declined to contest for the second term and retired from
active politics. However, he continued to remain active on the social front as he raised funds for
building schools and healthcare centers in the rural parts of South Africa. He founded the Mandela
Foundation and served as a mediator in the Burundi civil war.

Contributions towards Society:

Mandela was the founding member of the ANC Youth League. It was during his service at the
ANCYL that he transformed the organization from its root level, trashing out all the old methods
and employing fresh methods of boycotting, striking, civil disobedience and non-cooperation. His
main aim was to kill racism, allow full citizenship to people, redistribute land, bestow trade union
rights, and provide free and compulsory education for all children.
He rose to prominence for his Defiance Campaign in 1952 and Congress of the People in 1955.
The campaign involved non-violent action of defiance against South African government and its
racist policy.
He was the founder of the Umkhonto we Sizwe or ‘Spear of the Nation’, popularly known as MK.
One of the cell of ANC, it was devoted to portraying violent action against the government.

Awards & Achievements:

Nelson Mandela is the proud recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which he received along with de
Klerk in 1993. He dedicated the award to Mahatma Gandhi, whom he was deeply influenced from.
In 2009, The United Nations General Assembly declared Mandela’s birthday as ‘Mandela Day’,
as an effort to pay tribute and homage to his great work in the anti-apartheid movement.
Queen Elizabeth II decorated Mandela by bestowing upon him the Bailiff Grand Cross of the
Order of St. John and the Order of Merit.
Mandela became the only living person to be awarded with the honorary Canadian citizenship

Personal Life & Legacy in being a Leader:

Nelson Mandela tied the knot thrice in his life. The first was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October
1944. 13 years of togetherness ended on a crashing note as evelyn charged Mandela on grounds
of adultery and constant absences. The couple had four children, two sons and two daughters, out
of which only two survive presently.
 In 1958, Mandela walked up to the aisle for the second time alongside Winnie Madikizela-
Mandela. The couple was blessed with two daughters. The two separated in 1992 following which
they finally divorced in 1996.
In 1998, Mandela remarried Graca Machel (nee Simbine), widow of Samora Machel, on account
of his 80th birthday.
Ever since 2004, Mandela suffered from depreciating health condition, which worsened in 2011
when he was hospitalized due to respiratory illness. Mandela was hospitalized a number of times
since then and he finally breathed his last on December 5, 2013.

Trivia:

Though he is popularly known as Nelson Mandela, his forename isn’t the same as his baptized
name.
He was the first elected President of South Africa. He was also the first black President of the
country.
In South Africa, he is known by the titles, ‘the father of the nation’, ‘the founding father of
democracy’, ‘the national liberator, the saviour, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one’.