IAPE 1
IIorJiaBJLe 1
PEAJIHM BPOJEBM
A'X:cuoMe ca6upa7ba.
A'X:cuoMe Mno::xce'lba.
A-x:cuo.Me nopem-x:a.
A-x:cuo.Ma Henpe-x:uih-wcmu.
a- b =a+ (-b),
AHAJB13A I 3A MH<POPMATM"Y:APE 7
Mno'JICe'Tbe y c~yny R:
1 1 1 1
- - = - - = - =0,
+oo -oo oo 0 = 00.
1IeJbe1be y c'K:yny R:
X ~-X X
=oo (xER,x=/=0), +oo - -oo = = 0 (x E R),
0 00
00
=oo (xER), +oo = +oo (x > 0), +oo = _ 00 (x < 0),
X X X
-oo
-oo = -oo (x > 0), - = +oo (x < 0).
X X
inf A= -oo.
3. MuTepBaJIH H OKOJIHHe
AHAJU13A I 3A I1H<I>OPMATI11.JAPE 3
ba = ab-1.
Ilope.n. TOra YBO.LI.MMO M peJian;:ajy < Ca X <y aKO M CaMO aKO je X :::; y
M X ;j= y.
0CMM TOra KaJKeMO .n.a je X~ y aKO je y :::; X M X > y aKO je y <X.
Bpoj x E R Ha3HBa ce H.ezamumm.M aKo je x < 0, noJumue'H.u.M aKo je
X > 0, 'H.e'H.ezamUB'H.U.M aKO je X ~ 0, M 'H.en03UffiUB'H.U.M aKO je X :::; 0 .
.lla.n,e ce 3a rrpOM3BO.lliaH peaJiaH 6poj x yBO.LI.M anco.Aym'H.a epeaH.ocm
6poja x ca
x, x~O
lxl ={ -x, x<O
MoJKe ce JiaKo .n.oKa3aTM .n.a 3a rrpoM3BO.lliHe peaJIHe 6pojeBe x, y BaJKM
T3B. H.ejeaH.a'K:ocm mpoyz.Aa
M .n.a je lx + Yl = lxl + IYI aKo M caMo aKo je x, y > 0 MJIM x, y < 0, MJIH je je.n.aH
o,n; 6pojeBa x, y je,n;HaK HYJIM, a .n.pyrM je rrpOM3BO.lliaH.
3aTHM ,n;a je 3a IIpOM3BO.lliHO € > 0 Heje.n.HaKOCT lxl :::; € eKBMBaJieHTHa Ca
-€ :::; X :::; €, M .n.a 3a IIpOM3BO.lliHe peaJIHe 6pojeBe X, y BaJKe je.n.HaKOCTM
(4)
1~1 = 1~1 (x =I= 0).
1, 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
P -1
- =pq '
q
x~b (x E A)
(y + h)n = t (~)
k=O
yn-khk = Yn +h t (~)
k=l
Yn-khk-1 :::;
:::; Yn t (~)
+h
k=l
yn-k = Yn + h [( 1 + y)n _ Yn].
IIoce6Ho 3a a= b .n;o611:jaMo CKYIT [a, a]= {a}. OcHM Tora ce ITO KOHBeH-
:o;lljH ITpa3aH CKYIT TaKolje CMaTpa je,n;HHM 3aTBOp8Hk'IM k'IHT8pBaJIOM.
AKo je a < b, Ta.n;a ce CKYITOBH
JIHKa [a, +oo) HJIH 06JIHKa (a, +oo), IIpH l!8MY je a 6HJIO KOjH peaJiaH 6poj, a
ITO)]; OKOJIHHOM Ta"t.IK8 -00 6HJIO KOjH HHT8pBaJI o6JIHKa ( -00, b] HJIH 06JIHKa
(-oo,b), IIpH "t.IeMy je b 6HJIO KOjH peaJiaH 6poj.
IIo.n; O'K:O.I!U'HOM ma"t'K:e oo, rro.n;pa3yMaBaMo 6HJIO KOjH cKyrr o6JIHKa !xi 2:
a, Tj. CKYII (-oo,a]U[a,+oo), HJIH 6HJIO KOjH CKYII 06JIHKa !xi> a, IIpH ll8MY
IIorJiaBJLe 2
He Bpe,IUIOCTH HH3a.
KoHa~aH 6poj a E R Ha3HBa ce zpa'HU~'HOM epeiJHowny HH3a (an) H rmme
ce
lim an= a
n-+oo
aKO 3a CBaKO € > 0 IIOCTOjH npHpO,n;aH 6poj no no(c) TaKaB .n;a 3a cBaKo
n;:::: no BaiKH
ian- al:::; E.
Ta.n;a KaiKeMo H .n;a HH3 an -+ a (" TeiKH Ka a") Ka.n;a n TeiKH Ka 6ecKoHa~
HOCTH.
(an) HMa KOHa~HY rpaHH~HY Bpe,n;HOCT, OH,n;a
AKO HH3 Ce Ha3HBa rbO'H-
eepze'Hm'HUM. Y cynpoTHOM, OH ce Ha3HBa iJueepzeHm'HUM.
Henocpe.n;Ho ce MOiKe BH,n;eTH .n;a je CBaKH r.:oHcmaHma'H 'HU3, Tj. HH3
TaKaB .n;a je an = a = canst 3a cBaKo n E N, KOHBepreHTaH H .n;a je IheroBa
rpaHH~Ha Bpe,n;HOCT je,n;HaKa a.
AKo je (an) npOH3BOJI.aH HH3 peaJIHHX 6pojeBa, Ta.n;a ce 3a npOH3BO-
JI.aH HH3 npHpO,II;HHX 6pojeBa n1 < n2 < n3 < · · ·, HH3 (xk) = (ank) Ha3HBa
nOO'HU30M HH3a (an)· IlpHMeTHMO .n;a Ce Ta,n;a HH,II;YKD;HjOM JiaKO ,II;OKa3yje .n;a
je 3a cBaKo k E N HcnylheHo nk ;:::: k, o.n;aKJie cJie,n;H .n;a cBaKH TaKaB no.n;HH3
nk -+ 00 Ka,n;a k -+ 00. CBaKH HH3 je H HCTOBpeMeHO H je,n;aH CBOj IIO,II;HH3 KO,II;
Kora je n 1 = 1, n2 = 2, HT.n;. H yorrrriTe nk = k 3a cBaKo kEN.
MoiKe ce JiaKo noKa3aTH .n;a aKo HH3 (an) HMa rpaHH"t.IHY Bpe.n;HOCT
a, Ta.n;a H CBaKH IheroB no,n;HH3 HMa HCTY rpaHH~HY Bpe,n;HOCT. Mel)yTHM,
aKO H3BeCTaH TIO,II;HH3 (ank) HH3a (an) HMa rpaHH~HY Bpe,n;HOCT a, y OTiillTeM
CJiy~ajy HHje Ta~HO .n;a H :o;eo HH3 (an) yonmTe HMa rpaHH~HY Bpe,n;HOCT.
0~HrJie,II;HO je MeQyTHM .n;a aKO cear.;u IIO,II;HH3 (ank) HH3a (an) HMa rpaHH~HY
Bpe,n;HOCT a, Ta.n;a H :o;eo HH3 (an) HMa HCTY rpaHH~HY Bpe,n;HOCT, jep 3a IIO,II;HH3
MOiKeMO .n;a Y3MeMO H CaM HH3 (an).
m1 n1 m 1 m 1
iam-ani=IL:k-Lkl=l L kl= L k>
k=l k=l k=n+l k=n+l
1 1 n 1
> --+···+-- >- = -,
n+1 n+n 2n 2
,n:aKJie lam -ani ~ 1/2 3a CBaKo n EN II m > 2n, 3aKJny-qyjeMo ,n:a nocMaTpaHH
HH3 HHje KomHjeB, na CTOra HHje HI! KOHBepreHTaH. Ta"I'.IHHje, OH je o,n:pel)eHO
,[(l!BepreHTaH, Tj. BaiKH
n 1
L k-+ +oo
k=l
(n-+ oo).
iani ~M,
Ta,n:a nHmeMO limn-+oo an = oo.
AKo je CJIH"I'.!Ho, 3a cBe n ~ no(M) HcnyiheHo
an>- M '
Ta.n;a nHmeMo limn-+oo an = +oo, a aKo je 3a cBe n ~ n 0 HcnyibeHo
an:::; -M,
OH.n;a nHmeMO limn-+oo an = -oo.
TaKo je HanpHMep
lim n
n-too
= +oo, lim ( -n)
n-+oo
= -oo, lim ( -1tn
n-+oo
= oo.
3aTHM II
0, lql < 1
1, q= 1
lim qn
n-+oo
=
He ITOCTOjH, q:::; -1
+oo, q>1
AHAJII13A I 3A I1H<l>OPMATI1"Y:APE 15
HH3 an KOjH Team Ka je,n;HOM o,n; H3pa3a oo, ±oo TaKot)e ce rroHeKa,n;
Ha3:H:Ba KOHBepreHTHHM, aJIH Ce OH,L(a KOHBepreHI(Hja Ka 00, O,L(HOCHO Ka +oo
HJIH Ka -OO CTpHKTHO HarJiaiiiaBa, ,n;a 6H Ce jaCHO pa3JIHKOBaJia 0,1:( yo6w:ra-
jeHe KOHBepreHI(Hje Ka KOHaqHoj rpaH:H:qHoj Bpe,n;HOCTH.
!a- bl = !a- an+ an- bl :::; Ia- ani+ ian- bl < 2 c = Ia- bl,
IIITO je HeMoryne. CTora je je,n;HHO Moryne ,n;a je a= b. D
a· oo = oo (a# 0), a(+oo) = +oo (a> 0), a(-oo) = -oo (a> 0),
a(+oo) = -oo (a< 0), = +oo (a< 0),
a(-oo)
(oo) · (oo) = (oo) · (+oo) = (oo) · (-oo) = oo,
(+oo)(+oo) = +oo, (+oo)(-oo) = -oo, (-oo)(-oo) = +oo.
. an a
(6) l lm -b =-b.
n-too n
IIpeTxo,n;H:a cTaB Ba>K:a :a aKo je 6poj a KOHa"tJ:aH HJIH je,n;aH o,n; 6pojeBa oo,
±oo a 6poj b KOHa"tJ:aH HJIH je,n;aH O,I( 6pojeBa 0, 00, ±oo, IIO,I( rrpeTIIOCTaBKOM
,n;a je ,n;eqmHHCaH KOJIH"t!HHK ajb. 1IoKa3H O,ll;rOBapajyfiHX TBpl)eiLa y CBHM
OBHM CJiy-qajeBHMa cy CJIH"t!HH Ca ,I(OKa30M rrpeTXO,n;HOr TBpljeH>a.
Harrp:aMep, aKO je lim an = a KOHa"tlaH 6poj, CBH "tiJiaHOBH HH3a bn cy
n-too
pa3JIH"t!HTH o,n; HyJie :a Ba>Kn lim bn = 0, Ta,n;a je
n-too
. an
l 1m-b
n-too n
= oo.
.lla.rr.e yoq11MO 611JIO KOj11 peaJIH11 H113 (an) (n EN), 11 rrp0113BOJI.aH H>e-
roB rro,n:H113 (ank) (k E N). AKo H113 (an) 11Ma rpaH11l.IHY Bpe,n;HOCT a, Ta,n;a
Ol.II1I'JI8.IJ:HO 11 H>8I'OB IIO,Il;HI13 (ank) HMa 11CTy rpaHlll.IHY Bpe,n;HOCT. IJoce6Ho,
aKO HI13 an KOHBepr11pa Ka KOHal.IHOM 6pojy a, Ta,n;a 11 H>8I'OB IIO,Il;HI13 (ank)
KOHBeprHpa Ka 11CTOM 6pojy. 0BO H8IIOCpe,n:HO CJI8.IJ:I1 113 TOI'a liTO aKO k -+ 00,
Ta.n;a 11 HI13 rrp11po,n;H11x 6pojeBa nk -+ oo, jep je n 1 < n2 < ··· rra je nk > k
(kEN) .
.ilaJI.e neMO ,n;eqmH11CaTI1 IIOjaM Tal.IK8 Hai'OM11JiaBaH>a IIp0113BOJI.HOI' pe-
aJIHOI' H113a (an).
Tal.!Ka a E R Ha311Ba ce ma"'.X:O.M Hazo.Mu.JtaBa'lba H113a (an) aKo rrocTOJ11
IIO,Il;H113 (ank) (k E N) ,n;aTOI' H113a KOj11 KOHBepr11pa Ka Tal.IK11 a.
CJIH"t.IHY .neqmHHD;Hjy MomeMo ,n;a ycBojHMO 11 3a TaqKe ±oo, l.IHMe je
rrojaM Tal.!Ke HaroMHJiaBaH>a ,n;eqmHHCaH 3a cBe Tal.!Ke a E R*.
TaKo Ha rrp11Mep HI13 an = ( -1) n ( n E N) Ol.IHI' Jie,n;Ho HMa ,n;Be Tal.!Ke
HarOM11JiaBaH>a a = 1 11 a = -1.
CJie,n:etia TeopeMa Ha311Ba ce BoJin;aHo-BajeprriTpacoBOM TeopeMOM 3a
HI130Be.
OCllM TOI'a MOiKe Ce ,IJ;OKa3aTll ,n;a OHM TaKOQe rrpe,n;CTaBJLajy Ta"tiKe Hai'OMllJia-
Baiha IIOCMaTpaHOI' Hll3a. CTora je 5poj lim an HajBena Ta"t!Ka HarOMllJia-
n-+oo
Ba!ha Hll3a (an), a 5poj lim an HajMaiha Ta"t!Ka HarOMMJiaBa!ha rrocMaTpaHor
n-+oo
Hll3a. 0Ba .n;Ba 5poja ce pecrreKTllBHO Ha3nBajy "JIMMec cyrrepnop" n "JIMMec
MH<f>epnop" IIOCMaTpaHOI' Hll3a.
Ha rrpnMep, aKo je an= ( -l)n (n EN), Ta,n;a je lim an= 1 ll lim an=
n-+oo n-+oo
-1.
Y OIIIIITeM CJiy-qajy nMaMo .n;a je lim an ~sup{ an} ll lim an 2: inf{ an}·
n-+oo n-+oo
HaBo.n;nMo joiii je.n;Hy KapaKTepn3a:o;njy oBe ,n;Be rroce5He BeJIM"t!MHe rrpn-
.n;pyiKeHe rrpoll3BOJLHOM HM3y. Bpoj a = lim an ce o5n"t!HO KapaKTepniiie
n-+oo
KaO Ta"t!Ka Hai'OMllJiaBaiba Hll3a (an) TaKBa ,n;a 3a CBaKO c > 0 IIOCTOjll CaMO
KOHa"t!HO MHOI'O "t!JiaHOBa IIOCMaTpaHOI' Hll3a 3a KOje je an > a+ c. Cm!"t!HO,
Ta"t!Ka b = lim an ce o6n"t!HO KapaKTepniiie Kao Ta"t!Ka HaroMnJiaBaiha ,n;aTor
n-+oo
HM3a TaKBa ,n;a 3a CBaKO c > 0 IIOCTOjM CaMO KOHa"t!HO MHOI'O "tiJiaHOBa TOI'
Hll3a 3a Koje jean< b- c.
CJie,n;ene TBpl)eihe je je.n;Ho o.n; HajBaiKHMjnx TBpl)eiha Koja ce o,n;Hoce
Ha IIOCMaTpaHe IIOjMOBe.
CTAB 11. (a) Pea.tta'H 'HUJ (an) uMa zpa'HU"{'HY epeiJ1-tocm ax;o u caMo ax;o
ye lim an = lim an, mj. ax:o u caMo ax;o noceiJyje caMo jeiJ1-ty jeouucmeeuy
n-+oo n-+oo
ma"{x;y uazoMu.ttaBa'/ba.
