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~Q~~' ~~~!o}.)~.A. ~~;Q~ ~Uli:lJz::l~.cI'\, :eldtiJ ,!cj",e;.:, ;::!a;il()::l.)

~~t5;)t5~,ll, tC~./~~~ ~~~'6 M~Ot~r(~c:l~ d2.3~~~~~h

0:5;)~ ~~~~F"O!OIC$ ~WFcm~ e~e~ lio~r(~ 'Be)e..l ~~.)~&:l~t5.)t3e-<:e1'l
~c:l... z::l!" lir.lM!~ ~c:lo! ~c:l~~~r;.ili~~" e2-JFitltSe~f\~.

~r(1if.J 1Hfi3
t'li=1' t'I t.)F or, ~!! 1i~
 ~~~tl
:::tom~~d~" y

~e~Wd ;:S,),)~.;,.tl vii

xiii
xv1

~fm~~ ~~,;d~rI~ o;$p~~rt1,1)

~~~~a~tS~n~,) :!T
~o~ ~~,)~ Ii,;!,), trult~;;:s,)~,rI~,) ~,)~
e.1 "' ....
tjo:m~ 43
ttri>~" ~e.m"W t:o~~Fc3r1~,) 8~
Zjl~rI [) ~td~e~.)~Qa ~e.llj~~ w~O'd~rI~,} 125
4i~n 6 ~~~ rum~c 13~
iJ~.)~r(';!) 17 T

~rt"aC».) 2 wet, "'oAe~ ~~ m!l

~n 1 ~Uel~ ~o:iT.l;:s;)n';!e) t.'.loc:S,)1"I)£'eltJt.J 179
"" Oil
~n 2 ;t;!O!f~~,!/~,;! d.)e~ ~o~o~ rot'9~t.lQ1"I~;)190
~1"1 3 ~ot!l~~' 206
~rI 4 w~~~~rt~;) ~~ ~tj'dr\~ 215
~n 5 ~O'd;).)r~odd m8,l"t.loQ 231
Q'f)n 6
~n

&3~~Ii\i.l
7
~rtliFd'd
~d,) t1=o:S.l.1,;!~
... .
t..di1,)QM,,)
24:"
:168

If IS
 xiv

.•~ob 3 c(idem\f dO':J;)roj~ ~~ojci ;;Je&if

ft'irl 1 'd~F~e~ ~o"~n'~:,: I :l84
~.rl 2 f.JaSJ~/:j ~Wol o~ 304
Q
~rl 3 ~........ Mmo~;$.J~..;.J,.' 'If~~G ~~<lSOri<;;l.J ::11 ij
~11 4 ~I»Ft5f~ ;rSOw~rr\~J : JJ :-1::10
C~DSrl~J :if51

.rtnt~ 4 ~o-&eraf" ~cO .. o!frl~.;) ~~ x;:::,).~ ~:Jtor::

~rl 1 ~~a:b ilW~O'lf~JF ~"'~~ :I()?'

~~ 2 ~Jt:: ~t! ~~~:;))FK'!;i.) ii,-l
~n 3 t)o~e03.) ~O'lf~Fr\~v :189
~rt 4 ~~~~
~ <IS~ ~o" .(Of>
~rt 5 e)oZJ~O~~F,11!,~J w\!!2. ;:;:l~ ~);:3.:,~crl) 41 'i
~K 6 ~~. ~oile()i')t'$ ~t)~ ~Om~.)r\~~ 4:W
~rtnq;!~ 44.';

"9<lO ~Oq1rlOP ~~ H fS
"01:,,,, ;md~~ ~~.~K~~ tr\)~O~ 448
iAO?jnll-6 ~2J :8.".e~ .. 'I.,
•
 t~e~

;e&
~il-mt:» ~i1.l

.0..,~~~
..-' .J,
14-13 ~,.,e~~
~~d ~~e
120-1&

123-14 dtmV>dtmW riimV>dimW

t.lt::Sm~~ri.g) ~om~ti7W
IS6-16

Ib9-~
r1l;n
X2

f:t1
l'l'l-!.t (Crout) ~.)~,:;o ~b""(Crout)
184-9 !Iv, + lvY llv, . . - vy
186.1 () X+, X,
138-18 ( T)(Z, (TX~.) \

t5r;r.>~ Qi) , ~1?OO) :,

244-:.16
259-0 de (A) ddt ,'1,
_, ....
110-7 ~~ -..:::..
.( 1'1-17 a t..oO') at...oc:.
4b2-16 (x,y,z) (x,y:-z'

"'60-~1 Y2 . ~ '2('21 x ('I t )1' _-c2e1r.,. (,II

466-26 :2°t 2~t' .

,,11.14 IsOmorphison lsomorphism

~rl 1. ~~m!..:!# ~:,)J:)ro!d~rl~ ~.mrl\'l.)
d~:J;:~ '15 ;:!;i;)~5dr;lirJ ~6u5lifOl~J ~~;:;le.>J i...~.)li~rt t!da::lOz.s~
i::, -c.
.::E d o::JQ<lN~~:lW~~ li~Jd~WiJ~Ji)01:3J o~m ~('t:lli~~r::s e;,'tl6o:$J~
~~~ ~dc:;J~Ji)~~. <::JOWildlifOl e;,~~ ~.)!~ 1iJr;Qe:lJF"n\jl~,lc.
..
5.)O~ OS~ rl;'~~~ E1U~O;:;l~J e;,~JfJi)e)~li.)~o~ ;,J~d ;:;lJi)~t5dl"$
roJi)Or::sN~ O::!~()jJJ~~J ~~~ E1UdQ e~.
-.. M

~~~nd,)~ $6u5~c:i)« ~Ji)1::tOtl1)d '::>00Wi.J~Ji)~~./~

(1) 2x + 3y= 1
x-y=2
~6 ~( 1) d 00';~Ji)OO:> ~:;)Ji)~d~~ m~d~';J;:;l.)~o"d.);:i
x ;i.)3~ y ~O~61i~1 ~Ji)etl~~oOJ &! ~r;,6cE~c o:iOWild~rld. ~~
u3drM x =
A' Y = - ~ .::>~~ ~dJ ~or::sJ Q:ju~d~rld. ~do
x = 3. Y = I w~~ ~OJ o::lu~d~~, ~9t>drn ;:;l;i.)3e.>d e;,oo.;;i
;tj~~ ~dF~~5 o:idc;;. ~:v.)~. ;:;l~Ji)f1drn (l)d ~!~~odJ ;:;l~Ji)edrn~
~odJ ;:;ld;-lek!do:$J ;:;l:;JJi)ed~~rld, 6i d{'~n\jlJ X= it y = -~
~odJli,,-l~ ~tO.)~Q;J.)dQ Ood ('I1dJi)od~ ~~Ji)ed~( 1 )~" o:iu<:iWd
Q;jilrldJ~d~-2t "OlrnJ~~;j (t!~ 1 ~~~tlO).

{J)d ;:;l~Ji)edran9~-t e~s:rai..'; ~~Ji)edrnn~oOJ e~crlJ~ru

~dJ. e;,o~.m:5c-e ~i:>Ji)l1drnli9 ~6c5d z... odJ tI\)~i:5dl'$o:$JJ
&.trld~OJ :
2 Xi + 3y= 1
X - xy=l
 2

'1
a. ~6 i5c o:3~o~ (

;:;j;;)J'i)~dt;~ 'Z..oOJ ~d;$~o:JJ

;S~J'i). ..:ldcac:3o:JJOJ c..,o;:j,)
;"c,
~!~d~~cd')~~Jil ~.J<;j)
~d. '"
a. ;:;j~J~5dt;lie,1.)
~Oi.lO~r(9r$~ t 0jY~ ! li;l;3{
;lJ3J
;.p
I'tJ;)O~j.
~c::5~~
li.)('@~::,.) li~~s
Q'"
ik ~~~o~
(I )dorp
Cv9
11;j)

t5~~~:;(:, 5
'/
Y
" I
I '
~';J:)a::frlt; ojJ~~ ~~o~~~O~
e:T.lnd. ..~ - I
i:JJJildJ ~~ 3li~~.'i fj~.J<;oi:l .:Jdcj,) ;rj~.)~~d:'?li~
.-::r ...
~~oa' Nc).;jJ?~ dJ;);;O:;~ G1 D~.! ~o:

(2) ax + hy + c==d
ex + fy + g==h
<':IOd~ 0, b, c, d, e, I, g, h r(,;I;J-!.,_ ~r.~!J.;T\d o::SJ3:1 x. )'
o:$.)~ zri~ c:::)CW";)d~~odNJ c'cti.)z.ol3O:J~~~~nd. n e~ :!li~ m
... ~

;tJ~J'i)~dr";)lifj ~'!.. 03 mo:$~~ ~ mli;l~.) :J~D;:;jt}.) ~?:lJil it:z5J

e;,~J~~l!)md
'" 6'
e;,O~~~;$~ w~:'~J;)el'\t;J'i)~('@.
-<. "':o:t
e~:r'!li~'~~ Xl' X~ •
••••• Xn li~od i::1J3J,
_
tJ~~lid!)
M
Yt' y., . ... , J'n
""..
ri~od ,-, ~C~
~

ri!';s~-lt. :!$ok~~:4)~~. ~2'!Jd~~cdJ::~r~c.:::i~~ ~~~J'i)odJ ;tJ;)J'i)

odr'Q):j~ ;tJt5li.)t"<Ic'1i9~~ ;:;jJ'i)~;:;jI!)J W;:3~J'i)e"~:i:~r;; ~od~ ~~d~

~o.jJ elltJd~~ ;:;j.:JJ'i)ed~iJ~.) ;tJ:;:~;z:JI!)J c::5.n~~ ci:ldca~cdJ ~~

"i
:Jdu:$~ ~t!5tl 3lit;~J ~J'i)eO;:;j~. &l ;z:J:~(':grifj~) eru.oroRel'\~
~ "i ~

iL'iloGJ Nil~ ~"'6t5 t2)~~ ~r,;Ir,~o~ ;:;.)~ tJt5:6.)t.)1:i:'J:::IJ:

AUXI + AHX'.l + A13 X a = Yt

A~lXl + A~~x:.l+ A~3X3:::: y~
;jJ!O~ ;:;jo~e3rit,;l~~ U\)i!:l~ ..'il~l'\l,dd n e;,~:r3lifj m x!~J'i)!d~rI~
~3603 m~r~'d t5~m:!e.e ~~~wd dJilo:j~ .:sJ.joe~:'!d.)~~:
 3

A l1 x 1 + Al\lX~ + ... + A1nx" = Yl

A21 X 1 + A22 X 9 + ... + A\lIlXn -Yg
( 3)

m~dro:Wi)1'I *0 as (3)0 ~tSrl')£9"K"oo,) ~~o:i>(!To)ru;::l A 11'

AB • ... , Atn • A H , A~2 ... , A 2n • .... AmI' Amll . . . . . Amn ~oe
11~" i:l';3~ ~~6aS (3)0 ~41D~O"rt~od.) 5~~)mru;::l Yt. Y2' .... Ym
eo8Kr:.) ~Ji)t!m1'l0,)~~. (3)0 ~.!.~~oo" ;tji:)~!fdro* ;tWQilO
i:~1'I0;;jc$ XI' X2, .... Xn ~c61ir,;lrS~ ~~ eoz::iJ&'Go:l.)~e5Cll"ltt
e03<E ;tj:sj,Hr,;l 2."od,) 1i~. i:)OO~. *6iIl (3)0 ;;'~~ot::b
~~~eoro~';) ;tWQCldw~1i,)-=o4l 2.,,00,) T\)r'Ol tXt' XII' .... Xn)~ (3)~v
~ctl,) ~OiS5'idjod.) edo:l..:mri.)~d. -Ekri ~r.l6iIl (3)~v ~O~O
~orl.) wClojX~:::$~~ 2.,,00.) Q:)~rS;::lrS~ ;;CJ~.)e~1iJ~OJ.

~cz5 (I );:3~ ite~ t!G;tj~~~J? z..,OOJ ;tj,)~Q i:)QilrS~ ~r,;ll"l

;:3o';i:S. C\J.)~ ~'5 5 (1)0 wdrl~~ ;tj~Ji)edro:;::l~o( 3 000 ruM.lJ
t..Jot:3d;:3) :jJi)dv~oo.) ;::j~Ji)5dro:~..l eJi)~;tj.)$"e~. ~oOod
w "" v -

(4)
~7i ~~d~~e ~~Ji)ed~~rS~ -5 000 t,J.I1'I;tj,)~~~ ;::l.):!~
t..JcddQc:3~ i:)dt:3~~ ;tj~~~dro:~-a e~ll;r,b~eoj :

( 5) 5x=7. -y=*
oj~O~~oi: ;tj~Ji)~d~;:l~ 5 000 ;:lJ~:2, i:)dz3~o:i>OrS.>u(, -1
Ood ~f\;t$.)~dJ i:lOWcld;:l~ l!Ji)aJ~d.

(6) x=t. y=-~

~~ I Dod ~6a5 (1 )I!-o "lid..:ilOd~ ~Oa5ilO~l"IdJ~orS~ ~~J

~d. ~yt:N
&'end: z..,odJ ;tj~~edr'OldrS.)i( 2.,,00,) ;tjo~6~OO
HJ~.tJ t..Jod'1 rS~ ~~,,~ 00" ;tji:)Jil5dt'Ql!v eJi:z::iJ~d.) e4l~ 'e;::l~
t..od,) ;C;iJJ;!Stir;;:lc::i~ z..,cd,) ;C;0~6COJOO nJ~;rJJ~d,). ~OlmlO
4

d~oe;)~ ;!~5 ~Q6Wi)d~i.J ~~$n~~~ ;)~ztF"~;J~ ~ t~")~J~~

~~Oilo;j!~;rjJ""o!'dJ.
"'rii
OO~o;S otiO(5;)O~~ <"':1~CJdQ o..r.J. &l Z)Q~~
M

~oj'~~~N'~OOO~I"tO;t,~ <-:;d; .r..lg:o'd ~n ~o.) ~Qi)cioj~ e;,n~c~

t."od,) ~.i:).Ji)5dt@o;S~~ ~./t)1:!J~d. ~ ~ori~~ wOOJ wmO::d~Qj.l.l
t!~t'I~o";d :

(7) 2x + 3y:::: 1 •
4x + 6y::::3

e. ~6Q5~ (i)r;sF'"O;!:JJ~
.:JOr:!J Ci~ ~n~J ;!:Ji3~O;!O
Q;jilt'loj; e;,oQ 000 ~~ ~~O;'l;lJ

~tl~. (~~ 2 ~J<l~OC)

~.Ji)dvc:5~ ;!;J.i:)J<l5d~;SN.) -2
wi.
•
O:ld ru~.l.J. tJoO::3;::).) wd
Q ..
r:!c:5~~~..r.J~O~~ ~.Ji)O~O~

(8) 2x-3y::::l
0= 1 w01:J.)nJ~d.
(8)d .;:)dc;ic:5~ ;!:Jo:).Ji)'ftd~~ .;:)oOri.Ji) ~;;lv~rI~OO).

&'e~ ~i!$~~dc:5ooJ u!il6WJ~6 ~oril~JJ ~ :JQ"C::Ooo (W~

n~:! ~~~OOJ ~;:lotJ~ o;S~~ ~dooJ.lo;So$ o;jmi.l~~. <":lo) (3 )doq:>
~~.f. ~o z.:~ otiJ~ n~~~ ~~~Ji:)O~ ~~~..)~,~. ~.Ji)I:'~~OO.:.t:..;;
u I, w01:!J J ~ ~ -

:!vOOJ o::lDw"d~ ~~~O~dJ~de ? .;:;d~~Qj.\~J: o::lC<:E()ci~ e~~

O~dJ~md(j w~tJ ~OWi)dn9;::)~ 501:!J &'QOO)t.:Ja5:0.l ? ~ :Ji:jJ.>N~
~ .;:)d1:!~ ~~"" n~~~~ W~O~.)~O.J.

~(i)o.t wcmdoA o::iOZ5:ld~ e~~t:3~d wOOJ ':J.)c~f\oiJe

!~Od.J;$ z.,=OJ ~Odz;:,;$~~ NO.Ji)lJ~~H~. ~6~(3)d~, Y=
y ~:::: ... :::: Ym :::: 0 e;,t'ld,);:! ;:lod~F'"~~ ~dJ. ~~co'd <"':1t:$.) rJ~
;r,)1"t9:, d. en Xl = O. X 2 :::: O....• Xn:::: 0 <":lOb. <":l0.) o:IJilWiln:M
~~6m (3)~v z.,or.;J i:J:lWildQ::i.)f\~. Yl::::YIl= "'=Ym=O ~d.)
 6

o::lo~ ~o~.) ;:;1r.Jf)i:E(3)~~ ~~~il~.m~od. . 5~OO,)mr:..)~~ ;:5')3~

edd ;:jO~"d ~o':'~ :

~d~-2t 2..od..) !~"'!> 1l0i!5Cld~cd.) 5~00..l..l~~. ~ Zt-"'";)lid~

;tl;;3)iijY.l! ~~6c5lie,;l Qj..)~~ c::ioile- ~Qtlc::i~~~ ~~~~I'\~~~~. ec~
~~6cEli~~ e;tltoo') ~~«Ii~.J I!~~~ 9!')~ ~O~dr<~ e~~ 0:5.)~~
ri.)~~i:S")F"Ii~rl ;tlcZJcQ.l,:;j. edQ Dod, ;tJ;)Qild~;:J,"f\, g~f\dJ;:::;o$

,;)~~ ~~~6~~d [Xl" x~ . .... Xn] ec::i~ e:t3..) Z:oIlOO..l~J ZJOO..);!:J..)

~~~.

Allx 1 + AU X 2 + + A1nxn=O
A~lXl + A22X~ + + A~nxn = 0
( 9)

JX+ 2y-z= 0
(10) x-3y+z=O
8x-2y= 0

~d~~c:$..) ;!jZJ~~d~;::!~~ -3 Ood 1i..lr1.lJ0; o;:le);3i:Sc::i~ Qj~d~

~oj.) ~;J~ed~~-o 5~~:t::~~~.) :

Ily-4Z= 0
(I I) x-3y+ Z= 0
8x-2y= 0
.:;;drj~oj.) ~:J~ed~~~~ -8 Ood ru~:z.::d~e.); o;l~$~~.)
Q:l..l~j~OOJ ~~~~d~~-6 e~ll~d~e,):
6

J ly-4.:;= 0
(12) x-3y+ Z= 0
22y-8z= 0
~¥':lcj~==oj.) ;l:ii:J~ad~oj;;'k I I OCC:; oj.)~~ ojJ~d~o::lJ ;l:i~~ad
f'Q)~~~ 22 000 rtr.ll'l;!J~~I1.). eri ~.'f)d~~ojJ ojj3~ o:i)~d~o::lJ ;l:i;;:J;l

woOd r.::.)
~ -
~d~IIr,.~.) ~a:sJ. 5;:r.:riJ!.qj. ~J kd~s.:i_; ;!J~~5drSl~~J -I 000 11.)rc:.!J
~
~ccj~()j.) ;!J;;:;~~drn~-,- ~ ..:~C;~~cjOcC:; ~CO~cj.) ;!J:;;..'f)~d~
Q '" "
~;:)J w~~f.""~w~;d.):
cot

0=0
(13) x-3y+ z= 0
y-ll.z= 0

0=0
( 14) x-3y+z= 0
y-j):z:::: 0

e;,0::5~6w.>t' ';~oj.)zj~~r;)dcjJQ ~1:::/,). &111 z~ ~od.J tJ~..)i::l~~d

~~~~~ ~v~e3~. X ~$~ yl1cJ ~~o::l.)~~ (14)CcO ~~ ~~. &e~
~~6U::(1 O}~-e o::jOWOld~;::i~ cS.r.d~;r;ItJa5JdJ. W~C13d!"$1i z= 1 ~Cr3J
~~t..r..~Jt.:05':OJ ~J;!:2.r X= 1 • y :::: 1\ .:Jed.) ~!..t alil8tJa5JdJ
e;,ywil z = 11 wod.) x:::: 1. y:::: 4 .:JoOJ d6v Wil&tJa5JdJ.
;i):!~

=
[x:::: 1\ • y:::: T11 , Z 1] er;:i:j,) [x = 1. y:::: 4 • .:;:::: 1 I] ~.!~~OOJ
11~~~ ~6~ (I 0)~17 o:JO<:zC)o~il"d. z= 0 wot.),)d~-2t ~~cJc5. z;:)
ojJC)~de ecm OOJ.l (I O)~v t.od.) e~.)~ ~D~d;)~ ~~r3J~d.
17
wtl, i':IJ~~W;". $, i.'6 ( 10)0 ~.a~,r.,od.l ;1;l~~5d~* ~cdJ ~e:J.;~~
 7

ijj;:S~ ~~~4l~J~d. ~ ~jjJ~~K~J (14) Dod ~~!::3~}3..: z...O~J

~e;j~.)~ e;~O~~oj. ZS;!;j~ N:JJ3"Oo~ d~7J;:jd~ <':'lj~

NOl~ ~~~~ *t)~ (I O)d ;t;l:J~5d~nc,;l ~c5n.:('@5r.~~ oj.)~~.

e;:S)~ijjJ03"{) eoj~~ (I I). (12). (13) ~3~ g~~~~)Oi){) (14)d
~33n.)['@5n~" t.ld~JOlo:lJ;!;jJ~ ~D5~JF',t.;d~c(jJ ~A;!:J~~COod ~~
;:::;,1 ~~Jr;,)~;:SOjN..) ~d~''',J;(I~tJ;;EJd..l. O:;~;;:1 ;!;j:.JJti5dr.n..,O
~ ~ ~

rl~K.:~5nc,;lJ O::~0:5 ~O';)c5n~..r.: li~ ~..r.:~r.J~~Ot.; ~~:;';;:S-t. .;e;;!:JJ;;:I

;jcy;:s~~ol:!e ;:sQjJ" e;;:lt65Wil{)dJ~d.). ~d;:S~ ;:th)~d['@m{)
5;;rlNO~ ;:S,m3eJ.)ru~OJ :

~i~6: z..OO..l ~~e) .Jo:iJ,) w~~,':Jd ~O~67N z..od,)

e~~3"oilOd :;)c:J.lt>;!:J:;::).) "d. N'C)~;:S6o:J,;)".

Au
(15) [A"
~~l A~~

AmI Am~

:;:.)~Cd,)~d.) z..odJ ;:S~3C;)~. <":l.~ '0':;~Jticd,) i ;;:I";~1 .i n.ltl AU

~:;(j..l OJ"~.:J5 ;::Jo.:jiO::~"~. 1 ~ i :;; m. 1 S.i ~ 1/·

\lei: AU~..l ~~de,)~OO.) e~~dc5~ A(i O,,~~lOO..lJ

eil~,t.;i!~c,;l~;;:I e:!lac;amliO~ ;:S')31 .;)de3~oj.) e~wc~~ Aij e;)~,t.;
g~~~~a;S ~e\lmliOj~ e~o:l..l~.)~d. ;:S.:r.l3C;)i!~,).)
m e~ m~..lnc,;l;:S-?t
OJ')3:2., n Ne~;tJC)~.)KtOi;:SJ ~OOO~.
~ Q
m~ t;d;:SJ
~
nz-n c:H'I~ woO')
~~..,,)~~~ 0::1.)3; <':'ld~~ ;:SJi)3,}OOJ m!J ~cdJ e~~.:.:l~e~.
;:)Ji)3t.l~OO~ m~~ ~e;ooQ~' ;tJC)~;:S6~" m~ (15)d ;t;lo~e3r1\1
'& .:Jd~ Z!5-6 ;!:JJ~~!;::j~d (Aij) OO.)~-?t ~eJte~. tJc5~ ;t;lodQrn..,~
i:~~t.l~o:iJ m£l~.)rI~c:$JtieC. l1;:S.)N~~l1.Y~C~ ;:S.)~ ~o~~ A oo.)o~
8

A == (AU) 00.;.) l1l-n T'ii)~0 ",00.) ':~3,}OO~I"I~ ~ O;:Ll!~

Ai) ~~00l.!1ir,;lJf)
(3) doy ~,u3o:t.cc:jd :tla51iJr851ifo1Jf) ~;3s.:~
~l"IdQ O. e1i (\i;:~ Aoo,l,) (3)d ~~r!,)wwrl~ ~J't)Ju~ el"ld &::lOw')
~~9.,)~;j. ~dQu~d Ax,)J ~~6a5 (3)d ~a5r1)~er19 ~Ji)31)~OO~1"I
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 18

. ojm:r~rle.>~ e...od~ ~,fe)~m~~6aS i:1R3t)~ R ~~ d.r.>d6~QdotJJ

cc:$J j~~o~trJr:5JdJ. ~ o:jOr':i)~Jejc:$J t..cdJ ::'~~QlS ~t;l~6~~l'I
~ ~
Z!lC!~Ti.l~Q..). i ~c!
c. ;!;i;)!li\1OOJ;J
M
~~d~~~ ~~~~6 Oi)~~.!OOJJ
ei)~.lJ~~e,.1~~ N~~;tW!l~ ~~ZJdgS ki e;,f'ldO. C:5n i ~::mrJdr;d~dJt:S
Xk j ~ ~a5r<Jr;e~ 1 e;,f'ld ~!2. Xk j ~~3d a:l~ ;r;l~rJd~
1i90d ~;r;l~F'.~"l'Id. (36) d ~~d~~.r..od~~ d.r..d6;:;jJ~dei)-6l'1
iiJ.)~ e;,crJ~o::~~ trJdm~J~..r.:~r; xk l , xk 2 , • • • xkrli9fd ~edOdJt:S
~~oen.;~~ ul , u'J, .•. 1i9J ;I$~t.!;:;j~. cij ojJ,,) (36) d i ~e
Ur • r
~~8dr;d%? Uj oj.) ;:;ja5Ti.lr;~~~~ ;:;j~t!;tJO. C:5n iiJ.)~ ~~oOd.J~dJ

Xk1 + Cll ul + C12 u2 + ... + Cl(n.r, Uno, = 0

~2 + CZl U 1 + C\l2 U~ + ... + C~(n_r' Uno, = 0
(38)

Zoe~ ecrJ~d z.;d~~~~~e~~ (38) ~3~ (36) t..odt

el'ldJ~dOed (38)d c;:j0030ldTi9J, (36)d ~D~dli~~ ;:;j~~Oli'l~.
(36)d ~OwOldIi9J 19)5J'i!-6 ~OWOldli\"ll"~oj.m;~ Ceo (3 8) e~c!
~6c6 (9)~-o O::O(Ei)dTir,;l~~ ~J.)~Jbd. (38)~~ ~13;:;je.>J. Ul • U2 '· .. ,

uno' n9~ zj~~N.lJd Qj~~ zjdTie,.1~Od.r.. t!~~, (38) Ood

XkI' x kll '· .. Xkrlie,.1c:3~ Iir;~ t:SJ<tlt.:Q:'JdJ. ~OJ ~6c6 (9)~-6 ~O
mt)dQj~a(. t!~~ J~rj. z..,OOJ ~tj'$FOfd (3~~ ~ndfd ~~~o;:;jzjel'il
1'\dJt:S), iiJ.)~ (3 8 )d~, (n-r) 'e;,~-o' n~cS~ atJiloOdQ e~.

(38)~~ ~~~rJO;:;jJ~Oei)-6l'1
(22) ejJ!~ (26)~ ~~ec!.r..~~.
(22)dR Ntl~ n=3, r=2, k 1 =1, k",=2 eN~ ~~o~eo:$.
w~d ~~c5 z, e;,OQ Ood U1 = Z, Cll = - 1\' ~~ CIII = - 141 •
(26)dfd m~ n= 3. r= 2. k l = 1, k",= 3 ~~o0t:te~. w~d
~Ciloe y ~i'ld, ~~ Ood ~~ U 1 = y. CII =3 ;::SJt:?" CZI = 0
~CO~ ~0;3. ~ ~tl1c3Jn9~ t..od.l ~~ec3Jd~9~ ~o1J;Zo~~e~.
19

'b;1)e~ 2. ~~')~OOJ I d~OOJo" ~o~~~t! .... d ~13",~wntJ

~~~m~~6QS ;:m:!t)~ R eOI3J~~d tjc:!d, (9), ~~;:IC) n= r ~I\
dQ~ i:'$~~ ~.)~~C~di:'$~ ~,,;;oOd.)~d i:'$.).~ ,!~;::$f) n>r
t:5l'\~ ~ ~J;~ (9) t..oOJ e~.)~ ~O~d;:l~"I. ~~oOd.l~d. C":{~ R
~~'/vCil6 t5t:t~e>JlitJ ~o~6o:l.),) rend. n>r enr:t~. en ~~
c:t.:6~ (9)~v ~~ i:lCOSildlitJCil.'tc(. U,. u~ .... ,un.r NOOeJ!i t3~litJ~
I!,/VU).J ~~~ (38)Cil~ we::l~,,;;en .... Xkl' Xkll' .. ·.Xkr litJ~oC. n~iS
;:SRCA d,,;;da;rjJ~~~.

;z >r ~ow.)oc:;l..:.( ;i;Jct!:!;:r.)l'\ !~OdJ;j t..od.) ~~ond~

~~oOd ~o:S.
Q

V~~I. ~~..
u
as (9) d~dJ;:I ~~~5dr;li~no:! ~~
M ~
Y2n.
•
litJCil~ 03./i)oO~~. eli o:mo:J.)lie>~ ~.aS (9)19-6 t..od.) e;,!J~ ~C
Woldi:S~-lt ~~oOdJ~e~. .

mQ~. m endJwM ;:S,)~ ~~::ilitJ

~~~5dr;litJ ~o""6
~o~6 n endJ~1i ~z61iJr;eli9 i:SJ;;Jtlt900J') m x n end. m<n
.::Joo.) lj;~;rjJ~dOoo t..OOJ m x 11 ~'/v~~Cil~6iE ~;Je)d R ;:$t'!
03.)e,),) , ~~JeOOJ 1 d~dJ;$o$ ~ ~~e)~d,) ~Je~ e::lcei:SJF";:S~ ~d
o:SeO.l.i. R e~~c:$, ~tt~e>Jlie,;l ~~6 r e;,l'\d~. R ~tt~v~ntJ
;Z;:o~6 m . endJ~oOod, en r s; m. &~rt r< n ~:!:? ~oQiSt
~d>~ojJi;i ~,~ (9) t..od,) ~aJ~ ~O~d;::$tj~ ~~QOd ~otJ ~d
;:S~OOJ~oC. d~a.>~d.

U~"n~. ~ ~~~,)::i~ t..od,) ~e>~~::i e;lej~o!S~nt:t

~Q;:)JC)~d~liQT\o::i ~~~ e;,~~l1e,;1~ ~JaoOtIJ~Ii~~ ii);~ *,m
(9)dv t..odJ ~!J~ i:lO~d~ ioliv~G~tJi!6.)d,). ~~ eN~.
~~.litJ&t~ ~:;)Jtledr;l1tJ~ ~JaoOdQ d, ~ei1liJ ~t:>JC)ed[';ntJJ
~!;7;l~~ ~nd,)~ ~;7;lteF";s;Ie'liv.) ~Q,~rodo.a~d ;:$ld~, l.iod,)
 20

~!.)~ ~Om~d~~~ 5orl,,!oGOOJtJc5JdJ. m~ !5c:J~ ~~:!rtt,;!~l

;t,l:m5dc;rt~~~ ~~oO~ ~. ~ei1GJw ;tl:m!!d~li~.) e;,!;tl~~tt
~n~ :>;tl~F~~t3e)J j!:j;H~,~ru~o!d.)~ QOSd~, r.."odJ ~!J~
zjO~d~~st ~Ot3.)~~~tJ(5.)dJ. ~ dc:3" ~ ~cjJ~O:b 2 ~e~.)~d.
t...odJ ~~;::Ji)~~{)a3 ~Ji)~e)~ojJ~~ eot3JZo~oo.).)t:S lr.lojJF:>1j:li)~~.
;j,)~~~n ~~ e;,!~~{>dQ ;t,l~5dE'Qn~~. e;,od~ ~~;tl :>ajOOJn~f
~~";<.I. ~etJdo~~lit,;l~~ ::MdJC5Ol~.)~ lr.lojJF"w1j:li)~Wi>nd. ~~~ m~
tf\)~d ;t,l~~5drorte,i ~.)e~ 'e~e)o~~dJ';;::!o~ ;tl~J;)ed£'O)rtt.;l~~ w;tl~r
;t,l,,~ecj. R c:JQi)F"d;j,)d ~o3d eru~ojJJ~ ;r,:~5d£'O)li9J 'c:J0~e)Ot:)3'

e:;J.)d~n~". ~6~ (9) e!t..)~ ;::)O(5t)O~~~ ~Ji)oOCJ~d.) ~~e:se>

'c:Jd~e,)o2!:3' ;t;jwJi)~dron.; rlO~ iIlo~",oj')J e~ 3rtt.;l Jlo~ no:!
~ u ~ ()

ec3~o:SJi)l"I~ c5 ;;::!Ji)~. n= r el"l~~. eoiJ-o o::mt3J~d~v

~i!o~6c:lQ. ~o.)~ r.."cd~ o::lO~o~ (37) ~noe3e~ee.). n>r ~n
~~. en ;;!~~ n-r ·eOOJv·nt.;l~oI(. e;,Q~i) n-r '~:!o~6d~o'
T1~~~ ~Ji)OO~,}~. ~J$_~odJ eyF"d~ ~,~ (9)0 .:lOa5Ol0KtJJ
n-r 'ecjJ;)~.)' ~RoD~. ~ 'ec:m~J', 'eoiJ/, '~:!o"!;6d ~O
T1rJJ" 'NO;:se:02J~' ~J~ ·e;,oje)02Jc:$'oo.) i:JOr;~c:$H.,-i~~ 3c:$~ ~rl
dO :xl ~ Jo:j~;o;j~rtJ~dJ •
.., c;;,) ...

~~.)eoj.) 1 d~ c:l~O;tl~~ ;tlo5Ju!c:3~~0t3 ert~e,)J119

~~~Q:ji)~~6~ ~Ji)3,} R eot3JZo~o:S.l)~ '!r.>Oll')F"WQi)~~~oI(._ ~;rS
~f"cao:SJ eq:;)i) YQ mll)~rlf!il ~o'll.a~cSojJ '!r.>o:lJF"~1j:li)~~odJ 5~o:SJ
ca
e;r.,rtJ~rj. A ojJ~~ ~~e)~ R ~ eJQcame~ ~OWI)~cS o::mGC~}
~odJ ~e9J~~~ e~wi) 'e~ ;xji)e)J' e~~ r..,,-!. ~e9de'!r.>nood ~
Q ~ Q
~i:!J c:3 A o::s~~) ;!t.~e~~~r~.. a::: d~QO~.J. ~o'lil)tl~~ ee:!odJ ~e9J
e. a(. .. ... Q

:!/~. t..,odJ c:JH.3j!:ji)O~ ~oeJu!:3~.) ::)Qi)~d~~oI(. CJ~o~'Wi5Jt:h)n~;

~d~ ~d.) ~c:l~'dr;rtt,;lc:::.) t:le&i!$w ~~,f~~ tr\);::!o:lJJt~~md Ood.
~ w M Q -
CiJ.)~ eo~dfc)odJ ta~F'o:lJ~~ t ~t:!~fr;.
~t:! j!:jt>!l~ ;tlo5')~~~') ~~~dCi1~ ~~~ ;tlo~... n~no:! ~~,)
~ ~ ~. U
~;;SF~ ;tlom6~6a:l1i~~ ~~~n~tJ~dJ. ~;;S!l6e~nd.)Qdl)
l;)~od~ 5~a~.), &~ojJe>.), l1.)~;,;jw ;i);!;2. ttr.>n~e)J llt~nd
 21

~e~O~~J. ~~~d ;t,loroi'(9o;J d~~,J~~, fI~ojJ,j~4. rI;m~d

.s.)~~ QOl7iCl~d NojJ.:s.)li';~... i:j;)~;t,l.).s ~6a5li~~... ~e!JIi~.) G;)O~J
~t5oj.:.)~~t5. 4~e e;,~~ojJdi2 ..:l~~~ ;l:jo~6li;!J ~od.) ~~~ ~,,~
~.l31 ~ eCld~O:l~ ~;:$J/j. o;103i)o~li9J ;t,lW.le,~ ;t,l~~ed~1i9 ~6<5
.-li~~ ~~roJ~~~ G;)otJ ;J~cild~ ~;1;i~~I'IOJt~~. ;r;I~~ ;l:jo~,
rI~odd a + ib dJi)i::ld~. .,.~ a ~.l3~ b i:S~~~5 ;t,lO~i19J ~;!~
i~=-l. (a+ ib)+(c+ib)=(a+e)+ i(b+d) ~J~~ (a+ ib)
(c + id) = (ac-bd) + i (ad + be) ~~li(lo~ eJi)t!.)~~~~ ;:$J!~
1iJ~Cl5tJdli~~~ ~.sO;l:j~"d. ~~dtiJ i::105;;:i.)F'lif,,-! g:::jdli~~ e~ojJ,j~~
.s.)~~ ~m~dli~c$J... ;l:j.)~z;jwf)" ~~O;l:jtJa5.)dJ.

1. I!e.-l"~ ~!~Ji)odJ ~~tld~lie.-l ~6a5li~ ;t,la5li.)~eli9 ;:$~!u'4

oi)c.3ic. tJc5~o.

(a) 2x+ y= 0 (b) 7Xs+X{=O

lx, + xzx-, = 0
xz-xa+ 3x.= 0

(e) XI + 2xz =0 (d) ax, + a'J xz = Q

3x,+ 4xz =O bx, + b'J xz = 0
~~ a~b, a~O. b= O.
(e) 6xz + X3= 0 (I) X1-XZ+XS+X.-Xs=O
9x + llxz-8xs =0 X,-X s + X,-X5 =0
12x,+ 62x2-3x3=O X1-X4+ XS=O
-3X, + 8X2-2Xa= 0 X1-XS-=O
 ~~m3e.'If ~:Ildn:i~ 22

(g) X2+ 2X3-X4 = 0 (11 ) x, + 2X2 = 0

x,-3x2 = 0 X,+ 3X2=0
x:l-x, = 0 x,-x2 = 0
3X2= 0

(i) x,+X2+X3=0 (j) a~x, + aX2+ 3X3 = 0

ax, + aX2 + aX3 =0 x,=O
a~x,+ a~X2+ a~x3=O ax, + 2x2= 0

2. ~~oO( 1d ~~~~oc::i.) o::j~:!t)~o:l.)i\)~ ~.r.:~~C:;~~6iE d~~~dt1

~o'.)z.!.t.JO .:sJ~~ ,;j.::mtiOr;1i9 ~~,ojl1~r;)~ t::Ill.t.JO.

3. l!91'\r;) <0.;~.r.:oc:b ~.:J;;:ddr;1i9 ~6 U:!11e;!r;)~ t::I~.t.JO.

(a) x,+X2+2X3=0 (h) 3X,+X2+4x3=0

-2X,-X3= 0 X,+ x 4 = 0
x,+3x2 +5x,=0 x,+ x 4 = 0

(c) x,+2x2 +3x3 +4x.=0 (d) 7x,-x2-X] = 0

5x, + 6x 2 + 7X3+ 8x.= 0 6x,-3x2 + X3= 0
9x,+ IOx2 + 11x3+ 12x.=0 13x,-4x2 = 0
13x, + 14x2 + 15x3 + 16x. = 0

4. !!91'\Cil ';:o:J~edr;1i9 ~'d6i5K9~ e;,!.)~ e::lO~dK9r;)J-c. ~~oOdJa;S

~;)~i5dr; ~6m1i9J o;i~~~ ?

(b) 8x+ 9y+ 1Oz= 0

x-y+z=O
x+ ",iy+z=O
23

(c) 6x+ ..Jsy-",iz+ W= 0 (d) 7x,-x 2-x:I= 0

X-..J3y+ -v6Z= 0 6x,-3x2 + X3 = 0
X+ y-7Z-w=O 13x,-4x2= 0

(e) x+ y+ z= 0 (f) x-y+ z= 0

x+ y+ 3z= 0 3x--v2== 0
x+ y+ 2z= 0
x-y-z::::: 0

(g) x-y-z-w= 0
X+ 3y-z + II' = 0
3x-7y-z-6w= 0
2x+ 2y-2== 0
6x-2 y-4.=-5w = 0

5. ~')..lildJ ~~ ~11~~ t...o~ ,:Ji;:5~~~ d~.m3 ;tj~..IiI60~~

<':f' M e.6
;.1,;.:;v~od.)k':1 ~..lile:,l6 awd..l~..lileru~ t...c~ ;!jo:t3e)~~~ ~lNQ
,:J.)~"(j. &! Q:h)d;:1~J tr"J~oir.:e".lJ ;jJ~d.) em ~11~~ m ;!j':>..IiI5CfCl
- io4. , "'" M

71;1 ~~6(5~od"v MlQ6~0~~ ~033Oldl1~~~ m6~J";5~" ~;:sc .....