(5) Pea.tta'H uuJ (an) x;oueepzupa ax:o u caMo ax:o uMa jeouy jeiJuucmeeuy
ma"{x;y uazoMu.ttaBa'lba u oua je x;oua'l(.a'H 6poj.
5. MOHOTOHH HH30BH
an = ( 1 + ~) n = (n + 1) n (n EN).
n nn
KaKo je Ha ocHoay BepHyJI:H:jeae Heje.n;HaKOCTH (1+hY~ > 1+ah 3a caaKo
a> 0 11: lhl < 1, Y3HMajynH .n;a je h = -1/(n + 1) 2 11: a= n + 1, .n;o6HjaMo .n;a
3a caaKo n E N aaJK:H::
1 J n+l (n + 1) 1 n
[1 - (n + 1)2 1 1- n + 1
> - (n + 1) 2 = = n + 1·
0 .n;aa.n;e j e pe.n;oM
(n + 1)n+l nn
1 )n+l
( 1+n+1
( 1
> 1+;
)n '
TJ. an+l >an 3a caaKo n EN. CTora je HH3 (an) CTporo pacTynH.
AKo .n;a.!he yo~mMo HH3
bn =
1-)n
(1 + -n-1 (n?: 2),
an = ( 1 + ~) n < ( 1 + n ~ 1) n = bn (n ?: 2),
(1 +
1 )n > 1 + n
> 1 + -,
1
n2 - 1 n - 1
2 n
.n;o6HjaMo .n;a je 3a caaKo n ?: 2:
n2n n+1
> __ 2n+l (
(n2 - 1)n n ' n > n- 1t(n + l)n+l'
nn (n + 1)n+l
- - > __ ..:..__ 1 )n ( 1) n+l
(n- 1)n nn+l bn = (1 + n- 1 > 1+ ; = bn+l·
22 AHAJIH3A I 3A HH<POPMATH"tiAPE
e ~ 2, 718281828.
1 )n ( 1 ) n-1 ( 1 ) n
bn = (1 + n - 1 = 1+ n - 1 1+ n - 1 = n - 1 an-1'
lim bn lim an = e.
= n--+oo
n--+oo
ITorJiaBJLe 3
PEAJIHE <PYHKUHJE
1. OcHOBHe ,Il.eqn:IHH~Hje
rrp11 "tie My j e
( ) =f(x)+f(-x) h( )-f(x)-f(-x)
gx n , X- ,.... ,
AHAJU13A I 3A MH<POPMATM"Y:APE 25
lf(x)l :S M,
(1°) j(x1) :S j(x2); (2°) f(xl) ~ j(x2); (3°) f(xl) < j(x2);
(4°) f(xl) > f(x2).
Ta,n:a ce OHa pecrreKTYIBHO Ha3YIBa pacmyfio.M, onaiJajyfioM, cmpozo pac-
myfio.M, o,n:HOCHO cmpozo onaiJajyfioM ¢yn'l\.v,ujo.M.
Y CBaKOM O,ll; TYIX CJiy-qajeBa Ce OHa Ha3YJ:Ba .MO'HOffiO'HO.M q>yHKD;YijOM Ha
YIHTepBaJiy D.
0"tiYir Jie,n:Ho j e q>yHK:o;Yij a f (x) ,n:eq>YIHYICaHa Ha YIHTepBaJiy D pacTyha
( O,ll;HOCHO CTpOI'O paCTyna) Ha TOM YIHTepBaJiy aKO Y1 CaMO aKO j e q>yHKD;Yij a
- f(x) orra,n:ajyha (o,n:HOCHO CTporo orra,n:ajyti.a) Ha TOM YIHTepBaJiy.
AKO j e ,n:aJLe y =j (X) 11pOY13BOJLHa CTpOI'O MOHOTOHa q>yHKD;Yij a Ha YIH-
TepBaJiy D, Ta,n:a YI3 f(xl) = j(x2) CJie,n:YI ,n:a je x 1 = x 2, rra je f(x) 6YijeKTYIBHO
rrpeCJIYIKaBalbe YIHTepBaJia D y cKyrr E = f(D).
CTora rrocTojYI o,n:roBapajyti.e
YIHBep3HO rrpecJIYIKaBalbe Tj. YIHBep3Ha q>yHK:o;Yija f- 1 : E H D.
26 AHAJU13A I 3A I1H<I>OPMATI1"Y:APE
y
' \. ~:··?·······/
.......... r ..
''
.. ~
.'
r}f·IJ'·-. ._ . :1
.. ~ ...
'
:
_V Tif) 1
/f 0 ~ ""'.,..
CJIHKa 3.1
3. EneMeHTapue <flyu~Hje
(1 °) - IToJIHHOMe;
AHAJU13A I 3A MH<I>OPMATMl..IAPE 27
Po(x) = ao,
rra cy IIOJIHHOMH cTerreHa 0 KOHCTaHTHe !f>YHKUHje ( Cnnr<a 3.2).
3a n = 1 ,n;o6njaMo ,n;a je
Yt y y
y=ao +a,.x+c~-c-'
I
I
I y=ao .~o..o
x c.0-- , I
I
I
l
I
Ia ~
X 0 X
n :H:Ma Ha-
l13 AJire6pe je IIHa"t.Je II03HaTO ,n;a CBaKM IIOJillHOM CTerreHa
jBMme n peaJIHMX HyJia x1, x2, ... , Xm, 3a Koje je ,n;aKJie Pn(xi) = 0 (i =
1, ... , m). IIocToje pa3HH rrpHMepM peaJIH:HX IIOJIHHOMa KOjH HeMajy HMje,n;Hy
peaJIHY HyJiy, HarrpHMep rroJIHHOM P(x) = x 2 + 1.
Pm(x)
(1) f(x) = Qn(x)'
(2) y =ax
'
IIpll "t.JeMy je a > 0 ll a # 1, ll OHa je ,n;e<flMHMCaHa ll II03llTllBHa 3a CBaKO
peaJIHO X. Bpoj a Ha3HBa ce OC'HOBO.M IIOCMaTpaHe <flyHKI(Hje.
AKo rrpeTrrocTaBMMo ,n;a je oHa Ben ,n;e<flMHMCaHa 3a Bpe,n;HoCTH a > 1,
Ta,n;a Ce OHa 3a Bpe,n;HOCTH a < 1 ,n;e<flHH:Hme Ca ax = ( ~) -x. l[aJl>e neMO
yKpaTKO OIIMCaTH KaKO je OHa ,n;e<flHHMCaHa 3a Bpe,n;HOCTll OCHOBe a > 1.
y .!
\
\
\
y=a
"\ (a> 1)
' ' )-,
y==a . . . . . . . .
...........
(0< a< 1' ' -..., .................. ...... __________ __
0 X
CJIH1m 3.5
y = logax,
.IJ;e<fJ:aHMCaHa 3a CBaKO a > 0 (a =/:- 1) je MHBep3Ha <fJyHKD;Hja €KCIIOH€HD;MjaJIHe
<fJYHKn;nje ax, .IJ;aKJie ,n;e<fJMHMCaHa je ca x = aY. IloKa3yje ce ,n;a je oHa ,n;e<fJn-
HMCaHa 3a CBaKO X > 0, jep je €KCIIOHeHD;MjaJIHa <fJYHKD;Mja ax CTpOrO MOHO-
TOHa 3a CBaKO a > 0 (a=/:- 1). Bpoj a Ha3:aBa ce OC'H.OBO.M IIOCMaTpaHe JIOra-
pMTaMCKe <fJyHKD;Mje.
AKo je a= 10 o6M'iHO IIMmeMo logx yMecTo log 10 x, .n;oK 3a a= e o6M'iHO
rrnmeMo ln x yMecTo logex. MoJKe ce JiaKo an,n;eTn ,n;a aaJKe j e,n;HaKOCTM
y.l.l i .
'
/ I
Y =[oo t ~-"/"
y _3..:__.)1/ /ra>l)
0 I 1 X
/ /
Cmma 3.6
y = Xa:
'
IIpll "t.JeMy jea 6MJIO KOjll peaJiaH 6poj ll X > 0. 0Ha je ,n;e<f>MHMCaHa IIOTIIYHO
CJill"tJHO KaO ll <f>yHKII;Mja ax C TOM pa3JIMKOM liTO CMO Bpe,n;HOCT X <f>MI<CMpaJIM
(n cTaBMJIM x = a), a Bpe,n;HOCT a je 3aMeH>eHa ca x n y3nMa cBe Moryne
II03llTllBHe Bpe,n;HOCTll.
Hnje TemKo Bn,n;eTM .n;a Ta.n;a n.n;eHTll"tJKM BaiKM
Y= ea:[n X
'
3aTMM ,n;a je <f>yHKD;MjaXa: II03llTllBHa 3a CBe Bpe,n;HOCTll X > 0, KaO ll ,n;a je 3a
IIpOll3BOJI,He peaJIHe 6pojeBe a, /3 ll X> 0 llCIIylheHO
(xa:).B = xa:.B.
y=xt~ yr
\''~1·-·-~;
Y'
1y=xJ
y=xL_ :
/
-II ,Y~ \
i ...,_
yf-\l~::~
LA,_
: ', ~'f - ,.~ ;
.
10
:
•
0
:• ------- )o
~
X : X X
y X
y y
y r y=/':_
0 X 0 X
~0 X
CJIHRa 3.7
Yt
YI
: s=z7i-~; ~-::t)
y=sinx y =cos x
---······ II
\ ,-;t --------vc··--
·o ; \-----------------·
:
;r; /"
· n- ----\ !T-----------------
---------------- _1'
ra-~\I x
1 ·····
··--
4
:r:
----------------- . ' ·------ ----· ..: ···------·l·t-······----
- I0
I ~. ·--------"' .
CJIHRa 3.8
-n::
7 "/ I y I y./ I' ./
~
CJIHRa 3.9
HanoMeHHMO ,n;a H3Me1jy cpyHKU:Hja arc sin x u: arc cos x nocToju: peJia-
U:HJa
. y~
i' .... ~,...... ''
- ':
4\o
' .....
i: ..{2 ___\!'- .
.1 'J -arcsau: b;=arccosx
7
.
'
-1 V]O u
f~---~---rt/~
.:c -1
.
.1'
1
,..
1
0 / •)1
.; :
:
:
X
:......
'
~ . :
:
- '
S-lu"' f.?l'l.
I
r·-·--r -rc :
Slika-I.,.2·J:-..
:
. Y~~
rr.!2.
y=arcrg.:c 1 IJt
y=arcc:g:c.
~·
. ~~
:~.:c
-;r/l 0 X
C.T.IHKa 3.10
a = arc sin x E [-7r /2, 0], j3 = arc cos x E [7r /2, 7r],
rra FI3 x =sin a = cos j3 cJie,n;FI ,n;a je orreT j3 = 7r /2- a, Tj. a+ j3 = 7r /2.
0CFIM TOra, FI3Mel)y <flyHKD;Fija arc tg X F1 arc ctg X IIOCTOjFI CJIFI~Ha B83a
sh X= ex- e-x
(x E R);
2
ex+ e-x
ch x = (x E R);
2
sh X ex - e-x e2x - 1
thx=--= =- -- (x E R);
ch x ex + e-x e2x + 1
ch x ex + e-x e2 x + 1
cth x = - - =
sh x ex -e-x
= - --
e2 x - 1
(x =f. 0);
y
y
\
~ /Jy:c.h:.
/
y: 1/2 ex
-r, /
X X j;
y:~1
X
'I
I 'II\ 1~ dh X
~:: ~" ;i
il " " - - -
X
X
aj
ex= y + y'y2 + 1,
O,I(HOCHO
x = ln (y + y'y 2+ 1).
O,n;aB,n;e 3aMeHOM ITpOMeHJI.HBHX x H y ,n;o6:vrjaMo Haj3a,n; ,n;a je
y = ar sh x = ln (x + y'x2 + 1) (x E R).
36 AHAJI113A I 3A l1H<I>OPMATI1l..JAPE
ar ch x = ln (x +/ x 2 - 1) (x ~ 1).
<I>yHKII.llje th x (x E R)
x (xi= 0) cy llHa"tle o6ocTpaHo je,n;H03Ha"tiHe
11 cth
11 HerrapHe, rra cy lhllXOBe llHBep3He cpyHKII.llje ar th x (x E R) 11 cth x (x i= 0)
je,n;H03Ha"tiHO ,n;ecpllHllCaHe 11 TaKot)e HerrapHe. Mo:rKe ce JiaKo rroKa3aTll ,n;a cy
OHe 3a,n;aTe cpopMyJiaMa
ar th x= ~ ln ( 1 + x)
2 1-x
(ixl < 1), ar cth x
1
= 2ln (x-1)
x +1 (lxl > 1).
rpacpllii.ll rrpeTXO,IJ;H€ "tl€Tllpll llHB€p3H€ Xllii€p60Jill"tlK€ cpyHKII.llje cy
rrpe,n;cTaB.llieHll Ha cJie,n;enllM CJillKaMa.
y
y:Y. X
't
r.Au.J
/
J'~·y
/
--
/
// / y::.usln
~~
..!....-'
1.--//
///
/ /'
-- --
y= lrch
.~
X
/ I
/10 ,I ;;
/
/ '
/
......
y
Y=J.rth :x
I /
I
-I
:X
/l.(c-th/
/ I
/ c~t. x.
/ I
I
llorJiaBJLe 4
1. OcHOBHe Aelf>HHH~Hje
je,n;Ha Ta"t:J:Ka X E D (x =j:. Xo). llpHTOM Ta"t:J:Ka Xo MOJKe aJIH H He MOpa ,n;a
npmm,n;a caM oM cKyrry D.
Ha npHMep, aKo je CKYII D = I( a, b) 6HJIO KOjH KOHaqHH HHTepBaJI ca
KpajibHM TaqKaMa a H b (a< b), Ta,n;a je CKYIT CBHX IberOBHX Ta"t:J:aKa HarOMHJia-
Baiba 3aTBOpeHH HHTepBaJI [a, b]. AKo jeD= {x 1 , ... , xn} 6HJIO KOjH KOHa"t:J:HH
cKyn peaJIHHX 6pojeBa, Ta,n;a OH He rroce,n;yje HH je,n;Hy Ta"t:J:KY HaroMHJiaBaH>a
y cKyny R*.
x 0 TaqKa HarOMH-
Mome ce JiaKo BH,n;eTH ,n;a je y OIIliiTeM cJiy-qajy TaqKa
JiaBaiLa cKyrra D aKo H caMo aKo nocTojH HH3 TaqaKa (xn) cKyna D TaKaB
,n;a je Xn =!= xo (n E N), KOjH KOHBeprHpa Ka TaqKH x 0 • CBe Ta"t:J:Ke caMor
cKyrra D MOJKeMo ,n;a no,n;eJIHMO Ha TaqKe Koje npe,n;cTaBJbajy H>eroBe TaqKe
HarOMHJiaBaH>a, H npeOCTaJie TaqKe KOje Ha3HBaMO U30.11.0Ba'H.UM ffia'l(,X:aMa TOr
CKyna. Q-qnrJie,LUIO je HeKa Ta"t:J:Ka Xo E D H30JIOBaHa Ta"t:J:Ka TOr CKyna aKO H
CaMO aKO y HeKOj H>eHOj OKOJIHHH HeMa ,n;pyrHX Ta"t:J:aKa TOr CKyiia.
IIpeTnocTaBHMO ,n;aJbe ,n;a je peaJIHa <PYHK:U:Hja f(x) ,n;e!pHHHCaHa Ha He-
KOM Henpa3HOM cKyny D, H ,n;a je x 0 E R TaqKa HaroMHJiaBaiUa cKyrra D.
Ta,n;a ce KOHa"t:J:aH 6poj A E R Ha3HBa zpa'H.U'l(,'H.O.M epeiJH.owfiy !pyHK:U:Hje f(x) y
TaqKH Xo aKO 3a CBaKO c>0 ITOCTOjH HeKO 6 = 6(c) > 0 TaKO ,n;a je
. 1 . 1
hm- = oo, hm - I= +oo,
x-+OX x-+0 X 1
HT,L{.
O):(HOCHO ca
lim f(x), Tj. ca f(xo- 0).
x-+xo-0
x 2 -1
lim(2
x--+2
+ 3x) = 8, lim
x--+1 X- 1
lim(x + 1) = 2.
= x-tl
lim (j(x)
x-+xo
+ g(x)) = x-+xo
lim f(x) + lim g(x),
x-+xo
lim (j(x)- g(x)) = lim j(x)- lim g(x).
x-+xo x-+xo x-+xo
k k k k
lim
X-+Xo
L o:di(x) = L o:iAi, lim
X-+Xo
IT fi(x) =IT Ai.
i=l i=l i=l i=l
42 AHAJH13A I 3A 11H<I>OPMAT11qAPE
lim (f(x))k
X-+Xo
= Ak "
Pm(x) Pm(xo)
lim ( )
x-+xo Qn X Qn(xo).
lim f(x)
x-+xo
= x-+xo
lim h(x) = B,
CTAB 11. A'K:o nocmoje zpa'H.U"'.'He epeOHocmu lim f(x) =A, lim g(x) =
x-+xo x-+xo
B u npumo.M je 6ap jeOa'H 00 6pojeea A, B 6eC'K:O'Ha"'.a'H a opyzu 'H.Uje jeO'H.a'K: 0,
maoa eaJ~Cu jeO'H.a'K:ocm
lim f(x)g(x)
x-+xo
= (x-+xo
lim f(x)) · ( lim g(x)) =A· B.
x-+xo
lim f(x) = A
x-+xo g(x) B'
AHAJII13A I 3A 11H<I>OPMATI1"Y:APE 45
.llaJLe lleMO HaBeCTH jOIII je,l.(aH Ba)KaH CTaB KOjH Ce O,l.(HOCH Ha 3a-
MeHy IIpOMeHJLHBe KO,l.( H3pal:!yHaBa:Eba rpaHH"t:!He Bpe,l.(HOCTII. Y CJIOBH KOjH
Ce IIpHTOM HaMeny Ha cpyHKD;Hjy X = x(t) cy KOMIIJIHKOBaHH, rra lleMO HX
rroce6HO H3JIO)KHT1L
IIpeTrrocTaBHMO ,l.(a je cpyHKu;.uja x = x(t) rrpoMeHJLHBe t, ,l.(ecp.uH.ucaHa
y HeKOj OKOJIHHH jt- t 0 j < T Ta"t:IKe to, HHjeKTHBHa je y TOj OKOJIHHH, M .H:Ma
oco6.uHy ).(a HH3 tn ---+ to (tn =/= to, n E N) aKo .u caMo aKo O,l.(roBapajyn.u
HH3 x(tn) ---+ Xo = x(to). CBaKy TaKBY cpyHKu;.ujy Ha3.uBaneMo KpaTKO d-
cpyHKD;Hj OM.
Q-q.urJie,l.(HO, CBaKa d-cpyHKD;Hja X = x(t) .H:Ma O,l.(rOBapajyny HHBep3HY
cpyHKD;Hjy t = C 1 (x) M OBa HHBep3Ha cpyHKD;Hja je TaKol)e je,l.(Ha d-cpyHKD;Hja.
(5) lim
x-+xo
f (x) = t-+to
lim f (x (t)).
~ 1\ Jc
·x
Cm~Ra 4.1
.n.aJI.e
P(ll AOB) = 1 · sinx
2
, P(ceKTopaAOB) = 2x ,
P( [). AOC) = 1 . ~g X = tg2 X'
sinx x tg x
-2- < 2< -2-,
smx
cosx < - - < 1,
X
TJ.
smx
0 < 1 - - - < 1 - COS X.
X
sinx
0 < 1 - - - < x,
X
O,II.HOCHO
. sinx
1lm - -
x-+0 X
= 1. 0
(9) lim (1
x-++0
+ x)l/x _
- e,
= lim (1 + z) 1I z · lim (1 + z) = e · 1 = e,
z-t+O z-t+O
,n;a.KJie .n;oi<a3aJIH CMO H j e,n;Hai<OCT ( 10). CTora caMo rrpeocTaje ,n;a .n;oi<aa<eMo
je,n;Ha.KOCT (9).
AI<o .n;aJLe yBe.n;eMo cMeHy x = 1/y, rrpH ~eMy y ---+ +oo, Ta.n;a ce je.n;-
Hai<OCT (9) MO:>Ke HaiiHCaTH y o6mmy
(11) lim ( 1 + ~) Y = e.
y-t+oo Y
1 )Xn
(12) lim ( 1 +- =e.
Xn-t+oo Xn
liai<Jie Tpe6a .n;a .n;oi<aa<eMo .n;a je 3a 6HJIO I<OjH HH3 Xn I<OJH Tea<H I<a
+oo, ll rrpHTOM je Xn =I= 0 3a CBai<o n E N HCIIylheHo
lim ( 1 + _!_
n-too n
r = e,
rra jell 3a IIpOll3BOJLaH Hll3 rrpHpO.IJ;HHX 6pojeBa nk I<Ojll Te:>Kll I<a 00 llCIIyH:.eHO
. ( 1 +-
l1m 1 ) nk =e.
k-too nk
nk 5 Xk < nk + 1,
H nk ---+ +oo I<a.n;a k ---+ oo. Kai<o je rrpHTOM
1 1 1
---<-<-
nk +1 Xk - nk'
AHAJIH3A I 3A HH<l>OPMA THqAPE 49
HaJia3HMO .na J e
)nk
( 1+
1
< ( 1+-
1)Xk < ( 1+-
1)nk+l (kEN).
nk +1 Xk nk
(1 +
1 )"k+l
nk =
(
1+
1
nk
)"k (1 + nk
1 )
--+ e . 1 = e,
o,naKJie Herrocpe,nHo cJie,nH ,na j e H
1 ) Xk
lim 1 +- =e.
k-+oo ( Xk
3. AcHMIITOTe cpyH~m_Hja
f(x) = px + q + o(1),
Tpe6a HarroMeHyTH .n;a HeKe cpyHK:o;Hje y Ta-qKH +oo HMajy a HeKe HeMajy
aCHMIITOTe.
IlpHMep. <l>yHKD;Hja
1
f(x) = x + 2 +-X (x ~ 1),
f(x) = x 2 (x ~ 0)
lim [x 2
x-t+oo
- px- q] = x-t+oo
lim x 2 (1- pjx- qjx 2 ) =
lim f(x) = q,
x-t+oo
. f(x) . x3 + 1
p= hm - - = hm =1
:z:-++oo X :z:-++oox 2(x-2) '
H
q= .
l1m [f (X) - X] = l'1m [ x3( + 1 ) - XJ = l'1m 2x2 ( + ..,.,
1 = 2,
:z:-++oo :z:-++oo X X- 2 :z:-++oo X X-
na je npaBa y =X+ 2 aCHMITTOTa <f>yHKD;Hje j(x) Ka.n;a X--+ +oo.
TaKolje ce JiaKo .n;oKa3yje .n;a je HCTa npaBa acHMITTOTa <f>yHKD;Hje f(x)
Ka.n;a x --+ - oo.
Haae.n;eHa <f>YHKD;Hja o{.mrJie.n;Ho HMa H .n;Be BepTHKaJIHe acHMnToTe x =0
H X= 2. 0
HeKa cy .n;aJLe j (X), g (X) 6eCKOHal:IHO MaJie B8JIH11HH8 Ka.n;a X --+ XQ, H
HeKa llOCTOjH rpaHHl:IHa Bpe.n;HOCT
AKO je k = 0, Ta,I(a ce KalKe ,I(a cpyHKD;Mja j(x) HMa BUULU peiJ O,L( cpyHKD;Hje
g(x) Ka,I(a X --+ XQ, a aKO je k = +oo ,I(a cpyHKD;Mja g(x) U.Ma BUULU peiJ O,L(
cpyHKD;Mje j(x) Ka,I(a X--+ XQ.
llpMTOM ce 3a k = 0 rmme f(x) = o(g(x)) Ka.na x --+ x 0, a 3a k = +oo
rmme ce g(x) = o(f(x)) Ka.na x--+ xa.
AKo je k = 1 Ta.na ce cpyHKD;Hje f(x) 11: g(x) Ha3MBajy e-x:euea.t~,enmnu.M
6eCKOHal.IHQ MaJIHM BeJIH"t!MHaMa, 11: Imme Ce j(x) rv g(x) Ka,I(a X--+ Xo.
x3
-X = x 2 --+ 0 (x--+ 0).
X
JX = Vx--+ 0 (x--+ 0). 0
AHAJU13A I 3A HH<I>OPMATHqAPE 53
Ilor.rraBJ.Le 5
HEIIPEKHllHOCT ~YHKUHJA
3a cBaKI1 HH3 (xn) CD Koju TeiKH Ka Ta"t!KH xo (xn =I= xo, n EN), O,II.roBapajynu
HH3 Bpe,II.HOCTH j(xn) -+ j(xo) ·
x, x¥=1
f(x) = { 2,
x=1
Ta"t:J:Ka Xo = 1 6:ane Ta"t:J:Ka OTKJIOihHBOr rrpeKH,L(a. 0
f(x)
af(x) + j3g(x) (a, j3 E R), f(x)g(x), (g (xo) =I= 0)
g(x)
ma11:o!je nenpe11:uone y moj ma"t11:U.
Ia f(x) + f3 g(x)-a f(xo)- f3 fg(xo)l :s; ialif(x)- f(xo)l + if3ilg(x)- g(xo)l <
c c
< ial 2jaj + j3 21/31 =c.
a f(x) + /3 g(x)
CTora je :a cf>YHKII.Mja HerrpeK:a,n;Ha y Ta"t!KM x0 •
AKo je je,n;aH o,n; 5pojeBa a, /3 je,n;HaK HYJIM, a ,n;pyr:a pa3JIM"t!MT o,n; HyJie,
,II;OKa3 ce M3BO,Il;M CJIM"t!HO. 0
(1 + E)n ~ 1 + nE > a,
3a HeKo n = n0 E N, cJie,n;H ,n;a j e
a 1/no _ 1<
- €.
0 ~ ah - 1 ~ a 11no - 1 ~ E.
1
alhl < a 1/no < 1 + € < - - '
- - 1-E
rra je
1 1
alhl ~ 1- E, 1- aihi ~ E,
,n;aKJie
h 1
0 < 1- a =1- aihi ~ E.
58 AHAJIM3A I 3A MHcl>OPMA TM"Y:APE
lah- 11 :S E,
o,n;aKJie CJie,.n;¥1 ,n;a j e !f>YHK:O:¥Ij a ax HerrpeK¥I,n;Ha y 0. CTora j e OHa HerrpeK¥I,n;Ha
Ha :o;eJioj peaJIHoj rrpaaoj R.
KaKo je 3a ape,.n;HOCT¥1 a< 1 (a> 0), ax= (1/a)-x (x E R), 3aT¥IM 1/a > 1
¥I -x je HerrpeK¥I,n;Ha !f>YHKD;¥Ija Ha :o;eJioj peaJIHOj rrpaaoj, Ha ocHoBy TeopeMe
0 HerrpeKl'l,.ll;HOCT¥1 CJIOIK8H8 lf>YHKD;¥Ije CJI8,11;¥1 ¥1 ,n;a je lf>YHKD;¥Ija ax H8IIp8K¥1,1l;Ha
¥I 3a ape,.n;HOCT¥1 a E (0, 1). CTora je oHa HerrpeK¥I,n;Ha 3a cae ape,IUIOCT¥1 a> 0
(a =f. 1). 0c¥IM Tora, KaKo ce 3a a = 1 Y3¥IMa ,n;a je F =x 3a caaKo x E R,
CJI8,11;¥1 ,n;a je lf>YHKD;l'lja ax H8IIp8K¥1,1l;Ha Ha :o;eJioj peaJIHOj OC¥1 3a CBe Bpe,.n;HOCT¥1
a> 0. D
lim [(X
h--tO
+ ht - xn J = 0.
AHAJU13A I 3A MH4lOPMATM"Y:APE 59
11.o:Ka3. KaKo j e
smx
f(x) = tg x = -,
cosx
cpyHKII;Hj e Sin X, COS X cy HerrpeKH,n;He Ha rrpaBOj R, H COS X =/= 0 Ha HHTepBaJIHMa
h (k E Z), TBpl)eibe Herrocpe,n;Ho cJie,n:a Ha ocHoBy CTaBa 2. D
11.o~<a3. KaKo je
f(x) = cosx
sinx
60 AHAJH13A I 3A HH<l}OPMATMl:.:IAPE
ar sh x = ln (x + Vx 2 + 1) (x E R).
ar ch x = ln (x + Vx 2
+ 1) (x 2: 1).
ar cth x = ~ ln x+ 1
2 X-1'
HManeMo .n:a j e
ax -1
(4) lim = ln a.
x~O X
62 AHAJIM3A I 3A MH<I>OPMATM"Y:APE
. ax- 1 l" y 1 1
llm = lm -~=-
x-+0 X y-+0 loga (1 + y) limy-+O loga (Hy) = log
y ae
= ln a.
lim (1 +x)P -1
(5) x-+0 X = p.
3aMCTa, KaKO je
= p ·1·1 = p. D
~ t (b)
0 a. b ~
t (CL)
CJIH:Ka 5.1
1
f(x) = (x- a)(x- b)
f (x 1) = min { f (x) : a ::; x ::; b}, f (x2) = max{ f (x) : a ::; x ::; b},
maoa je c.~tux:a unmepaa.Aa [a, b] oce Ox unmepaa.A [f(x 1), f(x 2)] oce Oy.
llo:Ka3. IIpe cBera, o~mrJie,n;Ho je ,n;a Ta~IKe f(x 1), j(x2) E f[a, b]. KaKo
je 3a CBaKO X E [a, b] MCIIyH>eHO j(xl) ::; j(x) ::; j(x2) CJie,LI;M ,n;a Ta"t!Ka
f(x) E [j(x1), j(x2)], na je ![a, b] ~ [j(x1), f(x2)]. AKo ,n;aJLe yo"t:IMMO 6MJIO
KOjy Ta"t!KY C E (j(xi), j(x2)], Ta,n;a Ha OCHOBY TeopeMe 3 IIOCTOjM 6ap je,n;Ha
Ta"t!Ka x E [a, b] TaKBa ,n;a je f(x) =C. O,n;aB,n;e ,n;o6:vrjaMo je,n;HaKOCT ![a, b] =
[f(x1), j(x2)]. D
AHAJU13A I 3A MH<I>OPMAT1-f4APE 65
IlornanJLe 6
M3B01l tJlYHKUMJE
1. OcHOBHe ,n_elj>HHH~Hje
(x + ~x)- x = 1,
KaKo ca,n:a ~x, ( ~x) 2, ... , ( ~x) n- 1 -t 0 Ka,n:a ~x -t 0, Henoc pe,n:Ho ,n:o-
6HjaMo ,n:a je
ax+~x - ax a~x - 1
(ax)' = lim
~x40
~
X
= ~x40
lim ax ~
X
a~x -1
= ax lim = axln a.
~x40 ~X
AHAJU13A I 3A MH<POPMATM"Y:APE 67
KaKo j e ca,n;a
. sin t::.x
1lffi 2 lim cos(x + .6.x) = cos x,
t::.x-+0 ~
t::.x = 1' t::.x-+0 2
2
sh x - sh y = 2sh x - y ch x +y
2 2 .