~x(j ~d>~o:l,) 20 eN';~Ji;:S~~ ~~t.lf"~e.;~ ~c:~~ en:o:::~~e"~O.

6. ~9l'lr;S ~!~..lilcdJ ~~..liled~l1~ ~:JJ..~ ~6c511~~~ ;!jJ511')~!

11~ i;S~;lu~o:lJ~4O(. d..lill;~~dood ;:$.)~~ ~d~4O(. ~JI~m~~6u:)
OJtl~&-6 ~o5,n!~~dOod r:;o .... o.

(a) XI + iXz + 3x, = 0

XI-X, + (1 + i)xs::::: 0
(b) XI + 2xz+ .4Xa-X t = 0
ix,+(2+ 3i)xcXa+ ix,=O
+ 7Xz+ 2ixa-7X,= 0
-XI
-ixl + (3-i)xz+ xcix, =0
 24

7. <
r..odJ ~~.)'ti'?,! ~~.; a'lc::i ~:5rutOl5;icJ N~!e)1! A ~t'lo~. i j
t'1'I:$ d, Aij= 0 wowJ o::t;!~ A~JJ l1xn t51'1d ~oC)w;.;I!~~~v~r,,·
,t
B'rJ .. z..,odJ i~ i!~~~ Aij= 0 ~"d d ~~~ ~~~OC@K9 ~.. ~~
• • Go:) "
t."odJ l'j~:l~ c::lO~d;;:l~~ ~.nood wodJ ;j..r.;e01.JO.

I. "~t'I~ ~iim~
ax+ by= 0
ex+ dy= 0
'!~~~ ad = he el'\0w'd ~~3_; w~O) ~!.)tt ~Cmi)di:S~.)...
a!~ot:Jd f:)ocjJ ;$~f{),"O.

9. "v/)rd ~ a5;J
A"x+ AlzY-+- A,az = 0
A2Ix+ AnY-+- Auz= 0
Aa,X+ A a2 y+ A33Z = 0
f~~e" All A22 A33 + Au A 23 A3l + Au A32 A21 -
Au A22 A31 - Au A21 Aa3 - A" A 23 Al2 = 0 ejT'l~ d
.m~ ~oo'J ~SJC6 ~O~di:lcj~ ~,r.ood e:;OcJJ ~~eO,"o.
10. A ~')3~ BK~J mxn ~~3e)5K~"IlT'ld~. 00~J~OOJ 2.,OOO~
et\)~oj~~T'I.!Jdo~ ~c;! NilOcj g;:jO~;jJrrleJ
2.,OOJ NOF'~iJ ~,~~o:l,;od
"+' (.i _,
BOOJcj~ AOOJod d~06~p.)o5Jmdd BJJJJ Ali eP~1iWC;$ 1I;J.JiJ;J'I
,,."Jelt'ld w~J"I. ;te~. Boj,)J A~ e;,c;!a NilOcj ~ij;S~~~F'ei:Ji)f'IdQ d
~rt AOOJ.J B~ l'j~Nil!l~ ,;jo:mr:$~T'ld wodJ $~~o,,"e. [~u.:
6rS~ ~~d ~!~..r.;odJ ~oe~F"~ ~d~ O~!o::!J t..od.:> ~&~;1)
~O!J~F"~r:$~ ~~oOd woo.) ~Jaeo.!JO. wmi'50~~, Aoil i ~~
Nil~r:$~ a ~od ru~,t" AooJ j ~~ ;tjf)!l~ e~r3J~dOod B c:5J~" A
CX)Jod d, e;,r( Bo::!J i e;,~ ;tJi):;~ -a OOJod ru~,a" ~d~
d~oa-1.Jd
Q a.... "
BO'$J j ~~ Nilort fl~t!J~dOod, AO'$Jr:$J... B~od d..r.;o~~t.Jm.,dJ.]
11 • A;;i)~ B ~.!~.Jtod~ ~~BO~r(9 ~~~;J ~6 ~r(9 ~~
ru~flr(9 ~;ji~f'Id()! A ;1)~ B mxn ~f'I~ ~~ e;,~ ~!~
25

~;;:S~?iS~q$t5i:J.)1'I;;$ i:)OOWU~~~~./Foi. wdrZ~ ~ol5li~J t..ode ~o

(50)d~~~ ~~~oQ~ wO~J $RI~O.ll. [~ucS: A i:lJ;3~ Blir;dr2Jt1
t..c~e ~~ei:Pc:j~6l5 ;::j~~t)M ;!;loe.;,t!~~tat.)mJ~od.) ~Ji)eO.tJ ;;j,),!;?
~~)eoJ; 2c:3~ ~oj~~t'I,t,,'.l .

I 2. ~~(\~ ojj;:!eJ~7if1,;l~ oj.J.~cr.lddJi) ~~i~t'I t..o~~..; o::l~~de

2 x 2 oj~$t)~o::lJJ ~q. ;tj;'!:c:3 ;!;lojJtl~~l'Id wO~J 3Ji1eO.tJO.

[:r:~~~: <":(~ N;JQ6~d.)~ 2 x 2 ~e;JOi~~6a5 ;;m~tl~rle;!.).

~Je~d.l~~dO ISNo:;l t...o~et)..L~dJi) ojSol~de 2 x 2 dJtl~\'o::l~J er:.3
'" 1& " .., ~
N;JDc:3 ~:::ij,)c:3w;'l'Id wO~') Not-t;!:je,)J ~~J~ojJ t..o~~~ t.lQ.tJ. 11 ~e
eQ;J/~:3~ ero;::l~~el'l;!:jJ~OOOO, ~Je:CdJ~dd~ o:iJtl~OJi) eJi)r:.3
e~ N;JO~ ;!:j;;:SJtlN~Qr~~~ wodJ 3Ji)eO.llO.]
'-"

1 3. ~Jf.ldJ em ";;'
37i~0c:3
M
~J~dJ ;!:j~.T.Iedrnrl~ t..odJ ;!:j~Jiithl~
~h m;,::;c::;~ 0;:J~ojJ I d~ ~f.l~dJoj .lI:;r~NOod ~a~!''J ~elmiJt;l
1i.)~;)o;)drlt,,1 liO~ ~O~.. ojJN~ eor:.3Jt.a~~JO. ~~~ em ;3liQOc:3
~ u ~ " ~ M
N;JeJJ-.: ;1:J~Jtled~H~ t..odJ ~6l56Ji)..; ~~~e..lJ ei:i~o~d H.)r:r,)&i)dli~
rlO~ ;tJo~. e'Or3Jt.a~OOJO.

14. ~em;36e ~et;$rl~id e;:3~e ~i:lJf£rl~c:3~ 7irne'o:1JO~7i~:d

~1l;!:jwmJZ:jJ. ~ e2jj~,;tJQ~ o:SJ~~ ;;'SJ..)oOc:3 ~r(litj e~6;tJrI~~
eo'!U:; ~~~ ;t;d.)~1i~T'Iil1'l ~OojaS~ t!~1itjN~ tJ~ro,J~O~ ~~r~
(. ~HJ~OJ. e.li rl;;$)c:3;;$N~ t..od.,) ~d~ Oe!o::l.;, ;:jOdi:5~ ~~"v
~O~:$~JiI~~.Ji)e~ t:l.l;3~ '~do~' eq$~ ·i3JJ~..Qoj,)'d~ ~~
~~J dt)~~~. ~O~~rH\'IN~ ;tJf.l~;tje..lJ e:1o:$JtI~d ~~~li\'lj:$Ji)-t
c:t3), ~O:t~roj.\71f,,~~.) ~~~:.!~~.l e:10tai:$ ~ rl\'lj:$Ji) eroll~el'l~.Ji)e~.
- ... i:)~ '"
 26

mrOl:::lrt)':s)~o::l ~~~o~...Q~r;· ~m5dt'$~ ~QM

o:le.;:l;X;(:5ro)C\l1.
~6~~;::j1. ~1l~.)~ '1..>00.) <::)D~05::J.) ~~d ~od) ~rt~~~ t3~ 3d~
~.aeONO.

E i~t./~~.) e::J5r::~~~ ~~~~Ndd. D ~~w~cj) '~~~F"~'ci)~~

;::j~)~n, eC\lolO e0550~;1~~ t,;~~~.)~.)~~. C ~.)od ·of.Jc~·
~..,...';)~~ c:0~~F';;:s';)/'\~.
27

(a) i:SO;3c:dNQ z.3~~~~ ~(,;F"rtft)~~O.

(b) ;;::'JJClOJ e~ \!jli9!~ i:!Jft)OJ ;:;)~Ji)~Or;li9 t....OCJ ;r;li:!J~~
"Cf' M
~6iJ3o::i?:~ t:l~:I:le.,») z..,odJ O::)~~1:6Nc) t3~~~~ t..l~~.)O.

~~~~ a2ii<J,~

;:j_;j.l~~J 1~~ ;tj;)4J~. [:!!~'d~: ~~OJ~ t.,cd~ o:J.)~~~

~o::i.)~6ooxd~ eor}~~db' ;::~~ ~6oj~3w"J" i!tJ~ nJi)GJ~~~d~
en '1:::)J ;:;))tn;l. er;; MlDr;:)
Ol
c:J05;;,1')F"nr.:l~.) wc:J0:3JC)~T'I~ ;j~t::ie.>J
~

cjft)C;~Ciie er;; ~ejC:::~ "'::3~ cjft)de.>Ciie (\)e~mO(\/~ 1 tjJiJ08,.,O

~ M M

Q;$J3~ cjJC)de.>Cii~ (\)~W;!:jIJOC:::~ W9d..)dd~ 1'!iJiJ~,lie.;lc:$~ dJiJ06.l.iO.

r;:)030 .:;or;;Ciie (\)eW~Drt Q;$..).)od..).:)OOO.)O. ~JO)de.>~e (\)~wm!l~ .:J~

Oil.0~~lie.;lA 1'!iJd~/~~t'ldQ 0, Cii~d~n wOc3~~ mort i:!..).)odJi:!O

~.)O. ikli (\)e~ Q:)r;:).) ~r;;~e~..) 7]

5 o;~\-::):;; 2..0:::).) e~~)ZYil3 ~6::;3':)~-?t ~~~J~dOlJ'¢n [ (1) ~li

C:.:;: :a::J ]
(I) 2x+3y=1
x-y:;:::2

~:-5nJ~~iie.;l ~3.). .!J d;ddli~O::3d Wcld~Jd eti)I,jO~zj~~Ot..l)

- ~ "'l
dr;:)~ li~.)(\)~. "e.;ln~ ~,R3f}loj.).) C'1d~~ ~$f)~i!~~~~dJ

i!t;T'lN ~;J.Jc>5d~li9 ~~ o:Jlie.;lc::iJ i!ft)~ ,dJW'lJrt

" "I. ow {\

AUXI + A 12 X2 + ... + A1 . x n :;::: Yl

(2) A~lXl+A22X'l+ ... +A21.Xn=Y~
 28

All At2 •••

A21 A~2
Atn YI]
•.. A 2n Y2
(3) A' [
Ami Am2 " .Amn Ym

e, ~~3ioj.)~~ ~6aJ (2)0 ~.>~~nfe)~~~~ o$J;'u rI i:)OOJ ec5

ojJ~~~oj. j::; n e,,~ c5. A' ~ j NeW~~J 0:3.)_; i e~ ;tjO)O~ m~
m~ojJJ i ;!:$.:J~!d~('j~~ i e~3d ;!:$iJ3liJf'@rJo::Jil,,(j o:3J3~ j= n + 1
endQ c5 edJ i ;!;).:J~50r;('j~~ .!JGl d;::jdQ;j.,,,~. z,_,~~ A/~ oj~o~ n
M

NeW~~Jli~J (2)d ;l;il5li')~6 i:).m~e.)~OjJod enoj ~J:!~ A'::: ~.R~ojJ

NeW~~J Pv o;:jdii~o('j end. A'r:) eli ;!J~vJrll',;i ijjJ~cl c:SdijjeC;!:$e; W
'-C C6 tJC,J
;;:JOIi;:$')Fa:;l; ~6 a:;' (2)d fj.:J~ffd~rleJ ~Jfcl :;j~dijj~D;!J~ Wc.J ;:jOi~JF'
dJ.lot.:Jri ~~o:::J.)Tl er:)Jli.:.r;o:rtJl'Id. ~li ] d~ ~.R~c.JdJ~ ;:105i:SJF'
rleJc::5-2;, U\);:;JcjJ.len~~J.loli.) N.l~ (2)d .oO<l3;ldlieJ~i.. ;l;iJe,)~o:rtJl'I t..d
t.JJ;).)w~doQ d~~;:j~~oc~-a A' e~~ ;!;jo5J~~t.la:;'.)dJ. tk t1.R~~
~~~ !i;l[o).l~~Ot.l.)(jN'.) ~J.l~c5e,)J ~~ ~e;~ ero~a:;'dr"$rle;ir:JJ ~~eli
~ ~

~JJoO;:S ;;::lD5~JF'li~N'~ ~OOJ.l~"~~ilru~dJ. i:)di:3~e ~~

;rj"e;N'') 3 Dod liJ~~
tJodd ;:SJ. t..od~~ ~1:3 ;l:Jt)O~ !lJi)(3~O ~3~
~ 'Q ~ a
~~:~d t..o('j~e ~1:3 m~~ ~ OJ(j liJ~~ eli ~d.);;:S erj ;!Jil~;:S~
a iooC. II '" ~
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..
Q io(, IA
~1:3 Ai~e;N'~ -1 Oed ro~~~dood
...
29

(5)

( 6) x=l, y=-t

(7) 2X+ 3y= 1

4x+ 6y= 3

(8)

z.."o;:s~ e;l1.Ai;l~~-k -2000 lix~'" ZJoodQ~~ .::Jda~(' e;I~;!;i';)!!rt

l1~ca",O :

(9)
G: :]
~dJ ~fOlnc::i ~.c5d e::Jt,)0COlrt~(J~~~eJ ;;m;Jud~"d.

(10) 2X+3y=1.
x ;j'):5~ y~ o:$~o;:$ ~OO.)v ~.)Ji) .:lOa~e ;r;l~ed~;j~sI. AAlQO)O o;:$~t3J
~D?:?; ~~ Ood 5i ~~,~~ il:lOWi)d~~ ~~oO?:? AAlG:SJiI~6~"
~~~.)~~d~! $l&c5~ i1'S~a5i'Jdli~~~ ~Ji)cOdOOQ!:S' (9) 6vO~
 30

~~~od~tt ~~~i1J'j ;;:'i"\3" ;:J~. '/...;onJ j~~ A' ;:;:;o~,~f;JiW~i"\ ~:? we:,~
11 w~_')e:;~bi"\~'..:: ~~~6.::r;)f)0.)C;::ct;3 ajJ;5~ (n+ J) ;:3c:)) w;,~~?.:;r:\~J

~~~ . w~n~wCY t-ocj.,) e~ ;!'j"vrS~~ ~~J£Jc:id ~ri ~ o:;~ ~0~~.cJ

1,) "" ~~ "I. {)
wc::b ~
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M _ -:::J.
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~

o:j~~jj~ e:5cO,,::. rL~ ~~en:nndo~ '/...;od) ~c:JR5cirC!l::L~oCJfl e~JHJ~

"0
Q;J;) r\ tx;:'J;;3.) •

r:;C:::y:dn c:JOc3) o::!J;r:;oi"\r:~~)

/ ~
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"J W V ......
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w
(7)D~:' ;:j?~ (I O)::lCQ 3.r.l~CJ;fjt2}~/j C::;uw<JC>::lO::~ ;:i~cE)d~~ 'l:~.
-G-iri ~~ ::~J::j~crC3 ~zat ~Owv0ri~ir:;~ ~Jt;cwvJw :""OwJ 0~:ii
;;:)C::~I ~.,I~~dJ"i)ero.
-{

3x-y+ 7::= 0
(I 1) 2x-y+ 4.:= ~
x-y+ Z= 1
6x-4y+ 10z= 3

-1 7
(12) -1 4
-1 1
-4 10 fJ
~~,,~ ~05~')F7i"'~~~ (12)0 ~)e~ ~d~eOlJ. 3~~ eta ~~~J
.... .6 '"
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1i,;~N. wdi2~~ ~r;i ;lJ?~i1
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~ ~

~~dQ0.!d.
 31

(13)
0
o 1
2
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2
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o 2 4 -3
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q 1..,;

e~ AiOl~;:::') -2000 rI')r2.tJ. ",00.) ~~,~e el2 ;::j&l~')rI~~ ~~~'"

~ WI. 11 (A

e~03d 1 Dod Ii;r-j",. ;j.)Jf)d~~ er;;; AitlOii iL';)~.2JD. ",o~.) oj'):!J

~ ~

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o 3

( 14)
1
o
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'" V4l :.Jw <J

X+3z=-~
(15) y+ 2z::::-~
0::::0
0:::: O.

z ~ OO~~~~ ~~OO);:::~ N~n~.!v. () 5)000 x ;j.)3~ yl1;~;~~

lir';)~ o:J,J;)~, .ffiTi l) I )~-a ",00.) ~O~d'::::l~ ~~d~. &.e~ z;:) o:s~
00 ,;)0:::).) ~~11~ z.)ojJC)oOOo~ e~e5 ~~wtldli~;:)~ ~J<loQd eoj.
"'\ Q
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~Jf)~~~ 13~jj0::5J~ Q~Q,;1..l~~.
~ ~::;:;;):::l~ ~~;:j;,r.d~~ti.). ~~TiJ~ti ;j,J;)~0oS00~;:::~ (A'~
cj~:::)!) n ::)?W;;j~!))H,,;J..l) ~~~i:J"c:3 ~';)£~ dJ<l:;::ld~~t)..l 00°OJ~,",~J~
N;)~ A' ~Je~ 1l:J~;!:j;)(;::: &::)D5;;:)JF"I1~(::'~ ~o~..r.~M.)~~;:;:!. .::.d<ZJ
~'ljoi1r1;~J c:dO~~.);t:i.)~j. e:jco13 ~Jdde) n ot).0:;'t),MI',,'l..) !lJC)c:3
6
w~f'tj)';:;o':j3 ;j~3~ (n + 1}~e m~:;'tl~OOJJ ;!J."';:)t>~1'\~:::loq:) {e:d:5
o:;);~,1:01 ~;;:l~,;:j:i)rlj::;; :"':~.) ~~'!?;d~) eQm eo~ "'o~.) e~""
~~C:::~ Ni>~ ~~.)j.).)~~):? ;jJOid~~oo.) ~~oi\i:j~ o::lC;::5t)v~~.
 ;J,)JW~~ ~O"'~cSrlw 32

i:)d[j~~ ~~olio~ !~ ~JaO!) n mi)~;')!Ii~~~ <!'J~~6w';Jf\ ct~oo

O);SOq:) <::o.lli.lCl e;l(jo (n + l)~~ O~ ~~.,!()j)~~ <!'Jf.lc::i6;j;,noj)~
~f.lot:lOJ~Oy oj~~d~ e,,1:! ~~c::iJ ~~oOdJ~oq:; ~w,~ ::::'f.l~~ 11
co ...
tJ~W~~JliQJ ~o6J~.!JO ~v~~m~c~r~6ro O~c:Jd~OJ;joy t.;owJ
~~~,~ ~
R' e;lc::iJ
~
~O~~J~f\ o::j\:hiJJ~.~~.
_ -&i o::j,~ono~
M ~
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'" M v
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"'" .;0 ""
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~~~[@; e;l~f.l~ z::Jt)Ji)o.,Jll~oJ;;:1 r ~ci ~~Jn~NJ R' ~J;oDzj ;
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f<)~l;~f.l~~tJ~~ i;)::S~oj,~~' en Kl ~~W~Oc::i~OJ~ ,.30 ~O~
;;;"&)~"';i1~v't> ~~~61i~,.,f)~ o;)or:iJ, i3J~1.

/ :s; Kl :s; K~ < ... < Kr :s; 11 o;)or:iJ ~;3J~ !~OO2J~~.

,~~';)o~ t!l~f.lc::i6 m.:i)O&l!Ii~~ ~~'lli\:!~ ~:!~ ~~~v ~Ji)~Ii.)~~
i:C3~ eo3zE OOR;j o;').0!;~.!Q:jJf.l 11+ 1 N~W~!)~O !fCJrn~gJi)Q
M v
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M
.::,~
M
w;,.0~""";)!ri""~ r e=l1:! ~Oc::i ~

h~~ ~f.l~.Z> w.,f)dJ~~. e=l~d

M
c:Jd~ n< r
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L~':u~O: (35). ZjJ;')ri 1]
o:;!Ji)r:i~~o~ ojJJor:iJ~O;rjJ~e:3. n = r e:sf'lr:i d.
w
en
K 1 =1. K g =2,..... Kn=n.
c::i~~, ~~",t5~ ~~~ ~J;eO"'d Oe!ooJO ;tloeJtaxj~ ~J3 d
"" " M i;J;;.Q

x 1 =R/(n+1)
x~=Rz'(n+l)

X n=Rn'(n+l)
0=0
5] 33

~~ R'j( n 11 >' R'~ i~( ~t!amo(d ~i~ (n+ 1 )~e ~e~

mO(d m~'U"i)!dJ.)f\r!!. t~~ ~::>J&)'!d~rl~ (0 = 0) ~o~~
m-n e.11'\r!!. ~~ (2), (16) 000 ~~Q~~ ~~0'! iJSOa5Cld~~".;
~oOr3. n>r e.1l'1d(,;)d X k1 • Xk~"'" xkrlit,;!~ ~eodd t1 ~~o~
rlt,;!(dJJ.. u1 ' U2,"" Un • r wo~ ~o"t!~ R', ~~~d~lit,;! ~~l!l0 ~O",
M~;tl~~ ~i0~oml'\~. 1 5. i 5. r e.11'\d;)~~ 6t ~8l!ld i~e
;:S;:m,!d~O~ CjjOO~~ ujOO;) ;:S05li;)~~Q:jO>I'ICO. ZI' Z2 • ••• , Zr lit,;!~
R' (d ~~~cj.) ~e~~e:l(d~~) ~~Oe,)r m~m.!li9<lI'ldO. (e.1 ~e~
~e)(d eJ\)~d m~~.!lit,;!J ~~~~li~~I'\~.) ~o~~d 6t z,)dm~ri
JiauOri, ~~~~ MmrlJ~t:3.

X k1 + CnUI + C12UjJ+ ... + CI(n.rlUn.r =£1

Xk:.l+ C~IUI + C22U2 + ... + C2(n.r)Un . r =Z2

17) X kr +CrlUI + C rZU2+ ... + Cr(n.r)U II . r =Zr

0=0

0=0.

6tli 6t M~li~~ eJ\)m~d~li~~~ d~moiOAAe~. (1 ) d~,

:1 )~~ iJS~r3;S), ~dOod

n=r=2, kl =1, k2=2,

R' IS =t, R' 23 = - ~,
Xkl = X, X~2=Y wo~ro~r!!.

i")d~ (lO)~~ ~zSr3~, ~01mdrlt,;!(d~ ~'o~dO~~o~~,,- 'dodJ

J<\otl~ ~Jil.a ;:l;);)Oo'lf-d ~JO>eli~~. (ll)d~ ~~
(14 )(d~ ~oti)
.s.od~, e"OOoO n == 3, r= 2, kl = 1, ka =~, )fk1 = X, Xj;:2 = y,
1=Z, c,,=3, (21=2, ZI=-i,Z2=-i wo~ ~d~. (i))d~,
== r, ~d~ ~ ~od,) ~..~'! ~O~(d~ iMoe~~. (11 )d~
>r ~~QdOod f.:i~e'd lSOlOdrlt,;!~,,- ~ct»~f;S.
 34 ~~.m'.rtJ eefllTlt'l~

~ri ~ ;rlcm~)ri~~~~cI. t..oC:> ~~t~M~~ ~o~~~)!f~.

~~d ~~~ojJ.) mo::fF" ~ 'd~~) ma~~ Zo~l:)d,)~ m~~ri~~cI. ~~)
2...pMot:'OzS.
~.);S)eo;S,) 3. ~9f'l~ ~?S5S~~.)cI. ~(l;l:l.)~~~,/\

AltXl + A1ZX2 + ... + A1nxn = y,

(2) A 21 XI + A 22 x z+... + A2n xn = Y2

(3) A' :::: 1~1

All A12 •..
AII9 . . . A~u
AI" Y1J
Y2 .
[
Am, A m2 ••• Amu 'Ym
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riq;l~)cI. ~~eI'\M. ~~cI. o!~~~ ~M~~ m~\!jOl!c::!~') n+ 1
~eeJ~!l~~
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t..o~) ~tia ::rwe)~)~
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& ~;l:lcn~~ ~C~O~~cI. ~~oO~. ~tP~ oir.l~e) ~1rJ~t'~
m~eJCI!oj.;~ n + 1 ~teJ~!)~~ tr.~,?;~.r.~!~cZ¥ t..ot:')
;r:ic~~e~"'~ ~tia me))nq;l Me~~ ~~~;:JC)~ 'If R' l::'tSc::!))~e~.
& wdd~e ~;l:lon~~ ;rlei$orl\'~. 'e, R' ~t.r.~ o~ ~e.J)r.q;l
~o~ r ~1'\d(). n= r e,,1'\~,;}:5, (HI) Ood ~~~~~ ~~0~
llO~d~~cI. tt~ol:)zt e~. n> r l1f'l~d, l1rl ~:8~ (17)
llc~::»~~d) ~~~ Up U9.' ... , un . r rle;~ ~do'd~ tS~~~
~~Ft~;l:l~~rn ~:!~ (17)~:bcl. llO~d~~~ ~zS~~d'!J?l)
eru~~e/'\~~~o~ Xw X~t' ... , Xkrrl~~'J.. ~~ ~'e'tl~d).

& ~;S)eojJ~ t..orn ::>~e~ ~~orl ~.;~ :xr-~d\mQI'\t5. ~rn

m == n ~/,\d,);'JOIf\~ ~~orl; eo~~, '&~ e5w-a.~rlr;a:l ~o,\oll
~:JJil,o~nq;l~~ ~ot.:)d,)!f~.
 35
lb;S)to$) 4· (2)0~ m= n wc~ -a~'If~~JVt;. (3)0~
~oi A' M~~O. A 00;);) (2)0 ~mrut;~ ~~'If~M!l;
~odd AO~;) A'~ ~de.> n (:)e~~n~od e1l"1lS. Ao:j,);)
'I!~M;)~ nx n om~'I!n ~o~t&~OlC)n~~~d~ ~~ (2)
t..o~ .b'l!J~ ~O~O~~"" ~o~~lS.

1o 0. . 0]
1 ... 0
~ 0 1. .. 0
1=
[o 0 ... 1

mtt1ii!: (2) t..o~ .b~'d JSO~d~~"", ~ootS O)oO~~

'If!~~/('Q). e11i ~dm (10) a'So('Q):m:~,)!.r3. Mn R'~ ~de.> n
~eeJme.>~Ii~;) o:m~'If I M~~~!.~; ~odd, A'~ ~de.> n ~eeJilWe.>.)
Ii~~~ In ~o'd;)tJ~~~~. -adOod AO~;) 1 n~o'd;)t&~~~!:S.
;J~e;:i:Jo:sClI'\, .A~cS~ I fI ~o,;,)t&~~~M OlC)dd -a~e a'SO'd~;)F
liq,jcS)"" A'fI ~o1r;;el'\~. -a~ nx (n+ 1) o:m~'I!~~" 'I!~~~~.

I 0 ... 0 ZI]
R' = ~ 1 ... 0 Z2
[
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a'SO~dli~~~ zMoO~Q e~od;) ( o:m,~t5e ~~de.> aMcSt'l m~
e.J~.!oj~ n+ 1 ~eeJilWt':l~~ ~~"'If~toO;)~dOod), ~.)31. n= r
o":lod;) .!e;jJ;)f~~~~e;!. ~~.)eOO:l 3 Ood (2) t..od;) .b'l!~~ lSO~O
;j~J. zMo~~ ~o~ .!e~f~~~eoS.

lleltf: R' .b'lf~';~I'\~ ~od) o:m,~ oe!~)od~ ~~ MeO.tJ~

(~eea: ~~eiG a~~~, ~Ii a) aodd, ~ed ~~)d~ ~d~mt':l~
lSO';;l')F'rt~~~ ~~el\"dd, ~ed o:m~v 'If R' Md~:h;)~~~? -ad~-3
W!od 'Il~ ~ot5e. o:m~ne.>n ~t5e ;:~ru~t);foo)cS:'" a'S~~)~e~.
 36

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m&.)m'!oj.).) n + 1 ~e~~O~~d,);jo1P
m
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~

7;ld~ tr:lo~d ~~.sOz..l~d(iiOJJ..dM ~~ tf.n~~tr:l:1 !\"O~ e;S, wod~

.!eo::SJ'<JF~~')~
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~oOn . e5~)ru~o:sc>ru~d~oOn 'r' (:.!) Do<::5 ,b~J "503;)f\ ~~Fb
~~ru~~o~)dti~ tneM):~.}oS.

~K o¥'''il~ (2 )~J.. ~en ~te~z.ee~oZJ.)dc:i)J.. Meo~~ eoS. ~dM

~e,)~ ~~oKlie;~ ~?;i (:?) liDi:nO~c:i~ ciJ?ooo,J~O~. (:?) ~J?~OO)
~S 2..ow~dM O'JO;:,:;~d~c:i~ 1tr.oOct~o! ~~ )'1' )'~, ... , Ymli~
z.3dn~~~ ~~Fo~t,;~Mo1e? ~d~ ~dd.) ww;i:6c~li~~~ ~J?ed~ere.
t..odd~ liOOSildli~ ~~~d ~d~,!.'l ~J?,~~o;i YP )'2' "', Ymn~
;3~eoc:i ~'I.lFoZiSli'l}~~ lidom!eoS, 'llt..?6.0dC~ ~~ YI' y~, ... , YI1l
li~~ CJ,'jJ;);j t3~n'l}~~ lido~ ~C'l.lJ~c:i,)J.. ~~-d~r;3 ~~~ZJill..JmM~
~orp';;CJ.

'I1'1}fI~ ~r3~o:ifl~ lio!el!).!Jo :

x+y+:?z=a,
-2;( - Z=02
x+ 3y + [)z== ali'
 ~JU)~; ZlO"t)w~rhf,')

~t)",~~~~~ o:!J't):!t)"~ MI'\13:

1 1 2
(IU) -2 0-1
[ 1 3 ~

~~e.l~e ~zl ;r:weJ~--, 2 Oo~ li.:l~M o:!.:l!.). 2Jo~d~) oJdtt~f

a ~ - w ~
~rj~m~1'( McaM; ~~o'id -1 Ood li.:lcl~, 2Jod~",,(:l~ o:!~d~f
~rj m~l1 ~JO) te~O. ~~.:lo~ oJdtl~e ~rj ;tJ';e.l(5) -1 Oo~ Ii,yti~
CIl .:e ~
'2.:o~d ~)_.. ~d~e ~1Z mIDI'( ~JO)Il~O. .,.dooo 'tNr,~ o:i.'7!~ l§c:3))
Q ..... CIl ~

~~c:3))~0).

1 2

[o ~ '2
o 0
:3

~~)fOO') iJe;; e:!~)mdml'l aa-~-;;aJ -:;t; () eJl'l~ d ~o:!

;;!jeo:;;oo:!~. . zMoQe;.
.... (V)
~~ 6o~ 2..00..) ~omc~ e:!~.~-,~0dt:lf~d~
~ _Q."J M

~;3~mn "'d~e~'O)~ W~Qc:3)) ~m~:

(21 ) a~-a~-nal =o.

(:!I) m~~~~/~, ~JO)o~d)~

('2:!)
[~
I
2
2
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iI
a~
a, ')
+ -a l J
'
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w

.,.~~ ~ca~~!:t)~) o:!):;J~ !f~n~o~ ~~;J;O~Ii~~~ Q'jdoj:'2.::rl.Jd).

(~d ~o:!~~(}mo ;::!~~d~~cS~ :.J;::!~F~~ ;S)e~)

1 a
x- 2-Z=- 22

(23)
 38
MTt (J 8)~ t..ot$) ~O~O~ e~~~~ot3~'!id~, (21) t..otb
e;I~~~d ~)~~ m~d eromQ~1\~"

~~N~ ~?)~~~~ ~~e()~o :

x+ 3y-z=oJ
(24) x-2Y+Z=07
2x- y+ z=as"

;5, ~~olidfi a:1v~mli~ 2.>o~) ~01IWd~~~ ~o~~ eoS,

;:'~odo !o:1)L ~~de) ~t~~.~ w;~mAOO)) ~e),~e tJfe..lm()~e) 'In~~

~~~~lo:10q$ oj~~~e e~ i:m;;l~<I..

"" "'.
Op O2 0:1)!~ Oaoll
1:)
~~~e
""

~oj'~n'~~ ~J2dJ~t::J~. esz::S..G e~d n= r= i3 ~f'\d,)~dOod OJ' O2 ,

;:t)~~ 0 3 °'3) o$Ji~tSe ~oS~oi~ 2.>or:$) :J~'" 150~do:'J~~
T!.R1Z)!,~.

~~ ~ ~em;:i)lia}~~ m~~~!eo:ilm1\ tJd.r.::..~ero. (18)d~ •

OJ' O2 oj)!2_, Ol/l\~ ~~na} 2.)d~~~~cm) (18)d~~ ~!~odJ
~;;.;~~c~~ ('~d) 2.>od) ~~:;'~':)~~~ ~.!tJQ~b!.o~.) t..om ~o:irdo!d
~;3)!~~ ;::~~d(Q)ml'\ 2.)d~:>~)itl~~dd~ ~O(Q)~)~)~d. o:S.r.lde)
,,)C)~) ~..,.w'6dtClli~od 'If.r.:a~~ itl;:i:;'~eJlit,1) al ~~2.., 02 1ia} ~~~(
~C~~M (t;~) Ood 'lfJ'ia~~ ~e~o~~ e;e~~J~~. (21) m()':s~}.i:;,
;:i;:;OM ~ de~oj~ (18) d~~ ~~o~e ~~~d~d ~~)~eJ'If-3
;::~..wo~d;nf\o)~d.). (~l) mo~~}~./" ejn (18)0 ~~d~e ~~
~cCQ1d ~;jj~?)~ (2l)0 de~o~)~~ t..a}Mo~d)!.~.

(24)d ~~~dC'Q)n~%i, ;3).r.:d) ~~)!':)Ii\~, oJ' OM 0:5)~~ 0 0

~~r1e; C~.w~~f ~oS~n~ 'Wod-J ~od):J~~ e;e~~)!.o:!; eodo, ~oi
 39

~~')3l>n~~~ ~er' ;r:lO;r:l~!t;jo~,)d,) ri~~e~~~, ~~ tidc:!,)<I..

~o:::mo~O oe.!~od o:::m~o!.d.J~~i3M, ~~ Y..od.) ~t¥~~ t:)od.):>~~
;t;ioQ~,)~d~~ ~o~O,;b~;!.

":.nt ~ri~.)
1. ~~ ~!~od.) ~~a::~.R~ wtJ~ ~dm;~ e;~~
~~dQd, ~~~~U;;r:l~~ ~~~rl~~~ c.nL~,)~dOod ;j,)~~ ~rla
~~) ;r:lo~,)~;r:l,)~dOod b~rl~c:!~ ~tjSFO"'O.

(a) 3x+ 4y == 4 (b) x-y:::4

!)x+ 12y=0 x+ y= "1
(c) ilx-G y+ 7z= 0
2x-y+ z= 1
7x+ y-1iZ::': 2
2x+ 2J-4z::.: 1

(d) IJx l + 2x2-xa +X4->X.. = 1

2x-3x
I \I +x-2x-x
3 • -i1(j-

[) xl-Ix\! + x lI---i3 x. + Xli = 0

-3Xt + X2- X S - X , =0
(e) x-y+ z+ W= 0
x+2y-z-w= t
x-y + z/2-wj2 == 0
-3Y+Z-W=-l
 40 ~(m_." ccrm~#

(f) XI+X2+X3+X4+X05=~
4x~+
xa+ 4X4+ 3X5= (1
x,+ -x2+· xa+ 4 x 4 + ~,xr,=
.J '~ - J
X 2-x_v-x
:1 .--'.
-(,
{;-
Xj-Y 2+ X a- X 4+ X 6= 1
Xf-X,,=-}

(9) x-y= 1
x-z=2
x-w=3
y+ z+ w=O
.J • + oj • + 0'
( h) Xl + -X2 +"-X5 + Xtl + "X7=~'
!'. <'IiI
....\:~ "'X.,·
X 1+XZ +X7 =1
X 2 + XS+ X7= 1
X a +X1 + X7= 1
x.+ X~+ X,= I
X&+X ... +X,= I

(i) x-y= 2 (j) x-y+ z+ tv= I

:!x-2y= 4 hX-4y+ :'!Z-W= 0
);X-10y+ .'z= 1

:l. 4~OO) ~;3~~~~~)~ tru~o!~(I'\,"~~odJ, '';I'\~ ~~.;~

~~03JOloM ~~J~ ~~cJ~~).... ~noOcb~e wo~~ ~9F'O~C :

(a) x-z= 1 (b) x,+xfl+x,+xs;+x s =()

y-z= :t 3xl-7Xo= 1
y+z=O Xt+ x.:::: 0
X lI-X6 =()
Xl + X.;=(-;
x,_2
 41 6]
(c) 2x-3y-4 z-w= 0 (d) z+ y+ 2z+ w=O
z+w=O z+w=o
x-Y-Z=O x-y-z=o
y+z=l y+z=O

3. '!§~f\~ ~Dtflli~~ llOCEOldli~~~~ ~~oe~03oi y" Y2' ... ,

Yn ~o~li~ t3e3li~~~ ~tjSFO;1.,O :

.:» 'J ~
(a) :Jx-(Jy+ IZ=Y, (b) ·JX, - .... .x2 =)',
"
2x-y+ Z=Y2 X , -')X2= Y2
7x+ y-(iz=ys
2x+ 2y-4z=Y4
(c) x 1 + X2 + xa + X. = 0 (d) X I-X2-X3 =Yl
x, + X2=YI X2 + Xa=Y2
X2+ x,,=Yz XI-XS=Y"
Xa+ Y.=Ya

(a) ix+ (;~i+l)y= I (b) (:! - i) \' -I- iy- z =: (I

x-iy= 2 2ix-y=O
X-il=: 1
(c) U+ l)x-·Hiy+ (I + i/ 2 )z:::: -3i/ 4
x+ y+ iz= i
x- 3)-iz= ()

f). 2..o~,) ~~~~ n ~2!"'~~li~~ In ~~~O~;i~~~ a!~o0ti}~,

;~b;~ m<n ~f\~Qe, t1li ~~irl~ ~OCEOl003~~ ~~oO~ Q~~"il
t.o~-a.J0! ~'Z!i. liO~dli\~cS~ til~ooz:S ~o~,) ~eo~o. ~~~~ n:::: :1
~M,)~li w.t3~,).!e~,)~f\ ~M~;1.,O. (~~~~ ~0:3~eo:i) 20 ~~:Jj;i
&0014 ~eCM.

6. A~~ t...o~,) ~,,~ ~~~~ ~(1J~~~li~ oiJ~~" tff\cC.

i<j ~1'\~Qe) Aij=O ~.)~2.. A~~ nXn ttl'\~ .;)OO@J~~J;f~..rVC'&·
 42 I!UJ~~." flU"l1ft.

Aij:::: 0 ~f\mQn~~M yi (i~e ~~'do~~~~ \~) ~tS-. ~1'\rtd

• :-<1:\ ~-I\ 2..ot:S) ~~ro?-oo:S~) ~oet3 woc;i) b(o~o. ~,!~O~:>
I ~~ ~ -. -
iM ~eO:::v Aij::F0 ejf\t:S} o:Ss.J~ ~~~~ t..oQ.) ~tl~ ~Olmldo:S~~
a3JilOt.li:3 ,j;)Ot:S:> ~eOM (~~lAO; es~~~ 7, ~r. 1)

7. (a) o&eo:Se.J ad:tbc ~r"I~Qa om!> ax+ by= Y1'

('x+dy=yz EuO~J ~~j~ ~~~d;:j(f ~oetSwo~ ~ML~O.
(~etJo: OZ1='v~ R, r;r;n I.)