D.x BaJ£11:
(sh x)' = lim sh (x + D.x) - sh x =
~x--*o D.x
2 Sh ~X
2
Ch (X + ~X2 )
=lim =
~x--*o D.x
sh ~x D.x
= lim ~ 2 ch (x + -2 )=
T
~X--*0
= 1 · ch x = ch x.
Y rrpeTXO,I(HOM ,UOKa3y K0p11CTI1JI11 CMO je,n;Hy TaKot)e BaJ-KHY rpaHI1"t!HY
. sh x
1Im - - = 1.
X--*0 X
Ha11Me, 11ManeMo ,ua je
. sh x . ex - e -x . e 2x - 1
1Im - - = 1Im = 1Im - - -
X--*0 X X--*0 2X X--*0 2xeX
1 e 2x - 1
= lim - lim = 1 · 1n e = 1 · 1 = 1.
X--*0 eX X--*0 2X
.llaJLe IIp11MeT11MO ,n:a CJII1"t!HO 3a IIp0113BOJLHe peaJIHe 6pojeBe X 11 y BaJ£11
11,I(eHTI1"t!HOCT
x-y x+y
ch x - ch y = 2sh -2- sh -2- .
113 OBe je,n;HaKOCTI1 ,n;0611jaMO ,n;a 3a IIp0113BOJLHe Bpe,UHOCTI1 X 11 b.x
BaJ£11:
(ch x)' = lim ch (x + D.x)- ch x
~x--*o D.x =
= lim 2 sh ¥
sh (x + ¥)
~x--*o D.x =
sh ~x
= lim 2 h (
~X--*0 ~X s X + 2) =
D.x
= 1 · sh x = sh x.
7. 3a npou3BO.JbHO a >
0 (a =/= 1) u ceax:o x =/= 0 rfiyHx:v,uja logalxl je
iJu¢epeHv,uja6u.!I.Ha Ha v,e.!l.oj npaeoj R ca UJY3emx:oM ma"f,x;e 0, u 3a ceax:o x =/= 0
BaJtCu jeiJHax:ocm (loga xi)' = I 1/x1n a.
llmca3. 3ai1CTa, 3a CBaKO X > 0 11 CBaKO ,UOBOJLHO MaJIO b.x =/= 0,
11ManeMo ,ua je
f(Ax)- f(O) = Ax = ,
1
A Ax
o,n;aKJie cJie,n;H ,n;a j e
f'(+O) = lim Aj(x) = 1.
Llx--t+O Ax
C .n;pyre cTpaHe 3a Ax < 0 HManeMo .n;a je
lim Aj(O)
Ax
Llx--tO
He IIOCTOJH.
70 AHAJil13A I 3A MH<I>OPMATM"llAPE
AKo .6.x-+ 0 Ta,n;a o(l) -+ 0, rra o,n;aB,n;e CJie,n;H ,n;a .6.f(x) -+ 0. CTora je
<f>yHI<D;Hja j(x) H8IIpeKH,IJ;Ha y Ta~IKH X. 0
CJIHKa 6.1
IIpHMep. AKo je HarrpnMep f(x) = sinx (0 < x < 7r/2), Ta,.n:a je f'(x) =
cosx, f'(7r/4) = ../2/2, f(7r/4) = ../2/2, na je je,.n:Hal:InHa TaHreHTe y Tal:IKI1
P(7r/4, ../2/2):
V2 V2 7f
y- 2 = 2(x- 4),
TJ.
V2 V2 - ~)
y=2x+2(1 4. 0
(af(x))' = af'(x).
OcVIM Tora, HVIje TernKo HaBeCTVI npVIMep ,n;Be <f>YHKD;VIje f(x) VI g(x)
,n;eqnmVIcaHe Ha VIHTepBaJiy (a, b), Koje HVICY ,n;vr<f>epeHn;VIja6VIJIHe y HeKoj Ta"t.JKVI
X E (a, b), aJIVI je H>VIXOB npOVI3BO,ll; ,ll;VIcpepeHn;VIja6VIJiaH y ITOCMaTpaHOj Ta'IKVI.
lloBOJI.HO je y3enr <jJyHKn;VIje f(x) = g(x) = lxl (x E R), Koje HVICY ,n;vr<f>epeH-
n;VIj a6VIJIHe y Ta'IKVI 0, aJIVI j e H>HXOB npOVI3BO,ll; j 2(X) = x 2, cpyHKIJ;VIj a ,ll;VIcpe-
peH:o;VIja6HJIHa y Ta"t.JKH 0, VI Ha n;eJioj peaJIHOj npaBoj R.
CTora npeTxo,n;HVI cTaB o6e36el)yje caMo o,n;pel)eHe ,n;oBo.n.He ycJioBe no,n;
KOjHMa je rrpOVI3BO,ll; ,ll;Be <f>yHKD;Hje ,ll;VIcpepeHn;VIja6VIJIHa cpyHKIJ;VIja y IIOCMaTpa-
HOj Ta"t.JKVI.
l1CTO KaO VI 3a 36Hp cpyHKIJ;VIja, llpVIMeHOM VIH,ll;yKIJ;Hje Ce npeTXO,ll;HVI
CTaB MO}Ke yOITIIITVITVI Ha IIpOH3BOJLaH KOHa"t.JaH 6poj cpyHKIJ;VIja. llaKJie, aKO
cy fi(x), ... , fk(x) npOVI3BOJLHe peaJIHe cpyHKIJ;VIje ,n;ecpVIHVICaHe Ha VIHTepBaJiy
(a, b) H ,n;vrcpepeHn;VIja6VIJIHe y Ta"t.JKVI X E (a, b), Ta,n;a je VI H>VIXOB npOH3BO,ll;
n:=lfi(x) = ft(x) · · · fk(X) TaKol)e ,ll;VIcpepeHIJ;VIja6HJIHa cpyHKIJ;VIja y TOj Ta'IKVI,
VI Ba}KVI j e,n;HaKOCT
(tgx)' +.
= COS X
74 AHAJIM3A I 3A MH<I>OPMATMl..JAPE
1
(ctg x ) ' -
- - sin-2 x .
1 1
(th X) = ch 2 X.
1
(cth x)' = - sh 2x ·
AHAJII13A I 3A I1H<I>OPMA TM"LJAPE 75
(g(f(x))' = g'(y)J'(x).
(xa)' =a xa-1.
0
1IoKa3. KaKO je Ha OCHOBY .n:eqmHHD;Hje X = e0 In X' Ha OCHOBY CTaBa 0
H3BO.n:y CJIO)KeHe <f>yHKD;Hje, .n;o6HjaMO .n;a je
u- (x))' = ~
1
- .. J ~ ~ •
1
(arc sin x)' = (!xl < 1).
v1- x 2
AKo 03HaqHMO f(x) = sinx (-n/2::; x::; n/2), Ta,n:a je y =arc sin x =
1
j- (x), na je Ha OCHOBY TeopeMe 0 H3BO,l(y HHBep3He cf>YHKU:Hje:
y' .
=(arc sm x )' = (f-l(x))'-
- _1_
f'(y)'
1
y' = (arc sin x)' = VI"-=- x2 (!xl < 1).
0Ba cf>yHKUHja M:Ma KOHaqaH H3BO,l( CaMO y TaqKaMa HHTepBaJia ( -1, 1),
,.[(OK je y TaqKaMa ±1 OBaj H3BO,l( je,n:HaK +oo.
1
(arc cos x)' =- J (!xl < 1).
1 - x2
1
(arc cos x)' = (n/2- arc sin x)' =-(arc sin x)' =- (!xi< 1).
J1- x 2
3 . .llaJLe DeMO ,Il;OKa3aTH ,n;a BaiKH
1
(arc tg x)' = • ') (x E R).
AHAJII13A I 3A l1H<POPMATI1LIAPE 77
1 1 2 1 - 1
u-l(x))' = f'(y) = -1- =cos y = 1 + tg2y - 1 + x2.
cos 2 y
KaKo je 3a rrpOH3BOJI.HO x E R:
1
(arc ctg x)' = (rr/2- arc tg x)' =-(arc tg x)' = - - _ (x E R).
1+x
2
!'(x) = 1 + xjvx +1 = _1
x + Jx 2
+1 JX2 + 1
6. J1aJbe fie.Mo iJo'K:a3amu Oa 3a no3umueny zpany ¢Y'H'K:'IJ,Uje ar ch X ea::xcu:
1
(arch x)' = (lxl > 1).
Jx 2 -1
78 AHAJil13A I 3A l1H<I>OPMATl1l.JAPE
I - 1+ X/VX2- 1 = __1
f (x)- x + Jx2 _ 1 JX2- 1 (lxl > 1).
0Baj H3BO,IJ; HMa ,IJ;aKJie KOHa"t.IHy Bpe,n;HOCT 3a lxl > 1, ,IJ;OK je y Ta"t.IKaMa
±1 je,n;HaK +oo.
1 1+x 1 1
f(x) = ar th x = -In - - = -In (1 + x)- -In (1- x).
2 1-x 2 2
1
(ar cth x)' =
X 2 -1
(lxl > 1).
f'(x) = _~1 1 1
0
2(x- 1) = x2 - 1·
rrojaM H3BO,Il;a !f>YHKUHje y 6HJIO KOjoj Tal:!KH X E (a, b). Ca.n;a neMo .n;e!f>H-
HHCaTH rrojaM H3BO)l;a <f>yHKUHje j(x) y KpajFbHM Tal:!KaMa a H b HHT8pBaJia
[a, b].
<l>yHKUHja j(x) Ha3HBa C8 ourpepenv,uja6U./I,'HO.M y ma"t'K:U a aKO IIOCTOjH
Fb8H OeC'HU U3800 y Ta"t!KH a, Tj. rpaHH"t!Ha Bpe.n;HOCT
Y- f(a) = f~(a)(x- a)
~ '\~B
tA/j
/~
A '\
D
I
I
I
a..... b
"'
X
'\
C JlliiRa 6. 2
y- f(b) = j!_(b)(x- b)
80 AHAJH13A I 3A I1H<I>OPMATI1l.JAPE
1.-\
Cl
----+-----~--~------------~
0 1 X
CJIHKa 6.3
3. l[HcpepeHn_HjaJI cpyHK:u_Hje
3a ,L(OBOJLHO MaJie Bpe,n:HOCTH ~X, Ce HHa"tle ,L(OCTa "tleCTO KOpHCTH KO,L( 11:3pa-qy-
HaBalha Bpe,n:HOCTH <fJYHKD;Hje j(x) y OKOJIHHH Ta"t!K€ X. <l>opMyJia (1) Ce
O"t!Hr JI€,L(HO MOJKe HaiiHCa TH y 06JIHKY
3
l = j(2, 96) ~ j(3) + j'(3) ~X= 5-5 0, 04 ~ 4, 976. 0
dt
I
0 .,."o-,.------;<
AX
o t .AX X
Cmn<a 6.4
C (a, b)=
00
n
00
n=l
cCn)(a, b).
.IlaKJie, MOiK8MO ,n:a Ka/KeMO ,n:a j e KJiaca C 00 (a, b) CKYII CBIIX peaJIHIIX
cflyHKD;IIja ,n:ecfliiHIICaHIIX Ha IIHTepBaJiy (a, b) KOje Ha TOM IIHTepBaJiy IIMajy
H3Bo,n:e 6IIJIO KOr pe,n:a n (n E N). IIpiiTOM ycJIOB HerrpeKII,n:HOCTII KOjii ce
IIOMIIIhe KO,L{ ,n:ecfJIIHIID;IIje KJiace C(n)(a, b) He ,n:aje HIIliiTa HOBO, 3arrpaBO OH
ayTOMaD;KII CJI8,L{II II3 IIOCTOjalha Hape,n:HOr II3BO,L{a j(n+l) (x) Ha IIHTepBaJiy
(a, b).
KJiaca coo (a, b) j e TaKo l)e o,n: II3y3eTHe BaiKHOCTII y rrpiiMeHaMa ,n:IIcfle-
peH:o;IIjaJIHor pa"tiyHa, rroce6Ho 36or "tiiiiheHII:o;e ,n:a cBe eJieMeHTapHe cflyHKD;IIje
,n:ecfJIIHHCaHe Ha IIHT8pBaJiy (a, b) IIpiirra,n:ajy OBOj KJiaCII.
CJie,n:ena, T3B. orrrnTa Jiaj 6HII:o;oBa cflopMyJia MOJKe KOpiicHo ,n:a rrocJiyiKII
KO,L{ II3pa"tiyHaBalha n-TOr II3BO,n:a IIpOII3BO,L{a cflyHKD;IIja j(x), g(x).
(f(x)g(x))(n) = t (~)
k=l
f(n-k) (x) g(k) (x) (xED).
d2 f = d (df).
Herrocpe.n;Ho cJie.n;n .n;a je d2 f = (J'(x) dx)' dx = f"(x) (dx) (dx) = f"(x)
2 2
(dx) • AKo ca.n;a yBe.n;eMo 03HaKy (dx) = d x2 , .n;o6njaMo .n;a je
d2 f = f"(x) dx 2 .
dn J = d (d j(n-1))
IIornaBJLe 7
~YHllAMEHTARHETEOPEME
BH~EPEHUMJARHOrPAqYHA
1. HajnaarnHje TeopeMe
~ ::j(?-)
0 1..
CJIHKa 7.1
88 AHAJU13A I 3A HH<T?OPMATHliAPE
Jlm~a3. reoMeTp:M:jCK:M:, OBa TeopeMa 3Ha"tm ,n;a IIOCTOj:M: 6ap je,n;Ha Ta"tJ:Ka
~ E D = (a, b) y Kojoj je o.n;roBapajyna TaHreHTa Ha Kp:M:Boj y = f(x) rra-
paJieJma ca ce"tJ::M:D;OM AB, rrp11: "tJ:eMy je Ta"tJ:Ka A = (a, f(a)) 11: Ta"t!Ka B =
(b, f(b)). (CJI:M:Ka 7.2).
~
t ;' ~
o
~
I ~
~
~
CJIHRa 7.2
. f(b)- f(a)
Yo"t!:M:MO cj>yHKD;:M:JY g(x) = f(x)- b _a x Ha :M:HTepBaJiy [a, b]. 0Ha
je O"tJ::M:rJie,n;Ho TaKolje HerrpeK:M:.n;Ha Ha 3aTBopeHoM :M:HTepBaJiy [a, b] 11: .n;l1:cj>e-
peH:o;:M:ja6:M:JIHa Ha OTBOpeHoM HHTepBaJiy (a, b). Oc:M:M Tora je g(a) = g(b) =
bf(a)- af(b) .
--'---.:.._;_----=----'---'-. CTora Ha ocHoBy PoJioBe TeopeMe rrocTOJ:M: l1:3BecHa Ta"tJ:Ka
b-a
~ E (a, b) TaKBa ,n;a je g 1 (~) = 0, O,ll;HOCHO j'(~) = j(bi =~(a). 0
3aTBOpeHoM HHTepBaJiy [x, xo]. CTora rrocToji::I Ta"t!Ka ~ E (x, x 0 ) TaKBa .n:a je
npumo.M je f'(x) = g'(x) y ceax;oj ma"t'K:U X E (a, b), maoa je f(x) = g(x) + C 3a
U3BecHy pea.JtHY 'K:OHcmanmy C.
2. JlOIIHTaJIOBO IIpaBHJIO
lim f(x)
x~xo g(x)
THIIa 0/0 HJIH oojoo, IIO,ll; rrpeTIIOCTaBKOM ,n:a je <f>yHKII.Hja g(x) =/= 0 y H€KOj
)l;OBOJLHO MaJIOj OKOJIHHH Tal.IKe Xo. C 063HpOM ,n:a ce OHO l.leCTO KOpHCTH H
BaiKH H 3a IIpOH3BOJbHY JieBy OKOJIHHY (xo- 6, Xo] Tal.IK€ Xo, a HCTO TaKO H
. !' (x)
l lm - -
X~Xo g' (x)
TH .n:a Je
. smx
l lm - -
x-tO X
= 1.
92 AHAJIM3A I 3A MH<I>OPMATMqAPE
. sin x
l lm - - = 1.
x-+0 X
3
. sinx- x- x /6 _ lim f"'(x) = -2/6 = -1/3. 0
hm
x-+0 X3 - x -+0 g"' (x)
3. TejnopoBa «j>opMyna
T(i) (xo) ·
= bo + b1(x- xo) + · · · + bn(x- xot = L .
n
(6) T(x) (x- xo)l
1,.1
i=O
~ f(k)(xo) k
Tn(x, xo) = L......t u (x- xo) =
k=O
f'(xo) f(n)(xo) n
= f(xo) + 1!
(x- xo) + .. · + n!
(x- xo)
j(n+l) (~)
(7) Rn(x) = f(x)- Tn(x, xo) = )I (x- xot+ 1 .
1
n+ 1.
3a HeKo (} E (0, 1). OcTaTaK Rn(x) y <flopMyJIH (7) Ha3HBa ce HHa"tfe ocmamx:oM
y Jlazpa'H.JK:OBOM 06./I,U'/\:y.
mJ.
lim Rn(x) = 0.
x-+xo (x- xo)n
j(n+l)(()x) xn+I
Rn(x) = (n + 1)!
x2 xn
ex = 1 + x + -21 + .. · + - I + R n (x).
. n.
x3 x5 x2n-1
sinx = x -3!- +-
5!
+ .. · + (-1)n-l (2n-1)! + R 2n (x).
x2 x4 x2n
cosx = 1 - - +- + .. · + (-l)n __ + R2 +I(x).
2! 4! (2n)! n
x2 x3 xn
ln (1 + x) = x- 2 + 3- .. · + (-1t- 1 --;- + Rn(x).
96 AHAJII13A I 3A l1H<I>OPMATI1l.IAPE
5. AKo je j(x) = (1 + x)a (-1 < x < 1), <f>opMyJia (8) rrorrpHMa o6JIHK
a(a- 1) ···(a- k + 1)
(~) k!
(k E N 0 ). D
~J r
I
~~~
h.IJA
. t('( d
.1~
J( it ) ,l
I J
1 ; I . r
,,'I > --·~ ----- I . -!
0: a.
- ~
x
0 I
x2- · ~ ',t: ~ X-z,. b
I
I
CJIH:Ka 7.3
3a yCJIOB (1 °) 06HtrHO ce KaJKe ,n;a "lf>yHKIJ;Hj a f' (X) rrp:H: rrpOJiaCKY Kp03
TatrKy Xo Melha 3HaK O,LI; MHHYC Ka ITJiyc", a 3a YCJIOB (2°) ,n;a "lf>yHKIJ;Hja f'(x)
lipll rrpOJiaCKY Kp03 TY TatrKy Me:a,a 3HaK 0,11; liJiyC Ka MHHyc".
f'(x) lipll rrpOJiaCKY Kp03 TatrKy Xo Melha 3HaK,
liaKJie, aKO lf>yHKIJ;Hja
OH,n;a lf>yHKIJ;Hja f(x) HMa JIOKaJIHll €KCTpeMyM y TatiKll Xo.
98 AHAJB13A I 3A MH<I>OPMATMl.IAPE
CJI11"t!HO ce Mo:>Ke ,n:oKa3aT11 ,n:a aKo 113BO,n:Ha <f>YHKIJ;11j a f' (x) rrp11 rrpo-
nacKy Kp03 Ta"tiKY xo ue .Me1ba Jua-x:, OH,n:a <f>YHKIJ;11ja f(x) y Ta"t!K11 x0 HeMa
JIOKaJIH11 eKCTpeMyM.
OB,n:e Tpe6a Harnac11T11 ,n:a cy ycJIOB11 f'(x) ::; 0 11 f'(x) ~ 0 y HeKoj
.
JieBOJ 11JI11
.
,n:eCHOJ OKOJI11H11 Ta"t!Ke XQ BeOMa pecTp11KT11BH11, 11 ,n:a y OIIliiTeM
cny-qajy He Mopajy ,n:a Ba:>Ke.
it(
VJ= ~Cx)
'~ f h ...... ; .r
OmiRa 7.4
Taoa je Ja napuo n u
G(x, f(x)) Ha rpaqmKy oBe ¢YHKUHje, rrpH "t.IeMy je x = tx1 + (1- t)x2 (0 < t <
1), H Ta"t.IKY H(x, y) Ha rrpeceKy ce-qnue EF H rrpaBe x = tx1 + (1- t)x2.
Ta,.ua yCJIOB KOHBeKCHOCTH cpyHKUHje j(x) Ha HHTepBaJiy (a, b) 3Ha"t.IH ,.ua
ce 3a x = tx 1 + (1 - t)x2 (0 < t < 1) Ta"t.J:Ka H(x, y) Ha ce"t.J:HUH EF HaJia3H
H3Ha,.u TatiKe G, MJIM ce eBeHTyanHo rroKnarra ca !hOM (CnHKa 7.5).
"!
CJIH"t.IHO, ycnoB KOHKaBHOCTH ¢YHKUHje f(x) Ha HHTepBany (a, b) 3Ha"t.IH
,.ua ce 3a x = tx 1 + (1- t)x 2 (0 < t < 1) Ta"t.J:Ka H(x, y) Ha ce"t.IHUH EF HaJia3H
Hcrro,.u Ta"t.J:Ke G, HJIH ce eBeHTyanHo rroKnarra ca H>OM (CnHKa 7.6).
G- f:"
~I
'D '•t
13
A
A
I(11Je.
g
1
"' 7
0 a. -:f._ ~-
:X. ~ h ':L
CJIH:Ka 7.7
O,n;aB,n;e CJie,[(l1 ,n;a rrpeBOjHe Ta"t.J:Ke <j>yHKil;I1je f(x) KOja je KJiace C 2 (a, b)
o,n;pel)yjeMO 113Mel)y Ta"t:IaKa Te <j>yHKD;I1je y KOji1Ma je ,n;pyr11 113BO,[( je,n;HaK
HY m1. HarroMeH11MO ,n;a 113 f" (x) = 0 He CJie,n;l1 Heorrxo,n;Ho ,n;a j e Ta"t:IKa x 0
rrpeBojHa Ta"tiKa <j>yHK:O:I1je f(x). TaKo je Harrp11Mep CBaKa JII1HeapHa <j>yHK:o;11ja
f(x) = ax+b KJiace C 2 (11 KJiace C 00 ) Ha 1:!11TaBoj peaJIHOj rrpaBoj R, 11 IIPI1TOM
je f"(x) =0 y cBaKoj Ta"t:IKI1 x E R. Mel)yTI1M, MO/Ke ce Herrocpe,n;Ho B11,[(eTI1
,[(a OBa <j>yHKD;I1ja HeMa Hl1 je,n;Hy rrpeBOjHy Ta"t:IKy.
HaBe,n;I1MO jom je,n;aH rrp11Mep oBaKBOr Tl1rra. AKo je f(x) = x 4 , Ta,n;a je
f'(x) = 4x 3 , f"(x) = 12x 2 , rra je f"(O) = 0, aJII1 Ta"t:IKa xo = 0 Hl1je rrpeBojHa
Ta"t:IKa OBe <j>yHKD;I1je, jep je j"(x) > 0 3a CBaKO X oj:. 0.
CTAB 9. Her.:a je rfiyHr.:v,uja f(x) r.:Aace C 2 (a, b), ma"lr.:a x 0 E (a, b), ea:JICu
f"(xo) = 0, u npu npoAacr.:y r.:po3 ma"'.r.:y x 0 rfiyHr.:v,uja f"(x) .Me'Tba 3'H.ar.:, mj.
Ba:JICU
f"(x) < 0 (x < xo), j"(x) > 0 (x > xo),
UAU
f"(x)>O (x<xo), f"(x)<O (x>xo).
IlorJiaBJLe 1
PEAJIHM BPOJEBM
TJ. Ca Heje,n:HaKOCTHMa
lal :::; lbl + Ia- bl, lbl :::; lal + Ia- bl.
AKo ,n:oKaiKeMo rrpBy o,n: OBHX HeJe,n:HaKOCTH, Ta,n:a ce ,n:pyra o,n: lhHX
,n:o6:uja Herrocpe,n:HOM 3aMeHOM 6pojeBa a 11: b. Ca,n:a je ,n:OBOJLHO rrp:uMeTHTH
,n:a rrpBa Heje,n:HaKOCT CJie,n::u Herrocpe,n:Ho H3 Heje,n:HaKOCTH TpoyrJia, jep je
a?.b a:::;b
max{ a, b} = { :
a:::; b' min{ a, b} = {: a?_b
(1 + x t 2: 1 + nx.
(1 + x)n+l = (1 + xt (1 + x) ~ (1 + nx)(1 + x) =
= 1 + (n + 1)x + nx 2 ~ 1 + (n + 1)x,
.n;aKJie oHa je TaqHa :rr 3a cJie.n;en:rr rrp:rrpo.n;aH 6poj n + 1. CTora Ha ocHoBy
rrp:rrmJ;:rrrra :rrH.n:yKo;:rrj e, oHa Ba)K:rr 3a cBe rrp:rrpo.n;He 6poj eBe n. 0
(n)k
= n(n- 1) · · · (n- k
k!
+ 1)
(0 ~ k ~ n)
(n) + ( + 1
k k
n ) = n (n - 1) .. · (n - k + 1)
k!
n (n -
+
1) .. · (n - k)
k!(k + 1)
=
n .. · (n- k + 1)
= (k + 1)! (k + 1 + n- k) =
n(n-1) .. ·(n-k+1)
= (n + 1) . =
n+
- ( k+ 1 '
1)
BEIKBE 113 AHAJIH3E I 5
H OCHM TOra
= n2 - 1 + 2n + 1 = n + 2n = (n +
2 2
Sn+l = Sn + (2n + 1) 1) - 1,
512 5 8 512 5 1
X= - - + 762 · 10- + 762 · 10- + · · · = - - + 762 · 10- - -_--_--::-3
10 0 10 0 1 10
- 512 ~ - 10.245 0
- 100 + 99900 -
8 BEMBE 113 AHAJU13E I
IIornaBJLe 2
PEAJIHM HM30BM
n+3
Xn = 2n +1 (n EN)
x;oneepzupa.
l
x _ ~I =
n 2
In + 3 _ ~I = 12n + 6- 2n- 11 =
2n + 1 2 2n + 1
5 5
= <-.
2n + 1 2n
AKo j e ,n;aJLe c > 0 rrpOII3BOJLHO MaJIII 6poj, IIManeMo ,n;a j e 5/2n < c
aKo jen > 5/2c. CTora je 3a Te Bpe,n;HOCTII n O"t.J:IIrJie,n;Ho lxn- ~~~c.
. 1.lffin-+oo Xn = 2.
T liMe CMO ,IJ;OKa3JIII ,n;a je 1
. . n +3 . 1 + 3/n
hrn X n = hrn = hrn =
n-+oo n-+oo 2n + 1 n-+oo 2 + 1/n
lirnn-+oo(1 + 3/n) _ 1 + lirnn-+oo(3/n)
lirnn-+oo(2 + 1/n) - 2 + lirnn-+oo(1/n)
1 + 0 = ~. 0
2+ 0 2
KaKo cy o6a oaa rro,n:HH3a KOHBepreHTHa, rrpll qeMy rrpall Telim Ka TaqKll
+1 a ,n:pyrll Ka TaqKll -1, ,n:06MjaMO ,n:a je a= 1 = -1, illTO je KOHTpa,n:llKD;llja.
CTora je rrocMaTpaHM Hll3 ,n:MBepreHTaH. D
HarroMeHMMO ,n:a ce rroTrryHo CJillqHo ,n:oKa3yje ,n:a 6MJIO KOjll peaJIHH Hll3
KOjll MMa 6ap ,n:ae pa3JillqMTe TaqKe HaroMMJiaBa!ha ,n:MaeprMpa.
3AllATAK 3. (a) Jior.;aJamu iJa 'HU3 (xn) me:J~Cu r.;a 0 ar.;o u caMo ar.;o
'HU3 lxn I me:J~CU r.;a 0.
(6) lla AU je ma"i'HO iJa yonwme 'HU3 (xn) r.;o'Heepzupa ar.;o u caMo ar.;o
oiJzoeapajynu 'HU3 ancoAymHux epeiJHocm (lxnl) 'I'W'HBepzupa?
Pemelbe. AKo caaKM rro,n:Hll3 ,n:aTor Hll3a (xn) KOHBeprMpa, oH,n:a M caM
Taj Hll3 KOHBeprllpa j ep rrpe,n:CTaBJba j e,n:aH CBOj IIO,L(Hll3.
06paTHO, aKO HH3 (xn) KOHBeprMpa ll aKo je limn-+oo Xn = a, OH,n:a 3a
CBaKO c > 0 IIOCTOjll HeKO no E N TaKO ,n:a 3a CBe llH,L(eKCe n 2: no BaiKll
lxn - al ::; c. AKo ,n:a.n,e yoqllMO 6MJIO KOjll rro,n:Hll3 Yk = Xnk oaor Hll3a
(n1 < n2, · · ·), oH,n:a je 36or k ::; nk (k E N) oqllrJie,n:Ho McrrylheHo
. 2mr
3A1IATAK 5. Hcnumamu x;o'Heepze'HV,UJY 'HU3a Xn =cos - - (n EN).
3
Pemelbe. Yo'!IIMO cJie,n;ena ,n;aa rro,n;H:a3a ,n;aTor HII3a:
X3n = cos(2mr) = 1 (n EN),
2(3n - 2)7r 471" 1
x 3 n_ 2 =cos
3
= cos3 = -2 (n EN).
(1) lim qn = 0.
n-+oo
1
- - = bn = (1 + b- 1)n =
JqJn
lim JqJn
n-+oo
= 0,
,n;aKJie limn-+oo qn = 0. 0
n 1 n 1 1
I: k(k + 1) =I: (k- k + 1) =
k=l k=l
= ( 1- ~) + (~- ~) + · · · + (~- n ~ 1) =
1
=1---.
n+1
0 ,n;aB,n;e j e Herrocpe,n;Ho
nl~~ L -'- 1 , = 1. 0
k=l
1 1 1
an=-+-+···+ (n EN)
1·3 2·4 n(n+2)
1 1(1 1 )
k(k + 2) = 2 k - k + 2 '
MManeMo ,n;a j e
n 1 n 1 1 1
an =L k ( k + 2) = L 2(k - k + 2) =
k=l k=l
=
2 1 2
~ (~ + ~ + ... +
n
~ (~ + ... + _1_) =
2 3 n+2
!) -
1(1 1) 1( 1 1 )
=2 1+2 -2 n+1+n+2 =
3 1 2n + 3
4-2 (n+ 1)(n+ 2)"
1 1
KaKo HM3 - - + - - -+ 0 Ka,n;a n -+ oo, Herrocpe,n;Ho cJie,n;M ,n;a HM3
n+1 n+2
an-+ 3/4 Ka,n;a n-+ oo. CTora je lim an= 3/4. 0
n-l-oo
12 BEIKBE 113 AHAJII13E I
3A1IA TAK 11. 1101\:a3amu iJa je 3a 6uJto 1>:oje k>0 ua > 1 ucny'lbe'Ho
nk
(1) lim-= 0.
n--+oo an
[(al/mrl -
m
nk nm n n m
0<
an
- < --
an -
-(bn)
- '
lim ( bn ) m = ( lim bn ) m = 0,
n--+oo n n--+oo n
BEIKBE 113 AHAJI113E I 13
KaKo je q = _klal < 1 n qn-k ---+ 0 Ka,n;a n ---+ oo, jep n- k ---+ +oo,
+1
rryrriTajynH ,n;a n---+ oo, Herrocpe,n;Ho cne,n;11 ,n;a je
lim lain = 0,
n-+oo n!