(h) CJe~ ~~03J~~ ~~oii~ot:S~~ ~~r3~ tI, 9fJn 10

~:i~~~~~J~~d-. :6llfld~~~~ ?

X-f- ~.=l x+ ~y= 1

x+ 2.01y=-1, x+ 1.9V_y=-1.

e ~o~on~~J-. ~e!lM. o)dd~rm ~~'lfdtsO~ yeS ~ro

ru~~c::)0oj) ~rOl oS.~~_Q~~ ~DJ301dr(~ej Md 'ZJ~m0:5r:$o3)(:h
m ~ V ~ m ~ ~

e"Uoe..J) o:1Jcld)~c3oz.;)OcJ~ ;1;:5)C-l.2JO. 'Q/OJ f/t}f\cS ~3oSr:t}~ ~~0:5~.

x+2y= J X+2y= 1
x- 2 . 01 y=-1, x-1.9Vy::=-1,

~~OO)n ~omdr(t}J ~~~ :tfa~ ~oi:3e e.3r-.~. ~ ~on!l1 en~:JJ!e03')

~O ~0:5dr:$oj,)~) ~nd'ZJeJ~?
-.
...,

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cm~t:!M ;:."t5 o:S,)~~ ~~..:n~o~ J~o~O ~fm~~e3~~~O
1.~r(~cS;._, :'>";o::l:lIi~cS.~ ~~~&.,:S~) eru~o~tr-.~~~t'S); ~~~~ ~riw
t...o~.. :J~~~ ti~Nloa~; m= n ~oe~, A:~ (3) d~~;5o~ ~CC
~~~~. Bo'$') ~~r-.~oi r(~~v
i.J
d!l;
.
 43
1. Boj~ ~deJ~oj~ ~t~m~ A'~ ~deJ~oo~ ~t~meJn
t..o~e ~I'\o!.

2. Blj=Ail/AII' 2~j~n, Bl(nH)=Yl/A U' ~odd,

t..od~e ~1l"~~O~ w(ld m~m.!rI~~lJ... A 11 Ood tjlt)1'\~O.

4.

r). Bo-j~ i~e ~1l meJ~ o:S~~), i~e ~e~mO~ejo;)o:S m~m.!

a - m
li'l.~~~ .;:,~~ ~ad o:3;)e~ ~~ U+ 1 )~e ~1lame)~ o:S~~....tI (i+ 1)~e
~e~mO~ m~e'::l'~.!li~ rI~~ ~~n ~eo~doi ~tS:

i>j ~de);) B(i+,)j=A(i+Il-B(i-l,),B,j+ B(i+I)~B2j+ ••• +

Bli-ll)O.I)Bo.l)j·
o:S;)~~ i <j-1 ~de);)
._A(iLl)j-B(l+l)IBlj+
B(1'1»)- B(i11)2 B2)+ ••• + B(ill) j Bjj
-
B(i'11)(I+I)

n=H t1I'\O:lo:S ~;r:jorld~', A,,:;t:O ~.)!2.c Bli:;t:O, i~2,

(jf)~ 15, !:9rl (2)~ J:toCffildrlej.) f1ejf'lc:S~rl~o~ i!~Ooj.).)~ol ';:'00.)
MeO?-JO;
X3 =BJt~ X2 =B2(-B23 X S' ~~:J~ XI = Bl,-BI2X2-BI3XS'
10. (a) ~d1l~ ~m~~M ~d.1l~ ;r:j~~d~li~ t..od.) ~e3W
~~~ ~~;r:jtl~ ~od~ Q'jO~W~ t4~o:S~~J... t.ld~)o.

(h) ~m.; ~23~~rI~ ~tl~ ;r:j~~~d~li~ ~od;) ~e3~~

2,.,0t:!.; ~O~d~~:>",.. ~oC)tScme ~ot.l;)d~~ ~QFO;r:jtl.) 2..0~ ~Oo:l$
t4~~(&.... t.l~~)o.

PtTirl 3: ",elf"d~'ta""o), et\)1$"'~'tarl".) ~i2, f:f~~~.

~oo~ tjlt)lili~~ ~~ dt.Wol!e,~ ;r:j:m~d~li~ ~~~Ii~~;)J...
~~~o:S ~~~~od~~ ~Gtoo~~ ;m~~. • ~rld~ ;r:j~~ct'O)
44
~3J5iN ~~:md;i~ ;i)~tjlo:bF"M~ ;!jo?.:ofj)~~ ~~.,_rI~~~ ~~:4~.
2...~~) wmJ5d~oj)~).,_ ~DMe)~e~ :

_2X+y+i3Z=O
2x -y -Hz_O
(1)
_liX+:1y+UZ=O.

_'"L 1 ;)
.,
2
[ _Ii
-1
;)
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o
o °o 1
(..j.) x-tv-~.:: = (l MIi~;.;~;:m~ 2...~dJ ~CiMd~<lii)~~.
(-t) Old~) ~do'5xj '~O~~ 1'1j~~' ~,J'CioO~ Olod) ;i~)~~J~~~'
i ~~de, x ~)~~ y;i~~'J. ~03~ ~Jo)~, z ~(:l~ 0l~'!5! O7:l~~O::)~),
'!3q:l>B X~)~)._ z;;~(:l'.,_ OO~),
tJ ~~, (:lo~d y ~(:lJ.,_ rI~~ ~~d~O::)t5),

~q:l>B ,:)~t-,o~ ~zj), ;!j)~;:i;3:l1'\ Y ~)~)~ zrl~~)tJ.. ~O~)l'Il ;:l.r;JC8,

~(:l:,.~j X ~~~ rI~~ oil<ld~J5)d))- ~ot5e ~)JC)d) ~ze~~rt~o~
,.., " 0 : , ,

~::,d~~;!"~~ ~)~2.. ~i OljG~~ ~do~)~on(\ e.50~ ~~d~ro)t5(:l)tJ..

\ 4) 0:'::; ;;':Ol~ ~j';)1i~"t. ~ ;3)~' ~f)~t5 (1 )~) '1..~t5) ~~md~~)
. ,...." --'M V J...
~;.,~dt-~~~~00. aelj-;~~~ iJ~l.:.rt~~d 'l§eo~ ~O~~.)~03SCli\d)~, ~
'~O~,,'o:b ~D~;), J *j)~)
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e,~;"';!.Q03)·{jO
'1"v
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tJ IV'>

;;::OlmC
\ l)~.:;o~fi, ~zj) ~~_~~).!eO~) oe_;oj)V ~eMm.
'lJ tJ ""
 46
~z;i). . ;rJi)M~amt'\ ~!Z~~ 2c(~ M~~d. v...oz;i) ~O~;l~<I..
~~~Jd~}O; ~~~-d 0 ~oz;i) ~;t$O"'O. o::S~O~ ido~o llo~mf\~;l
;qC"'~ de.wr<~~~ 0 o::S~~'tf l)5C)~~M. ~~r(~~Jd...., o~ d(~O~~~~<I.. x-
~t ~ot:5Jd, ;l~i.r.J~o~~~ y-e:Jt
~oM, ;l.)iR~Ot:i~~ ~O~~ Z-e:Jt
~~~~O. ~'!O~oz;i) e:J~d ~~evJti v...o~ e:Jil~o~) ~~o::Ss'<J~o::S~~ ~~z;i)
~Jd~~o. ~.!oir.loz;i) at~ ~,)e~ 0 oj,) v...oz;i) ~to::S~~ '~~' ~!3.
~O~Ud 0 oj.) ;:1')M~Oz;i) ~z.o::S~)J.. 'ro,)~' idt ~o~ ~d~.)O. ~Ii
~T\. (x o' Yo' zo)~ ~oz;i) Po';:Jo~ ~!;'Q;q~~)~~. a~d
w~6"~~~~ x ~t~ o:S)e~ 0 .~)o~ Xo ~~;:m,~r<~IiCl, (Xo>O
~litte, 0 O~) ~~~t~~, XQ<O ~f\~Qa 0 oj) :>:~~t~~), ~~d
'1J'\l~.-te~~ y- e;!~ ~)eo Yo ~Ii~ (;l,)~~~"e.. ~dFe!;t$~~r;3,
~ot:ie, Yo>O e;r\~Qd ~~idt~~ o::i)~~ Yo<O ~1i~Qd ro,)~~t~~)
o::i.)~2: ~~d ~~~\e~~ z ~t~ o:S.)e~ Zo e;IiCl (~~ 'dJda
~r;:)re~;q~~Cl). (0, 0, 0) ~O~)~ 0 ~)O~ ~~';:JQ;q~~Cl o::S,)!~
o::i;...r~ll~o~.)':;ot::l.) '50~'lf~~~!~tS. (t!~.) 1 ~UdeceQ) .

•
(0,0,10) "',

~ . -------II
. ...
(O,yo·OI ,
z-4Y-~-o
r

tJ~-1

~ ~!~~iS.r~ol!)~ (1)0 ~~C~o~.) ;r!~'11d~~ ~01tClcili~,)

00"$) ;l,)Jdll~ O3Clt::l)~Jtieruo::S v...o~.) ;q;l)~llm;1i M~M~~~o:S;
~o~o, ~!Os..~o~ ;q~~dt4l~ 0 ;l~ll~ ~t;;;)~eruo::S 2..o~
:::;o::i)~llt:i ;t;~'dd~mIiCl. ['¢l~~ ~'\)m05cirBoo)~, ;q:m'6d~ (4 )d~
... dJ;lo~, ~!C~~ot:i,) ~~~d~~ t.otSe ;:;i;l')!V~ ;q~'dc~mf\tS.]
(1 )0 ~o~dr«) 0 ;l~1l'5 ~t:i)a!lJderu;::: ~ot:i) ~~)~ll~1'\ dJd~

f.re~v\-I!.;d. (~~ 2 ~e~o.)

 46

~~r\tS ~?3~~ ~ed t:J5~~tS erommdt'ScjJtS~ 'Ii.r.ld:J~~ :

2X+5y+Z=O
x_2y+ Z=O
3x+ 3y + 2z= O.

X+ ~z=O
y-~z::x O.

-&l ~;::m~drQ111~ ~e~o~:J 'WotS,) ee~o~JC:i~ tJ9FO~J~~.

( t3~;1 ~e~o.)

x-y+z =0
(7) :tX-y+ Z =0
x+ y+Z d)
-&l ~::3ujd es~ m~tS ~O~J~~ oiJ~IlJ~dOod

x=y===O.
~~ O~ ;:;i;::m:ed~rie;~. (t3~ 4 ~etao.)

~~~d~ (I ) d~ ~~ ;)dQ') 'e;o5~ri~'tS~ ~oo~",eoS ~J:iJ.J -

~Dmdriq}J .:Jdtt,) 11303s'do:i')tS o:i~.2.,;r;JM;)~ ""o~;) ~~,)~f!);:;tS~ M~~')
~;3. (f» C~ ~~ 2..0~ 'e;05~'crl,)tS~ re~o~~eoS. erot::l,,~dl'$n
Vi) dj;(Cv~ = ;,S,);i~ (6)0 ~Omdri\~,) t..o~.) ~~om~,)d
 47

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..
t.!~~3. 'Wod.;) (H~
00;)0 e;eQ)rj.;)"
d.:ld
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13!J-4. ~;:ul)V
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illt)rl~~

'~tf!~'o~ ~~ i- re~tl~ !"~t.-~~Jtlo:l~d ~~~o..~l'\tj;~

\ ' _.
'Wo.~.
48

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e5'ooJO)~~~-d e;lcS~Ii,)~~f\.o~o::o~ il:iOmdli~~)J. m :J').!eoo') ~~Ii\~~
z1
:JO::o;!:$z.)1I)~~ •

.as ~~:J~~eoo~~ ~O::drioo,),) m~~ ~So:hJ~~I'I~. '(;loqS

'mil:J).!e03~ ~O~e~~Ii~o~e3e ce.m~~~ ~e~Ii~~~ ~~:J'IZ'l7;('*::
z.)O)~1i ~~eJ~~ ,;)02J')~~~ (\i~~ .!~oo,)~~we~. ~O~e)~
~~~ e50qS :J~drio~),) :J).!MII}~~~. WIlm1I$d~fI m~J.dtt,)
e5~fa.,~Ii~~~ m~2.0 ;!:$~'5d~li%"d~,) ~~) o3s.l~'Wa3)~? '(;l~J.
mJl:J~.!ecm ~02jlCl~o:b~
i:J <i-.e !:f\)~O~ei\;!:$z.)m)~,), er;:;o ~o::»e- ~e~~
~M~Scrl.J) :Jop~M~;ti)!~. ~J~Oj:JC:; v:;~~ :JO::d~OO)~~
e5~ep.,;!:$)~.~. ;ti05010~,) o3s.l~~,) Wr;:!ct)M~03 ~C~~ ~03)e ;tic)~
'(;lor.le)
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t..oru erum~dr1!03)~)<i-. ~08ee:J~~e~.

;3eMe~,~F O::,)~). 2.:~ 'c;~e ;3JO~~:m;:; ~~e'5 2j5"'I~~Oo3s.l~Ii~~

'0 -
~Oo3s.l~ ~~2.0 c)'5,~1i9G~ciRd" ~Oc)~. e50rp ~C03Jd~Ii~,) 'ZSo:<Q)C:;
li,)Ci,)~,)lillior;:; ~.!~Ijl;!:$~};ltee~,). mr6lC:; erudr;;_. ~ m~~~J.' tJ~~d
~,)t:loj» ;:j~~;ti)03
t:l'5{l ~o;;jJ<:~~, ~~F~~ tJ'5-d~d" ~!~Ijl;!:$)~o:i.
&;en (\i;~
M
p 'I5~d o:i)ee3· 03!F;ti)~ d)~ z.)~O::~)
O:$)e)O)0:3 t..od)
d" ~

P ct)od ~~dj)O:: t..od) t.J~~d Ii)Q.!~od ~)'~~Ijl;:jz..:o)J~). ~c::)i:J

!:f\)dw~ 2..~dd ~O~~~I'\~, ~C:;d 0'5':0 t..!tt~ C:.R03 t:lU-d~~
~';F~~Me es~e t:l~~I'\~. 2..od~ tl~~~ P oj)~ o::;~do~OjOi\
H.
f--~
.,I
,f

8!~-5 "'~·6 -+
QOO;)~ ~~oj~Nil~d, ~~ mo::'~c'~OjC)I'\ ~ m~i>:S~~ PQ
rucb!~ot$ ;l;)o~e.!;!:$,}~e~; pcrlJ~ PQcS t;~ ~o~~o~, Q
"oa~~ ~c~~ot:'~ oe~crlJ,}!e~.(~~) [> ~eGo.)
49
Mn 'm~'O 1i~o~.!~ot:S ~.!~~~~}~~~)mdo~ 2.)~t:So~a:S ~o;::m~
~od~~ N:l;::m~v~1'\ ~~!f .;:)0\::)) ~dcj)~:r~1i~~d). ~~e oeo! ~~e
2.)~~ ~;i~ .,d) t5ed '/.!lod) P I ~~dJ~ ~~d ~)ee3 ~.!F~'lJ~Jt:S~.
-+ •
;j:J~2.:, es 'Ir.IornOod p, Q ~o2.) PQ ~~e erud,}:lO);j ~~e I::l-a-tl~~
;j~r;!:,b~ mrn~oOOodWd ~.!~~~~d2.)a5)CJ. t3eo ;::m'!)1ir9~
~~%~t5e~dd M)~ ~!1;:;j) ~f.l" mrQ)1i~o~ ti_;.!~~~~d2.)~)t:S).
o:G~;j~I'\, .;:)O~ mrQ)rt~;l) 2..0~e ~O~o::l~/ ~,!~~~)~O) ~e;j~
b~ 2..0~e erudw~~~ ~];)o~d} ;:b'!2.:, 2..0~e e)'!~-e~~ ~J<Jt&~)!:,~e
--+ -..
;m~. (24~:) ~el'Ao. ~~ PQ ~~~ PI Qlrt~~ 2..0~e ~O1!l
-+
;j~~ ~~~~~)~~omdd RS 'I1Jed~od) ~~1!3;S~~ ~.!~Q~)~~•

.;:)od) ~tlrt~) P oj)~O)~ 2..o1:5e ~rQ)t:S o:S~e~ o::l.!F~)~o:S

~o~e..l~'f3I~"'~./ro. ~'IJhr~ejtJ~" ~.!F~~~O:J;j ';:)OM 2.)~rt9 ;P!ll~
2..o~e 2..o~J ~tlO!OlI'\~. e, ~ej:!ZJ~~~)J." ~.!~~~)~dl'fi:-dl'\ (\S'Cl~
--+ --+
~~I'\~o~ o::l,))od)~ooo)'lJ~)d). PQ 03];)d~ z..'tlo::l~~J." ~)'!2.:, QR
--+
~ddiSe 2.)V~~J." ~.!~~~O. til'( i?~~ 2.)~~ PR m("O)Oo~
--+ --+ --+
~~~tjl.:i~jr.b~~. (z.!~ G ~];)e~o.) PR mro;:;j), PQ ~)I~ QR
mrQ)rt%~ ~~!f ~~ .;:)od) tJdo~)~~)~1:3.

~~ 2.. od) m~d ,rt)rQ)~' ~cSJ.JJ." ~~ ~ :Jo::lO~'lJa5)t:S~. pc::lJ~OJ;S

z..od) ~~d o:S)e~ ~.!F~)~d)~ ~~~ F ~)~~ a 2..od) ~~:J~
~o~om"dQ~' tirt aFC'$)~ F~ m~d'a' ti~.!F m~mc;;/~)~~ ;3)12,
a>O til'\d~d edd O~J;)-d F~ O~J?-d 2..otSe .;:)00];), a<O til'\d d Fn
-+ w
:JC)di.j)o:nm:: ~oM :J~O~)!e03. PQ o~)) F~~J.. ~)'!~~~dd ~)~~
--+ -+--+
PR O~)) aF ~~~ ~.!~tjl;t;od, ~rt PR~ eru~~~ PQ~ erud,;;) ,a,
--+ -+
~O:::.!F ~tS ;3)~:.." a>O e""~d, PR'If5J'tJd PQ~ ~~~J."e ;:;1];)td~h!o~.
0:$)'12.:, a<O ~d~) :J~1 O~~~ ~t&~~t3.' m>~ m~~t5~1'\
--+ ......

-
-+
PR ~~~ aPQ ~oo ~o.j!u~)teo:S; PR ~~~ "a!f ~odd
~~;:)~ ~~~e}crlnld a ~joO PQ~ .~II m::a" wodJ ~dc:bj!.~03.
7]
50

... ,
B. I
P I
Q ..
• If

tJ~-7

~~~~~'!r-'"-3f\, moir.l~:;:Wf\ ~~~rI~r:l~J.. o::b~~ mrnrl~~J..

~~\eJ~~ ~rn lTel~,~ &ll ~t:lrl~O~, e;,tA'ZJd(J$~~o~11 o~~ '&~l5o::le
"I-' ~ '-' <..110;). ""
~o~e~~ern. M~il ~1J1:]~ lTel~;::)~c::\ 0::5~~~ OOvd~l5e ~do~:l::$
t:)~~J.. rf..r.oCJd~oS ~t:lto::'~~ 0 O:;:lo~ ~o;;<e~~.:~e':;. (Ve~ VI o::5.J~2.
V~rI~ ~OT5 ~~oS~~ VI + V~ o:;)O~ ;:lo'l1e~~ern. a ""o~.)
o:Jel~;::)~ ~o.roilomf\~.;;/J, erl c:;:i0l~ voj~ oCJ~ r\.Jrn~ a oj~~.... (IV
ct.:>o~ ;:lo;;<e ~~~~ e':;.

;:It)~ oir.~ oS~~ esO~ rI~rn~rlE} ~ o:Jelil~~~rI~.J, on:s~~

~o~i)rI~ ~J< d~::.'f3!~ O:~~~ esCJ~ ~o&'~rI'f c~ (oodo OJ.:~~~ ~o~
rI%"od) ~~;::)~ ~O~rI~ ruID~dd ir,aoir.l~il ~oj.J0::5.)rll!}~~
me)~~~_.~. 'Ocd~) ~ ~ r..r.'l:~~m ~~ ~~1'1~ tJoj.)0::5.).rIIjjr:l)~
J.. o.l eJ "'"
~ejM e~~:..~"e~
.-
:
(a) VI+V2=V~+VI'
(b) (Vo+VI)+V2=VO+(Vt+vz)-
(c) V + 0 = V e M.)0::5o~, 0 ~)ot:: ~o~~ .!~~.l ~o.)oS, ~o~
~o~ ~~.
(d) oil~~mne..r.o~.) ~1J~ V oj.).) 'i¥~~~}~O.J~rI,
(0) v+(-I)v=O eJi\d,j;jo:i-I(v)~02.)~C)~~ot::.,) 'QI~.
(e) a(bv)= (ab)v.
(f) {a + h)v = (av + IIV).
(9) a(v l + vz)=av + av2 • j

(h) Iv+ v·
 61

'a~ ;¢B,::h!.0:3 .,J~~ ~_)!~i)::;j~~)~~ l\

~;1?d~'e' •. ~~t3.
~Of!:q)~~ ~~t:'iti!~ OJ;:l~d~ ~~~ e11'\:3. ~))ot3 ~e~)~O~ (H)
elo~ ~.I<l~~'~J
.., ....
OJ~.Q~~;
9;
c:i;:~<J..dtt) ~~."~ !7i~~~
M
~!)...JJ ~~tldt'Q)1i~
?Jnl'\~ ~~<J..7i..~~~ ~)~~';l~1'\ ~~i"',:q~) ~~d~<J..1'\ o1r.J~)~t3. ~z;ird
~~t3 ~~tld('O)1i~~~ ~Il~)~dd 'Wnn ~'Z.3n:,:l)~d-&-d0! ~~~~~.I<lJ..
~~'W~ ~. 'ae) t3e'e'<JI'Id)~t3eJ (!.I)d ~O;h~)7i~). ~O~
M tv) ""

,:qo~1i~.I<ld~ (~od:l ii3:l~OJ~ ,:qO~1i"~~~, ~~~)~dd~ ~~~

ii)~;:;)~~d~ o:m~~) (!l)d ~o:i)~)1i~~~ me)~)~&e ~~~~
",",od) ;:;O!'.l ;:;o:S)~eJ' ~~;;:s" 13e.m~e,~ ,;lo:S')~eJ .,Jod) oedoo)~rtJ~~.
~~<J.. ~~i.: 1.l::F<Jf'\ ~e~t3e'e'<J~~ l¥~f'\~ or-il~ 'a1:3,
;l;,s!.: cz.,o~) ~JOl~-crJo3) X + Y ~)~~ eOl'1ii.)m'e'<Jd aXli~)
~~I'\~ ~OO)o:S)rI~~~ me);:;)o:So~ voo) ;¢e3'dl\~ml'\ OJ;::;O~~.l~d, ~rI
v o:S~2..rI~ ",",oc:$) ~o~ctOJdeJ) ~dd ~e3~7i~~)"" mo1r.J~~1'\
~epJli~od) ~OOO)~rI)~t3. ~ rtJoJ3~~ ",",od) ~Oz;$ ;:;;::;)~ oJo~
~i503))!e;;3.

(a) x o:S)~",
_ Y li~) MQ 0,
voj)fi)d ~rI X + YOO))
VOO)~t3.
M

(b) i· X+ y= Y + X.
ii· X + ( Y+ Z)=(X + Y)+ Z.
iii. ;t,W~~!'l~1'\ 0 ~)od ~o"e.!~~~)o:S V 00)
t..o~) ~e3~~ voo)~d)~.,J~ X~ X +0 =X
e:1/)dJ~o~, ~~.
(10) iv. VOO)~dJo:S ~toir.loCJ Xn, mo::m~~~1'\ _. X
~od ~o~e.!;;j~~)o:S V 00) ;¢eJ~~od) X +
(- X) - 0 ~I'\O)o:So'i ~~.
(c) V OO)~ X ~dQ 13 ~Y!~ a cz.,o~ ~~OJ~ ~o~
otr.ll'\t:5Q 0, e:1li aXOO)) VOO)e)t3.
m

(d) j. a(bX, = (ab)X.

ii· (a+b)X::::aX+hX.
III· a(X+ Y)=aX+aY.
iv· lX= X.
 ~52

~~eej =t¥~~~~ ~e'lZ1i~~~ ~oo~~,)1iq;l ~tY\q;l~ t..o~~ ;::SO~

;::S~~cm,) OJ~o;::S~r:ie3e~o~ t..:!o 1J5eq;l~~ru~~,). ';::SO!!$' ~,)~~
';::S~,)~' .,:)02.) ~~1i~~:JJ.. 'W~Oir.HI'\~~r~ :eiml, t..o~ ;::SO~
;::S~~~OO:J~-1. ejl"';).!:ei~1'\ e5tP~ m~o.J,).!e~~1'\ ~et.3;::s~ru~t:!o~:J
estPF"~~. Mi'1 t..o~ ;::SO~ ;::S~,)~ J; oo~,) ~e~~;i~ t..o~~ ~;::S~i>J"I'\C::.
~~d ;::S02.)o~~ ooot:! 'If~~ m£Q)~ rud~~~riq;l ;::S;:!~~eJ~oon, :ei~1:l,)o.J,j
~,)~~ e"O!!i ru~~oriq;l,) \ 10)0 ~OO:J~~ri~~J..e me);::S~~~ .,:)02J:J~~e
e31'\C::. .e, 'lf~n O5OlM es2jR~;::Sri~~ ~ed,)~o~, e5(Se:ei ri~~~
~~;::Sri":~ t..o~ ;::SOl5 ;;j~:J~Qj:J ;'j(v.r3;;j~~~ ~o~~~~; ~o~e,
( 1O)d ~cd')03,)ri":~~\ me);::S~03 t..o~ O:.R~to~,) 03')~~ t..o~ e.;O~
ri:J~.,,!!.,d ori'il.w?r3~;;j2.:~~:J. ~~ri~ f( i>J'd~ ~n:i2.:~~').

~~;., ri~~eo:b ~'J;S,),)~~o:3:J~'J.. ~Jio~~03 ;;j~rs' ;;jO::::J~ri~

. t..o~:J 03riF03~~ ;'j030;th~~Oo~ o:3~}~C~M~£Q). n t..0~:J ~mro:ei
~/'\dC, (e:.o~e, t..o~) ~r<lF;;jo~), n?_ I. t..otiJ (!,03)~I4.!J~)
n- tuple (X" X2 ' X"' ... , X,) c'~~~ t..o~,) 1i£Q)~I'\C::. wm~driin
(X, y) t..o~ ~~el4 ~tP~ '2-tuple, e3ri2.:a:i)~,) 03)~~ (1,2,4,1,0)
t..o~,)
f)-tuple e3ri~~~,). .,:)?< 303,);r;14~~ n-tuple ri~ ;;jo~a:i~
R" ~l'\cO. R' ~~~ t..c~ ':.re~. -& o:~OO~~')_. 03~~), t..o~,) ~O~
M _'-' ""'_

ri)m~d03~~ 'lf~{\~oa ;'j03M2.:w)ti) :

(Xl' X2' ... , Xn,) +C).'PY~' ... , Yn)=(Xa+YI'X!l+

(ll) Y2"",X n+Yn)
a(Xl' XZ' ... , Xn)=(aXl' ax~, ... , axn)·
~J~~I'\ ~ ~O~03)rri~) ( 10) d ~O~JO:::,)riq;l~:... mC;::S:J!,~.
~~.:;) oo~e3e Rn'::,3):J, n-~o:$J;~~d "..\3;:-e~o:$)ii1' ~~~ .,:)<:I~,)
:eleOO)~JdJO::: '2..0~) ;;jOl) ;;j;3),}.ej0l,;"';)I'\t:!. ;;jQi~~, .,:)o~d, n-·tuple
(Xl'X2)""Xn)~~' xjoj)) i(S~ ~~ ~1ZF~~:ei .,:)Or:::~ :eloo:i)~d,)~C::.
~ ~~:eir::: ~ct)~ri~~, 2.: O:lJ M::k3, ';;jQ~ ;;j;3'),}.eJ' ~~~~ w;r;oir.;m
.!Jm:i, 'R'" ~oti ~.!;::?if, :J;;j~1J5Jd,). ~~;j~,., ~~~ ~~~
'e'~O:br~-d RI ~tPi>JOl R2 ~~ m~riJ~il. ~(S(~ ~;;j~rili,",~ ~ed
 53

:.J~O~~ m£'al~ ruO)~rte;! ~O!l ~~)~~) '01~~ w~w e!:lrt~n o~e~

~M)!.r;3. ~em~~~, ~e)~o!'3lie;!~~ ~~~.r.O~)~ii m~F" ~ 'f5 ~d
~~ '~O~~~,,~,oj)~~ t.:~;::;,,~dOo~, ~~~ ~~~~ t.:O::)~ii~
(10 ,0 ~O~)~)rt~ ~om~)~e ~1\~. ~~ 2..0<:::) '~O~~;::;:J~e./OO)~)J,.
V e5z.COo<:::S ~o~e.!;ij.)~e03, X, y, X!' X2, ... , yt, y2, ya, Z,
Z 1, Z 2 '<J.F:VOlio;ot:3 o::!)'!~ ~~:.J~ ~o~rt~~~ a,h,c '¢I:r-~~rto;od.
V = R n e.:H\~wd, c;I~~ V O~:JeJ~ m
~O~iiv,1~)J,. n - tuple rt~,"Ol~
(XI' X 2' ... , Xn) e5CP;;J.l (YI' Yl' ... , Yn) rt"l?o~ e5CPo:J<i X, Y ",":S~Q
ri~o<:::S ~o'ti'e.!~2.:oS)~:J. :.JOJ~ :.J~e~ ~~oiirt~) tl\)c:'t',p~J~ ~fI ;r'~~
o::!~;s?i)~~d.)o::! (;o'f5~ri~~~ ;!n~J~.r.te.:a5,)dv. mi:jJ:lc'rn~f\ t:);rn<:::
rt"O"'!,,iie;! ~Q~ ~;::;,)~ OO)~~ V ~"ot:3 o::!:l'!,:?. e5~d Q'jHj'f5rt'\,~~~ vo' VI
'01~~orto; o~ ~o~~ ~~enii)~~).

Hl ~e15 ~~:l~o~:J~:lJ,. Z3~z3:JJ~eOO:l~f\ ~~ 1 d~oo)o~ MeC~

2.:oS)~:l. R~ o::!)'!.:?. Rl iio;M '5~d '010cp03e ~!~~l\\-!~~ d2J~
2.:oS)~). r:n~crnml\ Rl e5~)J,. ~~:J~ ~o~~ii~~d~ m<.:l'r3e'dO~
mrt)~d). R3 ~o::!)~OOJ~')d,. V ~o::!)~e.J ~o~~ ~~~ftl~e.:a::)t:b. eoen
(X,Y,Z)03)), [{I ~%;~ 2..od,) 'l.!)ot:3):Jd~), -6i 'l.!)odJo::!~~ (0,0,0) ~~
~c'o2tlO3'"iii:l~ o::!:l'!2.t (x,y,z) ~~ o::!),,~.:..=oo);;nii:O::! 'l.seC'2Jd rt"d)~
~od ~!~Q~w~dv. -6i m'-'!~~13~ Ra o::!)!.:?. V ~tlid~~ ~~~)
:JlYo:l:l OJ.v.w.v~iie;!~,~ ~~~ O~)!.r;3. ~~o~e (xu'Yo'z.,) O~,),) von,
o::!:J'!2., (\",y,z) o~:J,) vln e.;~)ru('@Ol~~O, (~rt Xo+ Xl' )'0+ yp
Zu+ Zl) oj)) Vo + VIii o::!)'!~ (axo,aYo,az o) 00)) (No fI e5~J
it,(,@Ol;M)~..;~. 'Q~O m~~03:l~')d,. e5tjJ.v~iio;ml\ 'I.!)~~. ;::;e~ ~O::!~~e.J
li~~~ ruc!".!~:o::! mo:~~ :::lO::!)~oj) ~odF"O~)~:'_ ~rt r)~-d 'l.!)de.,.~f)iS.

;::;o~ ~~:~e.JMod) 'f5tOj)~tiJ~ ~ o::!~~rt.,-l ~~~ ii)~~o::!JFii~:l

om~~? ( 1) Oo~ (8)0 o::!~n
'01d)o::! ~;::;.e, eruma::d~r:~~ o::!:lJeC)
oZ3~'!ii~~~ ~:.JS<)~c('@ii~ ~viIliie;! ~O~diit,~) . ~~~~~~~oj, Ge~
Ii~o;i e5~Q:l; ~o~Jii~oi ~!~Itl~~tit.:o:l)r;30z.ljt:3i\J:,_ ;r'..u. 2J':;;~dJ)~.).
M~ ~o~drt~) R8~ ~~~ w~li('@iieJoi ~.!~~,%j~dt.:~C~T\03. tt
w~rtJ£'aIii~), ~o~d, ~~~!eJr~eJ~, de~;i~,) o::!.)~':" 'l.!)o~)r:eJ.) ~;::;.:l~
 54

~e'!Zrlre~ M:jd~ ~o::SO~~ll2.)~;)~e? ~o::S~'i~rI~), de~rI~) o::S,)~.:?:. ~o~

Ii'o'~~ 1J~o:B~ w~7i)CClIi~~ ~~. ~~rI~~~ ~e~F(i~J~~ ~en ?
~e~rI~~ rJO)~d~ 2.)o:b~o::S W~mCClrl~Y ~o::So~m ~)t)~~T'I~.

o:l"cS~.s : t....or::b ~~!:l ~~)~ V~J ~o~J W~"~"tl M 'i§~T'I~

Ii)CClIi~~~~ V OO~ ~oc:b wliIiCCl~t\c;3.

(a) 0 o::b') M ~~~.

( I:! ) (b) X ;:!:;~~ YIi~) M ~~~Q d, ~rI X + Y (3)) M~~~·

( c) X,M ~e::)1j
MW
d ;:!,)~),
-
at....c~J ~~ ~~ ~o~qo~T'ld d,
~ v w
t:.1/i aX 01)) M~~~.

Vo~) t....o~,) W~~o::l.)::'iO~JJ

e.;
V~)€;
....,
~c03ec~z..;~Jm1:::b~ro lic~o::l)F'

/i~~'J. ~d~eD~2J(5)m~ 2uo~) w~rbC9 M ~F\~. M~~~d 2uo~)

~tJ:j;:!~~ ~oerl~ l$~o:S~mrl~~e~. Mn ~)eej ~e~t:: (b)
rlJCClrj$;:!)F~, M"iS~ ;3~ ~ ~oSJro)~~ ~~~z..;~)~o~J a3e~)~ ~ o::S)e:~
(c) Ii)CClrj$;:!)F~ o:B~ ~~ ~o~~7i~oc:5 IiJ~~2J~~oc:'JO) o::lJ~~ M
~~o~Je w~ro)2J~)~oz::'JO) iile~J~~. (c) ruCCl~;:!)F~O~ M ~~dQ 0,
- X = (-I) X ~1:::b M ~~~ G:loc:5)
(Y"o
.!%"e:>~w e~. ~~~ Ood M ~e)Jd
~

~~O~)z..;U::)c:5J.
Mfl M ~.d0~JO t....od.) ~~~ ~;:!)::'e.Jomf\~. ~~o::
onf) V~) 2uO~) 'd\.)~~;:!)::'lro)J 'i§e;:!e.; ~or;:b W~rlCClO3:lT'l~. 'gth
CJ
Voj)E:, 'iY.re~2.3 O);:! liO~o::lJF/i"~o~fI ~o~ ~~~ ~o::l;)::'Jo~:~
(V'I e.J
~~C;
e1'\~. <?.I,,')w;~C~7i"'~~~ liceS.AAe~.

(Xu' Yo' ::0) o~JJ (1 ):5-d 2uom ~Oimd03:lMe.;) ;:!)!2_. (XI' J'l'
z) ') o~~ (1 ) ~ 'l..o~) liC~OO:WT\dQ 0, ~rI

-:! XI) + Y + ·3 zo =
(I ° -2XI + h+ :~z,:::. 0
~Y'
-'0
_Y' 0 _;)7- 0-0
-
2x1 - y,_3z,=O
_liXI) + ilyo+ Hzo:::'O, -(ix, + By, + Hz,:::. O.
 55

oSr.I!,~~~ c.r.~-.)~!oe03. 'QI~ ( 1 )~-d t..o~ ~O~d.:r~l'\rZ :

-2(Xo+ X1)+(Yo+ YI)+ 3(Zo+ ZI)

= (- txo+ Yo + ilZ o) + (- ~XI + YI + aZ , ) =()
(t 4 ) 2( X 0 + X I) - (Yo + Y 1) - i1 (Z 0 + Z I )
= (2 Xo - Yo - i~ =0) + (2 XI - YI -- :; ZI) = 0
-(;(xo + X I )+ iJ(yo + YI) + V(Zo + "I)
= (- Ii -t"o+ iJyo+ !)zo) + (-IiXI + ilYI +!lZI) =O.
(IiI) ~~;:S'O)T\~",e, t5/i (l4);::jO::~~;:S;)I'\r;'.l.,):lC::) ~C::)MeMJ

~c3. ~;S~ ()~!, a (xo'Yu,zo) = (aX-o,ayo,az o) ~~~ d~:..)M.

en (I) 't5',j (XOI Yo' Zo) t..ot:b ~D;:Xi"<ld;:S"i)I'\c::;:;,e, (aX!i' ayo' aZul ~J;)~
~OiX'<ld el'\r;'.l. ~~;:S;)1'\ (0,0,0) ~ (l)~,j t..oC::.J ~ODd03"'I'\r;'.l;
(1) 'I1.l (Xo'Yo'Z'o) o::b~~ (XI'Y"=I) n~.J ~C~dTh;";;/i~.J (Xo+ XI'
Yo+ Y,,=o+ =1) ~R~ ot..r;$) ~O\md03"'I'\Q ~)~.:.. (Xo'Yo':'o) ~
(1) 't5'-d t..oC::;) ~0a5"'d03;)I'\C::i.l%; (axo,aYo,a:- o) ~R\j t..oC::.J ~D:md
I;jhQ, ~c$Ooc$ (1 )0 un" .,)~ M'OO);)!oQ. ~D\mdn~ ;::j:l1i_;~~ Rl~
t..o~ eru~;::j~;)~o:ml'\r;'.l .,)o~ !~OO);)!,r;'.l. ""c$Oot:! 't5'~f'\~ ~e):!;e:o='~

~~03"<lM~e'd;),

~:lql;'$e 2..:lc$') ~qS~,J'd oe,!O:,b~, U'))d .,)~ ~c:mdnQ} ;::j:l~z:t~

R~~ t..o~ eru~;::jo::$;)~oml'\<:5. (7)0")~ ~oos;)dn~ ~o~~~ ~~
R:l~ 2..ot:!) eru~~o::$)~ OO~I'\r;'.l. t..:l~ 03"<l~z3 'QIc$Doc$ ~~i\~ ~e):l5e:o~~

~J~onM~e~;) :

't5'~I'\d;)03o~~ w?;l n-tuples ( (X I ,X 2 '·"'.\"'n) 'K~ ;::jo~~~

~ot:!o,

A11XI + AHX~+ ... + A1nXA := 0

(If,) A~,X, + A2~X:! + ... + A2 xn c=. °
AmlX 1 + Am2 X 2 + ... + Amnxn::: 0
R" ~o~ W~~~,J~cmT\~ . .as w~~~o~~:,._ A= (Aij) ~~
'lfoj,J 1I~~~~"w wot:!.) ~~oj,J~l'b~~.
 56

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o 7

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wO- ao.J v
V, t..odJ ;:S~
;:SO:::)~::J omf\~i..) 0, ~JO' 'C:$~~
V03.') .;)dd) wti;!j~.')~./i(.~J"" ;;O::o;r:Jt:a5:l~:,.
M ~~O::e,) r;~~~;:se~~~""e ifJ'tJoed"d, en M ~c~~;y;1'\ (l2)~J""
~!.!l;!j~~C:::Do~, M 0::)).') V 03.J ",",oC::::. wti~;:5)~eJ0:.r;;n)~}:3. M ~~)""
V O~J ~~~~ w<d;!j;:!)~r.l .;)OC:::J ~~~ ii~~ ~.dQj)O~r:I", ~C~n~7ielI'\,
VOO) l.)d.,; w~;:S;:!:'~eJ .;)or:l:> '!fd~)mru~~. V0-3)) ~QjJO ~~",,~e
",",oC:::) Ef'Jrl;:S;:5)~eJ0mrbo:So:J, v.
~o::b~rJ0:h) ~o:bo (12)0 ~~O)J'Wl~J""
o:J.!l~!,~. M oj),) VOJ) twot;:;) WJ3;:S;:!J~olre>T\t;:;(;}~ ~)a~ M:;t V
tfh~}~, en m;ir.)~~mt'l M ~~J"" twot:l.'l o$»t el\)aj~)~ wot;:;
-e~ojJmn)~c:::).
 57
!3e=lrl~J: (0,0,0) ~~V~ ~c::b)~ ~O~) de~ es~~ ~O~;)
;:::;::iy~~~ R:I~ 2..0~) WJ:i~~)~s3CJJ.)/'\1:3 ~oOJi) ;:h~~ ~~ R3~ ;.~
~.i-;)~.... ) ?
e;;!)~, ;j~~) o:3))~
:J.j.;J ~
enH~~~J~l~"O~
r.J
tr.ieo;::b~~~:l.. es~,9~
~ I5P'I,o

'O'~_J\ ~d~nll~. e:1~OO~ ~O~) ~~~ R3~ ~Or'N erJ~~~')~p~')~.

(
(lvO
, , tl) ~~V~ w~oj.)~O')~ de~rt~ ur'ln ;.~)? ~~ ~JCltl wll
;(;3)~l'(e;') ~~;b'dM ~~ ~~~I'I ~~~~~I'I~~l::l,}~~ 'W:~~,),McjJ*f\
:,::r~~) ~i5e nJC'OIli~~~ ~~oe;3. ;:j~t)'I.!Iol::l,)~~ ;3~V'!!f imc:.hOd,)~
eJ J._
~o~) de~ ~tP~ ~~,)~V~, ~~V~oO)~~ ~,)!W~ u:;J~) d,)~ 2..00,)
Q

~~~ c~z:;; ~;::iy~vd M;~:j'~o'!d o:m~~/'\~. eol::ld, 2..o~) ml~

;::;;:;"~..;O~) Mmo~d;;ro,II~. ~~ "&r:::~)cI,. o::!))O~ :S~~I2~rrn
i!:;r::~~ri'./) eru~;r;;:i)~rtmM)oj ~~l1 ;:J0:5)~lir,;! eroiJr(mie;l ~(!f~
,::,,~wo:r.;cf{n~~.r. ;::iJ~). m~f\~~~~ ~u·.(, .,.,,~..,.J""":>"/.J-' '" , ,
"'_ - N, ~ '" IJWo.W'-'1"J1 b'CJ~o ~~~ :;w(2)
=3'RS:~. ..._ 8 ""
c.,:.

'~(J~'""<l~::.' ~J~) '~O~)l' O~) ~c'5l!.) ~j'Ne~) '> ~ ~c'5l!.) ;:{l"\';) ~ !!..l
_:."o ~ • lJJ'- ~ ;...)
;:')~ /1 ~Ge}OJC;~ ~, ~u ;;J;_~~~j'(~(:i) u!~ow~. ~)~ ~~ (1) (:i)loA. es~
~,J v e;:J';'" ~

~-se~;:;.fcIffO). ~e;;jv Xo - ~Yo - fZo= 0 tiT\~e ;1J<)~, ~oz;jO, (-1)

m,?'O!dOYcl[\l:3w O oij,)~, (Xo' Yo' Zo) ~ (1) 15'od 2..01:3) ~O~d~/'\l:S
>;)0'::;) li~)~~iJ~. ~))O~(:io~, (1 ~l ~Od) (!JG:lF":;; ~O~oTi~~) :inO)
"0 cJ 01,.

~J;':.R;,}£'C); Yo= I, Zo=O tiF\dej; ~CJ5 X=(§, 1,0) ~(:i~

~i%o~)m (4)
.
Ood X 0 es;:'b
,- cI,.
e3~,'0 1t'O!uO. y U -- .0, "'0
.,.. -- 1 elioej·,
;::Qd y = U' 0, 1) ~(:i~ ~iioj~~) (4) Co~ Xo o~~ Ti,)~M. tili
('3;~ ~t}1\(:i ~ej~o~Ti~(:i~ ~i%c~~)~~~ :

(lti) X ~)~~ Y li%~) (2) d M~~ ~;j)~cJQj)~oS; ~ol:3d X~)~~

Y Ti~dM (1) ~od ~Csdli~II~.

(7) a ~)~~ bli~) ~:s~~ ~o~~Ti'J~1\~O, e3li Z=aX+hY

00')') (2) d ~~~~~;j)~oo)~iJ.

(16) ,:3~eJ~OI;i.)~t::lOo~ ~)~2.0 (2), R3(:i ~oz:::) W~~~')~clnt\d>

~dOoZ::: ~~) ~G:l... ;r,b~il. -e,ii Z= (XI' YI' ZI) ~~~~O) (2) d ~~"
81
 58

(£ee;~ (1") ~~J ( 1) d om~~~ ~Omd;;» X OJ'~~~ Y ~WF~

O'"~o~vI'N ~~e~ '~o:J~o~~J~~' ..Jo~ ree~J~~. (17) oj)~2.. (J H)
~e~:5!il~~ X ;:jJ~2.. yil~J ~:>~~F0:8t\ (2) d t~~~;ri;::5)~eJ0j.)~~
'~;:.e:',~~~' ~c-:.) o:~~m")~:h X ;:$)~?..:, Yi'NGdc:Lr~... ~~o~et\~
t~f1j!e Gy<Yi r23;;1;;ic./23J';_" o~e N,:5'f? 7:lC:;e ~ii.J" oj);::j~ ~ee CH ~e~
Zen~foCe, X .::J~~~C) Y ~Je~ '€;i;:i~o~~~03)e,' r231P03il Y oj)) X
j')e~ 'c;:i~o~~~03Je'? o;,,~~dRe a fI X = a Y tmC:; .::Jot:)ll~
:5'.R%~~/[,@. eil U, J, 0) aU, 0, I) = =
Uti, 0, a) .::Joz.;)~~~
iir.otJcw~C). ~c:fJ xiJ<J~cJf a I~ ~Z;;;OJ~i-(?..j'CJdd). -acS(SJ",_ ~e~~
G~30~ ;:;::;<;,{ ~Z?~;;1; Mf\C:; ;

(:.!) d t.r.~::3~;:iJ~eF~)~dJo:S om~~e ~~~~ X o:S)~.?... Y ne;!

~)e~ e.5o:)e;oz:j~J;:io~ (2) d tJCi~v~oj)~oJ)~dJ;:i, X ;:iJ~.?... Y r:.€~o~
.::Jd~) ~wrJn~~) ~~~)~J<:~)'W~ilo~) i.r.Ieo~ilQ e~.
. <i....
[(18) 00 m
;:i_q~ 'l)"":>

~ee~c);:)o~J, 7:lQv X ;:i)~.?... YKe;!) ~o:Stlo~~o:Jell'\d)o:Jeli\ [( 1U) O~

...) "" ..-' ~ q ..J ...)
""'j;:;'NI.<l",UJNO..,],
~
c-JOJ'\_
...J...) "X OJ,)",2.. y.:i...)..
~oJ~
~~.I! ?
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...).oJ '~
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~oj);"e.J0::)~)oI.. ~e;:itl 'l.,o~e 'l.,o~ ~tJ~wocS o:J;:io~m ~QiJ;J~e? ~eo
C:J<lo:tm~t~ ~o~~oJ)), ;:i).RO) ;!:jo~n~{S~ ete!~'W!!5)150'W,)cS)
r;;;(j!:1~e? Z, (2) 0 ~Jf)~ ;::;o:S,)~e.l0:3)~~t') o:S~~.?... X ;j,)!2.. Y i\~) Z
~)e~ ~;jeJo~;::;)~~ .::JoCl~~/~~~.R/t'Q). e!o~e X == aZ ;j,)~l.
Y = bZ. ae 1+ be 2 = 0 t:jMJ;:io~, c 1 ;:i:.~,j C2 nt;~~, wOtl-r.
 59
~Jil~ 1i%"~T'le;t:)d.)~oi ~o,.o. ~.s.){cm 2 d e:~:L:J~~ ..tS~
<A. ""
~d~2.)~.)~~. ~Ii

CIX + C2 Y = C,oZ + ('2bZ = (C,O+ czb J Z = G.

~~J (I!t) =t¥" :JMfQ. M~ (2) d M;~ .%$~.)l:Joi>~~ 2..0~r r..~

;:;~~tJo~ ;:)03:;;:;m mr;\:>~·

.a.~ U =(u l, u~, Ua)' V = ~"" V2, Va) ~).2.. W::: (»'1' ."2'
11'3 \ ;1,<;) (2) d M~~ ~;3)~O~)~O)~ om~c:r~rZ~.r. ~~d) ,:$OS
l"I",-'C1V::e:J. j =
eii ( '4) Oo~ U U2X + U3 y, V = v:.>X+ V3 Y ;::h~2.,
Hi c::: U', X + H' Y ro)~)... o5.r.oO~ e;3. C1' C1 , C3 Kt;!~' .>:ltFoI" ~~
• 3 "".... ""...,~ ""
r(c'Cr\~Clj.l;:;:;l~, Mn ~03~ ;:;s,;,teo :

;j)~.;:~ (,~O), ~~~ t.J~~~~) ~2) ~ ~;:S)~)~c:, 'W'J:;;~ b~.})j:;w;::!'\e

~~o~e, ;:;~O.l ~w-'1.r~ [Cp C 2 0:5.)~~
cJ li~~~ ,:)(j/:1.) .:1~<!~c'£'Clli"".
2.-od:; li£'Cl OJ<; 1'1 CJ. (:30) ~ ~c£'<)~od es;;j.l e..od.l e5ZJe:., tiO:rr:;d

~~';'_ ~o~~. Cp ('2' 03.l~2., Ca lie} i5f ~03~03J<)r;:;5~ ~~ ~t;lM)

~::;~~ ~J<)o::J~w e03,

CIU+ elV + c 3W = CI(U 2 X + Ua Y) + ClVlX+ V3 Y)

+CiW1X+Wa Y )
= (U 2 I + V2('2 + Wl('a) X + (U;sC, + VaC 1 + lI'ac,J Y
C
=OX+ oy= o.

[J, V ~.)~2, W K'::; (2) tl tJil~ ~rl.l~~)~r:::Qd, ~rI ~~

(21) Cp C2 ~~~ CS K"~(:!~, .,;:)~~ Mr~;3;)I'\~ed);:soi,
C1U + CzV + CaW = 0 e:m~o:io~ ~o~.) ~~~2Ja:::)til.
 60
(2) d d.R':s~ ;::j;j~~e.JoJ)~dJ;:S om~r:r:;cSd.~ ;j~dJ ;::jQ~rie;1J
'o;:;(;)o~~'~-;lM~~~~tfo:..:)cS,:S~ ~cS,) MW;::j)~~. ~J1 'e.:1o::lJolo::i')'cS
~\.)~~)~f\ ...... ~)oj) ~q;~'2~.p",oj),:S~ o:.r.OGJ~,}03. (1) 0 ~C:::5'2dri~~),
two~.) ~O~.)-~o3s.Jo:i)c3 ~o:i.)~cJ0i.<lr\~)o:i, twoc3.) ~o:i)~(;)mF\ C.r.~
M~) )~.;3. ~ ;::jo::i.)~;oj)C::) "'o~.) ;;:JCltCJocS ::Jo:i::;~mricS.) ;:SJ~).
\~ ru ~ -
~dd.) , ~do::ie,)ozJ~) ~C)drl%' o~ o::i,)~?., tf~~oJ:;Wc.l'\ ;tjo::i:;1.e.J oJ,)~C:.o:i
o::i.Ar.lG.) ~Q~rio;l,) twocS:; 'oo:i~oz,,;~) oJ) ~oz.;o~o::iC::~ ~oCJGeje~etfoz,,;
ri)~o::iC::) ~RoD~; E3o~e, o::i)~d.) ;;:;wdri~.) .;~C) ~~",~;:;l)o 2..0'::;.)
~ ~
w~~o::i)~ oj) ~omo::i)~, eJ'J::j;:jo:i);")oj.);d) '::Jo:iv;;:JJ;;:Jo~\)j', '~Go:i
cJ ~ ~
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~ r;;;;jF
J

y"5c~J o~ii";;d~ :~~/~~~.r,;e~.

(a)
C 1 , ('1' ... , l'",
.,.J
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. ' _,.~ .... , "4':-(1':\
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(22) ~o~~,

(b) o~ ~o::i~o~:1io::i~DcS,;;e, oocSo, ('I XI + C2X~+

•• , + Ck X • -- 0 ~;:::-;\
,- ~;::-;\c;:;)
""" (' 1 -- (0 2 --
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-- ()

..:l0z.;)~,:S~ M:MO&r'::, e ~do::i~oz:J~ ~O~ "5eoj.,)

!,eo:!.
o~e"5~?; ('I Xl + C Z X~ +- . + ('10. X~
0 0 CJ<l~CS ~~~iie;';d:...
M~~~:..J) ~~\~)~e~o 0011l j~!.ii~·~ ""'oj) ~~d.) '"'~ .
...

'<A~C:: ~'\)m~d~oj.) ~1::liie}~, (2) d ~R~~ ~o:i)~ C:»)~d)o::i

Oiw~~e ~D~~ X o::i.)~~ yri~ twoo) ee".i·;;~~" ;tjooo~et:~omF\c;3.
['a~ (18)J chlO~, X o::i,)~2. Yii'l.~ c:~~c:se oe&..OI~e.'d ~oci.P.e~~oj).)
(~)d Mr:I~ ~;:lJ~cJoi;~~ ['Qld.J(17)] ~0r'J<; ;:l~~2.c Xo::i,)~~ yi1(>,)
 61

;'do::!e.lO':j~03;;r\;1 [~~) (l!))J ~oM ,M'C)~~;1 (j 1 ) Oo~ U) 0

'_,.,)......>.o.J, .. ..--'.) --'-_'~ --' ~.,)"J-<),,-, 0,.) , .... '
~RC>l:B ...;.... .)~ .lJ?,;u.) .... om":!)wO:wvR ... .)Ru) ,""w1:;1 t,·) -.;o.i!..Jo~.:l03!llh);_,\

~~:&otm::~~ ~~ t3~eci.):!e;1.

e.;0:3:Jo<")cS o::!.)<t~ ~Co::!i!Jo<.,)~oj.) ~~J..~ci ~C:s' ii)r@rl<;'.) ~j<;_'~;::;;f\

~ci~~~;1. <:.r\)m~c:f5i'(, {O} 0:.>0<.,) rI£8;;1J ~c:::<;_,o':..J~;::;;f\;;;;. ';:':&o~e

I .0 =0 o::!)~~ l:;t.O. c~~ X;c 0 ~dm. tirl aX == 0 o::!c,~':_"

a;c 0 i;jf\C)~~) ~oj.)f( X =0 ~0c:S) c.te;<)~dDo~ {Y} iir:)~

~j;j2Jo~~;j:;f);j~~z.3e~oZJ)~~\.r(
. J..
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('J?>0 coj<;_,o::J<t rlr@iiqj. ~Coj'!..Jo'i:j~ ~~rI[Q)i\';~~,j, ~Rr<l::,,;;t)d)

I:iJm115dffifl, R2~';;!:J')C::: {l,O} iir@~ ~Oc::::Jo~~03<;r\~. ~;;;;e ;:::o::!.)oj.)

d0 Jt () ' ()
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~ 03?, i;.~j'~s<) ~C)r:iI~ ~1:JF~ ilrnil(ii";)i'\ ~~. ~~iie;,~j ~~o~

::l ~) 'iJ oJ"
r'rcli{f( 'i§<il\~d ~:!..D~::";~C::). DO~) t:.;M3-RO~) mO~ e..'\)~iirc~
~Jc~e;o~1W2r\C"Le, ~1:J~iie; c)c')F~rlro DO~::Jrj~ ~Ool~ot::i03?hQ
o:.>o;;:'~, D oj) om~~-R~ z...o~,) 'U\)~ii~~ o;j;_,o~:gonf\~:;:, c~)
w
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~~ R:'~SO::J;j o:.>dd,) ~~::;iI~ ~Ci~J ~ C5"~::' ~ed..r.e~. Xl=.-:

'" 4J "'"
\X1'YI' =1) o::!.)~.2:. X~= (X2'Y~' =z) tfi'\C:O. {XI, .P} ~;j:JOz.'J~
03?{\;;S ~oljeJ~'Ii'~~Je'/~. e,,1i aXl+bX~=-O ;j)~~ a:j:.O,
t.:~~ h:/-O. a:;tO o:.>oee..l~i3'y.:~P/~. ~iI Xl.:;:; ( -_ /J/a):(';
e;o~e, xl=--(-h/a) X1 'YI=(-b/a)Y2 ;j.)~~ =,=(-b/a):].
Mf\ X 1 O~.),) (0, 0, 0) o::!y~~ (x 2 , Y2' z~) C:::::J-Re.l'e1 i.'l:~::::J if.r.U'Lo::!
oe~c:S) ~,)eo-:s. (.et ee~oo) ;::;~'e1r.:t8ii':) ~~~ ~O~)~~O-;;~ d.r.d
~
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X = Xlf,
...; ...J ) .I. " .Ii... • 5

~dwo, ~iI ciliol~M~ to~' x l = Xl t o'Yl=Y2 f u ;5)~~ 2 1 ";::'/(1'

Mii Xl-=toX~; e"o~d, X 1 _t oX 2 ., O. {A 1, X"} 2.. or:)
 62
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TJe03~ Xl 03')~~ X2 K~o) (0,0, 0) 2..1:i~ ~~ee~~;il~~OJi;I'\~Cl1,o
~"";)~ {Xl, X~} ""o~,) tJC;3?Jo~~ li£,@OJil\tl.;:;o~,) ~e~J~~.

Xl 03')~~ X!a KII,,~') .;:;dd,) ~Cldli%·~l'\c~. Xl ~,)~~ X 2 li~

2..o~,) ee"J';~e.'d ~o03.roJez;;:~o::b,) X e.mc~; '?50~e, X .~ . aX 1 + hX~,
~~ a 03')~~ b li~J ~~~~ ~o.:J:3r\'o·;I'\~.· ~~ .;:;dd') erumroc~
...,)~
el"iw)"J'O ~.Q\, ~£'@. X I :=c_ ( I, 1, (_)) . . .o,.).)"'~
'11l:i'('l)....
_, • ...;.,;J ~ ; -::i.
X 2 = ( 0 , 1, I )
f;jl"lce). eli, (I, 1, 0) 03)~~ (0, I, I) nll"i) (0, 0, 0) 2..~ce ~'d
oe~Cl~e.~~f\~Cld)~~Oo~ {X 1, X ~} i'\f@~ ~d03e..looz:J~~l'\tl. X I,
X~ ;3)~2. (0, 0, 0) l"i~ 03~.JW'5 ~~,) ffi.ReM)03 ;tjod)~e..ld ~~~crn~
x-y+z 0 el'\1:3. X,=aXI+hX1::_c.::a(I,I,O)+h
(0, 1,1) = (a,a+b,h) e.5IH:jJ~dO::l:$ X -Gi ~od)~e..ld
~)e~d)~~~).... ciRed)!,e~. ~t>J'OeO::;)03~I'I, X ~c ('\(l' )'0' zo)' ~~,)
-Gi ~O::;)~e..l~ ~)\e)~w d, ali Xo - Yo + Zo =- () ej'b~dDo~ Yo =~ Xo
+ zoo .... c:b X = XOXl + Z(lX2 ..:Jod) !%";rj)~~. XI, X~ ;::;)~~
(0, 0,0) lill"i ;::;:J'O)~;j i::l::l~') ~.r.:eM,)O::; ;tj;:b!e..ld o:3)ee5 X ~~wo
o:tr.l~, ""o~ ;tjCl~ X, ~o~o, ""o~,) 'l..:Jo~~, Xl ;::;)~2. X 2K~'
t..o~) Ge~~~e.~ ;tjooir;;ez;;:c:5oml"lc:b~Qo~) MeD.2J~Q e~.

Xl ----cc C X~ ..:JoCle.3~TJ.r.:"sv~; '?5o~e, XJ, X~ N'y~2.. (0,0,0)

Ii.,,') .::,~oe~"";)~e.~~I"\~ ..:JoQe.3~iJO~~)~d). eli X = aX I + bX~ ,-'-.
(ac+ b) X2. Mfl X, X~ ojJ~2. (0,0, 0) ~~,) ~~de~~~6,~~1\~Qe,
~ ~ ~,)ee3 MeoM,);::;o~ X -=:.= toX2 ccce.: 0. XI+ toX2 e.5rb~~.
!§e;::;~ X 2 O::;)~2. (0,0, 0) li~ ~.Q':.i~ 1:t-;~) i:Mel'\d,)~ t3e~o::lJ ~)~e3
X ~c:U) ;::;Jt)~, X oj)) Xl ;::;):;~ X 2 li~ ",o~ ee.ml~e.~ ;tjookez;;:~
o:'Jt)r\~ ..:Jcr;:',) ,W::'Je·F~~enli~~c,). ('C>~ X2:;t.O o:S,)~2.. {Xl, X~}
:..oi:::l,) '?5o:Svo~~ li£'@03O!I'\~).

~ ~e~r\(o~ 2..o~) ~~ ;tjQ~li~ r\~::l ..:~ ~e~... ~e.~ ~O~.Ret::~

~t} ~o:i ~~ M-,r~ ~ I\~ .:oc:',) ~,~,03O!t\d~e~,) .... ~ 'Z.vo~,) ~~d~,)
..;) ~ ZJ w o...JQJ
 63
<MoDil. V 2..od,) ~c;)~ ~oj)i..eJo:i:rv/'\de') ojy!2.. oj)~2.. D0'J')) e..O~J
e.;~~~t'l w:jlirn~Me'). D OJ,) 2.;0~.) ~c;)r~ eru:jlirnd t..o~

oeai<J~e.~ ;!:jooiwe~~o'J"o~ O::e3!.:j~~~~~o:i)WclO V 00)l!;:~ .:J~

~~~li'l1 2..00) ~olijo:i~ M eMe'). eli M ",",00) eru~~oj);"eJoi.'O>1\t;5,
'Ol;::;~)J.. D d)Jod ~~~F;E.le)..l~ eN~~~~ .:Jo~) 'I:1eoj))~};3.
D 00)) M ~~~ ~~;)f"~~~ .:Jo~~ ~ec;l~li)~o).

-6i1i M 2.;od) en:~~O::)i..eJ oi.'O>1\t;5 .:Jo~) Meo~ern. Xo 0:3""

D oo"%ic:;o:: ",",0c:S)
~DI:i~1\C:e'). eli o. Xo = 0 O::)~2.. 2.;od" ~c;)r~
w~ii~~ ",",00) oe~Ol~e,~ ~oo~~e~~ O·Xo e.'f\il. &:len 00'3:;" lvl
~~t;5. X O::)~2.. Y li~) M ~~de'). eli ~~,¥1, X\ ... , X"
.:Jv~li~~~ D oo)~ o::)~)
M .._ -:J
y 1, y~, ... , Y I 'Ol~ .:Je.;~
t'V'I rr>
D OO)V, M

X---('IX I + ('2X~+ ... + CIoX k 03)'i2.. y-, d, yl + d 2 y~ + ... +

d , yl e1\d:;O::o~ ~or;;l:;OO~o:~~~d). eli aX c_ (cla)X 1+ (('2 a )
X 2 + '" + (cka)X k O::y~2.. X + Y =- ('IX 1 + ('lX Il + ... + ('kX k
+ dl yl + d z y~ + .,. + dly! eli)~dood aX O::)~2.. X + Y li"'d~
D 00) om~w~dd~ ~DF~ eru~iiCCld ee~;,~~'1:1 ;;:3oo~eo:;:~li~1\;S.
Mn aX 0::)~2.. X + Y li~Cd~ M ~~;S. -6iii ( 12) Ooc:S M ",",od.)
w~~O::)~oi.'O>1\~ .:Jo~) .!eO::~r~~~e~.

~,)ee')~ o?v~05li""~~)J.. -6i ~o~~~~ ~oli~~ ~~g ~CUel:";;;:3)

~ e~. ~e%''if ( l7), X 0::)~2.: Y liq;l o::J;)~t;5e oe.ro.,~e,~ ~oo~~e~~o~),
(:?) C i.R~~ ~;;-J~eJ oo)~d:r0:5 o:'J;)~~e ~c;)~~ 0::)~2.: Y li~ oem~~X
~ooir.e'1::.C:;oi.'O>l'\~ .:Joe:::.:; ~eot,<)~i:l. Mn (17) 0::)32., (18) .:JddJd
~eo {X, Y} 0:3~, (:!) c: ~~~e3 ~~)~oj)~~ ~~)r~)~i:l .:Jed)
~ee:)~oS. ( 1 H) d~ {X, Y} ",cdJ ~dO::e.;e~~ 1irn~l'\i:lo~)O~
;Meo~~w eoS. ~ ~~)r~)~~0:3) ~~ro~li'l1" ~03)n {X, Y} liCCl~
(2) d i~~v ~O::)~oj,,~~ ~O::O~e.;) m'!r.)d~i3 ;!:j~~1i~~~ o!~eQi:3
.:Jed) ~d03tl 'If~~)~i5 ~y~2.. ~c'O::tle2..)~oj) ~z..:ro~liot,~), 2Ze~"M)~d
-a-dQ~ ~~~ ~e.rle30j) ~~~li'l1~)J.. ci~oc;)~ .:Je~J 'ZjSd03~ ~~a,,~!S.
~~e!~)!odc.l ~~~~ '~~Ii~) 'Ol~e e1\~. {X, Y} 1iCCl~~"" (2)d
 64

~Je (:'6 fo;j~~~,/( 'l...oG) e5Qtld .:JoG) ~eojJu~r'w~ c:J. ;o:;z;jr ~ ~~r\
~;-,rl~
.
;;:r?,.~,
j::J
ojJ~)
. d_
\:CJe!oeJc:Jwe~ :

~6~6: V oj) 'l...o~) e.'\)~~;j)~J M e.mcO. e3ii M ~

e·J
'Wo~) t.Jd;j~o'l.:l~~:J~ ;:!)~J_ At e~) CJ~)n:i);j 'l...od)
- d.
ifJ;'j;i(O) D oj)) M n 'l...odJ e~d~o~) =5eO"5)':;oj 12)~_; c:J.
(1-1 ) D oj)) 'l...o~) ~1:lr~./,\r<);:r:;I\~;;.., e, eii M ~CJF~!
e o:i;~;:i)m.;..... 1'\c:J .:J~J...tJ-;1i)~d) ;:i)~).
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/) 03)SC);:i ~Q~rle}
('r,

..;NOW.;. o~ -'
.))~~
M~ _0I~.
(\I ~I,NJW~
-'...!.:;.J
.:Jow) oS ..!J
'O",o.)))~{o.).
S
o~)~~ 'dim M' ~od ;!:Jo~e&~)~.e;:3.
-
M iJe!~.,
J
o~r\r':. el, ~~~ dim M = 0 o':lor:)) d5ee})~}~.

tle ~rl~,): -: ( I, U), (0, 1 ) } j\r8~ R" ~ ir;;'<iwc~·,\;';. .-.;~)

(x,y)' .\"(1, O)+y(O, I) .:Jo~ ~OT\~:XJ)ocj ;'J~,J~)~;:::;' e3C7J)d
:":>d,'; (l.fI)dO, I)} .\(1,0)+)'
rI(O)>0 R'!' ~~)F~)~il .
(0, I) _ 0 o.;Fld e, 'dii (x, r) __ n erl)~QcoC:: x 1.' '- 0;
~. .T
00:):;, {( I , ()), ((), I)} ~o;:itJo'1,j~~l'\il. dim RL-cc 2 .:Jon),
:.;::-:;~ :;:!.r\vz.:;e'5'e;~ c;od ,;e;::;JOJFt.J;!:b~.e~.
....; - J3",no~)e dim R"=-.c n .

bC~v;j)r:::: wo;.~.ll.)".~~-i,
'i) :!.> ~
~oQrI(to C2:0~wo;l'\~ ~od) ~~J'~
,- d.
~J?;eo~~.
....,
M ~ cjJ;J;0O::;e .:Jd1Z) tl'1:irOJdrl~) t...oile ;!:J0"t oj) ;!:Jc')drl~~~ iY~ot:l~
,;;;:>:::) :€.r;;eu~ve'l!3e~). t...od) ~~c;;:i~:;;_ c;2J~);::; '2...od) ~~~MoC,)n
~...) ...,) ":;.:!J ."..; ...).....J-,
-;:"O(.;~. o,,))Ow ~\VNmll)~W).

At ~Jt:lr~ e3;)mg))eo:S)o::)~E.:ln", 0, e3M M '2...0~) ~~o~ ~oi;"';)

~_eo::l);:;JF\::; ,,:Joe) ~e'li)~ e~.
~
e3(tb~~ Ii~~d
.-
;::;)~). 'QTCJ~riOl~,~
~

:tw.\ 2,J-;il, ww;;~c~fi, ~,fo~(lO~)C1' ~e~ri~.), 'Oo:l~tJ~ ;:;g)..).)~dwri<j,1.)

~)':;; 'cr-;..!':I~O ~~<: o~rI'Ii) ~~o~ eO:i;"';)o::)x:: ~o::l)~JMe;.e) ~O~ed)i(03.
__;.,J...., ~ M -

~'"~c0L:":, ~J;;, ~ ~~ '5~~ ~~~30j)~d ~~{J ~rlo::l~:;;_ ~E.:lr~ ~rili<lo::l.)n

~;::;)~~)iiff\e :J)~fiJe.;~)!e~. ';;'~ode, ~o~ ~;::;.);!/~~ zs~~~ c~o~
~C:;;i;~)j ~W;... o~ri<t7~~ ~~rolJi,~~Je!\,m ;r!::so;j)~~;l'\~.
 65

eGJolOcS ~o~~~oj)tS~ ~M~OcS) oe!~)OcS ~eMe~.

{XI, X 2 , ... , XI<} oj)) M ~ 2..0cS) e~oo:J.)Mej. eli O)O~)
::.l01i.!1i~~.. ~,:~oClO)!e;:t {X 1, X 2, .... Xk} oj~ M tJ~Jr~~tS
o::$J~~ {X 1, X 2, ... , XI<} oj)) ~Oo::$e,)O~~o:J.)l'\t:!. ~JOicSe,)~ojJ
~oli!OO)) X oj),) M tS~~~, eli X == a1X 1+ a1 X 2 + ... + akX k
O)o~) ~e~)~i3. eood, {XI, X 2 , Xk} Qi) ~cSli~~ X~
••• ,

t..oo) ~e~JC)e~ ojJtS~ ~o::ib?lJ~oj),IJ~JO). O)ddcSoj) ::.loli!oj)),

~o~d, ~oo::$t)o2.)cSOO)) ~0~;5 ~eo::$t) 2..oi3e t..o~) w~oj)tS).. 'do~,)
oo~ojJ2.)~)t:!Oi:;iH~e~J!,i3. :J~ood, X :;:",h,X 1 + b1 X 2 + ... + bkXk
O)oO~eJ~JC)~JOi.}~· ~o::$~e,)tSOocS 0 ~-= (al-b l ) Xl+(a 2 - b,.)
X2+ ... +(ak - bk ) X k 0)0i::j~1i)~t:!. {Xl, X 2 , ... , Xk} o:h
~oo::$e,)o2.)cSoj),) tSo::$)r'I a,
:=_;. hI' a,. ,-, b2 , ... , ak = hk O)ocS) ~e~.)
~i3. Mn {X 1, X 2 , ... , Xk} M ~ 2..0~) e~oo:J.)f\~ O)ot.)
ffie~~Qi).), M tS~d.)o::$ ~!03JC)o~) X ~JC)d X = alX 1 + a2 X:I +
... +ak/yk M~~~~ t..ocS) :Ol§!d WWSOO)tS~ ~oot:! 0)02.) ~e~~M
::.lo::$JdtS~CJI'\~. .a, ::.loli!OO)~)cI.. 2jJ.l1i 4 d~ w~o3JOIm;!:b!,e~ o::$,)~~
;Wli r, d~ o::$vo::$~~ ~OJCJI'\ ~oj)rdJCl~'!¥-d ~dmli)~t:I.
---------------
o?ej:;e;o~li~~~ ~ ~.j::.l~ O)od) ~~r::l~Ii~ ::.luwoj.)cS
~~~6~~d))t:I. ~t:3e,)~ojJ ~o::$r::lt~ ~~.)e0:3.) 2tS~ ~~I'\
w::loir.le1'\~'C¥JOi~)~t:I ~~~ ~d~e,)o~~ 1i~Ii~J ~.! iitil~ mMmo
\ a
~o2.))~tS~ ~t.!;!::lll::.l,)!.~.

~03F'Zi 1. 2..0cS) ~Or~li~eot:: ~~)r::.l~~ 2..ocSJ ,;lO~

::.l~)~OO)),({ yl, y2. ''', y,,} do~~li1YocS wo~cS 2..0l:l.)
;:JO~~ VeMej, D={Xl,X2, ... , Xk} 00')') Vo:3J~tS 2..ocSJ
~d~l!)o~~ 1i~;;!;)Mej. eli k s n·

,;nztiiS: .a, ~~r::l!~ (21) d 2..ocSJ ~~F ~f~d~OJCJl'\tS.

(21) tS~ ~Q~mli ~~ (20) 2..0~) ~t,)S ::lOind~~.,. ~ootS
0)02.) ::.loli!oj,)~~ w::l03JCi(l'\~~~. ~d~cl..e ~t.!~~'f\ ~rjt.S,~I'\~
9]'
 66

~d:l. {Yl, yz, ... , yn} li~~ Voj)~... ~~F'~~~dood,D

o:h~~ ~!~o~ ~O~~ {Y 1, ya, ... , ylI} ~. t..oru ~f"-J~~$.';
~O~et:tS~f\t::; wodd,

Xl = rllf l + cl,ys + ... + CD' yn

XII "" C'2Y2+ Cl2 Y' + ... + cDlyn
(25)

k >n wocS.> 'Cl~"~~~./~. ~li liJ~:lfOOJ (2) d e:3~:J.);lOo~

>5';f\~ ~~~~

clld, + C'id2 + ... + d'kdk ~. 0

C21dJ + c12 d z + .,. + c2k d k = 0

(26)

';~~I!)t..oO:l ~~)~ liO~~d~~~ ~RoOt:l. (dl'd2 , ... , dk )

OO:l:l ~o~~ t..od:l ~t:l~ t)o~d~Me). ~li dlX 1 + d2 X 2 + ...
+ dkX k = d,(c lI yl + C2 , y2 + '" + Cli YD)_ + d2(CI~ yl + c'J~
ya + ... + Cn 2 yn) + ... + dk(c'k yt + C2k yz + ... + ('Dk YO) =,
(clld, +cudz + ,'" +C'kdk) yl + (c2,d, +cudz + ... + czkdk)
Y~ + .. , + (c",d, + c nz d 2 + ... + cnkdk) yn = O. yl + O. ya
+ ... + o. yn = O. &len k > n e;f\ct}~, ~~ d" d2 , ... , dk,
li';~~, w~~ M~~liVC:f\~OO:l~oi, d,X 1 -+ d 2 X:1 + ... + dtX k =_ 0
~f\O:l~oi ~03~ ~tlt.:aS.Jd:l; ~o~o, {Xl, Xli, ... , Xk} OO:l
t..oru ~~t)o~~ li~~f\t~. ~~ k:s; n Q. E· D. wocS.>
!e~F'(J~:l!.e~.

~oO~ ~;:lFitlt~ ~d~t)o~~ li~rW~~ '~O~:l;:l' ~~~

~od~oI,. "ml)!.1!l .

•
... , XC}
~,.I$. 2. V @~~;s t.. oq:l ~d~t)Q~l!n~il$ {X J, Xli,
~Mll. {Xl, X2, ... ,X } ~oC:: ~~F'~~~ erllt)~~~~
 67
M ~MO. V oo)~:$ ~od M ~~ 'aROO)~ t..o~ :10!!$~ X
~MO. ~r( {Xl, X2, Xr, X} t..O~ ~d~e;o~. r(t'Q0T0l"~.
~"ar#1S : clK 1 + C1X 2 + ... + C,l" + cX == 0 ~"oO.
c:rc>~ C1 = Cl = ..• "'" Cr = C = 0 wOO~ ~tO~!.t;!. C:;t:O ~"dQ~'
X e~~ ~la.t40. . ';g0~ .

• wtcd;) ~e;~r(~ {XI, X2, ... , xr} ~ t..o~ ~emae..'!

~Oc&aet:~cir.>"tS; ~dQ 000 M ~~~. wG~r(~ M ~~~. ';gO:)
t..0~ ;J~eQi~~OTol"t3. c:rc>~ C = 0 ,;:)o~ .!t;:mF'~~!.e;!.
';goOod CIX +C2 X + ... +CrXr =0. {Xl, X 2 , ••• , X'} =0
I 2

(X 1, X2, X') wo~ru~t3. t..o~ ~d~e;o~a r(t'QOTolM:)~dOod,

C I =C!I = '" =C, =0 ,;:)o~:)~M~e'!): ~l"ic1r(~e C1 -C2'" ••• =Cr
= 0 wod,) ~~ tr.leO.t4~p~; ~od~, {Xl, XI, ...• X} t..oO:) xr,
~d~e;o~a n~~,,~. ,Q. E. D.

V 00;):) ;z;lo~r(~ t..0~~· ~eF'~ n~Ood ~~F"~~~tS woOl

~)O!c~o:Jc)" '!~Od)OToln~~, t..00~ ;z;lO!!$ ~~;)~ V crl} t..otil t1'\)~
~~;)~crl;) ~t?O~~~.... dt&:1)~ t..od:) tlt?~~~~ • Wd~ ~~F' ~t
r(~~ 'lfJt.rl~~;!. {yJ, Y 2 ••• ~, yn} r(~~ V~~.... tl~F';z;lO
~,);~,M oj,),) Vcrl) UM~~ W~~~;)~ ~MO. ~~~c$)~ 2..0~
~M~~ ~O~~ X ~MO. {X} ';g0~ M ~~... tltl)F'~dd, ~rt {X}
t..ed) .~~oir.>n.)~tS. .~,,~O~~, Xl=X~MO ;j)~..J {Xl}
~eO ~tl)F';z;l~~ w~;z;l~~~61crl~~~c$)~ M ~~c$)~ t..o~ ;z;lO!'J~
X2 ~MO. ~n, ~~F'~~ 2 000, {Xl, XII} oj)) M~~c$);7$
t..o~ ~d~e;o~. rt~~"t3. {X 1, X 2} M ~~F"~d~, ~n
~.
e50) M ft t..otil t19~d~"tS. m,,~ooQ d, {X 1, X 2} tlOd
~tl.)F';z;l~~ t1'\)iI'$;z;l;l)~eJcrl.)~ X 8 ~~Oc$);7$O., X3 ~~~ M ~~ ~oti,)
OO~~.)~~.)~. ~zScrl.)~ M ~ t..0~ 6~d~~~ t$d~;)~o~.,.
.!'!(~, ~ oe.!~~ ~);)O~~Ooj~~t;!. "ad~~ lI!etl '''~,)
~ e;!? n tld;7$e;.o~. ~~7i~"oi ~mw" ~~O~~ m~~o:J
 68

ttSd03~crl~c:$~ ~03n:$z. 1 ~Jdti~~~ es~e ~~~crl,,~~; M e;~,)J,.

~:l"F"~Od~~ {Xl, X 2, ••• , xr} o:$~,) M ~~~03 't..or;:i) ~d~vo~~
Tit'Qlo::rclf\~Q d,
Tit'Ql~~d~~ ~ObTi..~ ;::jO~iloj,)~~~ ~d~vo~~o:$~~~
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-at Of.!o:$"e)
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T J,.
~~o:$.)'Z!$e~o~
W

!e~F"~;::h~" e~.

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't..or;:i) ~el!l ;::j~:;~03')') V ~"~2.. V o3.J 't..on) esM~~ w~
;::jO:::.)~eJo:$.).) M e.1"cC. !!jTi ~OF~ ;::jo~iloj,) ;::jo~Ti~on =e!..r.tA~~
't..o~) etjl?JdO:::~"" M ~OO~; ~o~d, M 0:$.).) ~OF"~ !!jom,
~ecrl)~f\i!l. ~~e ~~~, M~ oiJ""Ol~~e ,.)d~ tltjl?JdTiIlj:; ~~e
;::jo~~ ;::j013Ti~~~ ~oOQ~03.