TJ.
an
lim -
n-+oo n.1
= 0. D
>1+n(yta-1).
CTora je a- 1 > n( y'a- 1), o,n;aKne je 0 < y'a- 1 <
(n EN). a~l
113 rrocne,n;Ihe Heje,n;HaKOCTH Herrocpe,n;Ho cne,n;n ,n;a je limn-+oo y'a = 1.
Haj3a,n; rrpeTrrocTaBHMO ,n;a je a E (0, 1). Ta,n;a je b = 1/a > 1, rra je
n(;; 1 1 . .
v = n f1T:: = n/L' o,n;aKJie Je Ha OCHOBY rrpeTXO,IJ;HOr cJiy~aJ a
u,
y1/a vb
1
•
hm nC
ya = hmn-+oo
. n![j = -11 = 1. D
n-+oo Y U
14 BEJKBE M3 AHAJ1M3E I
lim logan = O.
n-too n
logan
0 < -n- <- c (n 2: no).
. logan _ O
1lm - . 0
n-too n
O,.n;an,.n;e je 3a cnaKo n 2: 2:
n 1 n+p 1
Xn = L P'
k=l
Xn+p =L
k=l
k2'
BEJKBE I13 AHAJII13E I 15
n+p 1
lxn+p - Xn I = Xn+p - Xn =L k2 <
n+l
n+p 1 n+p 1 1
< I:
k=n+l
k(k -1) = I:
k=n+l
(k - 1 - k) =
= (~- _1_) + (-1-- _1_) + ...
n n+1 n+1 n+2
+ (n + ~ -1 - n: p) =
1 1 1
= ---- < -.
n n+p n
O,n;aB,n;e Henocpe,n;Ho cJie,n;n ,n;a je lxn+p- Xnl Sc aKO je n > 1/c n p je
npon3BOJI.aH rrpnpo,n;aH 6poj.
CTora Ha ocHOBy KorrmjeBor KpnTepnjyMa cJie,n;n ,n;a Hll3 (xn) KOHBep-
rnpa. 0
KaKo je 3a rrpon3BOJI.aH rrpnpo,n;aH 6poj n ;:::: 2 n p;:::: 2, 1/nP ::; 1/n2, ll3
IIp8TXO,Il;HOr 3a,n;aTKa CJI8,Il;ll ,n;a je CBaKH Hll3 06JinKa
1 1
X
n
=1+-+···+-
2P nP
1 1
Xn = 1 +- + · · · +-
2 n
(n EN)
oueepzupa.
2n n 2n 2n 1
1 1 1 1 1
lx 2n-Xni=IL:k-L:kl=l
k=l k=l
L
k=n+l
kl= L
k=n+l
k>n·2n=2·
. 1 1
Pemelhe. KaKo Je 3a cBaKo k = 1, 2, ... ucrrylheHo k > -k, ca6u-
2 - 1 2
pa!heM ,n;o6ujaMo ,n;a je 3a cBaKo n E N ucrry!heHo
1 1 1
an > ~ + 2 · 2 + ... + 2n'
O,II;HOCHOan > bn , llpll l:.I€MY J. e bn = ""n 1 K aKO J. e ,n;aJLe IT03HaTO ,n;a Hll3
L...,k=l k.
2
bn -+ +oo Ka,n;a n -+ oo, Herrocpe,n;Ho CJie,n;u ,n;a H HH3 an -+ +oo Ka,n;a n -+ oo.
CTora ITOCMaTpaHH Hll3 an HMa CaMO je,n;Hy Tal:.IKY HarOMHJiaBalba, ll TO je
Tal:!Ka +oo. 0
an =-
3n- 1 . (
n + 2 sm n 2
n) (n EN).
an =- . ( 1r )
3n -, . .1. Sin n2 = an Sin n) ,
. (n 2
11:
3n- 1 1- 1/n
an =- n +2 = - 3 1 + 2/n -r - 3
Ka,n:a n -roo, Herrocpe,n:Ho cJie,n:H ,n:a je
an 1
= 3Vn . nn
+ 4 sm (
n E N) .
4
1
Pemelbe. KaKo HH3 &;" -r 0 Ka,n:a n -r oo, HH30BH an 11: 4sin(nn/4)
3yn
HMajy HCTe Ta'IKe HarOMHJiaBalba. KaKO je HH3 bn = sin(nn/4) rrepHO,ll;H'!aH
ca rrepHo,n:oM 8, Tj. bn+B = bn 3a CBaKH rrpHpo,n:aH 6poj n, H>eroBe j e,n:HHe
Ta'!Ke HaroMHJiaBaH>a cy b1, ... , bs. HaJia3HMO ,n:a je b1 = b3 = V'i/2, b2 = 1,
b4 = bs = 0, bs = b7 = -V'i/2 11 b6 = -1. CTora cy cBe Ta'IKe HaroMHJiaBaH>a
HH3a an ,n:aTe ca T(an) = { -4, -2V2, 0, 2J2, 4}. 0
18 BEIKBE 113 AHAJ1M3E I
2n3- n2 + 5 (n EN).
an= 'l '
Pemelbe. KaKo je
CTora HH3 an --+ +oo Ka,n;a n--+ oo. O,n;aB,n;e cJie,n;H ,n;a je oH HeorpaHH~eH
ca rop:a,e cTpaHe, a orpaHH~eH ca ,n;o:a,e CTpaHe. OcHM Tora, HanH neMo 6ap
je,n;Ho :a,eroBo ,n;o:a,e orpaHH~e:a,e. KaKo je 2n 3 - n 2 + 5 = n 2 (2n- 1) +52:: 6 11
n 2 - n + 4 = n(n -1) + 4 2:: 4, Herrocpe,n;Ho CJie,n;H ,n;a je an > 0 3a csaKo n E N.
CTora je 6poj 0 je,n;Ha :a,eroBa MHHopaHTa. 0
an = n cos
2
5niT (n E N).
ilOTITYHO CJill'IHO ce ,1I:OKa3yje ll ,n:a je 6:rrJIO KOjll HH3 KOjH TeJKH Ka +oo
orpaH:rr'!eH ca ,n:Oihe CTpaHe. D
PemeH:>e. KaKo je
n
3
+1 n 3 (1 + 1/n3 ) n 2 1 + 1/n3
an=
2n -7 2n(1 - 7/2n) -2 1-7/2n'
2
. 1 + 1/n3
lim (- n
2
) = -oo, 1lm = 1,
n-+oo n-+oo 1 - 7 /2n
(a) lim
n-+oo
(1 + -n3) 2n
, (6) lim
n-+oo
( 2n + 3n
2n + 1
2)
, (n)
. (n2+1
hm
n-+oo n2- 2) '
n2
11 11
lim ( 1 + -3 ) 2n 1 + -3 ) 1 + -3 )
3 · .1. 2n 3 ]
n-+oo n
= n-+oo
lim (
n
n = [
lim
n-+oo
(
n
6
= e6 .
20 BEJ>KBE l13 AHAJII13E I
.
l1m
( 2n + 2) 3n l"
= 1m
(1 + 1 ) (2n+l)· 2~+1
= e
3/2
n-+oo 2n + 1 n-+oo 2n +1
. . 3n 3
3a TO illTO Je 1lffi = -.
n-+oo 2n + 1 2
(u;) .Ila.rr,e je:
lim (n2 +
n-+oo n2 - 2
1) = lim
n-too
(1 + ~3-)n2
n2 - 2
(1 + n 3- 2
2
n -2 3n 2
= lim 2 ) - 3 - · n2-2 = e3,
n-too
. . l" 3n2 3
Jep Je 1m = .
n-+oo n2 - 2
(,n;) HajJa,n;, MMaMo ,n;a je
lim n(ln (n
n-+oo
+ 3)- ln n) = lim n(ln n
n-too
+ )
n
3
= lim ln (1
n-+oo
+~
n
r =
= n-too 3)
lim ln (1 + -
.!L3
3
= 3. 0
n
BEIKBE 113 AHAJII13E I 21
IIorJiaBJLe 3
1. rpaHH'tiHe Bpe,n;HOCTH
. smx
(1) hmx-+0 - - = 1.
X
. In (1 + x)
(4) 1lffix-+0 = 1.
X
. (1 + x)P- 1
(5) hmx-+0 = p (pER).
X
ax- 1
(6) limx-+0 =lna (a>O,a:f-1).
X
. ex -1
(7) hmx-+0 = 1.
X
. tg x . sin x . (sin x 1 )
1Im--= 11m 1
=1m --·-- =
x-+0X x-+0 X COS X x-+0 X COS X
. sin x . 1
= 1Im - - . 1Im - - = 1 . 1 = 1.
x-+0 X x-+0 COS X
. tg X • tg X 1 . tg X . 1
hm - -
x--+02 x
= x--+0
hm - - · - = hm - - · hm - = 1 · oo = oo.
X X x--+0 X x--+0 X
. sinx + 3ln (1
llm
+ x) _ . sinx
- 1lm - -
. ln (1 + x)
+ 3 x--+0
1lm
_ _
- 1 + 3 . 1 - 4. D
x--+0 X x--+0 X X
(a) . sh x
l lmx--+0- = 1; (6 ) .
hmx--+0
chx- 1 _ 1.
- 2'
( )
I(
thx
limx--+0 ---;:-
= 1.
X X2
sh x 1 e2x - 1 eY - 1
lim - -
x--+0 X
= lim - lim
x--+0 eX x--+0 2X
= 1 · y--+0
lim
y
= ln e = 1.
2
1 + 2sh 2 (~) = 1 + 2 (ex/ - e-x/2)2 _
2 2 -
= 1 + 2(ex + e - x - 2) - ex+ e-x
4 - - = chx.
CTora je:
2
. ch x - 1 _ . 2sh ( ~) _ . 1 [ sh ~ J 2 _ 1
hm - hm - hm- - - - -.
x--+0 x2 x--+0 x2 x--+0 2 ~ 2
24 BEIKBE l13 AHAJII13E I
1- cosx 1
3Al[ATAK 4. Jior;;a3amu oa je !~ x2 = 2·
Pemelbe. KaKo je
~ ~ ( sin ~ )
2 2
1 - cos x = 2 sin =
x2 x2 2 ~ '
2
H BaiKH
. sin 2x
1Im--=
s·m t
1.Im--=1
x~O ~ t~O t '
,n;o6Hj aMo ,n;a j e
lim 1 - cos x = ~.
x~O x2 2
0 ,n;aB,n;e cJie,n;H ,n;a j e
1-cosx = ~ +o(1),
x2 2
O,LI;HOCHO
x2
1- cosx = 2 + o(x 2 ),
Ka,n;a x -t 0. D
. 1-~
3Al[ATAK 5. lf3pa1iy1-wmu zpa'Hu"i'HY epeiJHocm hm _ .
x~O 2x
Pemelbe. KaKo je 3a x =/= 0
j (X) = 1 - ~ = 1 - COS X 1
2 2
2x 2x 1 + ijcosx+ .Vcos 2 x
2 sin ~ 1 ( sin ~2 )
2
2
----::--=-2
1 - ----
1
= 2x 2 2
1+ijcosx+.Vcos x-4 ~ 1+ijcosx+.Vcos2 x'
H
sin~ 1 1
2
lim - -
x~O
= 1
~ lim ~ 3'
2
' x~O 1 + ijcos X +cos 2 X
Herrocpe,n;Ho CJie,n;H ,n;a Je
Peme:a.e. KaKo je
. smx
1Im - - = 1,
x--tO X
rra Je:
. sin ax - sin bx b
11m =a- . 0
x--tO X
KaKo je ,n;aJI:.e
limx-txo
+ f(x))
ln (1 /"{' = 1, lim f(x)g(x) =A,
x-+xo
1
f (X) = COS X - 1, g(x) = x2 (x =I= 0).
~~ f(x)g(x) = x-tO
lim cos x-
2
1 -
- --
1
X 2'
Ha OCHOBy rrpeTXO,Il;HOr 3a,n;aTKa ,n;o6HjaMO ,n;a je
2
w = lim(cosx) 11x = e- 1/2. 0
x-tO
w = lim ( x2 + 1 ) x2
x-too x2- 2 = e3.
x2 +1- x2 +2 2 3x 2
lim f(x)g(x) = X--+00
lim
X2 -
· x = lim
X2 -
= 3,
X--700 2 X--700 2
o,n;aKJie je w = e3 . D
(a) lim [tg (~ + x)ttg 2x = e; (6) lim ctg (~- xttgJx = e213 •
x--+0 x--+0 4
P(x)
f(x) = (x- xo) 1S(x) ·
KaKo je P(xo), S(xo) =I= 0, ,n;o6HjaMo ,n;a je
.
1lm X+ 3 = l'
lm
X + 3 = l'l m -1- - X+ 3
x--+2 x 4 - 8x 2 + 16 2
x--+2 (x - 4) 2 x--+2 (x- 2)2 (x + 2) 2
. 1 . x+3 5
= ;~ (x- 2) 2 . ;~ (x + 2) 2 =(+co)· -16 =+co. 0
28 BE>KBE 113 AHAJII13E I
. X +2 [ 1lill
. 1 ] . i lXl+
[ 1l 2]=
llill = . --
x-+1-0 (x- 1)3(x + 4) (x- 1)3
x-+1-0 x-+1-0 x+ 4
3
= (-oo) · = -oo. 5
Cm-I'IHO je:
r x+2 [ li 1 J [ r x+2]
xJ~o (x- 1)3(x + 4) = x-+~0 (x- 1)3 . xJ~o x + 4 =
3
= (+oo) · 5 = +oo. 0
. x 2 - 3x + 2
llill 3 .
x-+1 x - 2x + 1
x 2 - 3x + 2 _ (x- 1)(x- 2) _ x- 2
x3-2x+1- (x-1)(x 2 +x-1)- x 2 +x-1'
o,n;aKJieJe
. x 2 - 3x + 2 . x- 2
llill = 1lill = -1. 0
x-+ 1 x3 - 2x + 1 x-+ 1 x2 + x - 1
. (
1lill X+ 2 )x 2
= 0.
x-+oo 2x + 1
+ 2 ) X < ( ~) X = x2 •
2 2
X
( 2x + 1 - 4 q
. ( X+ 2
1lm )x 2
= 0· 0
x-+oo 2x + 1
2. AcHMITTOTe lflyn:K~Hja
= lim /1 + 1/x 2 = 1,
x--++oo
,n;o6HjaMo ,n;a je rrapaMeTap k = 1. llaJLe je
1 2 2
lim [f (x) - kx] = lim [ y' 1 + x 2 - x J = lim +x - x
x--++oo x--++oo x--++oo v'1 + x2 + x
. 1
= llm = 0
x--++oo v'l + x 2 +X '
o,n;aKJie je rrapaMeTap b = 0. CTora je rrpaBa y =x acHMIITOTa OBe <f>yHKu;rrje
y TaqKH +oo.