:llDQcS. -atTi ~ ~~:;ero.)c:l ~Re3ro) me~'!i!03.JdOn~~\,,~n)

tr\)~~~~d,.~ ;:;W~L;t.,~}~. ~ roe~'f1o::i.).) ~~F~Z. 10 ~om~')o::rclf\~.
Dl D2 Ti"d~ M'fl etjl?JoTi1iClf\CO. uTi DI ~~~ ;::jO~TiQ,;i
O::::)'~~
;::jo.!1~~:;, V o:$.)~:) ~:l')FM"O::: 't..ot::l) Tit'Qlt::lGO:;O::: ;::jO~Ti..~ ~o~""o~
-v d,. M ~
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Tit'Ql~"I:S. ~n®e D~ 't..od.) ~OF~ rlt'Qlo::rclf\l:S. D1 , M ~~~
~~F";::j)~1:S o:::~~~ D2 ~r03vo2,j~o:Jt:f\~. e.;1, 000 D2 ~~m~ ;::jt:J!'JrI~
;::jo~vc::.b:;, D, ~~d:;O::: ;::jo~"o~ ~d""t::l~. M e~~ D2 ~:J,:F";::j,,~t::l
Ood ~.)~~ D, ~dO:::vo~~mMJ~~Oo~, D,~~d~O::: ;::je~Ti~ ;::jo~oj,).)
D2~'{ddJ;:1 ;::::O~T\O~ Md", t:!~. (\l~~ Dl ;:;)~~ Dz Ti~.) ~~e ;::jo~oj,)
;::jo~rI~~~ ~oo~ ,.)00,) .!e~r~;::j)~e~. ~t::l" ~~~ec:S.) f> d
m~~ro:;~i ~t'QlF'~~;::j.)~C5. Q.E.D.

\3e"rl"~: Rn ~OF"~ uom:l.)eoilmT\d.)~~Oot::l ~~ ~ROU

~c:S.)o;t.,~... ~~ ;::::oTi!oircl~, R ~ om,~.:le w~;::::~,,~o~ ~R~
~OF"~ ~o:iJtl~JeoiJ~MJ~t3o~ .!e~JO)F~;::::')!. e;3. Mfl [\ n~ 2..od,)
w~~~~~~~ (es~~ o~~~~t:!c.r.> ~OF"~ tloir.lO:::;)~ ;::::~~
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 €9
:J~C~~~~~~. '¢I~~~ ~~e~ :::'~liqj~ o:m~eJ~~c;!). '1..0~ el:jJolo
~~~ ~~~ ~emJ~M ~O~~!otaoj~~ ~de) e1 e;tl:jJolCS~~clJ~ ~O~li~
~o~oj~~ t3ed om~r:.le e;t~d~~d~~ ~o~~ ~;j~mf\~ ~o~J ?,f$c;:$i;
o;i)~~do. (~~~ecd~ [») l:¥~~~~d.

~o1~eoj~ !) d ~e)~ ~~e)~ ~Om;:$~li~~ 'if"~/'\~o.!o1 :

V '1..0~ tJt:)F~ e1om~~~ ~;:$~~olJ"';)Me). V o:.b r...o~:.

(27) WaG~;j~~oo~~ U e;tMe). e1li dim U $ dim "'-. U, vrt
'1..o~J OO)J~ waG;t;!;jJ~ e1r\1 d, e1li dim U < dim V.

D 00:.:. n ;tJt:)!5liv.;!~~... i:t'~oo~wd ~~~~~ V ooJ~)do. ~:::'~F.1.t::k~ ,

(~H) e1li dim $ n· dim ,.,--= n e1Me)~, e.1li D '1..00:.
~d;:$e)o~! lirn~r\d.

D OO~J n ~~~Ii~~~ ~oOd:.~ V ')3~~dJ;:$ '1..0~~ ~d;:ie.lo~~

(2\1) Iirnm/'\~wd, e1li dim V ~ n. dim V .-cc- n e1T'\~eJ,
D (0)) V oo,)~)do. tJ:JJF~,)~d.

(27), (2H) ~J!2.. (2H) d m~~li~~;,_ ~~~~lit'fl ~Ci!m/'\~.

(2H) ~J~20 (2~1) 0 ~f';~Ii~~ ~~OO~IiII;l~ z.:1i~ WaGOO)~!m/,\;j.
~~o~d, dim V ::: n e/'\~ e ;:iJ~20 D 00:.') n ~G:)~liqj~~ ~~oQc',);j
'1..o~~ lirnm/'\~w d, e1li D oj~~ '1..0~ ~~~O (L~de ~~;3e ~o::iJ
(:j~Fb~~~~'If~-d/'\' D ~~ V OO)~~ ~:J)F~~~d ~o1::,j) (21;) e;~~~
D oj.)~ tJd;je)o~!~r\r:.l ~o~~ (2H ) ~eo,.c::::Cj ;::r;)'l!).

WWcl~OOili~~;,_ o:S:'! aGcez.~m. ( I ) c~, aGO~oii-;

~~~~~OO)) e1om~ 2~~ lt~oOd, ~de ~~)OO)~~, (il) ~~Jn (I) 0
~~ ~~~CC'Ql:i~), (4) d ;!,)e~ '~~e.lo~;tJ,)~~' wo~ 1teqj:.~;:.
;:mr'l~)e (r») d ~O~cli~ ~~J~OOJ) ~om~) 1 ~~ ~~oO.:s; ~o~d,
~~ z-= 1 woO~~'!F~~~~~oo~, (0) Ood ~~o:S ;tJC~ (- j, l, 1)
7ildOod ~~F~~~ w~;tJ~~~rH:3. (f» d ~~d:. ;tJ~~drnK\~.),
 70

(6) d wOci') ~do:St)o~'i ~~~O~71~ oS,)e~ '~o:lt)o~~~~~.' (7) d~,

1I0(f;&id71~ ;::lo:S')~cm,) 0 e:3~~~ zMoO~, et5e ~o:l,)OO,)t:::~ O::~t:J,)
;::l:mJ~d~71~JiI '~d;it)o~~' iJiJ1'I;:S. ilk ;::lo&.loQrl~,) (~ot:::i3, ;::l:mJ~d~
li~ 'eo:St)o&.l~' e"qSiJiJ • ~do:St)o&.l~' o:l,)'i~ 'Z.!~o'dli~ ;::lo~vli~~ ;::l~tl
mruo:S ;::lo&.loQli~), '~do:St)o~'i' ;::l~~d~71~ ;::lo~ o:S)'i~ ~O~d71~
;::lo:SJ~.J) ;::l,)t)ft1iJiJf\ ilkli t)ft1~:ld,)o:l lSO~~ ~rl~ot::: jI;O)~ ZJ;::l~ dz.;~~.

oll&i~\l'IJ (2) d ~1l(.tmt)~li~tS~, RS tS~d,)o:l ;::Jo~li~o~ :S~iJiJT'\

oiIdet.4;::l~~tS.J: ~ct)~cj) ~~ mt)~"", ~O!')
(- 2, 1, a) doi,
wdci~cm ~~ mt)~... (2, - 1, - 3) ;::lO!SCo~, o:S~d;!scjJ ~ci(.t mt)tS)J._
( - fi, 3, V) wo~mf\ ~Oli(M&.l®~. ilk o:l~d) ~d..emt)li';oC
~OJ,)r;::l~~ wtJ;::l.:b~ M e:3M!l. ~ WlS;::lo:l)~~ ?..oC) e:3GWd~
n
p, - j, - e:3T'\t5 woC) ~.!m:O;::ltlCl71J~C,). (1, -1- n"-
l
( - 2, 1,3) ~M,)~t:lOoc M ~ (l, - ~,-!) tleOt:J,)~d~~ ~eru
~ e~. ~~ ~~t5 ( - 2, 1,3) = - 2 (1, - ~, - !); (2, - 1 , - 3) ..,
2(l,-i,-~,); o:5,)!~(-G.H,!I) '"-- -,,(l,--A,-n ~r!. M~
( - 2, 1, 3), (2, - 1, - a) o:5,)'i~ (- (j, 3, tI) 71~ dr £le crlJ ~oo3..r.(~~
omT'\~o:S om~~e ~O~~, (1, - -h -~) 0:;) de:lje~ ;::loo!r..e~~o::l~
UT'\t5. e:3t:::')dOot:l

( 30) (4) d ~l!')JiltS~ ~G(.t mtl,), ~odd, {{ l, - h- n}~ M ~

t..o~ e:39C'OiJiJI"ICS.

"~l"ItS oll&i~.tcm ~zt ;:;Clt),)71~od ;>:;U~~o:S R 3 tS w~

;::lo:S~~r.lo::l),) MJ t1M!l.

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'at:i~ (f)) 0 ;::!a5ruca~rt~ o:m~"~I'\c3. ~;;3 (32) ~~ "~n b~

t:ioi ;::!o~~~~ o::mcifJa5~~.

[~ ! -1 }
'a~ (6) 0 ~~ruca~rt~ o:m_.,j"o:u;,l'\c!. (33) 0 ~ci~~~11\'ot:i
~~~F'~~};l)~ R:1 ~ wll;::!~.)~ N ~I'\dO. M. = N .;)od.l ;$~_~
{ (1, 0, ~), (0,1, -~) } 00).) MI ~ ~00~ ~ijri)O~l'\tS wot:i)~!
mO;::!~ru~O). "1
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.
t..od.l ~;;.J erio:h~)~
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~ ~ ~
(il2) d bd",mt))rt~ ~oO) dem\.~ ;::!Ooisile~~~lOd ~!m>qlL~~
ml'\i:3. M~ (33) d ~!~o~ e.;ti~,;we;", (a2) d ~~~.)rt~
~00) de.:uCl~~~ ;::!ooisile~~ ~1'\c3. ~~ M. ~~ N 'tI~ woC;::.)
!eo:mF'~;::!)!.e~. ~rt (:13) d ~!oisilo~ ~ci %;;)~, (32)0 esa
me;)rt~ ~od.l Cle.:u'CI~e,~ ;::!o~e~~~I'\~ wod.l r(~~~~e~.
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"&~~~ ~eo~1\ ir.leo;::!z.l~')d.l e.;q$~ (iH~)"~ ~1l" mej~ ~O~,)F'r("-!
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1:3ocS) r(~)~~!ol~d). 'a0~<A. ~e~ ~cieTtlru~~o~ AAe~fti.
(;32) Oo~ (i~a) ~~ &d-a;::!e;), "~I'\~ ~0"~~F'r!\i~<A.' (:12) 4.0
:5 oir.Iel'\M . .;)dti~t esti me;~~.. - 2 000 rt)~,. 'Z...)odd~) ~od"t
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a -. ~ ... " .
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~I'\~ ~O~~~F'"~~)';' ~j~~,,~)~e;!. dr.ov~e ~.)~ wdti~t ettla
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 72

(a4 ) UI;~) ~em~ ~~05M~c:3 e1.j'R~O ~d~ mwii~-) Ml n t..oz;5)

e;if8d~f\03.

(;1;-,) dim R3 -'C_:; dim M, + (32) d ~R(\i'v ;;o:::)~oj.)

~om~).

i5i11 N'<J;j1'"' .yd o;~~o~ritJ(\i'~ 'IS'~~~iiJ~{j.).

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A oj) e.;~ me..;.;;l1b"oC ~~)I'"';tj~~ Rn (\i' erulJ~;j;;~om1'\~. .es
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~~..t m~~:,_" A oj;; 'ii1e..l~ e5~ ;t;j.,e..J,)ii~ 'Z..o~ oem'!e,~ ;tjooo.r.,e~(S
~)oO lJ,~;t;ie) L~)~~Oo~ B o:j~ A ~;;o~ &d~d B ~ ~~ ~C~
J~ a
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~~j ~tlS mC~ l$o~~.)F'~~') l$,~e"~J~~oo~ B ~;;o~
B 11 'Z..oc:b
a 01.. ....
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e;d -m~11 ~~~~iitdood B ~~od A ~d-a-~~~ti)). A oj,) ~zi
a ~

~~~ ~~~~oj~ B oj,) ~zia~~~ ~~,)l:.l~ojJ~ t..~~o~~ ~odJ

.;e;:!,JeiF~~m~)~dJ. ~d Ood A ~J~~ B.~~~ t..o~~ ~d m~~
w ~ ."
~;:!)~crl)~~ rf.ROOoS. ~OF"~~1'\ (32) ~~ (33) d ~aamlD~
~;:!:l~)n~~~ ~:m~o~m eNti~eMJd ~~~d m~F'.!.Je~d~Ood
~ ' "
~~r.~ ~oEJ~ ~doj,);)!o1;3. '

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(::Ii) ~O~YIJ"'d ~llammiit,;! ~tm~~~~ ~it)" R ~ ~o~"tA
~~J~~ ~oe~~~.n~~.}~. ~rl A ;;;;)i_:. R n~" ~or3(
e~ct~eJ~ ~~;)~~0:3;)~~ ~oed.

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~Q$;)~o:$.) 6· A C~JJ mX nd t..od" oild~

''lj
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en ~~~ (A) + ~~~~i (A) = n.
~Qca. A Q~:) ~llctme)~ ~~:J~~11 t.od,) ~,)~~ A 0:3;) ~~~
~;::J:'~l1 t..ot~b ~GJcH::l~~~ ~~~~J~od o:5J.r.,e.l'ff ~~ t.oO;) ~9~
cj)~~ ~e;:!e.:> oe:o~e~. 03~0e,»), t.odJ ~o'dJ~~O e;~ mw"rl~
~em~~13w ~~:5 R 11, A ooJ~~ e;~ ~~~ ~o~;)~~ olJ.Itao.'
~~o~~ (3u) 000, A ~J~~ R rlt,;!J t..o~e e;llame)~ ~~;)~®~~
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cfueJoo~ ~o~ .!~o~Q e03. R ~ tidrl~e)
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~
R ~ i esaa m~~e)d;);:! 03J'i1~~ ~1!JJ'iI~_Q
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 74
~~~eo:!~ '2 Oo~, M~~~ (A) = 0 ~ru~~OorZ n :rwq)~ (A)+ =
M~6i (A). r <n e.1f\~e, Up U2' ••. , Uno, rl';~, ~dl~o:h 20~~
;:5o~ {Xk I' Xk2' ... , Xkr} rl<~ ~~M~~ UC1ao'llrlq,nl\otJ. t1:.s
~M~O!;)rl u
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1 C tSe3o~~~) ~~~j_ U, ~~ aj~ f.!~o;i)~ "~6.3~.... 4.. eJ'
~d.a~'If~o~ ~~~ Xs ejt\dO. r;<lrl 1 d (38) ~i W~OiMM
X, ~ ~!ld tJdF'~l'J~rt~~~ rtr2~t:·c;ru~dJ.

(:HI) {Xl, X~, ... , X"-'j r:~~ Ao:JJ t~~t ~;:5.)':Jn ~oCl
~~O~I'\~.

l3e"rl~l). ~ ~~)eoj)~ ~~~ojxl 'a~d~ ~~Mo~d,);:l

m;SF!; ~:!oJJ') e.,Ot)~J d- f~):!oiJ(S~ erooeJJolii>z:JZJ~m~M, ~..Jo:!JO
;:; ii""'" "'- W

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~em~~1.5 M~~ ~O"J2J;:.iJ~rjOod, A 00') ~Ga me':l~ ~05,)~/~
~~ ~oOJ e5~d;-J~~ &O-&~t.la:l)OJ. ~ ~~~eorj A 00) ~~~v
;:s;s~~n '~d;:$llO~~' e.10~~r:..~ ~o~~(Si ~~F"O~~ ~~~ru~e03.
f.5o.so, ~rl 1 d~ ~~ f!v~d r:,)Oo:J~ ;::fx 'aO( emg2.' (iJH )d~~
~.!~o~ XjOOJ,) ~~0J<)f\ '~mF't;J$' ~r:;~o'li Uj If ~~,)r0f'&J<)rlJ
~~. (iH;) Oo~ ~~13 ror\~)~dJ ~~od:3 A OOJ M~~ ~;SJ~ o:SJ~
X 'aOe.JJ Up U2' ... , U n . r Ii~n ~e3Ii~~~ ~~ttJ~dOot::: :J'ff~'lio:J.lf\
~OO ~iZF'e~'liIiq;!J tJ9FO~~~/~ ~~ A crlJ i~~ ~;:$)~o:$J~ X
~d)~~ oJ ot:::.) , (~7) ~~~ (~~) 0 ~O~~F' ~otiJ m~~crl)~~
b~~~rtt;n ~~~nf\iZ.

~ ~O~o1:Jr:~~~ R3~rf!, ~c'.r.~~~rn. (0,0, 0) ~tl'li

il3~m ~md)~ ~ot:::.) de~ e;tf)m ~oti,) ~;SJiv~ M ~I\dO.
M :J;:$O~e.J) €S~t23ml'\ ..Jd~ ~~~rt~~~ ~~o~~Q f~. M ~~.)""
~:,))F'~J05 ~~13rl~ ~oc:b Ii~;::~~ ~tf)~ M Mrt xlo5J~o:mI'\OJ;so.~
~:m'lic~li~ ~oti,) 1i~;S~~ lJ~dtJ~~. ~~ ~!xlo5J\)~ ~tlJf)'dct't
 75
n~c3~ j~~~-adt5, ~n ~~ M c3 ~o~~! ~o!~ :l~~c:$~~J..
i!.31!~~~e~. ~n~e ~~ ~:l~F'~~~ n~~ ~d~vo~i~MtSeio~
-arAe,),"od, M c3 ~o~ 'e! ~o!~' :>~d~~c3~ Md~~~e~. M c3
~om~~ + M e~J.. ~~o~v~ tSe".,o ~~~0 ~:lJC)~d~n~ ;sb~~~~
om~nv.r.J ~~ro R 8 c3 ~om~;) ~T\~ wo~ i!.3.)~;)to:.b () ~.:h~
mf~,)~ tS. Mn M ~o~ oe~omT\o 0, ~~ M ,",or;:$.) ~elleo~
""' Q
':_i7'\d::Jo:=I 2."o~ e~dOod ~l¥~ ')dQI) ~~ivn9 ~eo~~od;) ;)~O~
z.;oj::JL:l.). M 2."od,) ~~iV~T\dQ d , ~Ii M ~ ~od;) ~~~
~d~.) ~O~Ii~od ~T\~~tS.

~o:l,)eoo,) (i, (37) ~i~ (38) Mtl~ tSd~ e~~~ ee3odaj~~;)....

~oe~. ~~ -a~1i9~ ~V~c3~ 1i~;)~Met1. {Xl, Xli, ... ,Xk}
cfuoO (J:l:lF~~e.~ Rn~ eru:s~~~~oi~ M ~T\ct,.:)or:;) 't;U~~~~!P./~.
m1 M ~ e.1om;$;)~e~,)? :Jfo~F:St 1 Ood, dim M ~ k .:;)o~
~~lJ~", e~. -a~ ~o~ ~~~e~~~... ~o3.MT\m~e~. A oj~
k x 11 o3Jcl~l!)~cmM.o, ~co i ~t e'damv:) X i~ ~e.nt'.l'!!rt\\o~
ef\t:. ~~ i ~ 1,2, ... , k, ~n A ~ ~d mOt:l ~~,)~J~::';) Mef\'C!..
• a ~

Mrt ~t:l (A) =" dim M.

M ~ 2."oz;:b ~~d~~~ ~en ~o~~cec:$,)2Jl5S:l~? -ad~ eru~o
~e;,) (iJ7) ~~~ eru~oir.lef\,,;ieJc)~~d:l. A ~~~ 2."o~ ~em~
~~oj ~~fJ Rn ~o~,)2J~~e~. ~li R~ e5~ml),)li~,) A 00')
~d..t mOt:l ~~,)~ o:ir.ld M ~ 2.,,00;) ~ztlCld~T\~.

'a !:Ie io~~~J.. -acSJ..dtl;) i!.3A,..n~~J.. w~~ wi!.3o~eT\;::j

t)~ru. Rn~~ X -adO ~;)i2., Rnc3~d:l~ ~o~n~ 2."o~ n~~
{XI, X:l, ... , Xk} ~MO. {Xl, X2, ... , Xk} 00,);) (Jd~vo~i
Q3';;T\~oS,)e? {Xl, X2, ... , Xk} oj.) ~oo,) de.mie.~~ooir.le~~~
X~T\~~e? ~ovcSe ~~J..oo')~~ eru~o~v~, {Xl, X Il , ... , Xk}
~;)od ~~F'~~~ eru:S~~~oo')~ M~MO. ~n t8e~v {Xl, X 2 ,
... , Xk} ~ ~o~ ~d~tlo~i 1i~~T\t:l"d ~~, dim M =K
t1T\ro~t'J. [(28) ~~J..' V=Mt::~~ ~a~ D= {Xl, xz, ... ,
X k} d~ eru~~~MoOJ. ~(~ dta~~~ ~i\)'lfoo~~ A ~T\dO. e;;i
 76

dim M ~- ;::;'"'~~ .(A) M~ {Xl, X 2 , ... , X"} ~. f..~~ .~d~

l!oil~ 1ire~f\c3o~~{ ~02..:Jd;':,~ ~~F"O~W, ~~ Xl, X!~ , .. , X~
n-Iuple 1ie;~ ~~ ~mi1\~M~;:i o:m~ "oj~~.,. ~L~~fo!. .es
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M~ R ~ ;:::otj~fJ~~~
. ~
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'lfe~tl :::;:J~ ~ (R) == K e.mc d ;:!.j,\~
Q
~~~ ~d~vo~3~"~~r3.

~d~~e ~~ 0:3)~~ w~o~'V~, I XI, ·XlI, ... ; Xk} ~od

~:J~F~~~ W~;:.3~~~O~~) MeJ1'\d() o:S:l~~ {X ,X2, ... , XkX}
1

~od ~~jF";:.3~~ W~;:.3~:l~eJ0:h) M, e;l'\c!>; eJl1 M,~ W~;:.3o:S:l~rm)

M e;ii)~dood, dim M 75 dim M [(27) Ood). Mr:j~ X
~c:J ~o~~ O:(~~~d..r. 2..0~e, {XI," X2, .'" Xk}~:l de£leoo)
~003~{~rSOj.)) X e;t.\~ ~od) ~ee;l~~t:ir;l 2..or:le. e;dd M ~o X
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~~ 0, ~ii M. ~~d~;::; ot~~~e ;:.3t)1t~ M c5~O~)~ ~ru~~. '!¥e0:511.)
M;; M·l e;1'\~d o:S~~)' f XI, X~, ... , Xk} 00) d{.m:!&.,~ ;:.300~e
t:.~0:3):l X e; M)~~. 0:5)! I :2 7 ) c5)~ wtio:~m;;dd, ~t:IR ;:i):!2.,
dim M = dim M, ~cd) i:l5ell})~r:'.R 2..oC::Se mrd. ~ii m:~ ;5)fO~
:Jz;R~;:j~~ eNoojciGm~z.:ti)d:l. X i O~)) i ~f ~d<.4 ;::wmr'\~o:S k x n
t:,r.J"~\f!o;.) A {jncO. i= 1,2, ... , k, ~r\dQ d X 100)) " ~e ~~~
~

ml1.)?M~o:i ;::;:l~~ X OO~:l (k + 1) ~e eG~ ;t;;)mncbo:S, (k + 1 ) X 11

~~\;jo:3:lj B e;1\ct). ;:;i"? c5 (A) = ;:;j"? ~ (B) ~d d ;:!~~,
~ ~ ~ Q ~

{XI, X~, ""Xk} ~dd 2..od~ dfm~e,~ il:iociMt:~oj~:l X e;ii)

~iS. ;;".)r!odd dim M = ;:;j"?",~ (A) ~~~~ dim M, = N,&cS (B). ~ii,
Coe~ A ~il;g~ B ii~rS~ il:io~:J~il:i"~dood ~dd($f ~~ oj:J~~ tN~o~'
~i55~~).

""a1X 1+a2 Xll + ... +ak Xk e.11'IdJo:io-J ~~:J~.

~oM X
~o~ii~~ ap a2 , ... , ak ii~~~ 501lJ~ldoj~23e~1'\~d ~:J~~, ~~
~~~~-d0~ ci~?J ~~:Jl$d23e'd~. ~~ 2..o~ eJ\)~~oodrBoo:lJ ~moj:J~.
OjC)ii~~iS. Xl =(il, I, 2), X 2 "" ( I, -0, 0)· ;:J~:j~. X"",
(1, 2aO, t)e.:11\d~. ~ii X = aX l + bX ~~1\1:j)tioj N"i;S~~d~, a ~:J:j±.~
h iie;!~~ ~~fO;:.3~J ~&t~e.",ru~dJ. ~dJ r!~t'I~ ~:m>"dd~rl~ ~i)05
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A ~,),) 2..o~,) m x II ;m~\,jclr.>l'\Oe). tfrt 2..o~ ~",C~)o~~

'" ... ."
e~.!~.)~ A c::b 2..od,) ~~i3mt)~~ Rm~~'d.)~ 2..o~ ~o~~~.oo~
~~'5e~2J".bd.). A ci), ~e\lmCCiS ~~~~ ~rt, A oj,)
~HJmtl.)rt~od ~::l')F~~~ Rm ~ ~~.)~ojJ.)l'\r;3 ~.)'i~ A oj,) ~e\l
jllJ'iCCiS m~CiS~ .e. ;tJ~~oj,) ~o:m;l.)~I'\r!!. Z.),)OO~ ~rt~~' ;tW'IJ~
(A).~ 4 crl:l ~~Um~~ m~~ wo2J ~~out e.:t~oj')F'~dmd ~o,,!c:h~~
~~o~,)!.e;S. .e. ~OffiO:'i.)~ ~;s,)ecrl:l I)-Q-.J0~~ ctutiJ w~oj,)~~
0:),,1'\ 1:5 .

.at ;Ertd~ ;:j~~d~rtt;l 2..oi:;l.) ~~')~,,~ ~?3~d ~OJ5';)di~

~o:l)~eJoj,)~~ ~Qe'loj)~ ~~1:5};S. t...o~,) ~~~')¥"~ ~:3~d 'WI':
~~)? ~ ~~o1i~~~ z.,od,) ww';)~d~c3~~i3 ~;:lo~r!.e~; ~~old
;:;"o:lF~~ ~Ol·f~~.)1it;l~~ ~~~.)~e~. :5e}~~ ~~~~~;.. ~o~e~~ne~,

2x+y-iJz=1
. (l)
( ',,'
'~' .'x
~ + 4)
..10)
')
~y--zo~,

x+Y+z=, 1.
(il!J) d ~tt~~ ~~'!1oj.) ;:jo~.)ut~~.)od ~tJ/\~ ;il-;}~~ eJ'\)oh~1i)'
~r;3,

1 ° -4
( 40) ° 1 f) OJ
1 .
[
,
°. 0 0 o
~;3.)ec~,) :1 ,Ood (n\) )If.J ~Omd1it;l~~ . ~OQ~ e~ •. o:J,,~~ml'\
2..0~ ~Ocilil:h~'t!0!
u
a'lut ~odd (4, -4,1) ;l.)~~ (0, 1,0) Mr'l
(;w )'IJ-d ~b~dii\'i)l'\~. ~dd ~t5e ~;l.)~d~ (4, - 4, 1) +- (0, 1, 0)
= (f,
~ 3, 1) I t...o~ ~Oa:wdOli)l'\~;, ~Ow:>diitj,) i.od,) w~;r:S~,)~
o;h~~ cnL;¢~~... ~~drt~,) t...o;!,) df~oj;)~~' ~o:1~P3ml'\
~:.. ;:j;)~~. ,~~~
, . . .as r.5f~oj;),) (°20, 0) ~~tJ~ ~d.) ~.t.ler:b~~~.
78

meffil~rl!d (4, - 4, 1) - (0, 1,0) = (4, - f), 1) ,,"~d 0:5r3:!~~~

'fNn~ ~~)~! ~oCJ5'1f-d 2.uo~) il30iIWdo:J.)1'I~ .;)o~)~~~ rI~~~O,

~x+ Y- 3Z~O
(41 ) :lX+:!y- 2Z=O
X+ y + Z = O.

:Jo~e~Jo:J.)r\, (41 )~-d (~, - ) 0, 2), 2.uO~) il30~do:J.)l'\~ .

... ~~~ (4, - 4,1) ~,)!2.. (0, 1, O)~.; ~JOIcaM. ,,"~Oo~ ~~.)o:J.)1'I
( I ~, - 14, X) ~)~~ (l-i, - H, 2) 2.lCb~ ~ ,,"03d~ (i~! I )'If-d il30CElo
rI~f\o5'. m;jF~~o:J.)l'\, (n!I)~-d ';)OlZ) il30o:<Jdrl~ ;:'~:s~~~ (41 )~-d
t.,o~) ~O::nOmnz::l ;j)~2.. e:9z::le ~;jJo::SJ~~ (R!I)O 2.uo~) ~OMd ~)!~
(41)0 ~O~) ~e:;:-;d ,,"~rI~ ~.R!.~ C:~!I )~-d 2.uo~) ;r3o~d~~,)~
~.R~!.z::l. m;jf~~ ;e)~o~~ ~11,;<l'\tl. ~~I'\~ ~...sli~-d o:J;)~tle
o.)oti) il30~drl~)

Allx, + A t2 X2 + ... + A1nxr• = Yl

A,\l X l + A Il2 X 2 + ... + A2o x,. =}'z

A ll x 1 + A 12 X l + ... + A10x" ~0
A~IXI + A Il~X2 + ... + A~"xo 1c 0

~C.r. e5~~ (42) 0 2..o~J ~o~d ~y~~ (4:3) 0 2.uo~ ~O~d

~~rle; ;i.~!.~ (42 )'f¥-d t..o~ ~Omd~~~ 'tfJOl!lJ!,z::l. 1O~eo~
~;j,)r'( (42) e5~~ ~~~,);j 2.uo~.) OJ9<;~~ &ao::S:..:J!.~. ,,"r:) ~i1
~ d~ 'lfJ&~ OJ~~~~ .;et~d~~~drl!d .... id ~id.)~i1";r'( M~f ,y
'dd~~ru!.t:3. (42) ~~ ~r.~e.N, ~JOIC~ (42)~.. 2.uo~,) il3Cimd
~~~~ (4:J)'tf1 ~~ ~t;.~~Orlt;'~4A.
.. ('rJ
~O~)~~~:C). t;;,-( /42) 0 t5ei3
\ .
 · 79

O:,J.)~ee ~C~C~~.)"- (42) d ~OF"~ ~Ci:t~d~~tI.. (4i~) d cm~m~

~om ~o~c!tf.e ~~~~~~oo~~~doj.).)~d. ('~c:b oz....o~.) ~;:J;:S.),,~~
ele.m~~ e.;~~tJ~ ;::j~~dCQI~<t! ;J;W~F" ~ ~ ~CCf3<)d~~~ ~oli,)~~ :;j y) 0:;
03~iU :J~~li~e3~Mom7\~, ~~ m~ m;:;F".!)~ ~O~d;:SC:;~. 'Wot::)
~~F~ ~Ocrwdo::l~,)tI.. ~o::l.)~:!i ~:ilmC:: mO:::F"~~ ~O~C~.e ~~:;;~:~~
Oo~ ~od.)OJr.ecj,)2.l~')C::.). )

m~F" .!)~03;)t'\, V oj) oz....:d) W~~~J~/xj)) U ~7\~}3 ;:;J~2.

V oj)~dJo::l ~o:il ;::j~!l~ X ~t'\~d, ~li .;)~ ;:J~~rN ;::jo~~ X + y.
~c:I~~ x~~oom~ U:J~ ~;$nojd dJil<J:Io.d .;)o~.) '!1tcj')'):!I:_.e.
~~ yoj).) U ~~e. [M~ (0, (), 0) ;:)~e.>'11 ~c:I.) itJdeli~d.)O:;
?.om de~ ~~~ ;::jo::l.)~tJ~. (0,0. 0) O:::~tJ~ ~c:I,)~eru;:l OZ""o~
de~ ~qS~ ;::jo::l.)~oo xl;:).r;)o~d M~~o~d0301t'\l:5. oz....o;:;:b ;::jC):;; X ~o~
?.o~ w~;::j~.):,~ U ~ ;:J;:).r;)ottd Mmo~d~~ VOO,) ?.oc:l.) w~lirn
K OO,)C:;~ NOI~dCQI~1'\ ""om ~ot)oQj w~;::j;b~ .;)oc:l') '!10oj,)~;g~O.
~ ~\:l:JW~~C::~ ~~e. o?!)~o~li~~.J.. ~ oe.!c~,J.)1'\e..:eoiJe..:c:t.)\:l').
(42 )~-:l ""od.) ~O(!;';;d~M.);:l ""oc:l') ;:JOI:JC)o~ (4n) c:: ~O(l'7ildli-:'
xl~o~C: Mmo~dOT.lI'\dJ~ ""om xlo2.loQ~ wt:;::j~,)~oj)~~ (42) d
~oawdli._1,) M:....;::j)~03.

1. V ~J') ~j·Cl~li._1 ;::j~.)~cmf\d~. ~~I'\~ ~.!omod~,,- m",:JM.

(mliM'!1:i ~O~c:I ~~ ~!J ~~ ;::j(1jClcjy~)

(a) (VO+Vl)+V2""VO+(VI+V2)'
-+
(b) VI - V2 tl PQ ~~~ ;::j;i.~oad~7\l3 ~.)!~ VI ~. V2 ~~~
wdw~~~ ~oOd (t!~ 8 ~er.eo).

(c) (0,0,0)
(X,Y,Z)
~oc$J~
~oru~ 0,

'Z!)o~~
(x,y,z)
Q ~MO. OP+OQ~ ~o.!o:S.l -
(x+ XttY + Ylt z+ Zt) ~7\c3 .;)o~ 'MOM.
~oC::,)~
__,.
p i3,)~~
 (d) (0,0, 0) ~:)d~~ 0 ~~~..?. (x, y, z) ~om~ p ~M~ .
aOP ~ e;,o.!0:3.) ~~d~~ (ax, ay" az) ~I'\r! wod.,>
~:.meM.

2. iY~/'\~ rJ).!~oM z..odJ ;::jCJ~ ;::j~J~o:m,,~ Oloz;i.) btO~o;

es ;::j~;';eJn~~~ ;j,J,Jot)~ ~~e~ ~iin~~ mlO", o~~ru~~.

(a) V ciJ~ s; n :Sd~ 'W~~ii~ ii~~I'\ciC). J "" Qot + alt

+ 02 / 2 + ... + Ontn e.:;t\r::S,;;) d ;l~i~' g+bo+b,t + h:zl2
n
+ ... + hnt ef\d}, ~rt f + g ~~.>,,_ (ao+ ho) +
((J/ + b/) + ... + (an + hn)/ worZ.J t)~01:!mrn~d);
a.f Ii>rSi (C/ao ) + (00,)1 + ." + (aan),n worj,) tJ;jo~
~1i.)~C:).).

~Ii Au +A, o::i.)~~ aAon~(di to::i.);::Wf) ,Nf\(doi f:)o::io;::l'WIE')/ZJ,

aI, bo + btJ' ~~~
l o++
ao
C Cp do+d ,
[oa o aho].
aco ado
(c) V O~.).) (ax+ by + cz) ~~e!..rt~ ~~o:J:Il\d!>. ~~ a;
h ;j,,~.?.. (' n~.) m~~'dml\;S., .,(ax""by+ cz) +
(OlX+ hly+ clz) = (a + ( 1) x+ (h + bl ) Y+
.
(c + CI) z ~od ~J'O)~-a;03.)~.)~~ ~;jo~mii.)~r::S.). ;::jo~~
n%"or::S n)m'i"'~d;j~~ d(ax+by*c~)".== ,(da)x+,
(db) y +' '(dc:)z ~o~ ~;jo;::jmH.)mr{)~c(" ':., '

(d) V~)) ax2+by2+cz'l+dx+ ey+ jz a':ScMetnY r(~

~"f\c!l. ~~:~'...)~.)~.)~~ o:l~~~ ;::jo~n\~o~t:$ ii)~'I!'~d
;:~~ iYco!l\~o~ ,~o::iC;~~I'\~, '. . .I
 J" .

-\)~- 1S9,'fo...rt- a.,

Crz·+tllx+ eJY+!tz) = (a+aJ)x!+(b+b1)y'
.+ (C+CI)ZI +(d+d,.)x+(e+et)y"t (/+.r. )z;
~~
g (axl+ by! + cz l + dx+ey+ Iz)
- (ga)x' + (gb)y2 + (gc)z· + (gd)x+'
'(ge)y + (gf)z.

(e) V~~ !..od;:) d!.~~ 10" ~o:S.r.load~I'\~;:i ~;:$l~~~~~

~~ dt~rt\i ;Iilo~!rl~f\d(). (0, 0, 0) ~~t.)~ 10 ~d,)
~(r(,)!.tSo~ ~~1:l,)!e~ ;:$l~ ~dcil". 0, ~od
;Iilo4e!~l~e~. III I ';:$~.~ f,r.n~l ~;:moadml'\~d,
Off. ~a ;Iil~cdo:r.>l'\d,)~ ~od;:)T1~~ 11 ~~.~ l'jn~ ;!l(~
~J~;nl'\ PI ~~~ P2 ~M(). P=P,+P g ~I'\d().
(~~ ~od;:)n~ 'lfn!i)~"'o,i){d~. R3{d~~~o' ~;:$o~ml'\tS.)
1/( ~~oid~l'\ru;:1, p ~v'fJ ~d;:)~ero;l et~~
I ~",d(). ~~ I ~~~ II ';:$,)~
Il'M ~!.;!od;:) 'lJd~
~e;3 ~l!~ 1= 11 + /l ~odl 2J~cm~!e;!. 11{d ~a
~od:J ~od;:);l~~ a ~,)od rut'O.li a/J ~~~ ms~(~.

3. ';~I'\{d ~!~o~ t..Odl ;tlO!$ ;Iil~~':J ~~ wo~, ~odd, (10)0

~o:b~JT1~~ ~omdM ftS:>T1M~~~~~ wod;:) ~tO"O.

(8) X?y e1l\{b;:j~ (x, y) ~~~'lJ ~om~~flacdJ nt'il V

~",r3..dsa~~.Jo1lo:il~~ ~,)!~ ro~d;:f~". !oe~ :l;:fo;r;1
uwro~d;:).. (X'Y) + (XI , Yl) = (x + Xl' Y +YI) ~~
=
a(x,y} (Ialx, IDly)·
(b) V~ (x,y) ~~~., ~om~uttao:il rl~~l'\tS. Ri
~~~~o' ;3Jw~t~o:h~". ;:$l~ ;tJo,,\n~omd ro~d
;:f~4 a(x, y)=(ax) )') =od ~;:iO;r:ltp~~.
,I .,
 ,.
82. "~m~.'I C~"rl.I.U

g e=bo+b1t ~hdQd, em f+g-(Qo+~~)A·(oobl +

a,bo) t ~J:d~ of= (000 ) + (00,) I .)odJ :l;j();::
~ru~Cl.

4. . tI~"C;y;:J M, tl\)t:r(rilrl~~ ~"~ota ~t&a ~~~ V~ ~oCl

fJ\)ct:~~~,~f\r;! .,)oCl iMO~O.

(8) V=R2, x= y e.1t'1Ol~oi ~~ ~e~~ (x, y) ~o~~

·Me1t'1tS•
. (b) V=R2, x=O e.1f\.C~olo'J, ~~ cl.Mtar(~ (x, y) ~o~~
Me.1t'1~·

(c) V=A 3 , x=z e.1Ml~Oj, o}~ ~ol~K~ (x, y, z)

~o~~ M e.11'\~.

(d) V=R s, x-2y+:Jz=O e.1f\~~oi oi:)~ ~;:S~K~

(x, y, z) :::lo~~ M e.1f\~.
(e) V c=!,R 3 , x ""1 ~~.:.. z co 0 tjl'\~~oi .,)~ ~ol~li~
(x, y~ z) :::lo~~ M e5f\rS.

(f) Vie: 1\.', x - y "" z+ w e:M,)~oi oi:)~ ~'I')~F"~Ii~

(x, y, z, w) .;r$o~~ Me5"~.
(g) V~~ ~ttlC~~ 2(0)03,) ~~Ji&Io:mf\d1, n "" 2 ~oOt3.
~dtJ<loO~, 0 0 "" 0 ~t'lOl~d., 'w~ ·t.Jatl~Ii';~
f (10+ o,t+ OltJIi-J :C:o~S
.
M fjrd...
(h) V~~ ~ftJf~~ 2(d)03~ ~~':.s~~tS ;:,)8:_. M~e~~
2(c)O=,) :::l~~~rr:3. '
(i) Voj.)) ,~Qi'ill 2(b)~ :::l~~,:~'o:m"C$ ~;)~ ~~I'I~ ~~
. ;:mt'lfti~ ~o~~ M ~t'lQ,' .

:[ah· .orbJ.. ..,

 ~\)~~
,. "
~~~~~riCO

q. (12)'0 rotSQ~F"ri"~ rt!ori~o~t$ ~~I\ ,",o~ ms:ad~)~

eru~ ~:o'" f"t\dld R9~ ~~od;) w~~ M rI\!~ ,",itd,) WG
~0:1)~ VI\R ~od) ~fO.1JO,

(a) X2 +yl + ZZ S 1 e1t\dldoi, ~~ (x,y,z) ri" ~o~~

M~t\z1 '

(b) x-y+z,..l e3t\dlo:1ot, w~ (x,y, z)riPJ ~o~~

M~t\z:3.

.
(c) x ~ v,~ z ~ M)~ot, w~ (x, y, z) ri~ ~l~ie15
,
M ~t\tS.

fl. (a) Ra~ 2.-od;) W~~~)~ R2 e3t\z:3~)e ?

(b) R2~ 2.-0~ W~~~)~ U~MO. dim U~ m9~~~
tS~ri~~~ ?

(c) RS~ 2.-od;) W~~d)~ U e31'lOO. ,dim "U~ ~~ ~~

tS~ri~~~. .

(d) R2~ o;i))~, e5!)t0 et\l~;!;l~':J u

e3T\dQ d, e111 (0, 0)
, d~t)'S sd)~tl1~;s,t..od~ e~~ Ue1T\lS wod;) tntO~O.

(e) "edt) (0, 0, 0) ~~ sd~lMeri):5 dt~ e5~m

;!;l~It) U e1t'\~~ o:b';l'l), Ra~ \.oo~ o:j,))!. e!~ W~
~~~ e1t'\z:3o~bo~ btO~o. [U._:'~ (c)o;l)~~
w~~et\1.io.

j., "~M.)d R:ltS wa3m1W~ ~dd~o~jmt\~ii3 .ii$)~

d.)~ 'edt)o~~~ii$)~, ~.;? ,[~~_,: ft>ii$)
~::Soriri~~ ~drG! 1 monrl,)~cS Wf~ri.r'I ~~to;l) 6d
. f.J",I1~~ ~~~~d,~;;1;f~ wl$~f~~C.l "
, t, ' ~ \ , '

(8) r(I~2),«).3)}, "(b)-J,(l)~.),(';'·l,-l)}

.', . .',
 (c) {(2, 1), (1, 2) (3, -1)} (d) { 0, 0), (1,0) }
(e) f (3, 1) } . f
(f) (a, b), (c, d) }, 'liI~ od;t:bc.

8. ~';/rru;s R3~ ero~rl~rl~~ ~d;Se>o~3;jt)1'I~~ o:m~ ?

~• .,: [~~~~ 7"~ "~~ro~ f.a~~~~.. ~teACl.)
(a) {(1, 0, 0), (0,1,1), (0,0,1), (1,2,3)}
(b) {(2, 1, 0), ( - 1, 0, 1) }
(c) {(I, 1, I;, (2, .3,4), (4, !', Ifi) J
(d) {(1/y2, 0, -1), (y3, 2, 0), (0, - 1,2) J
(e) {(I, 2,1), (-3,8,1), (3, -1,-1)}
,
H. 'lJ91'1d,)~ V ~tl~ ~~~~cJo:$.) D w~nt'in,;l ~tJ~ om~~
~~~o~.~I'1;3 ?

(a) V=R·, D= {(I, ~/2, 0,1) (2,1,0,0)}

(b) D = {x+ y, x - y, z} ~M~~OMOC)r'l Vol)J . ~~tl;i:l

:t(c) 00) ~~;)~~1'1~.

(c I V oj)J ~t;R~;t$ iI( b) ~ ;t$~~~amM3, e;c~oor'l

DtolfrO101]' 0
[1
-1]0' 1
[ o -1 '
0'] [1111]1j"'
(d) n=2 rlJ~D={t_l,t'l+1,:lt!l+2t+l} e1l'1d~~d
MoOr'l v~ ~t.r.~;rJ 3(0) (0) ~;S~':Jcrln1'l~. \

10. "~1'1~ ~l!$n~ n~ri~r'l ~,!O~oc~~~ (4, 2, 1, 0) t..o~

~(m3\:~ ~oc1rtt~~o:!J';)l'I~~f ,;~;3f ~o2.l.)~~.. ~QrC.iJO~
~l'Irtd, eoRl;: 2..o~ ~O~f~~Qi)t:$~ ~oci,)~~o:J~O?
(~~~o:b 6 d ~flU~ 13cf~~.. ~~~O)

(8) {(1, 2, - 1,0), (1,3, 1,2), «(i, 1,0, I)}

(b) {(3, 1,0, 1), (1,2,3, 't), (0,3,6,6)}
 85
I ,'. "1'
(c) {(6,-J,2,1),(t,7,-:3,-2),(B,l,O,O),
(3,3, -2, ,- 1) }
II. AAt&~ ~~~a..J M ~ t..om e~~, ~oOm~ ~t&~ "~~:"d
V ~ ~o~~ e39i~~4 ~o~~1:a~lO. (~~)eO'h G d ~fVt'l
fje"I1"~, ~~ ~~n:j~ 2~, ~~taO). .
(a) V + R8, { (1,2, 1), (0, - 1,0), (2,0,2) } ~od
~:l~F'~~ tI\)~~~~~ M e3f'1rS.

(b) V=R 3, f (. -
1, 1, 1), (1, I, -I)} ~)O~ ~tl)F'~~UtJ
wid~~,)~ M e3f'1t1.

(c) v~= R', { (0, - I,::!, 1), (1,7, -3, -2), (:1, 1,0,0)
(n, 3, - 2, -I) } ~oc:l ~:J)F'~~~ W~~~)~ MeJ"~.

=
(d) V R', {( 0, ], - 1, 2), (3, 7, 2, 17), (J, a , 0, 7 ),
(-:),11, - 26, I)}~oc:l t:ltI)F'~~~ W~~~)~ M',jf'l~.

(8) n = '2 e3M~;;c:lMoO~, vc:b) ~9"~~ 3(a)ol) ~~)~

. . iJ
c:mf'l~ ~~ { t-l, t'J. + 1, n 12 + 2 t + 1 .} ~,)oC::
~:J;)F'~~~ w~~~ M e3f'1d.

l2. "M ~~~~~cmf'l~~oi, eJ9"~~ 11 (a)-(d)cj~ ~!o1r.o~

fS\)~~~~ M 11('~ t..o~.Qom ;m~"cj;)~~ ~o~~~~O.

(a)' [~ ~] (b) [. 2. 1 -lOt 1]

0 I 2
-7 0 0 -2 0'
3 -J 0 1 ().
 ,
86 ~~mi.'; Ct~~t:4'

(C) C I 06
1 -1
'2 )
"

0
1 ]I
J
' . 3 -I1:""12 ~~
(d)C2
4 J -J
2
6 2
7 6
-I "

1
1 IJ
0 3
H -6 0 4

14. el9't~ 20 ~;j~::S1i~~ ~.!~odd t19c>d~td~ !or:tJlI:I~~~O.

15. ~~I'\~~~ ~~o~ ,t1c-m~~d ~OrJ~;l~::S~"~ tr\lm1rldl.'ir(~.).

1it:t~~ ~~e'd ~o~nf~~ri~~ ~~ ~~~~~1\~. ~.!o1t.oM
t..o~ ~O~ ~~~~ wod~ ~tO~O,

(8) t% $ t $,8 ml'\ '~~O~~ w~ ~~~fo)~'" ~~~'d (~rp~

~~~~) ~!ilC~t~~ f(l) ts\)~~...r(~ r(~. ~~ {f+ g}
(I) =/(1)+ g, (t) ~~o~ ~~O~~~, ts\)~~~ f+ g
, tmr;S. {af} (I) '"" of(1) ~~O~ OJ~O~~~ erot~
o f Ej"~.
(b) w~ z.:~~ri~ ri~ ~o'dv~ ;l~~ ~OZ ri~m~dri~.)
~~~~ 2(0) c:l~~ ~~o,..~o~ ~~. '[~9'~~ 2(a) <m
~o:i.)~¢j~~ t..o~.) W~~;j.)~air.>I'\r;S. (\ir;~ f 2J~~O
OO~(\!~ a: $ t s,8 mi'l ~~M~~ ~od~ w~~...~otS~
~or(~"~d, t11i ~tS) ~1i \ a) crl;) ~~~~c:l} t..~~ tI\)~
~;J.)~o:ikll'\~.J '
Hi. ~ot;rS~}~ V0:3~ ero~~;j;j~Ii~J M ~~~ N rl~d""~
~eod ~~ ;:jO~K~ ~o~ll~ M n N t11\OC. Mit ~qS~ Nf..
~tpm ~OG~Rtl ~(od wr.l ~rJli~ ~o~1rl~ MU N ~T'\d();

(a) VO~) t..Qd~ Wz$~~.)~crl~:Mn N e;1'\r.5 wo~) intO'iO.

( b) R~~ ero~~;j~~c:l» M ~ N ~t\1:ltS ~d);joj R~cj woa.)
etl)r;~;J~~'1~J M ~~... N r«~~ !o~!ol'.a~)o;'

( c) M -:/:' N t.:H'~~oj
M ~a(2.. N r(.g~ R8~ .;',)clttJ w~
~;l.)~,1i~I'\CC;
, ~,~
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~Q.2.o. (d) (37)~;.., mQM. (e) .(38)~~ mQ~o.

18. Aoj~~ 2 x 2 e.11\~d,

e.1r( A~~ ~!l,,~ej~ ~~~ \~~~l. (J~~
~o~ ~~~ wd~ 2..ot3e e.11\~c3~odv ts;,~OM.

1!1. A ;:1~.~ Br(~;j 2..ot3f ~~~O~ ;z:$~,J:'l~~cI,.~MoG 2 x2

.~
;z:$o~?J,i,,~ ~~mej~ ~em~~rJ5 o:ir.li'i¥r(\'i1\~}', e.11i A = B
wo.~ ~eoM (~e~o: ~~~xl.12 ~r(-l).

~O. ~I,&e~ ~Ii~~ ~~e~ ~~~;j.!eoj) ~~r(~~~ ~~~~oxl~aS~~;

"a~Oo~ ~~~~ .et ~~li';~~ 2..o~ ~oo~~li~!l xlol~~,jo!n~~,
e~t'!f ;:It) ~t) ~omol:;li~~oOf( ;:lo~C;:l)~~tf-d ~o::l!r~~
~~oj~~~. L~li~~ ;Jt)~ wmaSdfir(';~:", oi."'iltit)~ tf.r.ti~
. ~~~ol:l~, 'Oi~ ~~ 'lJt)~o~~-;.. lfml~!,e~ {~(3e~ ;:It)
t..o~ t!~~ ;z:$~o:b'l1Oliln~~dv) ..

(a) X ol:;~ yneJ:; V ~~d:;;::l xlOP)li\~1\~", d e.1li X ;S)_.:.

yrt" ~~.)~~;:$ eea5~ (a)()"~) O~a~ 1 ~1\d:;
ol~, aX + (1-·a) y M~d w~ ;:lO!lli~o~ ttt'lt3.

(b) x~ y ;::l,J~ 'lli~J V~~d~ol xlO!lli9flt\~d, e.1li x,'y

;::l:;~~ z rttoz;$ ~qr~"tQ \3~ !Jf~U~~ (a:? 0, b ~ 0,
c ~ 0 ;:1,J.~ a+ b+ c= 1 ~1\IDmli) aX + bY + cZ?
OJ'i~d' w~ ~pjn"od U1\t3.
, ~, ...... ,4

(c) M ~~d:;;::l ~!~oti> X ~i.1 ¥M X ;:1.)-2, Y

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(e) R'l ~~~~ (1, 2) ~~.~~ (3, 1,) ~9 ~~:l~ "em ~olid
tuoCJ .. ~~f~~~~~ ~e:OM (.;)~~O)."·
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(f) _g.a ~~d~~ (1, 13), (3, -1) ~~~~ (0, 2) n~oQ
'~~~~~~ ~,J~f~ ~ ~f~~~.. ~f~"O (.;)~C:>~O).

(g) XS' + y2.. Zll :s 1 ej,,~;:io~ (x, y, z) n~ ,;lo~~ R'

~~d:>;:i t.;o~ tl~~;:i;)Cj1~nt1~o~;) ~fO.llO.
(h) x ~ Y ~ z ~,,~;:io" .;)~ (x, y, z) rl~ ~o~l!S~ RS
~~d:J;l Loo~ ~\.~ ~,f.)~~~"~ .:lo~ ~fOM.

(j) IXI ? 1 t3M;)~oj w~ (x, y) n~ ~o~~ R'" ~~d;)~

t...o~:> lJf~;:l,)Gl~rl(i ej"~;!o~ tr.fOM.

(k) x~O,y?O;:i;)3~xy?1 ~1\~~o".:l~ (x,y)~

~o~~~ R' ~~d.)~ P...oz:l> lJf~~.)~rt~Ojf)T\~ wo~ ~cd
Loo~ ~o~;)~M)~o~
,., ~fO.llO.

(I) ~O~;) t...oz:i> Lf~~~t5rl£iml'trS wod.) "-to",.

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(n) t...o~ ~oe.loQ~ w~;:i)~OOv') IJf~;:i;)~~rlt:;~l't~ .:lolZ

~eOM.

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M~~~Qd, ~rl x, y ;:h~2..Z Ii~o~ ~9rO~~~ ~"~f~
M ~e?r3
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(a) Lood.) 3 x 3 M~tf~~ ;Q4I~~~-: ~olil~~~~~t3J.

(b) R' ~~d.l~ ~~~ ~Qirl~ ~o:!t,)Or.l~~;)(3~ ljOf t.~.)~dl.
(c), X" y~)~ ZrWl R' ~~d.l~, y;j:l'~ zn~ ,",cd.:
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j'Ys;:r;n)~ ~,),)~J. ~)e~~ 1fe~~n t...och ~J~~fJdt'i: e5;::~~tS. t;C3odd
;.~ A O::)c5~ t"oC) N!dj)o;j ~o~.)tJ~f~~~ t...o;::i~ ~.rw~m~~~ a'.l
~'"?~0~ R ~~).I.. ;:S.)~~ A cj.)cSJ.I.. ~~"",O\::b oe.!O).)o~ ~o~:.tJ~f~~:4
,o~) ;{;s;;~;'j-;~~'ilj~ ~t;~.0~ ,R' e~.,_ M"Q-c~~e, uK R;::" R'
)C~) ir.e(;~~~~tlr\)~Q. R ;:h~~ A Ii';':. ~ ~ncd.)e R' ~;;,~~ A
\~j) "",.,i:.e ~dco~l!:l~ ;:';:b~t.l')~.)~)"'" ~of!)~ .;Jo~.) !~f!)~};S; \~;:i1'"
~'t ;\ ') 't.~oomj'\ ~ ~;:;)~"O~)) ~'1jR,,;:' :W d -m;:;F! ~~C~~I\~.
~ ~ ~ ~
s~)eotj 1~-3 ;:;.)Y(S", ~JOBe.lcto-£ R ;:;y~~ R' r\"o~~J<'" 'Wom
~-;r\r:JO~ ~~r:F6o::')~).I.. ~J<,~o. R cS ~;Mir.;on)
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R ~ ~ .;o:.r.oC::) ~d ~m R' cS 'l...On) ~d ~e;r~M~e'Z.3fl~ot.l.)~(::b
.._I "" ..a J..
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;;:r~r\~~)C::). )

6e~-;~1, oj ~e'1t.i1~~n ;:;)J<~ ~:)~~..)~O~<l~ eew~~, =j ~[J;:;~F~

~ 0 '"

r(e;c::l)~ ~ ;,-;j)~0
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~QF~..J ~[!liiffl ~ot.loQ~~. lJ~~ w~~d~j)~~oi::)fI ;;l~r:O~~ero.

~~I'\;::S ~;m~d~r\~ ~~V::;o:i~::.._ ~~D~O;"'D,

(1) 2x+y~-a.
x-y=b.
~~~.)o:iOM, a o::J)7J~ b i1lin ~~~,=j ~o,ije3r1~~).I.. ~mj
mi'b:!,~~ ;j)~~ (1) C ?:$oo:~Gr\~~).I.. '5odJ~c=o:ttSe~f\~l:' ~ ~rI
~~ (I) 0 o::J~~...oodJ o::J,),)~o::J;::S~ i'~e~~(ro. (x, y) ;;n~~=j
~o~~i1%~ ~.!Os.r.o~) 'l!MCOM, (a, b) ztJ.l~ 'is.r.le.:oo~~o~~1.. (I)
121
 90

:J030;ri;)~~. M~
(x, y) = (0, 1) ~"~,,}3, ~Ii (a, b)=( 1, -1).
!See 03.r;)~;)Ii~~ ~e~t5e~o~d (x, y) ~!oir.lo~ MetAM, (I) ~;)rJ.,
t1\:od~el\~ 1i~;ri~j'~r(;);3 (a, b) t!~eeeoj;)(:l~ (,l~n~~);3 2."o~;) ~~
'::lQ (1) C10l¥ (x, y) ~etAli~fI ~0:50;ri~~tS 03)~~ (a, b) Mfr.e
n~~ o;;e?~~. £"'odJ ~~~>:J~ e,,~~eJ Ii('@o~~et:.~oj)(:l~ R~ ~ R~ ~
~o~,) od003JtF"~ (t,;~('@ '1f\)~.);::lJ,) WO~;) =eoojm?j~a. ~~ (x, y)
~etAoj)) (I) Ood (a, b) MetAfI ~coSar~e:twf\~ (~~;tSm"~)
WO~;) 1:€e,;u! e~. Mfl (0, wr:i~~~;)
(1) d 03~e;=e (1, -1) ~-d
j )

od003!F~e.i·~"~. ;:wnoo.J{ <.:~, 2) wcS~~d<l ( 1) cI ~Jd~=e (!oi, 1) ~-d

ft~"" .:>
{Q~",e:JCll\w.

( 1 ) do~03:;e '<Ad:;;:j ii~i'BO~e~~,1~~~\ ~c.S ijoJJ(:l ~d:;~dDoj'

(1) d ~~ ~Qr\~o~ ~Jdd~.)~ oCO;:j~F"~oj;)C::)rJ., ~o~e!;rim ~od,)
~tA e;Zo0:5r:i~ ~~;::l)~i;:b b;::l')~JOe.i=ecl. ~~ ;:;wo::JF ~)~03<If\ T e;to
03(:lJJ.... z..;~;ri;)~~ eoS (es~03<I
't' o::J~F~~e3oj.)0 T f\o3$ ~~03Fd0 e.:d.);:5
(V'I~'" M ,

s
p, Q, R 0:5.)~~ r\~09 ~~d e;tC:Ii~~~). ~~~ (1 )eo~ ~o::JO;::l~~
od003~F~oj)8 ~~ ~;::l~J:;Clf\~ e;3 woe.:,)~~) z.:e;odtA;tStI.) ~'I,~f\r:i
'"" - w rJ.,
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(2) T (x, y) = (2x+y, x-y)

;ri~r5d~ (2) cS0:5)11 (x, y) tR~etAoj.») TQ'j)o~ (2x+ y, x-y)

~J<letAn odC;:j!F;::l~}~l~~)od:J lfe";:J~~. .s, :J:l;:jr\~;i;: T (0, 1) =
(1, -1) ;:j:J~2: T (a, 2) = (H, 1) Wo~) lIt$c~)~ilS;)~).

(:~) 001:3 i..Qd~~ ~~~~Qoj;)J (2) Oo~ ~J;)d~~ ~~~Q

Q'j)O~ ",od) ;r,jClO~; oeboj)~ ;-';1l:s?a3~ ~O~J~~. eso~d S ~.)cA.
:J030;::l)03 ;::lo:NOl'eid~r\';,) ~ee.ll:jCl~l.~'lf~f\;d. m:so, T c~~~.)d.. ~~O~;)O:::~
Ii';,) tt~~~e,~o:~r\o:!. l\ II £..,od.) ;::It:J~~0:5~~ wo2.l ~ori.!oj.) ~l;:jli~~
~,~~J. ;::l.)~z;Joni\ (,lr.JilL;ri2.)'£):;.). ;:,~o~o T oj).) ~~)e. ~~'6' ~'13~
 91

OO~~~ ~ooz.~:)~~, S imll'\~. ~~l!l C(3, 2) + d(O, 1): (3C, 2c+ d)

OO:)~~ ~o~e!lM. ~~ ~~I'\CJ~t;!~J.. ttJiloo~Q eoS,

(4) T(3C,2C+d):(2(3C)+(2C+d), (3C)-(2C+d))

: (8c+ d, c-d),
(5) S(3C, 2c+d) = «3C)9, (2c+d)2) = (l.IC 2 , 4c 2 +
4cd+ d 2 )
&.en
«(i) T(3c,2c+d)=c(8,1)+d(l, -1)=c1\3, 2)+dT
(1, -1),
(7) 5(3c, 2c+d)=c 2 (!I, 4)+(4cd+d2 ) (0,1)
= c 2 S(3,2)+ (4cd+ d:<)5(n, 1).
rL~~~ (G) ~~:)n T cj:») { :q, (0,
1 } d 'Wot;!:) Qem~'d
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~O~~F~)~13o~) (£N.)~i1. ~e~~ (7) ~;s:Jn S :et ru~~;S)Fo:j~~
mJ<lo[J~03oi:$) ~e~)~15.

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~Oo:j~F~rt~~~ de~i_'fJ ~6~iF"cSrl~,) ,);)O~ 'dooj)eJOIru~15;
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V, mcsi'N ~O!!l ~o:S)~ 00) 03)e~ ;Jo:SC~t.)~:J~:J. V 03:J~d:Jo:j 'Woi:$:)
~~J'i);:Se3 ~Opj~ VO ~MO.
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~o~~ m;:::jO~D. (~~-l (6..8e~c) t1ii
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tY"J _.;. ?)

11~) a o::]y~.::.., b K~f, P(avi + bl'2) = (lp (VI) + bP(v:).

(10) P(av)~aP(I') ~C,) l/o~,)j;;i;)~;j o:l~ 1'11,.;1 ;j,)~2.

o:l~ a ;;JoJt13T<tfi ;

(11) P( VI + vJ ~ P( I'd + P( ~'2) ~~,) V O~)~i::).);;:j VI ;;:;.;;~

v: l1\'ti.

(!l) c:.;._ (,)~~;r3~) f:);~ (I~» ;j)~2: (11) c:)J." ~~r\~O~ ~~;;J
Y.J~)~). (II) 0 wi:'o3~ei\wo~ P(avi + /)v:) = P(av,) + P(bv:).
(10) ~1. ~'\)~os.r.ef\;!:j'U) peal'l) = aPlv 1 ) o::])~.~ PCbv!) ~ bP(v1 )
~~vdJO ;::oo~,))=j cnf\ tJet i!l) ;;:;;:;'J<)~d£<)~~)J:&Rd.)~.tJ.
~, .,,-

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o:::)~~ yi\~.) V ~.}~~ ~ o:::):;!,~ a ;j)~~ b rI~.}

rlr.,hc3w 0, ei\

(:!) T(ax+by)=aTX+bTY.

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~emc3M 1i~~oj)~ ~~ (1~) ~~ mejrn~ ~~~y:'(e:o~ ee:.i·~~e..'Cf
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(12) d ~o~o~~~~ Mn ~~g ~M:'-~~aS:>til,

(a) T (aX) ~ aTX 'CS.C') V oiJ~m;; w~ Xrl~~

~J~~ oJ~ a 0J0)~~~ ~o~r<~n.

( ,J) (b) .71%+ Y=)T X + TY ~~:> Vol)~d);s oJ~

X ;:S,)~~ Y r(~rf.

'CS.z;3e ~or<'!oo~~J...e (1 0) ;:S~~~ (11) Oot:S (U) ~)J... ~~oJ-t~~OJo)r<

lU~cMer\~a~~:J:!J. (12) ;:SJ:!~ (13) d ~;:mC::W~F"~~ojJ ;:jWQ
)j)~)v._ 2..00) oZtJ?~~Oo~ ~~~t'I~. ~l§!ooo (10) ;:j,)~~ (ll) Oot:$
y) ~~ ~ot-!.;tj~~Od ~'de)J e5r1J~~. (1:3) ~~o~ (12) ;tjo!~
~M,"~deod ;t;;);:SF"~~O:WIl (12) ~J...e eruio~el1~mrl)~r:;).

'CS.r:l~1::l ~~~e ~m~F~ ~O~~)~EJd)o:BrI ~)S~~ t303v}i«}C7!)v._

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w ~ ~ ~

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( 4) S(x, y) = ~2x+ 1, y-2)

Mr.R 1 ~od R2f\ 2..od) ~Do:i~F~O~)') S ef\1::l. S ~~)J... ~o:ic~o:i
~~J<l~d~rI~) oe~~~J -eo::iuF\r;:l d~, [12J d rI~~~ikbF;:S~) ~. u!J;JO~e)
~ w ~'M

t'\)~u5:rM, S(:! (H, ~) + to, l);i: 2S(H) 2) + S( 0, I). ~~mt:SCJ<l

So~~S(x,)').:::(~x,y)+(I,-:!).:Jot:S.) ~~: '/,..)~dd uri S
wG~~ ~Qo:i!F~rI%~ '~~~';J~F\~. ~~t:Se)~oj)t:S) (x, y)~~~ (2x, y)~
~v;:'.!F;!J)~~ . .:JdVS~oj)~ ~M~~ot:SJ ~~~~~v._ (1, -::!) ~Q~t~
~O~'!F;!J)~i5. 0Jei1 S 'GwQd~ ~o~oQ~ ~O~!F'~r'I 2..od.) eNm1l5ol'ii
O:1J<Jf'I~. ~oc:;,). WI(
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~o a.loQ:1 I$Oo::S!rto$ll Wil V oj,) t~he:l c.r.,~t:l ~O;j~F~Qj.Rn~.
 (15) SX TX + yo,
~~ TOO)) W n V 00) ~o~ de"'n~b..'5 llO;3~Ft!o:b<ll'\t3 ~~2.
yo ~ W 00)~~;3 ~0c5) :tlq.. d xlO~;;'J.II\r!l. e:I~t3xlli~) ~v~ ;ltO:r.:od
r\e;t:l~ xlo~oQ~ lle;3iF~Ii~n ~~oxj)~~.

r\)('Q)GkbF ( 12) o':)dvt-e-d0~ ~a~ xl~zjli~~ xl)v?tl~1\ ~~Oxl~

!.r!l.
T W n V 00) ~oO) ee.ro~:!.. '5 llO;j~F~Oi.J<lf\c:lQd' ~ii
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(Hi) V 00)~~;j om~~e Xl, X2, ... ,Xk Ii%"n ;j)~..:..

(ifi) o~Je)~~e a" aw··, ali. ~~~'6 xlo~;i~n T(a,Xl+u2
X 2 +.··+OIi. Xk ) = a,TX +a2TX 2 + ... +O. . TXk.

eNcwa:;C:~fl ;j)~cb xltJ1:lKlin (1(;) ~~ ~~;:j~~tI'~t:!e, T

(a,Xl+a~X2) + aaX:1):=T((a,XI+a2X2) + a3X:l)~ T
(o,X} + a2X~) + OaTX:' = u,TX} + a2 TX 2 + "3TX1 o':)ot.:~~~~
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~~,eJ.)~Co:i~F(50~)) V oo)~), ~~ ~,z;<;o:::i ~e~,~1"1 ~JOoC;~. ~do
~,J 0. "'" J.....-I 0..1\. J

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 97
mC~~~~, V OO~ ~;.1~~oo~~~ ~~F" ~ra,j.s.oti ~~e~, ~~ Iv
o~~~~ ~~ ~~oo I ~o~ ~.!m~ b~~t~.

(2) llO~~F'~OO~;) [1] d ~~I1:l~~I1e; t:iJd~v~o~~~ ~oO.) ~~\3

~o'l.:o~~~~ ~oOZ;;;. "a~~;)J". m~F' .y~oAAe~. Rn~c~ RJ'II'/I.
Toj)~ 2...o~ dem~~~~ ;do~~F'~omM~, XI =(1, 0, .'" 0),
X2 = (0, 1,0, ",,0) "" Xn = (0, 0, .",0, 1) e.;MC,-e.;;i V r'l
·(X l ,
(
X~ , ""X n } o~~~ ~ot:iv e.;~o~,,~, .,'=1,2, .,.,nfl, RJ'II
~~~O::: twot:S~ ~t:)~~ TXi e.;M)~c:!Dod (\I~~ ~e;I\~o~ ut5oj~ZJ,,:bi::$.),

(20)

Ai] ;:b~:s;i~.) twot;:;.) o:'oJe)~~oml\ M~M~{)~t5. ~t;:;~~ T ~

~J<)i.)" ,,::)0:::;) ~l5oj~.):§~O: ~odd A oj~~ T o~) oiJOl~~, ~~

All A I2 .. • Aln]
(21 ) A= 121 An'" Azn
[
Ami AJ'II2 ... Amn
j _.. 1, 2, ... , mn, A oj) j (Se ~e~~m T X ioj) ~teFe!l~;i~od
I:j nt5.

eruty~~O~ (~)d~, T (1, O).~ (2,1) o:::~~~ T(O,l) = (1, -1)

'<)C~~C:)Dod T ~ ~0l~0 ~oj.)~ ~~h~o~~ :

[I
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erumaSo!'$ (17)d~. T (J,0,0)=(2,1), T(O,l,O) .. ,

(1, 1)~.)~~ T(0,0,1)"c(-1,-1)eM.)~dOod To7N~Ol~~oj~.)
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 98
Rn tJod Rmfl ~~~e ~ojir~o:j)~-.. (2) ~~~ ( 17) do~ t..oti>
M~d~ oj8~~li~2.:~~. ':l>dt:l.)-.. !~oj)~x) (20) ~~)-.. ~;SO~:l Cld~
OS~~.Rnf/, tjl?d~ {Xl, X2, ... , Xn} ~M(), X=(X" X:!' ... ,
x.,) ~Mti. ~M [(IG)~~ W~~el"l~~~ooOJX=-::::XIX'+XZ
X~, + ... +Xnxn o:'Sj~~ TX=x,TX 1 + x 2 TX Z + ....+ Xn
TXn. ~~f/, TX=x,(A11,A:n , ... ,A ml )+x Z(A 12 • AZ!t ... ,

A m2 ) + ... + xn(A ,n , A 2n , .'" Amn)' ~dr5'J..~ ~~: tJM~~~t;;lOoO

T(xl' X2' "', xn)=(AllX,+A'2x2+···+A,nxn'
( 2"_))
-
A 21 X , + A22XZ+'" + A 2I1 X II"'"
AmlX 1 + A mz x 2 + ... + AmnXII }·
.:JomM)~~.

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r:>oO Rm f/, d(m~b ~O~~r~o:b ~w";)",o~~~)J.. ~~Fe!:!~M~ ~~Oj,)
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~d.)~wCod 2.)1Z~ ~~ ~om~)rl~ ~GIl};§O~)~~ ~.)~~~)~OOO~, (:! 1 )
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?J~~~~, (2 I) ;::S,)~~ (:!zW).... ~~OO)~ r(re~~e'if m~~K.:o~
licl~)~e~.

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T o:h~ (22) d~m~oj "~Q~"Lt:!Qd, Too~ ~t'3~~~ok ~ef(
~'If-d lmJ'If~~~ ? Rm~~~~ e..o~ ~pJ~ (YI, Yl' ••• , YI11) ~f\d".
~n ,J~~v T (Xl' Xl' ... , Xn) = (YI' Yl' ... , Ym) oj~, Rn~~
(XI) Xl' "', Xn) ,;)o~ ~O~d~~~ok ~JtlOO~r:3 om~; eV"Yl' ....
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~r~2J;t.o~, ~~"'~ ~e'j~~oZ~~~ ~~od,)~~.

~~N~ ~~~ ';~;S:iI ""o~e ""oO~ llO~d;StS~ ~oOdQd

o:m~

y, "'" AlIx, + A'2 X2 + ... + A'nxn

Y2 = A 2 ,x, + AnX2 + ... + A 2n x n
(2:3)
Ym =-, Am,x, + Am2 X 2 + .. , + Amnxn'
0'1' Y2' ... , Ym) OOJJ TooJ ~v~OOJ~i:3;

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=
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L.GO::;~~dl. U Xl + XII ~J
~O~ W~~o:l~~~f\OJ~OOod
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i5tS:.~ U '(S~ ~~ ~od:. CotlOG:'~~OO~, yl + y~ ~ U 0 tS~~.
Uo tS~ Y '&ideO ;3J~~ T X = Y ~M:lo:So~ U t:l~ X ~tS~ ~oi:l~
~c.O. e.1K a Y= a(T X) = T(a x) e3ru~doo~ a y ~~ti Uo
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m
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~
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~o:3~Iie;~~ '!o~&:l(Ao::;t:il5.Jd.). eJK Y= TX=c, Txt + C2 TX2
+ ... + ckTX~; ~o~d tTX 1, TX 2, ... , TXk} 0"3:. t..o~
~e.m~&:.~ ;::;ooe.M~~o~') Y e.1 i\~. T OO~ ~~)F~~r\)~ Ii~K'9~~,
 101

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fj~on-'&~J..~~ ~~;:nr'l ~e~.)~m~d

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(24) {TXt, TX2, ... , TXk} ro.).) U~ ~';~otJo:l~~
~:J.)r~~c3 ~omTl.)~~.

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dim U .:Joi:!) ~zio:.l))~e03.

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=e';fI~dOoc:l c:~o~~~d,

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~rl TX 1 TX 2 =O. Mflo=TX 1 +TX 2 ""T(X 1 +X 2 )

\j~)~rjOOC:; Xl+ X 2, M~~t5. TX = 0 ~1'IC:;Qd, ~Ii

o =aTX= T(aX)