36or rrapHOCTU OBe <f>YHKIJ;Hje CJie,IJ;H ,n;a je rrpaBa y = -X aCHMIITOTa OBe
<f>YHKIJ;Hje y TaqKH -00. 0
x2
3AllATAK 22. Hanu acuMnmome r;;puee f(x) = ·
2x 2 -x- 1
Pemelbe. KaKo je
x2
J(x) = (x _ 1)(2x + 1)
BEIKBE 113 AHAJII13E I 31
KaKo j e ,n;aJhe
lim f(x) =
x~+oo
lim f(x) =
x~-oo
~'
2
CJie,n;H ,n;a je rrpaBa y= ~ XOpM30HTaJIHa aCMMIITOTa OBe <f>yHKII;Mje M y Ta"t!KM
+oo M y Ta"t!KM -00 . .IlpyrMX aCMMIITOTa OBa <f>yHKII;Mja He MOJKe MMaTM Ha
OCHOBY TBpl)eH>a 0 je,n;MHCTBeHOCTM KOCe aCMMIITOTe. 0
f(x) x3 x2
X x(x 2 + 2x + 4) x 2 + 2x + 4'
,n;o6MjaMo ,n;a je
lim
x~+oo
f (x) = lim
x~-oo
f (x) = 1,
x3 x 3 - x 3 - 2x 2 - 4x
f(x) -ax= x2 + 2x + 4 - x = x2 + 2x + 4
-2x 2 - 4x
x 2 + 2x + 4'
o,n;aKJie je
lim [f(x)- x] = lim [f(x)- x] = -2.
x~+oo x~-oo
. f (x)
11m--= 11 m
. ( sin x )
2 + - - =2,
x-t+oo X x-t+oo X
4x 2 -1
3A1IATAK 26. Hanu cee acuMnmome ¢yur;;7J,uje f(x) = _ +
x+
+sin ( ~).
X
4( -2) 2 - 1 1 15 1
f(x)---+ =sin (--)=--sin-= +oo,
+0 2 +0 2
rra je Ta"t!Ka X= -2 je)J;Ha BepTIIKaJIHa aCIIMIITOTa cpyHKI(IIje j(x).
AKo x---+ 0, cJie)J;II )J;a je
1 . 1
J(x) rv - 2 + sm ( O) ,
BEJKBE 113 AHAJIM3E I 33
f(x) 4x2- 1 1 . 1
X
x(x + 2) +-X X ---+ 4 '
sm-
4x 2 - 1 1 -8x - 1 1
f(x)- 4x = - 4x +sin ( -) = +sin (-) ---+ -8,
x+2 x x+2 x
Ka,n;a x ---+ +oo, CJie,n;n ,n;a je b = -8. CTora je y Tal.IKH +oo, o,n;roBapajyna
KOCa aCHMIITOTa y = 4x- 8.
MeTa acHMIITOTa ce ,n;o6Hja II y Tal.IKII -oo. D
2x2+1+sinx (x#0;1).
y = x -1 3x
34 BEIKBE 113 AHAJII13E I
IIorJia.BJLe 4
HEIIPEKI11IHOCT tPYHKU11JA
1, X> 0
fr(x)= 0, x=O
{
-1, X< 0
je KaO KOHCTaHTHa, QqHrJI8,LJ;HO HerrpeKH,LJ;Ha Ha HHTepBaJIHMa (-00, 0),
(O,+oo), a y TaqKH x 0 = 0 HMa rrpeKH,LJ; rrpae apcTe jep Ba)fm f(+O) = 1 =/=
f(O), !( -0) = -1 =/= f(O).
(6) .liaJl>e je 3a caaKo x E R 1 + x 2 2: 1, rra je h(x) = sgn (1 + x 2 ) = 1.
CTora j e ¢YHKD;Hj a h (x) HerrpeKH,LJ;Ha Ha u;enoj peanHoj rrpaaoj R.
= -1 =/= j(O) = 0,
j( -0) j( +0) = 1 =/= j(O) = 0,
j(1- 0) = 1 =/= j(O) = 0, j(1 + 0) = -1 =/= j(O) = 0. 0
0 , x=O
X = {
f ()
x sin(l/x) , 0 < x :::; 1r
nenpe'K;uiJna na unmepea.~ty [0, 1r] .
2 1
f(x) = cos - (x =I= 0), f(O) = 0.
X
cJie,ll;M ,ll;a j e 0 ra "t.J:Ka npeKM,ll;a cpyHK:O:Mj e f (x). AKo ,ll;aJDe yo"t.J:MMO HM3 ra "t.J:aKa
Yn = 1/(n7r + 7r/2), ra,ll;a Yn -t 0 aJIM je
2
f(Yn) = cos (n7r + 7r/2) = 0 (n EN).
1
f(x) = x2(x- 1).
x2, 0 ::::; x :S 1
f(x) = { >.- x, 1 < x::::; 2
. 1- cosx 1
l lffi --
x-tO x2 - 2'
M j(O) = 2, 3aKJI.y-qyjeMO ,n;a je OHa rrpeKM,ll;Ha y Ta't!KM HyJia M ,n;a y TOj Ta't!KM
MMa OTKJIOH>MBM rrpeKM,n;. AKo rrpMTOM ,n;ecpMHMmeMo cpyHKUMjy g(x) ca
1- cosx
0<x:S7r/2
g(x) = x2 '
{
1/2, X= 0
lf(x)- AI :S 1.
IIorJiaBJLe 5
l13B01l q,YHKUMJE
f (x) = x5 - 2x 4 + x 3 + 5x 2 - 1,
f'(x) = 5x 4 - 8x 3 + 3x 2 +lOx,
!" (x) = 20x 3 - 24x 2 + 6x + 10,
j( 3 )(x) = 60x 2 - 48x + 6,
JC 4 ) (x) = 120x- 48,
JC 5 )(x) = 120, j( 6 )(x) = 0, f(n)(x) =0 (n ~ 6).
Iloce6Ho je y Ta'!KM 0:
O,n;aB,n;e je j
1
(0) = 0, f"(O) = 2.
HarroMeHHMO ,n;a je H oBa <PYHK:o;Hja eJieMeHTapHa H ,n;ecpHHHCaHa Ha
OTBOpeHOM CKyrry X =j:. 0, rra Ha TOM CKyrry IIOCe,n;yje H3BO,n;e 6HJIO KOr pe,n;a.
D
! I (
x) -
_ 1 3!:".) I
( x+vx= 1 ( 1 + 1- -)=
2/x + ijX .jx + ijX 3x2/3
+1
3x 2 13
6x2/3 Vx + ijX
BEIKBE l13 AHAJIM3E I 41
= [~ + (ln X + 1) 2 ] XX.
2
f (3) (x) = 2ex
2
(2x) + 8xex + 4x (ex
2 2
)' = 4xex
2
+ 8xex + 8x 3 ex
2 2
=
2
= (12x + 8x 3 )ex •
1, X> 0
f(x)=sgnx= 0, x=O
{
-1, X< 0
X+)., X:::; 0
f(x)= { (x-1)2, x>O
j '( X ) ={ 1, X <0
2(x- 1), x >0
!~(0) = 1, !~(0) = 2,
cpyHK:o;Mja f(x) HM 3a ). = 1 HMje ,nMcpepeH:o;Mja6MJIHa y Ta'IKM 0. D
x sin 1, x =f. 0
f(x) ={ 0, ; = 0
f (h) - f (0)
h =
h sin
h
* .
= smh,
1
MOiKe ce JiaKO BH,IJ;eTH .n;a .n;eCHH H3BO,IJ; OBe <PYHKD;Hje j~(O) yorrmTe He IIOCTOjH.
3a:H:CTa, aKO yoqHMO HH30B€ 6pojeBa
1 1
(n EN),
Xn = 2mr + Jr/2' Yn = 2n7r- 1rj2
llaJLe je:
2
j' (0) = lim f (h) - f (0 ) = lim h - 0 = lim h = 0
+ h-t+O h h-t+O h h-t+O '
f~(O)
2
= lim f(h)- f(O) = lim -h -
0 = lim (-h)= 0.
h--t-0 h h--t-0 h h--t-0
1 2
f'(x)= (1+2x)'= =2(1+2x)- 1 ,
1 + 2x 1 + 2x
rra je 3a 6uJio Koju rrpHpo,n;aH 6poj n:
1
Pemelhe. HManeMo ,n;a j e f' (x) = - -2 -
COS X
>0 3a cBaKo x =!= k7r + 7r /2
(k E Z), o.n;aKJie cJie.n;H rrpBH ,n;eo TBpl)elha.
1
llaJLe j e g' ( x) = ( arctgx )' = , , ') > 0 3a CBaKo peaJIHO x, o,n;aKJie
cJie,n;u ,n;pyru ,n;eo TBp1jelha. 0
orra,n:a. D
PemeH>e. KaKo je
,n:o6MjaMo ,n:a je f'(x) > 0 3a x < 3 M f'(x) < 0 3a x > 3. CTora Ha MHTep-
BaJiy ( -oo, 3) <f>yHKQMja f(x) cTporo pacTe, a Ha MHTepBaJiy (3, +oo) cTporo
orra,n:a. D
rra je f'(x) > 0 3a cos~ < 0 M f'(x) < 0 3a cos~ > 0. CTora Herrocpe,n;Ho
X X
HaJia3MMO ,n;a je j'(x) > 0, Tj. <f>yHKD;Mja j(x) CTpOrO paCTe Ha MHTepBaJIMMa
I _ ( 1 1 ) (n E No),
n - (2n + 3/2) )n' (2n + 1/2)n
M j'(x) < 0, Tj. <f>yHKD;Mja j(x) CTpOrO Orra,n:a Ha MHTepBaJIMMa
lo=(;;>2'
2 7r) I-( (2n +15/2)n' (2n +13/2)7r )
n -
(n E No). 0
2x .
(1) - < smx < x.
7r
. 2x
g (x ) = s m x -7r- (0 <X< 1rj2).
(a) tgx (-1rj2 < x < 7r/2); (6) arctgx (x E R), (:u;) shx (x E
R);
(,IJ;) chx (xER).
1
(tgx)" = smx (-7r /2 < < 7r /2),
(tgx)' = cos 2 x' cos3 x
X
BEIKBE 113 AHAJII13E I 51
1 2x
y' = 1 + x2' y" =- (1 + x 2 ) (x E R),
Pemelbe. KaKo je
HMaMo ,n;a je f"(x) > 0 3a x > 0 H f"(x) < 0 3a x < 0. CTora je cpyHKI(Hja f(x)
KOHBeKCHa Ha llHTepBaJiy (O,+oo), H KOHKaBHa Ha HHTepBaJiy (-oo,O). 0
f'(x) = 4x 3 - 12x 2 + 6,
f"(x) = 12x2 - 24x = 12x(x- 2).
52 BEIKBE l13 AHAJII13E I
p > 1MJII1 p < 011 CBe Bpe,n;HOCTI1 x > 0 O'll1rJie,n;Ho f"(x) > 0,
CTora je 3a
a 3a 0 < p < 1 f" (x) < 0. 0 ,n;aB,n;e ,n;o611j aMo ,n;a j e j e oHa cTporo KOHBeKcHa
3a p < 0 11 3a p > 1, a cTporo KOHKaBHa 3a 0 < p < 1.
3a Bpe,n;HOCTI1 p = 0 l1 3a p = 1, l1MaMO ,n;a je pecrreKTl1BHO j(x) = 1
o,n;HOCHOf(x) = x, rra je oBa <f>yHKn;Mja JIMHeapHa. CTora je OHa l1CTOBpeMeHo
l1 KOHBeKCHa l1 KOHKaBHa Ha IIOCMaTpaHOM l1HTepBaJiy (0, +oo). 0
O,n:aB,n:e je
3. JlOIIHTaJIOBO rrpaBHJIO
. sin x lim ln (1 + x)
(a) 1lm - -
x-+0 X
= 1, (6) x-+0 X = 1, (u:) lim ( 1 + x) 1I x = 1.
x-+0
(1 + x)!fx -e
_ In (l+x)
"' '
BEIKBE M3 AHAJ1l13E I 55
. x 2 - 3x + 2
1Im 3
x--+1 x - 2x 2 +X
= 00.
. arctg x - 1r /2 _
1Im - -1
.
x--++oo ln(1+1/x)
lim 1 + 1/ x = -1. 0
x--++oo 1 + 1/x 2
56 BE>KBE 113 AHAJII13E I
. (1 + x) 0
- 1 - ax
w = x--+0
hm
X2
(a E R).
0
lim (1 + x) - 1- ax = lim f'(x) = lim f"(x) = a(a- 1) = (a). 0
x--+0 x2 x--+0 g1 (x) x--+0 g"(x) 2 2
_ . sinx- x + x 3/6 1
W- 11m --
x--+0 x5 - 120 ·
. - Sin X + X . (X - Sin X) 1
= 1lm = 1lm ...;..__..,-----=-~
x--+0 20x 3 x--+0 (20x3) 1
1
=lim 1- cosx =lim (1- cosx) =
x--+0 60x 2 x--+0 ( 60x2) 1
ex - 1 - X - x 2 /2
lim ~ .
x--+0 X
BEIKBE 113 AHAJil13E I 57
xn
;,; = ( -1)nlxln elxl
'
I:: I = lxln elxl -t +oo.
w =lim (ctgx-
x-+0
~).
X
f(x)g(x)
W = ~~ [ (1 + j(x))1/f(x) ] = elimx-+Df(x)g(x) = e-1/3. 0
w = lim
x-++oo
(~arctgx)x.
rr
ln (2/rr) + ln (arctg x)
(x > 0).
1/x
lia.n:.e neMO Ha OCHOBY JlOIIHTaJIOBOr rrpaBHJia HanH rpaHHqHy Bpe,ll;-
HOCT u = limx-++oo g(x). l1ManeMo ,n;a je
_1_. 1
u = lim arctg x I+X"Z . 1 x2 2
1lm
x-++oo -X21 x-++oo arctg x 1 + x2 rr
w =lim (sinx)l/x2
x--+0 X
Peme:a.e. KaKo j e 11: onaj JU:IMec nma 100 , npuMem·Ili.eMo MeTo,n: ,n:onyHe
,n:o 1. HauMe cTanuneMo:
. . 1
f (x) = sm x _ 1 = sm x - x ,
X X
g(x) = x2'
0 ,n:an,n:e je
w = lim (sinx)l/x2 D
x--+0 X = e-1/6
4. TejJiopoBa lflopMyJia
npu "{e.My je
n+l
R (x) = f(n+l)(~) (x- a)
n (n + 1)!
u ma"{x;a ~ je 'Hex:a ma"{x;a U'HmepeaJta (a, x).
BEIKBE H3 AHAJIH3E I 61
AKo rroce6Ho Y3MeMo ,.[(a je cpyHKQHja f(x) je,n:Ha O,I( cpyHKD;Hja ex, sinx,
cosx, (1 + x)P (p E R) H ln (1 + x), H3 JIOKaJIHHX MeKJIOpeHOBHX cpopMyJia
,n:o6HjaMo cJie,n:ene pa3Boje.
x2 xn
ex= 1 + x + - + · · · + - + o(xn)·
2 n.' l
x3 x2n-1
sinx = x- - + · · · + (-1)n- 1 + o(x 2 n).
3! (2n- 1)! '
x2 x2n
cosx = 1 - - + ... + (-l)n __ + o(x2n+1)·
2! (2n)! '
1 1 1
= 1+ -( -2x + x 3)- -(2x- x 2) 2 + -( -2x + x 3)3 + o(x 3)
2 8 16 '
h(x) = \h- 3x + x 2 = (1 + (-3x + x 2 )) 113 =
1
=1--(3x-x 2) - -1( 3x-x)
22 --(3x-x)
5 23 +o(x3).
3 9 81
O,n;aB,n;e je cpel)ImalheM:
1
f(x) = fr (x)- h(x) = 5x 2 + x 3 + o(x 3).
1 1 1
f(x) = 1 + (2x- x 2) + 2(2x- x 2) 2 + 6(2x- x 2) 3 + 24 (2x- x 2) 4+
1
+ 120 (2x- x2)5 + o(x5),
sin 2 x sin 3 x
f(x) = ln (1 + sinx) = sinx- -2
- + - - + o(sin 3 x) =
3
3 1 3 1 3
X + o(x 4)) - - (x -X- +ox
= (x-- ( 4) )2 + -(x-- ( 4))3 +ox
X +ox ( 3)) =
6 2 6 3 6
x3 1 1
= x- 6- 2(x 2 + o(x 3)) + 3(x 3 + o(x 3)) + o(x 3) =
x3 x2 x3 x2 x3
= x- - - - + - + o(x 3) = x- - + - + o(x 3).