~ ~e)~oDIi~~~ wmi£o~rl~~tZ(S ~~l~o~e~, T cj~:l

(2) Oo~ ~~O~~~ ;:lo~~f(SC~M~. ~rl T (;~, 2) = (H, 1).
~~~ T (ac, 2(')~. (8c, C); ~oc:;e T C~).) {(:1, 2) } eo~
t-l~;)f:l:!~~ w~:l:!~~~oj)~~ {T (H, 2) } ~)orj ~OJ)F:l:!~~ ero~
~~)~fI ~e~.!F"~)~iS, T (x, y) = (0, 0) ~g:,.jd'11d~~ (X, y) ...
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;:;l~~~ ~J;) t.. o~e ~ f\oS

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T '"
ti;~o:iOI :5!~i\~o~ ~e~.)~~ 't..o~e e;r\~,

Auxl + A 12 X2 + ... + Alnxr, = 0

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~~ vod (Xl' x~, ... , xn) .:J~~~d) T oj;) l5Jr)~~ ~~)~O:wii)~~

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.... =:;_ ~ (T) ~)~~ r.n~~~ (T) K%' t:l~')~r<J m~F ~ '11 ~o?:o~~~)
'5=~r\~ ~~;)eo~Jd%; ~Jil~mjt)~~, oJ..

ilj);3.)eo:S.) 8. V oj).) ~CJF~ &O~:J){ojj;;~f'\d_. e ;:t)2'~ r oj.).)

V 05~00 wn 't..oO.) ef.m~L 'Ii ~O;:t~rc!O~,J~f\r::JO, ~rl m_ ~
t:.- lot'" -

(T) + i~t:l?3~ (T) '= dim V·

~Qi3. {XI, X 2 , ... , Xk} c:j)) Toj) t'1R~8 ~.:b~f; t..o~
~GRco:s~r\c~. et'\)~,2..;m o~ :. ~.)~ W~C~Jilff'\N, VO~) '1...or.;) e;~c~
{X I ,X 2, ••• , xn} '" "'"
~M.)~oi {X",I,Xk;l, ''', xn} ~e~Ti..~~~
~~ ~O~)CoCeo:;;)~~.)d). (~~ k =70 .:JoO) ~eJ~"..r.'t~~d), '(;I~
J-'n om~~e t.ot;S) &~d~~~ ~~om~~r\ ~~~ ~tt) ~1i (24 r
uoO'Toj) ;;\)~~o:h~~ {TXI, TX 1 , ... , Txn} o~)..) ~:J~F.I$.)~~.
~emdd~, T oj) ~~~~ .I$ol;)~~oil~ {XI, Xl, "', Xk} oj.») 2...~
Mo()tl. M~ TX' = TX 2
= ... = TX =0. k
"adOod 11 o:j~
 104

N;V:~Cj~~)",- {TX k " , TX k 2, ••• , Txn} ~::>~F~.}~t500.} !ei:'JtlF'

j

;::Jmj()~~. {TXICII, TXk+~, ... , Txn} 2..or.b ~Ce.l~O~~ rl~

~O~ ~)~~ 61 ~o~~On T oj) Nele:'::"~ 2..0n) e,jt??c:ml\Z:::o~)O~JV
it~eV~):!l~ CS. C.h.' 1 T'Vk'
/\
1+ C.
1.;:
oTXl< ,2 + ... + cn TX" = 0 e,;,1'\O)
I...

-' ..:>
~.)O~ Ck~1' ('],,;,.,' ••• , ('n
.,J "~ ...I "",,, ...,,,
,..,O··..W ...." 0 ,=. 1'1~('k" I Xk' I +
""'"I.......... O~ ...

X'k·" .+ ... +('" Xn)'Q"~~

('11.;2 ' ~Owu ..-'el"'X
""
Vk.l+
o=CIl." 1"\ C],;12A
V],;i2
<J

n
+ ... +CnX ~ T cj) t~~~ ~;::!.)~eJf: ~eecs. '<:i~.} {XI, Xl, ... ,
Xk f1 OO)or:; ~J:J)r~U tl~. wef: C I , ('0'_•••., .C•.: ?
.J~
~o~~;1c;'~J
;
.• X,· ~

('IX 1 + C2 X '2 + .,. + Ct. X k e:Hyd);::!o~ tio~co~o:hz.;J5)r.::i). 'C.lC::~~

~~g tJc:..r.,Z..)~)00c::OO~O=X-X= -CIX1-CZX 1 _ ... -CkXk+
V"'I+(.
( k 1'" Vk2+ ... +('xn.:;,omr;)~.~. ~Xl,X2, ... ,
k ,~/\ n - ,
X n} O~) ~Jvo..)UOwi'J,JoJ .. O~.. - (' I - - ('2::--= •• , - ('I- - CL; I C" ; 2
• --'0' ".!o~'" ~

- ... ,- C n o o:Jomib~~. ('II. ITX"'l+ (\. ~TXk "+ ... +

c"TX" 0 (j'jlc::.... e, ~r\ ('~ I - ('", 2 - . . . . tn - (I (j'r\J~;;:; o:JOC:;.)
iJ<Jf3::,;;. e~.oN
T~) '.) f. Jj TX
O::P£~~
..
1<.' I , TX k '2 , ••• ., TX 11 jt 2...C~.)

UijJ;C;:;;'l;;:;c~)or:;) M;:;.ivF(J;::J)~.JO::;. ec::"" DoC:: ~~~~ (T) =J..:, dim

v· n ~~~?_; ;:;:;.'.~ (T)~. n-k· 'C:.~e ~o:')e. 'Qt{:,JS ~e)~;.o~~<:j\~
Q·E·D·

Y''''~'''.~''.'
~'Vll't:y
,......;..
v,V,J.J
;,OA,I"'.J""tI~J
...;,...;-'. _'"-d,
WWtd
.:)_ ...._,,....,.!.:>~~. -'
w~'h•..\Je.v..:..v.J.JOw v'...1, .tr. .JN
.... .,..,

~~1;-;wO~:i ~~~J ~)Ji~~~ ~.O::.)eo~)o:ie;T\~ .. 7~ 0:,) ~'J;;~IJ~;j.)~ 11

~ v ~
f .,.) ;.~_"'.J_;_)" ~.:,,...:t;J, ._J~,~d.,;!"':":-:""" J/.;( f.\ _; ,""__., ...... _<- 0".,-1 ,,",Ij. '"I
w:JW,) ,""vIJ!lU~.,J~~ '_;.J")~o..JoJ.:.r\oo'\Ol...Jo,J'~e:, y 11 wOvJ~ \.J'-ti:.>l.,..O.Jtd' c:J:=.:UNW

~O::'.S ;::;)~.:o ~1fl~ ~~di"l"i ~£.~;''l.:i)~) T o~) o:i'ilz3;~n - 'i.wo~) e;tj:i'OlO

...........
0 .... ",:...
><,,~.' -,-P ",-'-'
v..I~,.J"'w""'o ....... w~~
iJ"~~'.:/.:f)
"'oJnuN~""'Ow .. WcJ"~<A.
""...;...),.., ..!-I,o"
r 1·..ivcJ r,,,;':. "'..J' <lt;.-o . . . ,.....)Q.>I
...) _,..I-' ,

o~;;.) Xl , X 1 "
,. ,. .,
Sl ... Xi' ~ cj).) ""~f~~,v,~J~). •.. ·0'1.:
J \' ~..., &J -
~or(Mj)(iJ~
II Xl, X:, ... ,X,} O~).)VO~)~ t.-;;J)F';t,~J.Jo'l.:)d~.[~ f Xl X~<A.
d.. d..' ( , ,
· .. ,X ~ } c~) ~.R~6;:J;;;)~oj.)~)d.. CJo..)F~~ ~Oz.;,)C::~.Rd.. ~.R~oj)~i\
{ X I, X~, .. · ,X'} ~(JO::;'UOz:jCj.r.J[\~~ .;JOw.)cj~d.. ~~O~J'Hf'~c3~.
~ ey.. er;~ ~""'r\r..r.:~ fjO~)ojJ ~O~,~ ;:;'.J,,)o;:5 ;;:'O~~O!)rI<;;I(-:;) ~~ro)'~:>
~ J ~

~'\j;'J03J<~iI~~i%:'~C::;), e~c:I ~U~ eQ~t'i;:::ritJ:j.R", W~~~)~o:i~i,ij~~d~.

 105

V=R" ~:J'i~ W=R" ~1'I~Qd~:J3!~·A 00;);) T 00;) ~~v"

o:ml'l~Qd, Nellil~ (T) -= ~ql~ (A) ci:)o~ ~eo~m 6 ~,)~2.. 8~~
~~;)e~rl~tS1. eru~o1r.lel'l~u~,)~;). ~o,) ~ai (T) == M~ai (A)
c= n-m_ tS (A) "'" n-N'il. tS (T)
..,.;.
ci:)oZJ ~orl!~)O~ ~;)~ ~. A :-I:Ji;)
:too.;;l';": -;;,.Il

TM ~~,tS w
miiM'd ~oe~oo;):J
~
~~a)o~
'0
~t.!tJ ~~tS;)do. ~dnG~a ~ ;;,.Il'

X 1= (1,0, , .. , 0), ... , X~ = (0, 1, 0, ... , 0), ... , X" = (0, 0,

... ,0, 1,) ~1"Id;)O:::~ A oj) ~e~NtI~;)rl~;) TXl, TX2, ... ,Txn ~e~
ii%'O:I\~. {XI,X2, ... , X"}O:bJ R" e,~1. ~:J~F~~~~Oo~ (24) Oo~
T OJ,) ~~~OO;)~~ {T Xl, TX2, ... , TX"} tJ:J;)F~;)!t:30~
';~OcS.}~. ~~d A o~ ~~eJmO.'lrl~ de.t."7l\,'d ~ooir.le~~ii~ ii~~,
A oj;) ~eeJme:>~ ~~~~Q:j'C)I\r3. ci:)o~;) .!eo:mF~~~ru!.~.

(~H) m4-~ (A) =A O~.J ~e~~e:>~ ~~.J~eJOO;)~om~;). A 00;)

e5~ mO~ ~~,)~,O~) ~Oi;OlO:::')03tS,)~ e5(Se~ ~~ ~Q mlO~ m tS
"" e., . "'" Q 41
ci:)()~ O:::J'~2.. A o~) ~~eJmO~ ~;:l.J~J~ ~o:m;:l::l-;:l~~ ~~~'d ~IU
~ehlm~iiS ~ ~ .:Jot::.fcl 'dooj.J.J~ e;;S, ~;;Sd~ ~O.!l~ii~.J ~-;:l.);;Som
QJ ;;,.Il "'1J
(:!i'i) me..;)~~.

R n o':J)o~ R rn n 2...c~) Oe&,"'Ol!!,'"~ ~OO:::!F(SOO) T oj) m... ~;$~)<A.

ii~~ o::!J<l~.)~d~ ~e~i:1 (2S) 2...o~ ~~)T1JO)e) m~~O:::~~ ".fcl~~r3.
'ife;$u T oj) ojJ;)~\'5o:l)(::l)~ ~o~.J~~crl').J!e~ O:::.)~:'" e5~ me:>~
v ~ a
~o~.J'(j~oj.J~) w~o!r.Iel\N 6~~ ~~ me:>~ m41 tSo:::tS.J~"" ii~~i e;;S,
J... <A ;;,.Il

f:.1c:SO ~~ T ~ OJ'v~n 'Wot:b ~t?d-;:ltS~ 'dod.Joo~Qi)IU') ~t.!e,)~

'Wa:)c:S). ~~ ~c:S~~ o:;efl om~)!.e~? ~~ T oj) o:m~iOO;)~~
M:";~'W;;5)~) o:::)~~ 2...0~ ~eeJ~o~ ~O~;)'(j(S o:m~t::I Me01;rO)~~:B~
M~O:::tS~ ~~OO;))O:::O:::d:JM ~eeJm.e)~~ ~O~)t.!~ZJ1IDm. (~eeJmOtS
~o'd,)'Z5ts0:3) 03)!20 ~eeJmm ;::b~,)t.!~c:S MemtS~:Ba5 d.fcllS ~~ii~
~_~:Je.~tSii~.J ~d me:>~ ~o~')'Z5~O~:le) w~oS.r.>e1'\~~~iiP,i1'l ;:Jd ~Q:j'C)f\03.)
I'J U <.6 M Ii)
~~do.0d,) :Jl?;:;SO:::~~ 1f~a,)~e~. To:S~ l!.r.tS~;:jO:::,)~s.ln 2.ao~ ~11l~d
O:::~)J.. ~e1'l ~od,)ootaoj~~~~~? ~t::ItS~ ~ ~t::I~~ ~~)eooJ () cl
~:m;Mo~J~ o::iJil~cS}~. T oj~ om~~OOJtS~ oJO)L~J~e~, :6s o:m~)'If
14'\
 1'06

o~~~~ ~:i~;t;;OC:: ~o~~~~ om~!~;s. 03~~~ ~Ii 3d (38)

d~~O::o:B {X \ X2, ... ·X"_r } ~tl~ Ii~~~~e;l. T~ ~~~/(
t..or:~ e:H1""003C::~ ~~~V~ ~;l,)eo~~ H d N";)~~O~(S~ ml~~er"'~Mt;.
~t<l<Amejtl ;!jo~~~~o~~ ;l~e~ w~ojJ~03 ?io'i)o'!fli~~ X kP X k2 , .. ·,
X kr rI~~Mtj. (~;SJe~ G0 ~~~o:b~JJ,. ~e~.) ~~J,. K j ~e ~~~~
1 tiM')o:i 03~~~ ml~d ~eJ~zi~J 0 tiM~03 ~t:)Gi ZJ ,j = 1, 2, ... )
yt~l'\CO. ~rI

(:"'H) { Xl, XiI, ... , x n• r, Zt, Z2,. .. , Zr } OO~J Rn 11

2.,o~ ~~d~l'\~.

;j.))oDc:l ~rD~o~~ 2...odJ ee.w'_"~l;'5 O:))oJ~F~Jj)) 2...od) ~~d~

rl:e~, esC:;J
. . _ ,
'I.·~fC)~ ~>:;;~t)o;;Se3f ;:tO~ra(,@Fonf\ ~dFOl:)".)Jci)~
I 0- ~
c:;
c0oC:';' ;!,,;;e~~)~~. ~c:::) ~~jOj)F'!fC;::;;llj2J:>jc5). ;;;D~?!o~ (22)
Rn ~~o~ Rm fI 'Z.voC::~ ee".)·<J~e,~ ~O;3!r~Jj~~ 2...ojj t1:jj"ildd oS)M ~d)
~etl,)O:; ~'/.jj~O:;Qo~~f .::.o~O (21) Don, ~o?1~('@r;;:5";)r) ~~ri.)~~}~~
~ ii ~oz.:,)~~· ~,Qeb~~.i:3. (S;3\ o?~;g;)o~O:;(S.~ N ~.);rb~~;Y)
-" J,. - "" .... 'P u
~~~'i)~e,~ ~CO:;~F~ii..,~ ~~7>tl~oj,) z.,o~) ;::;"v~'ec:l~ e5o:ll.. '5~ 'Oi~.
a
'::'OIl') eea,~:r'e,'5 ~O;3:1iF~ii..~,;, ~~ z.,oCle ~~il';;3 ~.e~)03~~ 03nt..:.: 2..oc:le
~~;3<d~:... a'!~ot:)rLe ~;3(S~ ;(~.Telj;$ .::.o~) i:tet;,)!~03. r6e03t) T
o:i:)~)
~
S c0dd.r; 2..oc3e ~;:5)~JOjJ~)~ J,-" ~~n-, ertl ~')'Q~;:3 ~e!,(i:j~f\
~ CI.I v.,. __,. ,.0-...\ ._,

~oD~..-, e ;:3:;;;:) V o~e:c~o:$

M
~
.::.t;?M X ii~;1 TX = SX ~I'\~ e ~JC)~> Q ._,

T.., S ;r\d~~c:l. ~!l~O~;3(S~ t.o~,) ~;:i)eo3~~o~ ~ML~eY~Ii,)!..~.

 107

~~ ~~~o~d;)~ o:irt>~~e Ti~~ {YI, y2, ... , yll} e.:tMO.

e.:tTi TX' =. Y',i = 1,2, .. ·,n eM:.~o~ tJ~d~~t\ V~)O~ W~
~O~ de.~.I'I~e.:e cdo~~F (S ~tI.

n
mQ~: T 't¥~t\~o~ 0JiIz3~ tJellmru~~. V o:h~ X
'tl~G.)e,e.:tTi X = clX 1 + C2 X 2 + ... + CnX n. V 11 cz..,o~ e.:t~d~
{Xl, X2, .. ·,xn} ef\(:b~c:loo~ X~ ~ ~e3.R1eS~)~ cl:l~~:e~f\i3.
[~2rl;) d~ (24) d ~~e~~ ~e't¥1i~~~~ ~ete] TX ~~~ CI yl +
('~ yz + '" + Cn yn "Jo~J ~il£l6~b!e~.
eli ~~ V 03.)~ro~
~M3J.Jo~J ~w;:j X 11, W tSt2d~;j cz..,o~.) cl:li¥0 -el ;!:j~~ TX e:JtS).J. .
~c3Fe~~.)~cOor::l, TO'S~.) V~.)or::l WI1 er::l cz..,or::l.) ~o~iF~omT\tI.
TO'S)) (12) ~~ m~~~~~o2J.)r::l.) ~YV~. Xi=. O· xn + O·
X + ." + O. Xi_! + 1. Xi + O.XH I + ." + O.xn et\d.)~r::l
2

eo~ I $ i $ n n TX i = yi "JowOl1i)~c3. ~~.)

~Ji,eo;!:j~~~.

~ri SX i =Vi, i= 1, 'J, ... ,n eM);:5o~ V~)o~ Wfl cz..,or::l.)

ee.l:)~~e,'5 ~OO:::~f(5C~)) S eT\n "Jon) 'tleJ~~~~~.,.,ern. X=c\X 1 +
C~X2+ ... +CnXn ef\~O, e.711 TX=c 1 yl +C2Y2+ ... +Cnyn
~ ('ISX 1 + ('2 SX " + ... + Cnsxn = S (elX ,+ ('2X2 + ... + ('0
xn) "-_ Sx. er::lwOo~ S - T· Q.£.D.

\le"'rl~,): ;::3_)~)e~) \l d mtjS~~.) O::,}~~~n ~05~ e.:tr;r;d

{ X I, X~"'" xn } ~ ~j1io.;l~ X ~tS~ cl:l~0:e~f\ tJM~.)~2J~')~O~
~oTi.!~)~o~.)e ~i5. ~ ~;3)e~)~ ~~O::~f\ ~ ~oTi!~.) ~~C1'
~C~~~ ~"";)~ ~mtl. 'Qr::lC::~ ~Ti 6 d;R ~~J..~~ ~M~e~;!:jmTi.)~m.
cz..,on,} e<:?dt:: ~.)e~ T O~) ~~o:So:StS)J.. ,j~~d m~orZ'}
~;3.)e~~ B cte~,}~~. ~ '5O>drn~or::l V n
t..oz:::i) t3<:?d~ {XI,
X 2, ... ,X n} t3f\C)~Ti, TX i =- yi, i = 1,2, ... ,n & ;tjMl~:ed~
Ti(or::l T O~,) :::>O:C~~\3u~ "JtS.)J..!e~. ~ooes TX I = Y i,
i~,l, 2, .. ·,n et\C,)o:So~, V~.)o~ W~ TO"S.) e cl:l~0'!f ee£leoj,}
~eO::'iF'~o:irOIf\c.)O::~i V OO,)~C)O:: ~~d ~O~rI~ ~~e~ TOO')')
~~C~~~~ ,;)or..:.)~e ~~o ;~F.
 108
Mt\ (2) C d~m~~ lSO~:J)F'Qi)~-. 'itJ(\(:$ wd~ ~~~~cb
T\~ c~ or::,lD~lD~e.·
T(1,O)=(2,1), T(O,l)=(,.-l)

RZ!f f.,ocSJ ~~d~ { (n, 2), (0, 1) J '!f~ci e!/ldJ;j)cfOod

Too:;:; T(3, 2) = (8, 1) ;jJ~~ T(O, 1) =
(1, -1) 'O:Ioc1e;~
:;);jC;:;l~ ~<:3. (17) d dem~e.'PS ~:J;j~F"~crl)J :8fiJi\tS ;jJ.nOJ
G:J,..jf>'PSC:~Ii%",o;:;S :J;jo;:;le; !.l <:3.
OJi,j

T(l,O,O) = (2,1), nO, 1,0) = (1, 1) ;1)~~. T

,0,0, l)=(-l,-l).~~ (8)d=e~~~Me~. {VO,V 1 , V2 ;crlJ,)
~d~d ~ot.:~I\d.J03 ;;I~:'JrI~oi:) ef\i:b;jo~ VI ;j)~~ V2 rl~,) e3~~
omrlO. erl p o:JJ iYq,Jf\tS ;;I~.io)=edrnrl~od 03?~~.~;::)e;JrZ)~
~ 2; 0 ~
c'$,

2..od.) ce.~.J·:l:ite.~ ;;C!)O::!F~Qj)~~ :J,;:fQ;::)e,)) (JOl(JOl mM~tS~ ikrl

i3,J;)oC)~ e~. :J,;jo;::)z.Se'l1~o ;::)O::,)~ri"i) 'I1:le.JF"eAiv3)r1' ;::)~J~l'~~{\~ e
21) e3r;l~ (22)tS~ eru~~ef\;::)z.;O:;,)d~. ~~)eQj) !I ~OI. eN?SOs',M{\;::)
~v.l)d) o::J)~2., 2..od) 'b~dd ~)e~ ~'2jj~o::Jo::J~.~ t.oj~:J,.:;r;z...E()dJ. ~~f'6
Ie; ze?,OJ)~~o:b
~
OJo::Jdr§ri~tS). ;::)X ~,J;)dz.,;x~;:;s).
~
~~\riq;liJ 'ife;o::J-<'J
~ m ~-.
!~~ ~e~~e~ .

.e, ~ii;:;S~tS ~~c3Qj) ~03)F"o:Soi:)e oe.me'e..~ ~Co::JJiF"cSrlq;I ~Jee3

:d0:5eo;::)~::C)w-;i:) ~e;~ ~zp:J)=e ~O=e:;;'')F"rl~~tS~ ~O~OO) o:m~;t:!J~
i3f\'C5 ~~ ~..r.etl)o::Jo~ ;:;jOO~f)i:) l1eJ~ml:'dtS~ ee,m~&-l1 ~Oo::J;F'~
q;I~) 'l1miz.:ii5J;:;SJ' , 'rurn~t.:~~..)' , '~e~ ii.J~~~~)~..)' ;::$J~")
-. ~

!)~ ~;;Iolili'l}~ '~f\~?)""'2.J~~). ik ~O=e::>;)F'rl~~ ~il!l0! ~~;)~

ic)~.)~J rl)m~d. eru~d~ oe~-;~&-~ iGO;::$~F~rl~~~ ~~F&:.~m
:~i" ~~zp~.)~~ ;:l)~2. ~~ :JQii:)~~ (~Qj,,):;;'J~) m~tSrIq;I~ Ur.~.
 109

~O!'J X~ s~~~ 03~~":" T 03,)~~... ~~ 2...ot::b.~O!!S Xf( ~~e1\~o.

~Ti 5X 0:5,)~2.0 T X wodJi W~~O.)03 ~o~rW~~, ~dOO:l.)!.e~.
~;3dM ;rSo~K~~... ~oJiIea~o: 5X + TX .~~ ~m~ W~;;:d.)~
2...oc:b ~Ol'3 X, 5 03.)~2.. T K~o~ ~~I~ii3Ol1\
~
~tjSF'O~v ~~~. Mf(
oj -"
V ctI)ot'$ W 11, ~o~e X~~ SX + TX ~~-d ~~.)o.;!:h03 2...ot:!)
m~~ ~o03iF~~~~) ~oo~_ e03. ;:k ~i ~Qoo~~~ '5 + T' tM
... w.· ,.;:,.)... co
OO~oC:: ;rSo'tff~;rS~:!e;S 03~i~ 'COd~)J,. S ;:l.)i2_, T K~ ~!v wo~.)
:oIoO~).):!:e03. ~Ti S+T ~) ~~~I:;)oo~.) 'Clo~;S :

CO) (S + T)X = SX + TX 'Clt;i) V 0:).);;:0.)03 wf;l X K~n.

S+T ~003~F~C'j),) eem~e..~or;;T'\~ I ~~o~d,

(S+ T)(aX+bY) = S(aX + bY)+ T(aX+bY)

= a5X +b5Y+aTX + bTY)
= a(SX + TX)+b(SY+ TY)
= 0(5+ T)X + t(S+ T) Y.

'CO~e (;tjd't) rl) oeMj)S 2...~:;::) oe.w!J~<. ~ ~O;::)~F~O~) 2...o!;h ~Ol'3

rv'l ...,

rl)~~;:;~~ ;:;;:;o;rSz,;:r;)~). V OO)o~ w n T oj)) Zuo~.) oemie.~

~o;:;!F~omM!J cj)J!,~ a C~)) Zuo~) on:l.;::) ;rSo~60m'I'\O!J. V ~::.~
X 'COcO. ~Ii W ~~ TX ~t;. o;;OIf\O~)~ aT X 'CO~. aT X ~oz~
X, T ;::)')J!,~ a Iit;o~ ~~~~oni\ ~~FO;tj~~t;. ~~ ~ ~~ ~i)
;:;l;)~)~~ , aT' ta~ctI.)od ~oi5!e.!;tj)!oe03. ;::)y~.:.., ~~~.)J,. a ~od
T ~ at)I'Jl't)~~ wod) ~eOO:l.)!eo1. ~oj)~~~or;;l'\ aT 0:).).)
~~I'\~ ~~~QctI.)o~ ~;::)D~~~O);::) TOO)o~ wn dem~e.~ ~o
~~F~ciJ<)I'\t;.

(H 1) (oT)X -= aTX ~m V oo)~d.)~ w~ Xli\"n

aT~) de.m~e.~~oj~.) mQ;rSv) ;rS')v-e;lon1'\ tS.

2...od~ w~~1:rlrjriOO)~~ ~o~e()~e~. T 00:l) (2) Ood

'!f~d~~ R2 f(, R2 ~ ee.w~ie.~ ~O~ir(3 woCJ ~eJ~~~<'Jel\)et'?,
;::)).)015 'Clcb~dOod ~~~~~~ Rl ~ Rl ~ dem~e.~ ~O~!F(3OO:l.) S
ejMO.
(3~) S(X,y) = (3X + 2y, -Gx + y).

e;'rI S + T o:l)~ ~~f\d~~dOot3 ~003J<l~_;, ~.

(33) (S+T)(x,y)=(f>X+3y, -f)X),

(as)(x,y) ~ (3ax+ 2ay, -liax+ ay),

(aT)(x,y) = \~ax+ ay, ax -0)1).
Sc:S o:lScl~ ~OO~~ Mf\~

i1
[. -II
21l '

• f> ~)]
[ -[, ()

S ;:;~~~. TrI~ o:iJ~~,t,~r(1.,,·oc5,

- ~
""oi::!) O~M3) ~o~t)~~)od ~d~,
Q

~de~. mo:lF" ~ "5 ~6.w'"o~r(~~ ~~f\~;:;o~O:,

~rl A+ B o::b.) mxn ~";ji0'!§! (AIJ+Bij) ..:led') o:J.Iv~:5~~d

~~; c:o~o,

AI1+BII A'2+Bu AJrl+Bln]

A+B:::: [
121 + B21 All + B21 ... A2D + B2D .

Ami + Bml Am2 + Bm2 ... Amn + Bmn

 111

~~~, aA 0:3~~ m x 11 ~Jd~'ff (aA,j) .:Jo~~ o::ri)l3~dli~~,')~z;3;

~o;:::e,

~~ S ~)~~ T Ke}) R m n R n ~ o~m~/>,~ ~O~~r~

j(~CJr\d
I W
e ~J~~ A o::lJJ S ~ ~.)~b B o::lJJ T OOJ oSJeJ:d<!)~c~J;)l'\dwe,
.:..;

~iI A + B C~.)) S + T oj,) ~~io::lJd(\CJ030~;J5 03J~l, aA 00.).)

as ~ ojJ'i):;!,icmf\c,:,ojo~~ DeM::I.)~ ~~D~~.)~.)!:o:l.

1) (x C(),O-YJinO,:rsin8+y cos 6)

tkii oe.w;:~e.:e! ~o~~F~;i~ ~o~.) ru~~ir.ldoj~.)<i... 2Zf~F'Me('@.

'mlWeicr;dI"Bn , (0 , ;!:j~:;!'. 0 :tfJOie~~~JeJI ~otb
0) - T e0:5~F~Oml'\del
03.)~~ Y ~£_~~ R 2 ~ ~o~ ~.!;i'V~~ S eMO. ~;i :;j'lil'\~o~
R~ n R 2 ~ .:Jd~.) ~~ ~00:5~F'~;i~~~ ~0:50;!:j'l.)(:6.)~.). 0 "'~e~~~;3
8cbf\~. T ooJc:b<i.. ~~..I~)N ~~o~d S e:;~)<i.. ~~..I~~
oj , 0..)' y-~'if 0;.1\

~~ ~j~o?()~ ~Q:e!;:))F;i~~~ ';rbru0:5.).)d.);i.) ~;;j.)~~~ ~;;jF'oo;!:j

~~J~'). -Gt ~~ '~o~B~' ~O;;j~F'~li~.) ~e.n 'e'OJ('@)~~o~.)
~e~e~. (2.!~-4 ~e~)

(a7) T(x, y) = (x cos O-y sin 0, x sinO + y cos 0)

P8) S(x, y) "". (-x, y)

 ~~1:lm
T o3..:CJr:<l~ e~o~d S ~d~ ajo'!1~)F'~u~!.~.
'Z!JCIe~oj~~ TO~:MrS (x cos 0 - y sin 0, x sin fJ +' Y cos 8)
M~~-d '!'1~)~;rJ~~~. ~ ,~oi:~b~ ~~o'!o S CJo~ (-x cos 8 +
y sin 8, x ~in 8 yeo, s 0) M~~-d ~;)OO~~}~/;:!. (.\" y) <m~~
(-x cos 8 \.. y sin 8, x sin 8 + Y cos 8) ~%~-d '!'1t})oo~:l;::i
2...odJ ~O;:i~F~0:3J~:;'" ~~~6~::l..; e~. ~d~J", P OO:lod ;:do~e.!~dd,

(iHJ) P(x, y) "~~ (-x cos 0 + y sin 8, x sin8 + y

cos 0) erb~r;3,
~ii
S ~~~ ~~o~o T05.Jcl'd~ ~O'!'1:J)F;:d)!,e~. (x! y)
zu.,e~oj.).) S ~o~ (-x, y) oiR~:5-d 'de})w;rJ~J~r;3. ~ '2,'jo~~ T
dJ:lot:5 (-x cos 8- y sin 8,-x sin 8 + Y cos 8) ~.r.e;~-d '!'1t})OO
;rJ~~~. (x, y o:3:l~~ (x cos 8-y sin 8,-x sin 8 + Y cos 8)
~e;'0'-d
.,!i ,..:/) ...t
U~'.)""'N:l<>..l
J <L.,J - ' _;
2... ow.) ..-/,,-'-1- ..J.,,'; -/
.;.)V<>..l~r ('JIN)(JJ", o:r;:::3'::';6N~ \0...
• • .,!i »..,!i
~w('J~\
.."J-/
Q
dJJorS ;rJo:5e~~C0 M

(40) Q (x,y) ~' (-x cos 8 - Y sin 8, -x sin 8 + Y

cos 8) o:Jo';:j'~rI)!.r;3,

f) ;5)~2., I; 2.£~;ie;) S, T, P ;5)~2., Q li~ ~dy;:;~ ;:dOz.;O~0::5~cl

MeO~)~~. P ;5:.l'!~ Q li~:.l S o::5:.lt..:. T n o:irOl~Me 2..oC:.l
~oZJo~0::5~~ rl:.r.ioC}~. ~d~~ ~o~e.!;:dt») ~~ 'P = S1" ;5)~2.,

~~-5 ~~-6

'Q = TS' ~o~J ~eli.J:.l!e;3. p:~ ST ll~~e~.,o~:.l, P03:.l) T

OO)od ~o'id S (Jed ~(;~:.:.)r~;~):~O O-;::~~oi;3o~ .!\(r..)~~ ;
 113

Q"" TS :S~ft O:hl S CJo~, ~o30 T ~,)o~ ~erd::>')F"xl~~d

~():!r.lod~ Q wO~,) !~xl,)~~. ~t:SOo~ Q:t=P womru~~
, (j ~ '11' ~ 2."o~,) ~~,)'dJf)~~ ru~'!1~I'\e)et:S 13 o::ir;;~;:; ).
• ..., Q

~ l$Ct1~~1i9') ~91'\~ l$M~~1i9.:J~~~ ~~olili'oTtJI'\~. V ~,)o~

Wr: 2.>O~,) OeAJ"'iI~t1 l$O;j~F~Oj,),) T ~MO ;j,)!~ W ~,)ot:S V~ 2.>o~
eeJ1:r,,~~t1 l$O~~F~~~ S ~MO. ~li S T ~,),) V ~ot:S Un
oe,m~~'!1 l!o~!F"~oml'\tS o:$,)~~ ~~1'Id.>~~Oo~ ~~~vxl~tiJ!.i$,
(41) (ST) X= S (TX) 'O.~ ·voo~~c:'o:$ w~ Xli\'11
(41) M~:J~O~,)~~ m~£l;tj~m,)t:I,) ;3,)!1 ~m V ~,)~C')03
~ M~o~') X n v ~~c,)o::i 2.>00') !::''6 l '5 ;tj~~o:$~~ CJ1Zr--e.;xl.:l03 ~~,
~ m V 6.. ~

~QomT\z;7l. oirCl~m T oj)~~ X n ~~.d~N W ~~d.Jo:$ t,o~ TX

:::Q~~~j~ ~~~~ T X~ S ~~,jdJ,);tjJ~~OO~ U ~I!)oj,)
~ m
;tj~rJ03~,)... ~~c::$,) ~

eJOlii)~~). U Ii V o:b l!O~~F~ ST ~t:I~~ S ;j)~2.. T li~~ Nta

en.)It' ~o~ '5ooj,),)~.,_. o. (;l!J) ~)~)
_. (40) de)
m
ir.l~O"O,)030~,
V' w,~ u = R2 ~.:n\d)~ ~xloiicj~o:j~ '5ml f.:1~;j~F~ii~ ~o:$.:l~
._) ~.\ ".:>
.... »!<.o:6~IIW.

U f\ V ro) '1..0~) ee~-;~e..~ ~O;:;~F~o:hJ ST ~l\tS. ~O~J6..

~.;ro)e),) ~e:f)~o~ iir*M:
(ST) (aX+hY) 00,» (41) Co~ S
(T (aX + b Y) )fi ~~dc:l~f\~. e.;od (12) 000 T ( aX+ bY)
='aTX + hT y. Mn S ( T(aX + b Y) ) = S(aTX + hTY}
~c:lg (12) 000 S( aTX+hTY) =as (TX)+bS (TY) ~~
;.JQ (41) 000 as (TX)+ bS( TY )=a (ST)X+ b (ST) Yi
~;j~~ ~eo;tj)~~eOo,

(ST) (aX+bY)=a(ST)X+b (ST) Y;

~odd, ST ~)) (12)~~ mOxl,)~I:S.

(2) CoO ~;jC~~~d);j l$O'5~)r T ~)!2.. (32) 000 ~;:io

~~~O.>~ ~C:el~)F S t5MO. ~)O~~~Ooo ~~e~~.}'~);j R2 oS)fC~
ST ~~~~ TS li~,) tlem"~ ~e'!!:J)Fli~f\~.
15)
 ST (x, y)::: S(T(x, y))::: S(2X+ y, x-y)
,~ (3(2X+ y) + 2(X-y),-6(2X + y) +
(42) (x-y))
= (8x+ y,- 11 x-7y),

TS (x, y)::: T(S(x, y) ) = nnx + 2y,-fix+ y)

(013) ,~ (2(nX+ 2y)+ (-liX+ y), (HX+ 2y)-
(-IIX+Y))
=(fJy, !) X + y).
N:i~F' ~~0!0l1\ ST -::j:. TS OJoz.J ;!:lort~fI ~t:::.) ;:)')M_;O~) erom~dr$
ojJ<) I'\t:l.

~~o ~e)~ ~~~,~t)lrl~.) ;!:l~oO!Oln~. VI ~od V,n TO'S)) '2...od,)

_.I Z) -

t:5e~eo~.) ~O~~F~oi.JOJl'\dwo ~.)~2.; }:-'-/l V2 tS '2...od) oe~,,~~~ ~o

;:i'JtF~Oj)) S ~I'\d;;}:l ~.)~~ V4n Va oj.) 2..o~ oe~~i!e.~ ~O~~F~oo,J.)
R ~nd;;.,e ~li

(44) (RS) T = ReST)·

vzn V c:3 ee::i"~~ ~O;:!~F~rlr;h
1
S ;:;J~~ T li~"I'\~Qo ;:;.)~~
V,n V,c:3
\J _
2..od) oe.il."·,,e:,e-~ ~O;jitF~O~J') R tjf,C:; 0 ~li, '-oJ

R(S+ T) <c RS+ RT·

TO~)) V2f1 VI~ '2...0~) ee$l:J.;~I;,~ ~D~~F~~l'\i::U3 ~.)~2.., V3~
Vis '2...od.) oe~.)·:J~e.~ ~O;:)~F'~o:bJ S ~I'\dw 0 ~.)~2.. a 00.)) 2..0~
O!<I~.~~ ~o~~omr\d 0 ~1i
- z; w
(4fi ) a(ST) = (as)T <, SCaT;·

~a~_F"C::; rl"m~dt$ xt~;l~F"C~o$) ~o$)~ OJOt:),) ~ooj:l

~.;>};t.);:! (44 )~~ m~ ~.IMe~. V2 oj )c:3JJ,. V 3~ S ~O;:).!F~)~~Cod
vn
~:!~~ V3 o:.l)~~ 4 R ~O;:)!F'~),~:SOoo V2oo)~~ V 4~ RS ~Oo:S!F'
;::$)~il o:S)~2.. (RSlTrs!N:! V4~ VI e.s~~ ~co:S!f~)~c3. STOO)) VI
e5cS~ viI ~Oo:S!F~~t:)OO~ R(ST) o:.l~) VI~~ V,fI ~O;S!f~~r!I.
 115

(RS)T~ ~~~ ~,~~ ~y~~ R(ST)~ ~J~~ ~~~ ~or!le

oJo~.) ~e~F~~~e~. Vl~;R X ~d~. ~ii (RS)T)X = (RS)
(TX)=R(S(TX) = R«ST)X) = (R(ST) X; ~o~o,
R( S T) = (RS) T (~~.) ~)te~ td(Soo iil\,~~~ ~O;tb~;ROO.) ~o~.)
Cl~~~ ~~)) (4f») ~.)~~ (40 )(Se i!le\,"~ii~.) ~~J.l.A. ;!:be.l?tl~do:J.)f\~.
~~ii~~.) ~;.",?_q~ii~fI 2:l~I::i~f\~ .
.J.. v

ii)ro~~..,~ ~~o~ ~~)).;.; ~~oii~ (41)d~ T= W = U

~)~oiio:J.)f\r!l. ~~odo S ~.)~~ T ii<tl) V oj) ~-)e~~ ~O'5~))F
ii:;;";)f\~w0 , ST_ ~)~) TS i(9) o:L'tlo:J.)iie.J.J.l ~~e~e.loj alJd)~
~ii ~ "'"
~. ~

~~F ~ 'I10:5";)f\ ST::f. TS ~)~~ 'a~d ~e.lz.ro ~oiiM~J.l ~o2jl~~~~~).

~~ii%~~ ~e.l~(3.).J.. ~;n~~ii<tl~ ~J.l~'UClii)~~.

TOO)), V oj) ~)eo~ 2...o~) eem~e,~ ~O'5~')FOmf\~w e, ~ii

TT. ( TT) T. (TT) ~d<l~c)ii%~~J. dJ.l~~z.)~~. ~~~~
It,· 0::5:; ~)e~~ ee~J!l~e.~ ~O'l1~.)Fii~h ~~ mtjWdC'QIo:J.)f\ -6i €3o~

~dC'QIii~~~ '!J\)~o~ef\~)!,e~. T 2 = TT, T3 = ( TT) T, ~~vC)·

( TT) T = T (TT) ~M)~~Oo~, .a, ~o~~Oo~ o:m~~e
~oC)1i ~OO)J.l ~oro~~)~o~.
'"

T2 (X, y) = T (2 X + y, x-y) = (2 (2 x+ y) +
(47) (X-y), (2 X+ y)- (x-y)) =- (5 X+y, X) 'a~')
(2) d~ ~~O~~~o~ T 00)) 'a~Q 0 ~~.

T oj)) (i~ 7) d~d)~o~ ~~Q 0, eli T 2 28 ~J.le~~i&t

(4H) e~~F(So:mf\tJ T 3 30 ~J.le~~i&t eJ~;§F(So:mf\~,
~a:J~O.

(4\1) (38)d;Rcj.)~o:iS~~wd, erlSJ=IRl.

(48) ~);;~ (4!)) (Se a'le~~rl~.) ma:J.)!eo:l.)o:J.)f\ ;!j~~o:J.)l'\~
03)~~ (:37) ~.)~~ (38) ~)J. w~o3J.lel'\"r6~o® ;!j.)e.lt;o:J.)l'\ W",L;!j
z.)~.)C::) .
 116

oe~Ol.te.~ ~e~~F"c3li~ ~o~t)cS~ otr.>~~" ~o~e;cS;j-d [(3[,)

~~ece,jJ COlO ~~.)oSo~~.)e oem~e.~ ~OoS~F~liflj rum~d~ ~.)d~I!l'!f
rum'!r.Jc'5'-d ~o O::JeJll~~r;5. ;je;:$t) 2X 2 ~~on;:$cS~ o::iJd~.J ~~
Y.52EF~ r;woSF ~~ ~on8~~.)J. ~n G "-3 ~d.)~eo:1.

(flO) S(x, y) = (AlIx+ Ad" A 21 x + A 22 y),

(fll) T(x, y)::::: (BlIx+ B 11 y, B2IX+ B 2ZY)'

(ST)(x, y): S(T(x,y) <~ S(Bllx+ BnY' B2IX+ BnY',

(AII(Bllx + B ,2y)+ A ,2 (B2I x+ Bny),
c:

(fl2) ::::: ( All(B1lx+ BIly) + An(B2Ix+ B22 y) )

::: ( (AIIBII + A I2 B21 )x+ (AIIBJ2 + Al2 Bn )y,
== ( (A21 B21 + A 22 B 11 )x+ (Al,Bll + A22B2~)Y)-

~O~J. A oS.)~~ Bn~ K~~t)~...;Sod) ~d~~iJ~d oS')~ AD

o.JO~~ <,)e~.).)~~e. ("Ei~ ;5.)! A i3.)~lo B Ii~ t;5.)~ ;5.).)~
~h~) AB em i ~e ~~~ me':lcS ;;1~~1. j t3e ~e~mC~ m~~'
 117

~Jc:l~, A 00) i ~e ~~ mOc:l w~~~J~!r\~c:l)oI,. Boo') j ~e CJe~mOc:l

;;j,)O m:.Je.J~!n~~~ ru~" '!!!JOlaJ~~co~ ~~c:l~ ~~OC:!. 'INf"Ic:l
eJ\)mzic~r\~J ~~c:lJJ,. ~~oe~o~J~03 .

.)] [2') + 1. (-- (',) '_.2

) +
l.~+(-l).d
- .. .iJ 1. 1
1 -. 1.);+(-I).(_H) •
0
= [ !I '1 '
r)J
1 _ . ...
.,.)_+_.
') I 3 . 1 +4.
"( -1) ]
-1 ] - [ (-ti).2 + 1.1 ( -(;).1 + 1.( -1)
~~ [_I ~ -;].
( 5fl) rC?S 0 -sin 0J2 [COS2
0 - sin 20 -2 cos 0 sin OJ
,Sin 0 cos 0 ,'. 2 cos e sin 0 -sin 20 + cos 2e
COS 20 -sin 20J
= [ sin 20 cos 20 '

[ -1° 0J'1 2 .._. [I° OJ1 .

~~ ~~,,;;j,)1'\ (.W), (4:d), (48) ~yJt~ (4!1)0 o:ir;)~~ ~~~
I'hTOlI'\~. L~Jiic:lJ 2 X 2 o:!s.l~\'; nJ~,!)2J ii~c:l~ !e~J;;j,)f\ n~;tJv,)
, <.I 'oJ
!5~~M~e'!f~~.:l~,') ~J.J~a;;j,)f\c:!.

\3e~rl<l): (:30) o:l,)~~ (n 1) Oo~ ';JOl~~~ ~o~~c:l ~,)~~

~~l!3 li"m,,~dlie;oo eJ\)om~ V ~Joo Wn ~d,,~ ~~ de~~~~
~O~;1r~liao! ~o~~~ o:s<l~~;;j,)f\ t..o~J ~O~ ~~.J~omf\~; ~o~d
~o~'!)~ ;:S.:.:!~ ~~EJ rum~dr\';) e;;;ii 3 d (1 0) ~e ~00.J;:S.J;:S~~
m!);tJ)~iS. ~~~ oe.!oo)~ (35) ;:S,)!~ (3~) oo~ tMd~~ ~ot5~c:l
~J!~ nJmndli~d~ In X n ~~ ,;nao! ~O~(55~ t..o~ ~O!!
~;:S.J~oo,)~~ tJML~.J~rS. V = W ~qS~ In = n ~l'\dJ;:S ~~oli~~
.&J ;tJ;:S.J~eJliao!:l o:s<l~£)~~~ ~dJ;:S t..o~.J rom~o;sc:l~ ~oOdJ!,o:!. ~o1¥
;tJo~iit,iJOl ~;:S~e.!lit,i.r. ~e'lZli~!l'i~n eJ\)ma:ldrCn~I'\;!.
 118

oem~~rrJ ~(~~ti~d ;:SJ;)od~;j~d ~mQo~d eJ~ ~~~ .s,

~et::~~;!~~fl ~o?Jotj).!Jl:3. ;tJod~F'~md e.;~~t3~r(~fl ~~ e.3e"~~~
~O~1\, ~ ~~rrJd~ ~ ;tJ~J~~~~~ ~o~O~~O~.

Rn 'CldJ Rm ~~Jo:i eeAI·~!e.~ ~D'o:i~F'~ T OOJ ~~ l'Jo:j~~ T

o:jJ~:;'_ .b'!¥0'11~1\ CJ~F'O~J~l:3o?J:>d~J... ~~~ ~~fO.!J~030~ ~~~.!JO.
'Clr:S:> ~03~e~ !) Dod 'o:iJ~~ (20) 'o:i~-a2.. (2 1) d~ 'lfmz~ ~d~o:i
T Q'j~ o:m~ ioo:J ~6A'''':J~~l:lod .!J1:l..;. ~:>~iS. 2.. 0d:J o:m~ T!oo~~
om~~e;~ 2..0~ ef~~~&.~ l5o;j~Ft3fl wc;O ~~,,~l:30~ MeO.:lv~.
'Cl~ ~:Je;~, .b~ode A oj:JJ t..o(:;:)) In X n o:i.J"~0T!om1\~O ~~ A ~J
\!~... o:m~ ~omM)o:io~a5, Rn ~od Rm fI 'l."od" oe:Jc;~e.rrJ ~O~~Ft3
cdJ~~ (22) ore>~~)~,)~iS.

a2P6X:rl~.)