6 2 3 2 6
f"(x)=2 sinx'
3
!"(0)=0,
cos x
2
j(J)(x) = 6sin x + _2_, f(J)(O) = 2 ,
cos 4 x 2cos x
( 4 )( ) _ 24sin3 x 12sinx 4sinx
+ cos 4 x + j( 4 ) (0) = 0,
cos x '
/ X-
cos 5 x
+ ~'
4 2
j(s)(x) = 120sin x _ 24 sin x f(S) (0) = 16.
cos 6 x cos 4 x cos 2 x
0 ,n;aB,n;e HaJia3HMo ,n;a j e
4
tgx = f(O) + j'(O)x + f"(O) x 2 + f(J) x 3 + j( )(0) x 4 + j(s)(O) x 5 + o(x 6) =
2 6 24 120
3
x 2
= x+ 3 + 15 x5 + o(x6).
x 2 ln 2 (1 + x)
f(x)=1+xln(1+x)+ n +o(x 4 ),
11 KaKO J8
x2 x3 x3 x4
xln(1 +x) = x(x- + +o(x 3 )) = x 2 - + +o(x 4 ),
2 3 3 2
2 3
x x 2 x x2 2
x 2 ln 2 (1 + x) = x 2 (x- + + o(x 3 )) = x4 (1- + + o(x 2 )) =
2 3 2 3
= x (1 + o(1)) = x + o(x ),
4 4 4
x3 x4 x4 x3 5
2 + 3 ) + 2 + o(x ) = 1 + x - 2 + 6x + o(x ). 0
4
f(x) = 1 + (x 2 -
2 4 4
lim (f(x))lfx _ k
x-+0 - e .
Kaxm j e ,n;a.lbe
x2 xn
(a) ex ~ 1+ x + - + .. · + - (O:::;x:::;1)
2 n!
x3
(6) sinx ~ x- 6 (lxl:::; 1/2)
x x2
(~) v'f+X ~ 1 +2- - -
8
(0 <X<
- -
1).
~ )1 =I f(s~!(~) x5 1=
3
IR3(x)l = lf(x)- (x-
I cos ~llxl 5
lxl 5 (1/2) 5 1 1
= <-< = =-
120 - 120- 120 32·120 3840
(~) lla.lbe 3a cpyHK~Hjy f(x) = v'f+X = (1 + x) 112 11: n = 2 HMaMo ,n;a je:
3/8 1 I 3 1
IR2(x)l:::; 61x 13 = 16 xi :::; 16' 0
x2 j(4)(C)
R2(x) = cosx- (1- -2) = " ., X 4 _
-
(cos~)
.,
4
X ,
o,n;aKJI e j e
4 4
lxl lxl
IR2(x)l :S 4! =
24
.
AKo je ca,n;a fxl 4 /24:::; 10- 4 , Tj. lxl:::; 0,1J24 = 0,222, ,n;o6:ajaMo ,n;a
je fR 2(x)l :::; 10- 4 • CTora je OBa cpopMyJia Ta1:.!Ha 6ap 3a Bpe,n;HOCTM x M3
MHTepBaJia [-0, 222; 0, 222]. 0
Pemelbe. KaKo j e
x2 xn xn+l (J
ex
ex = 1 +X+ 2f + · · · + n! + (n + 1)! '
1 1 1 1 1 1
Je ~ 1 + 2 + 22 . 2 + 23 .6 = 1 + 2 + 8 + 48 = 1' 64 · 0
1x 1(1-1)
-?/1 +x = (1+ x) 113 = 1 + L + 3 3 + ... +
1! 2!
1 ... (1- n + 1)
+3 3 I
n.
xn + Rn(x)'
3·2·2 3. 23 .5
3IR11 < ~·" < o, oo2, 3IR21 < ~.-1 < o, 0003.
CTora neMO y3eTH ,n;a je n = 3, rra je
A1\:o je o'Ha '1-la moM U'Hmepea.Jty nap'Ha, iJo1\:aJamu iJa 1be'H Tej.Jtopoe no.Jtu-
'1-l OM
j(k)( 0)
=L ..
n
Tn(x) xk
k=O
2
4 !' (x) = 1_ _±_ _ x 4
f(x) = x + -,
X
x2-
-
2 (x =/= 0).
X
68 BEJKBE 113 AHAJII13E I
Peme:a.e. KaKo je
f'(x) = _1
X 1-x
1 +x 2
1 + x2 '
f'(x) = mxm- 1 (1- x)n- nxm(l- xt- 1 = xm- 1 (1- x)n- 1 [m(1- x)- nx] =
= xm- 1 (1- x)n- 1 [m- mx- nx] = (m + n)xm- 1 (1- xt- 1( m - x],
m+n
,n;o6:rrjaMo ,n;a cy je,n;:rrae cTan;:rroaapae Ta"t.IKe oBe <f>yHKD;Hje
m
x1 =0 (3a m > 1), Xz =1 (3a n > 1), X3 = m+n
BEJKBE H3 AHAJIH3E I 69
mmnn
f(x3) = (m + n)m+n. 0
1 1
=- (x--).
3
CTora OBaj 113BO,n: rrocToj11 caMo y Ta"tiKaMa x =/= 0; 1. O,n:aB,n:e ,n:o611jaMo
,n:a je je,n:11Ha CTaD;110HapHa Ta"t!Ka cpyHKD;11je Xl = 1/3, a je,n:HHH KaH,II;11,II;aTH 3a
Ta"t!Ke eKcTpeMyMa cy Ta"t!Ke x 1 = 1/3, x 2 = 0 11 x 3 = 1. KaKo je 3a E > 0:
f'(~-E)>O, f'(~+c)<O,
CJie,n:u ,n:a y Ta"t!KH x1 = 1/3 cpyHKD;Hja j(x) HMa JIOKaJIH11 MaKCHMYM j(1/3) =
13/3.
l!aJLe je 3a E > 0:
f'(E)>O, j'(E)>O,
rra y Ta"t!KH X2 = 0 cpyHKD;Hja j(x) HeMa eKCTpeMyMa.
Haj3a,n: 11MaMo ,n:a je
f'(1-E)<0, j'(1+E)>0,
70 BE>KBE I13 AHAJII13E I
Pemelbe. KaKo je
J'(x) = 1- x2
. . . I)'
CJie,LI;H ,n;a je je.LI;HHa CTaD;HOHapHa TaqKa OBe <f>yHKD;Hje Ha HHTepBaJiy [0, +oo)
TaqKa Xo = 1. KaKO je j'(x) > 0 Ha HHTepBaJiy [0, 1) H j'(x) < 0 Ha HHTepBaJiy
(1, +oo), CJie,LI;H ,n;a y TaqKH Xo <f>YHKD;Hja j(x) HMa JIOKaJIHH MaKCHMYM j(1) =
1/2. flaJbe je j(O) = 0, j(x) 2:: 0 3a CBaKO X 2:: 0 H
. X l"lffi 1
= 0'
+ x 2 = x-++oo
1!ill
x-++oo 1 X+ 1/x
2
f(x) = e-x cos x 2
na npaeoj R.
BEJtCBE 113 AHAJI113E I 71
KaKo j e )];aJbe
)];06HjaMo )];a je
1
inf{J(x): x E R} = - ~2e3rr 14
, sup{f(x): x E R} = 1. 0
(a) f(x) = x 4 -2x 2 +3 'Ha u'Hmepea.Jty [-3; 2], 11:ao u '/Ve'He npeeoj'He ma"i'K:e;
1 1
1 --
/(2) = e-1/4 = e-4, f (1 - 0) = lim e (1 - E) (-E) = 0
€-++0 '
1 1
/(1 + 0) = lim e(1 + E)E = +oo, f (+oo) = lim ex (x - 1) = 0.
€-++0 x-++oo
31-Y
X
-3 -2 -I 2 3
CJIHKa 6.1
2 2
f(x) = x + 1- (x - 1) = 2
v
x 2 + 1 + x2 - 1 v vx 2 + 1+ vx 2 - 1
2 -+0
x( J1 + 1/x 2
+ yl1- 1/x 2
)
74 BEJKBE 113 AHAJII13E I
J'
f2
-3 -2 2 -~
C.mu~a 6.2
1
1 + x2 x2
lim [f(x)- 1rx] = lim lim = -1.
x-++oo 2 x-++oo 1 x-++oo 1+ x2
x2
1 1 + x2 2x 2 1- x 2
f"(x) = 1 + x2 +
-
(1 + x2)2
-1 + -,--------
1+x2 (1+x2)2
1 + x2 + 1- x 2 2
(1 + x2)2 (1 + x2)2 > 0,
;:
-3
C.TIHRa 6. 3
(,I() ""' . f (X ) =
'±'YHKIJ;11Ja sin x . Qq11rJie,l(HO .l(eqmH11CaHa Ha :o;eJIOJ. pe-
Je
2 + cosx
aJIHoj npaBoj, HenapHa je, 11 nep110.l(11qHa ca nep110,l(OM w = 27r. Oc11M Tora
oHa j e oq11r Jie.l(HO 11 ,l(11£flepeH:o;11j a611JIHa Ha :o;eJioj peaJIHoj npaBoj. 0 ,l(aB,l(e
CJie,l(11 ,l(a je ,l(OBOJLHO 11CII11TaT11 H>eH TOK Ha 11HTepBaJiy [0, 1r], q11Me 360r O-
C0611He H€IIapHOCT11 ayTOMaTCK11 .l(0611jaMO 11 H>eH TOK Ha 11HTepBaJiy [-rr, rr].
36or OC0611He nep110)l_11qHQCT11, T11Me je IIOTIIYHO O,l(pel)eH H>eH TOK 11 3a CBe
OCTaJie Bpe.l(HOCT11 IIpOMeHJL11Be X•
0.6 .Y
0.4
·2
I
-!
0.2
/10
v I
l 2
.\
3\ I
4
.r
·0.2
-0.4
·0.6
Cmuca 6.4
(1 + x)3/2
(e) <l>yHKD;Hja j(x) = yfx je ,n:ecf>HHHCaHa 3a CBe Bpe,n:HOCTH X> 0,
TJ. Ha HHTepBaJiy D = (0, +oo). KaKo je f(x) > 0 3a CBaKo xED, HeMa HyJia.
l[a.rr,e je
lim f(x)
x-+0
= +oo,
rra je rrpaBa x = 0 BepTHKaJIHa acHMIITOTa cf>YHKO:Hje. KaKo je
. (1+x)3/2 . ~(1+x)1/2 .
hrn = hrn 1 = hrn 3y'x(1 + x) = +oo,
x-++oo x 112 x-++oo
2 x-
112 x-++oo
_ . f(x) _ . (1 + x) 3 12
k- hrn - - -
x-++oo X
hrn
x-++oo X 312
_
-
•
hm (1
x-++oo
+ 1/ x )3/2 -_ 1,
O,n:aKJie CJie,n:H ,n:a j e rrpaBa y = X+ 3/2 KOCa aCHMIITOTa OBe cf>yHKO:Hj e y Ta"t!KH
+oo.
<l>yHKO:Hja je ,n:H<jlepeHO:Hja6HJIHa Ha n:eJIOM ,L(OMeHy H IIpHTOM je
3a x > 1/2 je f'(x) > 0, a 3a x < 1/2 je f'(x) < 0, n ocnM Tora
je f'(x) = 0 3a x = 1/2, na je x = 1/2 je.n;nHa cTa:o;noHapHa Ta"tiKa .n;aTe
cpyHK:o;nje. KaKo je cpyHK:o;nja f(x) cTporo ona.n;ajyna Ha HHTepBaJiy (0, 1/2),
H CTporo pacTyna Ha HHTepBaJiy (1/2, +oo), cJie.n;H .n;a je Ta"tiKa x = 1/2 Ta"tiKa
JIOKaJIHOr MHHHMyMa OBe cpyHKD;Hje. KaKO je .n;aJLe j(x) > 0 3a X > 0, CJie,IJ;H .n;a
je OBa Ta"tiKa H Ta"tiKa anCOJIYTHOr MHHHMyMa ITOCMaTpaHe cpyHKD;Hje . .ilaJLe
je
f"(x) 3
= 4-H=x5=-y-1 + x > 0,
3a CBaKO X E D, O,IJ;aKJie CJie,IJ;H .n;a j e cpyHKD;Hj a CTpOrO KOHBeKCHa Ha "tiHTaBOj
o6JiaCTH D. CTora oHa HeMa npeBojHHX Ta"tiaKa.
Ha OCHOBY .n;o6HjeHHX no.n;aTaKa, MOJKe ce npH6JIHJKHO Ha:o;pTaTH rpacpHK
OBe cpyHKD;Hje (BH,IJ;eTH CJI. 6.5).
·2 -l Ol _1. l 2 4 5
2
CJmRa 6.5
f'(x) = -21/xln22 0
X
BEIKBE H3 AHAJIH3E I 79
f"(x) = 21/x 1n 2 2x + ln 2
X
6 [:
-15 -10
J-
-) Ia 5 10 15 20 :c
CJIHRa 6.6
x-2
(r) <I>yHKIJ;Hja j(x) = ln - - ,n;ecpHHHCaHa je 3a CBe Bpe,n;HOCTH X=/= -1
x+1
.. x-2 0 D
3a KOJ€ J€ - - > 0. ,n;aB,n;e JiaKO HaJia3HMO ,n;a je Ib€H ,Il;OM€H CKYII =
x+1
( -oo, -1) U (2, +oo).
MoiKe ce JiaKo Bn,n;eTn ,n;a OBa cpyHK:o;nja HeMa peaJIHHX HyJia. 0Ha je
x-2 x-2 .
II03HTHBHa 3a - - > 1, O,Il;HOCHO 3a X< -1, a HeraTHBHa 3a - - < 1, TJ.
x+1 x+1
3a x > 2. .llaJLe je
____-/
) r~
~ ~
-:S -5 ~ -3 -2
f 7 : .I
-1/ a/
-1
-2
-3
-4
CJIH:Ka 6.7
1 1+x
arth ( x) = -ln - - ( -1 < x < 1).
2 1-x
0 ,n;aB,n;e j e
1 1
f(x) = arth(1 + 2x) = -ln( - 1 - -).
2 X
Ha HHTepBaJiy [0, 27r]. I1MaMO ,n;a je j(O) = j(27r) = 1/3, 3aTHM j(x) > 0
3a x E (0,7r/2) U (37r/2,27r), n f(x) < 0 3a 7r/2 < x < 37r/2. IIpnTOM je
j(7r) = -1/3.
K aKo Je . J'( x ) = - 3 (sinx+l/3 rh • •
3 +sinx) 2 , Henocpe,n;Ho CJie,n;n ,n;a 't'YHKD;HJa aKo Je
x 1 E (7r,37r/2) TaKBO ,n;a je sinx = -1/3 n x2 E (37r/2,27r) TaKBO ,n;a je sinx2 =
-1/3, Ta,n;a je f'(x) < 0 3a x E (O,x1), na cpyHKn;nja f(x) y HHTepBaJiy (O,x1)
cTporo ona,n;a. llaJbe je 3a x E (x1, x2), f' (x) > 0, na cpyHKn;nja y HHTepBaJiy
(x 11 x2) cTporo pacTe. OcnM Tora je 3a x E (x2, 27r) ncny:a,eHo J'(x) < 0,
na cpyHKn;nja y HHTepBaJiy (x2, 27r) cTporo ona,n;a. CTora OHa Ha HHTepBaJiy
[0, 27r] HMa aiiCOJIYTHH MHHHMYM y Ta-.:mn x 1 j(xl) = -../2/4 < -1/3, a y
Ta"t.J:Kll x 2 aiiCOJIYTHH MaKCHMYM j(x2) = V2/4 > 1/3.