1. i~M,)~(:;:)d~ R 3 O':J)od R2 fI 6e.·).J";\~ ~O~~F~crl.)~...

~~~v~~~ cd.ril~~ ?

(a) T(x,y, z) = (x - y, x- z)
(b) T(x, y, z) :::: (Ixl,), - z)
(c) T(x,y, z) = (x+ I, y+ z)
Cd) T(x,y,z) = (O,z)
(e) T(x, y, z) C~ (x+ y/z, z)
(f) T (x,}, z) - (3x - )"y, - z, ilx- 2y+ z)
(g) T(x,Y,z) c·· (:Jx-2y+z,x-3y-'iz)

2. ( 2), ce:"d"o:io~
,.,., ~l:3eF~~Ke;. ~r:S~~;;; ~~ ~~~~dOod
€~f')~)~ R'J ~ ~O~~Ft;Kq}e) ~!~o~ oe.:oC:ie,~~i\l:S
oJo~ MfOM,
'"

(a) (0, 0, 0) ;:S~~ (.Jte.;~1\ ~~~, (0, 0, 0) o:h~2.,

(1,0, 0) 'o:i~e;'I1 OJO.t;:b~eM";:; oe~0:3J ~,)~, 1Tj3
=&J<e~~~~, t,ot::i~ ~O:lf~.
 119

(b) (2, 0, n), (1, 0, 2) ~~~1. (0, 0, 0) rl~od ~~F'O

~~~ ~~~~~d~ ~ot::l~ ~!~~.

(c ) (b) ~~~;;!t)~-d ~z3~,)cm~ 2.>o~~ ~t)o~~.

(d) o:ir.J~'!1~ ~od~ ~~m~!'6; ~oda, a>o, b>O

;5~~ c>O eM,)~~ (x, y, z) CJ')') (ax, by,cz) ~
~dm~)~~~t$.

~l. ~f\d~~dd~ ~M~O~ R3 03,)ee)~ ~o~ aem~~~

~O'!1:;JFc.:l,)~~ ~zy~t6~~!'~o~') Mef.J~o:

(a) T(X,y,Z) = (x-y,z+y,x)

(b) 1'(x,y, z) ~. (x,y,O)

(c) T(X,y,Z) = (x+y,-x-y,z)

(d) '1' (x, y, z) ~- (y, - x, - z)

4. (a) es;JezJ~ 2 d ~0'5~)Fi1~1 ~!03~oi:ld o:ir.J~l!c.:l:;~J..

~od.)oote~)o.

(b) ~'ItJ~z3~ n d ~e~:;)F;i~ ~&c3.noi:ld o:ir.J~;5l~c:!~

~oll.)oo~~~D.

[I. ~~M.)~ ;:m~0;5ln~~ ~!cir.Jor;b Rn ~oi:l Rm fI 2.>om

oem~e,~ ~Q;;:l~F~Cj,) o:ir.J~0 ~crlr.ll'\~. ~~~od.)
o:ir.J~~M 11 ;;:l)~1. m rl~~cI.. ~QFO~ ;;:l~~~ (22) d~d,}
~o~ llo;j:!lF"~O~~)cI.. ~~nl'J"rlq} ~drl';e)
M
~o~.)o,

1
!) [ ~ 1
(b) [3
1
1
0
0
(i
2
1
-1 1 o -1 1 1

1
1 (d) n-iJ
 120

u. r oj.).) ~ n ~ dd ZJ~)1:f{,'jrrqj ~;:ftr.Jlf~fld~ ~~ fi!)ri~

v oj) ;j)e!)~ 'Woc:l) d~~"~e..~ ~~~:gF~o:m7'lC$ wO~.)
MeOM. ~ ~(r6:J')fOO') m~ ~~~)do.. ~.)~) !'J.r.l~.9.~oi.)~.)
....:J i:J ...
~orl.)Oo~cfI)O.

7. ~~?,;:;l a d ~O~~)Fri~ 5.!~odo DJd~e3 e:f..,~;:$~

~.);!~ 03;;6~oj)~~ ~13~).;~oo.)o:r.,r\ :JoSuM.
):I. ~'\,~M)03 03J<J~\'!§Ii~~) ms<lot':lCb03 O~'~')')~k ~ ~003~F"C:;Ii~
'" d.. "
~~o&r.lodd ;:;iili.jJ~03~.Rd.. oS)~.::.. D~i\'~ioj)~cI.. tJyFO,"u:

(a) [~
~J [3 ....

["
n

-~J
-1 1 (c)
(b) :.!
" ""
-1
o 0 ;1
2 1

!l. ~~?)~ 8 d eetJ~~~ ~Oo::!~F~IiI1,~) 5~~odd ~v3.::'/IJ~

'Woc:l) e;::jWdo::!~~ oS)i.:_. ~.Rc:!v e;'CfC)[J~-d 'Woc:b ~tj)"'dQ:j'~JiIc1..
~oll.)Oo~~,)O.

1 O. ~~M)~dG~ 5!O~~ondt).R"" ~03u~~~rJ');;; R! ~.)~()~

t:~~~~e,~ ~~~~)Foj.).) T o~tlnG(). (~:! )C:~d.);:io~ T ciJ~~
~~FeD~ri~ ~dli~~ (JM~.)'" ~)~~ T (1, O)oj)c:!~ ri~~C:

(a ) l' C~, 1) == ( 1, 2), l' (- 1, 0), (l, 1)

(b) 7' ( I, I)~: (:!, 1), T (-1, I) = (Ii, n)
11. dim 1/> dim W em;)(). V ctJ)o~ Wft 'Wo~:b ~e.ro~!e,~
~O;j~F~O~)') 7' eM!) ~)a2.. W oo)o~ V 1'1 z...or::;.)
te:,:;~t oj ~Oo::S~F~OO') S el'\o().
(a)
""
1X;c 0 e/\d,);;;o~ .,., o:;j~ X.:;i: 0 ~t':l:j t..od.) '<)~
o~.)od.) MW'-O.

(b) S Y =: X ~dtl.) W tS~ y ~O~d m~oe~Qd.)~oi

V o:l.)~ X ~l'J' ~~oj.)o~.) ~.r.~e~e.

1_"). S (x, y, z ) ~ (I x- J' (»)....; __ .'.,J• . ~) ..;,....; RS

,Z t"0w ... "il ....ON~'iJ"~~
 121

;3~e!l~ oem~~ ~o~::lJF'cd~

S ~M~. t!t;i'a~ 30
~O~:l)F'rt~J ~!03~:>o~~,! ST, TS, S+ T ~J:j~ 3S2-
~ ra K~~~ ~rZFe~~rW ~~r\~~ ~dtilL~O.

(a) l~ !][ -! ~l (b) [_;; !][ _~ ~]

(c) !~ n[~ -!] (d)[~ ~][(_~ ~)+(-~ ~)]

14. ~t}r,~ li:.l~r\~~~ ct..r.lo~dJ~ R8 ;3Je~~ oe~~'!~~ ~O~~:)F'

;ie,~~;", ~ozl,JCoteOO.:lO, '

(a) T-:j:.o,T~::,t:,O,TJ = 0
(b) T-:j:.o,S:l:-O,ST+,:-O,TS = 0
(c) 1'":1:-0 ~d~rZf n>l 11
(d) S+T~S-T
S~ =
( e)
(f)
T2 ~:Jg~ S:I:- T
(S - 21)2 ~ () ~cMS-::;t21 /
.
(g) ST2= PS, ~~M ST~TS

(h) T2 =I ~,J:j~ T:i= J

H>. (8)' (10) o:S.:l~2. (11) ~~ ;rw'll:"".
(b) l37) ~~ ~~:,.,..

(c) P ~~~ Q rI~:) (3U) ~:)~ «(0) d~ 't¥~~ot

~~ d, 'lJe;:te,) ~~~t:k'JW t..oc$J $mF'o~ n"
,= n11' ~ 1'\~", d ;inJ ~ P == Q wo~ "-tO~o.
16·J
122 dtm3.'II ClCasl'("~

(d) ~'If~e~~!e~ mmt3'dr(~~~ ~J~~tt\~~~Oorj

T2 ~J~2.. T 3 ~t:!~ ~!'3F"e~'dri~ ~drn;l~ ~~b~
~dOod (48) t:!~ ilWql~M.

Hi. 'If~t\t:! ~~J~Ii~~ ~.!o~odd 03JeO(:S 2.o0~ dem~~'d

~~:J~fcrl~~~... Tf(t)=
~eOM.
f: f(u) du ~~~r3~~~l:3o~

(a) 0 ~ u $ 1 Ti~t\ W)~~V~~J~dJ~ ~:Jt.t~ W)~::J'd ...

~~0r3e't it eI\J~~...Ii<1} ~~Jz,.eJ·

(b ) 2Ja5~~r(~ ~~J3.leJ·

l'j. (a) 2..lcm~~Ii~ ~~J~ ~J 03JetJc",~ 2..01:$.) oe.ro~~e_'d

~O'd~t:-~~)... ~~J.. 'de)~~ ;:;oji)~J~~ow.) ~eOM.

\ b) e~v~ W (a) OOJ ~o::i~l..eJo:jJ oS.)eooJoj t..o(;:b

dem:!e_'d lSO'd~fcdJ~JJ.. ~~J..'de)~~ ;:;o::iC~)~~~
;So~ iRfc~ (:>~e~~oj.) ~~~'f1 e~o~ r:~~
\ ~~J1K~J ~ ~oK.!ctl~oc3eje ef\)omru~oj.)

l~. (a) (U~), ~1;:b (l~)'d..r.J-d ~~~q:lfW)t\~ woi:::iJ

iJeeo.iJO.
(b) aT oj~ (31) Oot:S ~m:~~~o.)~li, aT oj):;
dem:!e_'dW)t\c3 ..:loc3J MeoM.
(c) (45) ~~:!2.. (46) ~~ itWQ~O.

1 \1. R2 ~)eei~ t..o~ dem~e,'d ~C'aOJ:;F'03)::' T e3t\Oei. 'fN1\~

~~oir.Iot:S~~ itWql ~M,
(a) . T::t: 0 ~)~~ T2 z t) ~1\dQd,
e3n TX 1 = X2
;i)~ TX2 =0 e3t\ru;:So\l R2~ {X 1, XII} ..:lo2..l
~ ,r;i) ~~dtlct
 123
(b) T:t=0' T#/ ~Yi:.., Tl = T ~l\~~, ~n TXt =
XI ~~ TX 9 =.0 ~l\m~oi R2'f. {Xl, Xl}
wOt.) 2..o~~ e"rtHld;)~. .

(C) ffl)~~(T) = 1 e,,1'\~Qd e"n TXt =° ~:li~ TX"'-:;:'o

e,,1'\~;lo;J Rll1 {X 1, X2} wot.) 2..O~:l ~9Cld~r3.

20. (a) TO~~ ~~:~Oj:l~ TOO:l ~n~ ~;:S:l~eJOO~ 2..o~

tff\~Q 0, eii dim V 00:l:l ~;l:l~o~oo,)m/'\~ wo~ \
i.r.leo,"e. (V 00)') mo~ e"o:ir;);):leO:»~l\r3 ~i.l~
TOO) V ~:l ;3)eo~ 2..oc:b de~Ci~e..~ ~O~~)F'
cm1'\~.)

(b) V ~.)O~ W~
T oo~.) 2..o~ de~e..~ ~O;l!F(S
o::LCiMO ;l.),!~ W ~:lO~ vn S wo~~ dem!e..~
~o;:S~Fc:Jotr.JMej dim V> dIm W oJot:b '<a~~
'lf~~..R/tQl. ;t;;)*'~ (ST) < dim V oJO~ ~eo,".
2 J. ·V O~).) ~tJF~ tfom::>.)e~~f\d!l ~:l~ V~.) ;3.)fO~
de,,-,CI~e..~ ~C~:J.)Fn~,) S ~'!2_. T e"l\dO.
(a) ;t;iO)*, ~ (ST) $; (8) (::J mq:; ~ ;:S,)!2_. NO>G< ~ (T) 0:»
'tI~~C:.I~'
(b) dim V= m*,~ (S) e,,/,\~,}~, e"n NO>ql~ (ST) =

N~~ (T)
(c) m", ~ (T) = dim V e,,/,\O.lmn itW(j) ~ (ST) ~~:l?

22. (21:1) ~~ itW~~')~l [~ta~: n ~tQl~m1'\d:l~1i (2!:1) d 2..o~:l

m9~oj.)~)cI.. 'lf~.~]

23. 7' oj;).) V ~ ;3:leO~ 2..o~ ~em\~ zm~~)FomMe':I.

(a) TX ~.),!2.. TY ri\~ ~d.J~~ de~~ ~~Lom/'\~~oi

X ;:S:l!~ Y rI~ ~~:.>~ ~~oj.)~~ T oj);) 'lJ~~b~
lSo~ i~tOM.
124 "(~ ••_~(."~I.'f_

(b) TX, TY, Tzn~orj tJ9F"O~~~ ~,,~(~~ or;;~b

~I\OO~o~ X; y m~ z Ii~orj tJQF"O~~~
~~J't)e~~~.... T ell.) tJ~~:l!.~~rj;) Meo,..o.

(c) T 0'$')') L(~~:l~1i~1i~~~ :.-e~~9~1i~1i~~ m~~.)

cmr.c!:l~o! t5~~~i)od.J ~~eo~o. ~o~e M
tle~~~~~~I\~O, eli MrS ~~~o~~ ~e~~~LjSo
o:Ji 1\ i).

(d) Toj.),) GS~;g&~ ~o~;)liq;l~~ ~~!e.~ ~o~:lli~~ ~~,;;.)

~i) .;)o~:l~~~ MecNO.
24.· T OO:l~ Voj) 2...ot:3) ;l;io~ot;l~ ~C;:;~F~cmf\O().

(a~ X ~)~.:., Ylio;.ol ~~~~~ e~i;~ ~.!~o~~~~~?

(b) X, Y~~~ Zli~o~ (J~F"O~~j~ ~~J't)e~~ ~J

~o'ZJ~e~) ?
(c) Toj~ Le~~J~dii~1i~~1.. Le~;j)9!J1i~Ii~ w;hb
cmM~;:So~ ~t;l;i)!.oo'ZJ)t:::~~ i..s(o~o.

(d) T C'S.).) ~~~&.~ :;jo~Jrt~~~ ~;ge,'!'J zo'!'J:)rt~fi m,lJ

~ro;:;oi ~~;l;ii) ~d'lJo:)~~o'lJ~~:5!-d R2 ~~ 2..o~)
tl\)mlflo~oj~~~ ~4<l coo,

2r" RS'fI {Xl, X 2 , X3} ~oOHj~do:wM(). 1 IX I r~ I,

f I X "'11X
2 3
= 0 ~)O~ m:a£iz3;l;i~J~ R:l~on Rf.. t..o~)
el~:tle~ ~;::$iF~crj),). II tmo(l, ~~O~:l~ 12X1 ~-/3
X = 3
1, 1 2X 1
"" /2X3 = 13X1 "" 13X~" 0 CO)O~ Il
~)'$~/3 ;;:S'6:tlt~~~()· (~o:::~~ ~.J~)e03j !) ~J't)~~r;:;.)
R (Jorj Rfl
3 1 .;)~~~~) cM~tSe ~em~:!!' ~o;j~F"~
o:.rvMC. 1 """(I Xl)/1 + (jX 2 )12+ (I X3)/a
~O~ iJ't)eo~eJ') 'S~:le0:3.) V~~ W~C~fl\~O.

2G. (a) (22) d~d:>~o~ tlM~~~~d)~ TO'J:;J R 3 ~:;e~~

t..oi:::!;) 13e:tJeO'J;) liO~~fO~r.d.l~~, T o:il 0J.l :.:!,
6
 125

(d) T <ili~ R3 ;S~e~tS 'Wot::5~ O~~tI~e,"1I ~:;"1I~~f~I\C,)

;:l~ ~~~~ R3 ~~ X ~d~~ri, T X ~~~ ~o~
2otecj)m 2..oc5) ~o;:l~~ t3~;:.; ;:l~)..... ZJc~,;,o.

(c)
s -
;:l,)~). T n~~ R" ~)ee)~ ee~~~ "11 ~C"1l~JF
~
n:;~I\;3 ;:l)~.2., T X o:1)~l.. SX n'~~~ n'rM)
~~~,I\ ~;:;~fi6:)c;:;(ic::.~ z.a<i,i"\~~)
~ ~ ..... i'Jile3~ ;::::l.,:)oLJeJ~~
~J'<I~.r/~. (ST)X ~,;,~~ (S+ T) X rifri
2..ot::5) ~O;;j05fB tJ~o:1~~ e,,;eoj)e.;~ ~ ~~)iit;~.)....
~~o~e1\~D.

V ~)ot::l W f; ec5 ~m ee.:J"l;;, . ~"11 6:)D;:;~F~ii~ ;rj~~ ;rJ;:l,;,:,.CJ oj,))

M

L (V, W) ~i'\cej, [(r'4) 0 j)eej~ e3e~M~~~ ~et:OJ V oj\;i~

W M~) ~JQF~ e.5~"";);;)~ oj';';;Y;I'Il::3w 0, ~M dim L (v", W):.::::. dim J/
dim W o:.lol::3,;, ~eOM.
,;:~~~: VA £"'od) ~~t,c~ lX', XIl,···xn} ~I\CO
;:l~~~ W f\ 'Wod) ~~c~ {Y 1, Y" .. · Y } ef\cO. Eq <Xi) =
yi ;:l~~.::.:. k;f-iUf"Ic5wO L. (XK)=O oo)od or8~;::;~ru~~C;:l'!f~
r\~i::l E(j n%J~:,. c:~;tlm ~t.i~e0:3) \)~~ ~~oir..eh;i)O. L( v, W) f\
t..oO) ~t?G {£I' ,. E" 2.· .. £1' m' E t • I' E 2 ,!,· .. E 1 , m,'"
_} ~1'\~C~,;,ot::5,;, i:J'i)eD;tl~) ~\;3.)eoj) ~l ~'.
Eft' ,,'" E1\' 2' En, ... J \~....

~rl 5 ~&~~,.~Q, de~i..~ ZO'6'~rrl~.)

~ie~ ~~n.;! oe~.j·1~/,."1I ~c;:l¥~n~ r'~~1i~ ~~~oj.)~;:l~).....
:rl\;tl "1I.r::l ~~ ~ ?~:Clrtc~ ~d;tl!!.)) ~;tl"1l.OC:i\d~~J;S. ~ 9~Mt::5e':i
'"'<II~ ;,J'- "I"
rut.tti ..., - -
AA~...roJ~~ r;MoOd~~o~~ ~l:);:l~F~M~~ ~;J~;:j .:~~~e~.
,. ""

~CI~~ ;;30~~~~M~ 2..o::lJ ~~t~iot)~~ ~O~~F~ riJm~oo ~t::5

 126

li~~ Mdu~~e;3. M~v~ ~~J...0~,J ~oo::i~r~Ii~,J CJ'dd~h '~h~'

2J1J3)Wi)doiro~li~h;3 .:loe..J.)d~.)J... -a~ (Medmrb~t3.

t..od-J WWi)a:ldRloir.Jd~ ~do'ltlMe~. 03,JJCie;~o~:J~ ,;b~ 0

~~e~~~~ T 00).) ~~d!~ ~o::i,Jd~ ~d t..od) e;::$!r~ R~ -ad!>. ~r<

(1) T(x,y)::;t:(O,O)-ad.) (x,y)::;t:(O, 0) ~h~O o3s.l!J

~odd M~z'li (T) = o.
Mn ~~ (T)=2 ~ru~deod {T(1,O), T(O, I)} oj.)) R'J
~f!)d,Jo::i 'I...ood') CJdo::ie;o~~ Ii~03e)M:;. ~d~.)
M J... ~ed03e)M:b~ ~(l
~~ edz..:1J3.)d').

(:!) T(I, O)~c(cosD, sinD), T(O, I)~ (-sinO, cos 0)

[2J~ 1 ~e~, 0 <0< 1T/2 .:lod.) (2) d~ MW.1Jt3}03.]

..
(-tinJl. COl') ,
(0,1)

~~~ ~t3Q etli~fI T c:) ~!t)o"! ~.JJ~~~~oQd ~dd ~~~;j

03~.)J... 'cn:; oi."V:i~1i.)d.) .:loz..:.)Wi)f"It3. (0,0) d ;:::.)!, -fJ ~.we~Q~~
Tl 'I...oon.) ~~d!~ ~;j~d ~~!F~oi.."";)MO ; esoQO fJ t¥JWe~;;::~~ TJ
'I...ooQ.) ~.:..; dt~
c>.A
'1s.~.)'d e5~af~olJ"";)1\~. ~Ii
....)

(I), (:!) (iJ) ~~%~~!i~.) .:l~~ ~.).)~el' ~!~o~ t..ot3~ ~o

'f1t, ~C~j~:' t!led :Jr-IdO tt;(~.. ~t.':; .:Jou.)C::~~ t, ~ ~\ ~~ o::bCt3 t03.
oJ ' - , ; . .,. ""' - ..... ~ ""
 127

T o:b ~~d ~e;~ 1i~~1i~(:b", ~1ileMe~. ~e;~ MeO,"O 1i~~~o:l~F~

~v:J)~foj)~1"l ~~e.3~I"l~,

To:!N eoi.<>o:l:Jo:l~:J", ~od!;;'~~~~)!.~; ~ooo 'R1 ~ 'WoO)

(4) eru~':;:o:l)~eJo~:J'..J M ehO"d o:l:J~~ TO~:J ~~f.. M~ ~!~o~~
N ?,jI"lO_O
w
eli dim M=dim N

.at ;l::jo1::$2jlr~~ oe~liej:J de~1i~f.. ~Ol:3~JomM:Jo:loi t4!_;~~}~:J~oS

~~oO:J (4) c:tev;l:J~~.

R2 ~:Jeej~ om~~e ~~d ee~\.~ ~C~:J:JFOO:J:J S eMej o:l:J~~

TS,=. 0 O:Jo~:J ~e.3~~JOl"~/~. 0:J1l1i~~~ T. ~oo 1i:J~M.
~ODo1::$ 0= T.O= T.(TS) -~ (T.T)S~IS=S.

(f> )

(4 ), (f») o:l:J~~ ~~1l

(]), (2) o:l:J~~ (H) ~M~J,"Oo~~
(G)
ru~o:l~",e ~M~J;l::j:J~oSOO:JoC::) ~~ o:l))oil .!~oo))~eoS. (B) ~~
;tWoSF ,y~(),:;:)o:J 1i:J~oSoC::) ~flc::)~~e:uV~' ero~cru.el"l;l::jtl) ~~oi
~)tl~;jO)o 1i,)~~M)~C::OoC::WOl o:l~~~ o~ ~o:l~f.. ~O~~:JF Ii)m~d
M~~-d ~"t~ eso~O~{~eJoo,)~~ ~~~,)~~ooC::e;~ Mf.. o:lJ<Jll~Ol1i:J~~.

Toj)) V 00') ~)eej~ 'Wo~ de.m~~ ~O~~)FomMO. T

o:L~~ ~Wc:eo:l)m~~ . esq$~ ~'if0'do:l~C::1 wo~ ~e~~e~C::d V 00)
.oS.)ee3 t..o~ dem~e.~ ~O~:J:JF T. 'fNM)o:lo~ ~d~ftf),

(7) TT. = TI T = J. V .00) oS)eo~ mo:l.)s'l~

~~0~~1"l (7) ooC::~e T, ~~O~~~~. ~~oC::d T2T-=I
el"lC::Qo eli T, .",IT. = (T'),T)T1 = T 2 CI:T.) = T21= T2 ~~_
~e~e; ~~}a'd 2A~1i.p~4 7i10~o:l~ t..o~ .~~~~. (iif)~ T. ~~~
]'O:l.) ~~OJ~~e~ wo~ rdd~~e~ oS,)~ T, ~~~ 11 wO~)C::OoO
~o~ea~!teoS (T-o:l ~ OJe3-n~~\ .~~,)l~!~oS.) T OJ~.M~ f'IW_~
~d6Tf T= lfdJ&G; (i}~J.. ~~~~ciOoC:: OJ~~(oSJ m~tS~l'\t5
~O~~~ 1i~.)~M.
 128

Vo:$)) mo~ ~oj>.lOJ)eo:$)~I\WelQli, :J~JfJe;l)m~~ ":;O~OJ)f

Ii%~~~ ~O::o;rh)) :J~~ oe !Ii~~.

;Y~l\d~~c:j~ (2') ~~ ~~F' ~e~o~:J~il O::,);<il~ ~;S)eoj) v t:S)...

:J;Joe~ w~oiIdm~)~r::.

V11 2..oz:3:J ~l:?O~ f Xl, X~, ... , Xn} eMO. T~

(I:'i) V~ ~)eo~ 2..oz:3) ee~~;<ile,~ ~D'5~:m·o:ir.JI\OO. ~Ii vn
{rXI, TX~, ... , Txn} 'Z...OC::) ~~J~ ~~o)Go:lelM~Qd
;:L~~ TO~)) OJ~eO::) m~V~r\l;~

T ~~.ReO::) ~~~on7\il ~O~ ~e..l~~J<;':~./~ od:J;<il~ T o::~~;;»

r-- 1 ei\\:~O, aITXI+alTX~+ .. ,+anTxn=() ~O.:;:;) ~eJ~
~JfJ~J"~O~, T- J
e;~.do:l)~, ttrl 0 =1'(a,TX'+a2TX2+ .. ,+al'l
TXn) =al(T-1T)X 1+a2(T-IT)X2+ ... +an(T-1T)Xn=al
X I + alX~ + ... + anXn, a) -= a2 >= ... ..,. an = 0 e;,ru~~Oo~
~ T Xl, T X,~, ... , T X n } ~d;leJo~!~I\C3c&o~ .e, '!fi)dC'WOo~
vn 2..0~) e1~d~l\l3 ~o~ leo:irdF"~~)!e~ (dim V = n
e;, 1\O);;»z:30ot;1).

OJ~~t;l.)~1\ V~ ~ocl) e1~O~

{TXt, TX'J, ... , TXn}
~1\t3 ~o~ ~e3~iJil~JiI,,~C'W. ~~)eo:il !)~~ ~~oj~~ (et ~~eo:ild
a3e,.,~cm~d);l {Xl, Xli, ... , xn} e;,~"", {TXl, TX2, ... ) TX n},
t:locl o::)!~ {yl, y2, ... , YO} e;,~"", {XI, X S, •• " xn} o:lJot;1
~m~~"") T,(TX i ) = X', i== 1, 2, ... , n e;,1\O);loi Vo:il ~(O~
d(~.,!~~ ~O~~F~ Tl I1jI\CO. e51i ~~)eo:$) !J 000 ;= 1, 2, ... ,
nn X i ~~t¥", XI e~oI. ~)20~)O:: Vo:h ~eC~ 2..ot)e 2..o~ oem~~
~O~~fo:!)) I ~~ ~1\d.J~~Oot;1, TtT= I; ~~l3 i 1,2, ... , n~ =
Xi e:3~""
T Xi ~V8,3 ~.)~~O:: t..ot!( t..oQ) Veil ~(C~ .
:so~:J)F"O'h/~ J ~)( ~l'\tS. ~d~ (TT ,l)(TXi)=:= T(TJ(Tl'i) =
TX i • 'lid.> i= 1, 2, ... ) n~ lxltf! "TT t T,T=r 'OI~'(8)t:b~ =
 129
~~~fro~ (8) ~~ w~oin~"~ (8) Oo~ M~ !(~r~~
mli:l~iS :
V OO~ ~1:lF"~ e;,~::J~ec;l.)~MI!). T c::b;) V 00;)
(~I) ~;)ftJ~ t..o~,) de.lU~~e-"5 ~o:d::J~F"o:mMej. . uli ~(oSt)
m'll~(T)=dim Vd e.:H'\~d ;:$.r.)~ ~tP~ ~oS~~~F"~"
~eoS~ l!)'~~e3~ (T) ~O e;,1\~d o:m~ To~m ;:,~eoS~ mttl~
~l'\iS.

(8) oS,)~~ (tl) iile~~1i9:l (1) oS,)~~ (2) ~ ~e\"~~~J,.

~;:$F" y~O~,)~oS. ree~ (4) '!f.r.~ moSf" y~dt"W ;:$.r.)d~~~,). ~~;:1
<:s<J1'\ ();) d m~cSoo~ ~.r.ra ~~I'\~ o:m!~J,.e ~e~,)~iS,

'V 00,);) ~t::lF~ e;,o::m:J)eC~)or.JMej, Too');) V oj;) ;3,)e!>~

~ot:l~ detu~~e"5 ~O"5:J)Fc-ml'\dej. {XI,X2, ... XIt} em
( :0) ~dti~o~~o:J.lM~~lid~ {TX', TX2, ... TXk} w~~~t:I:l
~dOS~o~~OJ'i)l'\dQ Ci o:::!JcJ ~J T OO::J,) ;)~.r.eoS,) m~~o:Jc)l'IiS.

(10) ~~ (tl) ooc:i ~edOTolF'lOO~ ~ot~".~JClt~lIDru.

~e"oi::id r.r.J~v~ (T)=O GtTXt+a2TXII+ ... +
oS,):S~
akTX '" ~ 0 o)ol:le..l~~~<JCl\)~~. e;,1i T(a,XI +a z Xl+ ... +
akXk) = O. Mt; a l Xl + a1 X 2 + .. , + a"X" = 0 e;,1i:l~t:lOod
{X I,X\· .. X k } 00')') ~d;j~o~~l\d,} e;,/i at = a2 = ... 0; a,,=
eoce {TX1, TX2, ... ,TXk} oj~ ~doSe.lo~omF'l~. :J!!3JCle;j,)
o:-~h, t.r.~P3~ (T):;t. 0 o)otJe..l~~~<JCl.}~. TX= 0 e;,M')oSoi
X;t:O ~1\Cej. eli {X} ~od.) ~d;j;)o~ li~~ClI'\d~~t3 ~,)~~
{ TX} ~.r.~J,.O:s.,F'lC:l~(j~. Mmh (1 0) ;j,j~~ (9) ~o~e til\;3.
(5) o3:l~~ (6) d ~1, ~~~? (f,) ;j)s~ (6)~,)oI.. ;EWQ~e.I') ~f~t)
(3 )~oI.. O:~~ er~~o~.r.eh~t:~. (7 )~~ e.'\)~dir.Jel'l~d~ ~~e m~~
n9') 'tN1'\~ OJ:iej~ofjiit,;l~~ 5'~(j.)~O:,
T~, V~ ;3:!(fO~ ~ol:S.) :Jdsilc~~, &:O.)'Ie,~ ~O~:J.)F'
( (1) ~Mej. TS '"" 0 ~~Wf) ST"" 0 ~"d~~o. VOO::J ~.)eej~
~oC,) ~(£lebj~ r:;O~~~ro:h) S ~i\C~:"..'. -'l~ ~~oli1i~~
S=O.
[17
 ( 11) ~e<'t¥oil~ t...o~ ::l~e~~~~J. ~oe~. a~~J. ~~r3~
n~n ~dm1\1:3. (e;~t);t$ ~ ~ete)

VOO') ~eF~ e:fo:m::l)eoiJ~"mQ rI (7 )~~ ~~1\~oi d.)~re.)

~~~cz.J~.)~,},

T,T== 1e;f\rj:JoSoi. V® ~)~~ z...o~ dem~~ a"$O~~)F" TI

( J2) ~~ 0 f:1l1 TOO):; OJ~eoS) ~~zS~f'I~ ;jJ~~ T. ~ T-'
~e~'If
( '2) M!~~~1\ ~~~ ~el:iw (7)t1-d0il ~e)~~"Cl,
T. T = I ~1'\~ d T X"", 0 ~f\d.,)o;So:l voj)%! X 'GloO. T, ~~~
e;~1~~~' e:frl 0 == T,(TX) == (T. T)X -=' I X = X== 0, ~fn
~~~ii (T) == 0 e;rb~~ooo (!:l) ~;j)n T 0:3;).) ::l~~e;jJitnLjS6~1'\~
~O~) ~e~;)~iZ, T. "" T- ' ~~~~~ (7) If ~~ 'If.r.~o~~
~e;:;J~ ~'lf0~iioo,} m9~~:Jo~ ~...~~iZ.
~rI VOO:J ~,}(O; dem~t ~ ~O~~)F"ri..~ I'\)~tlt.l r5, t..o~
"" ';>'0
~~e~~~~ ~o~~ta;j xJ~)~0:3,)~~ !~O~,)e),) 2..o~ wma::c~oil~~
~o~eOMe~. T oil) (1) d~~o:ioii ~dO. X ~t~~ s 2..o~
l:l':') .!~'U~
. e;MO. p 0:3'}') om~c:loild 2..o~.) ~~~"o:i~omM();
~oc:ld ,

(13) S{X'Y)""'(X,-y)
(14) P(X, y)~' (ax, by), a>O, b>o
 ~rt psrm~ 'l.oo~ ~;l~F"t!cO;)oC ~I'\~. 'a~ ~~coii~ 'l.oo~
£JdeTc!;l~cO;)ed e~;)~O;d~~ r..o~ ~.!~~t!cO~oc ~I'\~. (tA~ 2
~etl. 'a~ TO'!J:.J;) 1T/ d~t 'l.oo~ ~;l~F"~oml'\t3 ~~ a""'h
4
b =" 3) PST 00;) ~~;l ''a~do~' olril~, ;ir.)~~ocJ~~~ ;l:l~
oood=ef.o ~dmcO;)~2J~~. e~o~d ~'!~~.!J, 6~o~d ~d~ O-!~~~
~;l.!F";tk);) (~~ 3 ~etl) ~o~ru~t3. •

(15) P-1(X,Y) =(~X' ~Y ),

(16) S-'=S,

(18) (PST)-l= T-1S-'P-l

~e~~ (18), ~~I'\ru~dc 'l.oo~ :Jte~ ~~ort~l'\rS.

V 00;);) ~OF"~ uom:J;)e~~l'\dtj I S ~~

T rl~;) V c:h
~;)eot:l dem"~ ~O~:J;)F"rl9Cll'\dtj. ~rl S~~ T rl,;;)
(l!)) :Je3~e;l;)'N.)~~~l'\tt~ ~~ ~;)~ (ST)-t=T-t=S-'
(jl'\~ d ;lJV~, ST 00;);) :J~e;:1;)NC>~~~I'\t3.

S ~~ T rt~;) :J~..Qe;$.J'N.)Q~~r'l;! ;'1o~ 'ae3t~..Q~..Qve~. ~rl

(T- 1S-t)(ST) = T-l~S-tS)T= T-1IT= r-'T=[.

(12) Ood ST 00:l;) ::l~~e~~~~~I'\~ ;$.J~~ (ST)-l = T-1S-l
wed:l. !e~F~!e~. esrl ST ~ ::l~JCle~m~~~r'lCl woO~
~ .~
v..Q"~v~l'W. Q =(ST)-l u!\ttj e;ii I = Q(ST) "" (QS)T (12)
Oed T ~ :Je3..Qe~;)m~t;;:al'\1Z ~;)~~ QS =- T - I wod~ .!e;ir.)F"~~')
~e~. T-l 00;);) ;)~t;$)~~~l'\ru~dCod ~~ S-(ST)T-
'
e;1\d.)~cOod S ;)dQf;:1;)~~~~I'\~ wod;) .!e~f"C'l~~f;!. "ad;)
(HJ) ~'" mQ~;)!.t3. [( HJ) d~ Vc:h;) ~o~ C'lOf"~ ~om::l;)(crl;)
~l'\rS, w6eJ l~}Q~~ es~~~~ ~tC~ti.);;o' et~~~~r'lQ.]
~W., (19) ~~~I'\ wed.> l$O~~f"n9I'\o.· ~tf4(:$~r1~L t..oC:l ruro
 132

e.>~"~ ~~OJ;b~tS~~QOot:!, (18), (UJ) 0 ?..oQ~ ~(~ ~~o~

~f\C$.

o:i:NOe~ ~~~~ T ~ ~~ 'lfod;)~<A. ero~c!r.Jel"l;Q~~Oo~

T-l~;)<A. ~en ~~xb~tSoZJ,)d~.... MeC;t;lmr',"~c$;). .e, 9~~~~ 2 X2
~;t;loii~oo~d.. ~~~,)!eo1.

T 0:3)') R'l ~,)~!l(:5 ?..o~ e~~~!e,"If ~C~:J)Fc:mM!l o:i,)~2.

A= [ac bJd 0:3))

T o:j) o:iJCl~ ~~f\d!l. ~~ ~~~'U m~~ (T) ,_-, 2 [ (!I) CoO]
~I\Ow d o:!rel~, T o:j)~ :J~eo:i) -mGS?SOlOlf\tS, M~ T 00)) ~e03~
~~ (A) =2 ~f\O} O::.w~ ~~~e03) i!#GS~ml\C::. ~od ~eo:ie;.
A ~ ~~ ~e;)Ii~) ~oo:ie.>o~~Ol<>f\d
~ .
d o:iJCl~"J ~
eso~d, 'lfeo:i~
ad-bc:t;.O ~1\1Cl oiJ.>~ ~'i-(:5 (A)=2 ~M)~t::.

(20) ad-bc:j:.O e"f\oQe O::.w~ T0:3)) :Je3~e;:iu ~~~mT\t3.

~~~~ r- 1 ~~d o::ls.l~t) ~oj;)) MI'\t:3.

1 r

ad "::-bcl- c a '
d -bJ
/

20 d 1f~~o:j) ~f~i~od 1-1 liri~~ ~~4?'-.) ~~~~om

lltado:S))~1S. ~~ ~ Mlol)~~eod ~~~;t;l,)~~,

(21 ) 1 [
ad "':'7:;"(, - c a e
d- b] (a b)d (10 0)1 • =

~;S.)~o:$.) 10. V ~ ~e,.~ t9-cmtl.)fclJ~I'\~t) ~_:

TO~~ " .. em ~e~ ?..'oOJ t(::;.\_!1 ~O'~F"o:.nl"l'~. ~
 ~~f'\d.)~~ ;rj;:m~~n1j'hi'0I/'\~,

(7) TTl'" T, T = I ~/'\d.J~oi Vo:j) oS.)efd t..oc:h d~~(o:l.)

~O~~.)r TI ~iZ.

(l::!) TI T = 1 ej/'\dJo$o~ V o:lJ ~)e~ t..o~,) de£ieo:l,) lSO~~,)F"

Tl ~!5.

(\1) m""cS (T) '" dim V ~lPO!el ~.n~~j (T) "'" o.

(~) {XI, X 2 ,.··X"} V~ 'l..o~,) ejrtr.ldo:»/'\d)O!elTifd~
{TX , T X2, ... TX"}
l
oj.») V ~ t..o~ ~!?dmT\!5.

(10) {X',X2, .. ·Xk} o:l~::' ~do$~o~,!;;r;;/'\d::'O!elTi~~ {TX',

TKIT X 2•.. T X k} 00.).) ~do:ie.>o~;§~/'\t3.

13e'n\\): '::>~eo:i.) m~6' ~~~ lS~F"o:lJ ~~Ti~cS~

~~oe~. T o:h) V oj) ~.)ee)~ 2..o0m ::>~~eolJ NOl~~ de~eo:b
~O'd~)F"ojj.)/'\~Qd, N;)~ ~e.>~ ;rju T oj)) ;)Queto:nnzS ~q:0!el
Too.).) t..o~) ~I'i.lm~u~~ ~~~!.e~. .
cS03Je, ~C~o!l1i~cS~ de~~\,~ ~003~F"~1i~ ~Q~c:$.)cS~-d :J~C;rjl
!eoS. V ~)O~ WI1 TO'J)) t..oc:b dem~e,~ ~Ool~r~ods.l/'\de':l.
M~aa (T) = 0 ~/'\~Qe ;i)1~ T oj) W)o~cj.).) .;JeT:"l", W ~T\~d
t o:lJ) ;)~~e~ m~;nr\C:s ~~~ T oj),) W ~ W)a tlamd V crl.)
!.oom ~~~02JcS .;JcS~!f~. V ;:1,)~~ W1i~.) mo! ~~F"~ ~o:boI
:.>.)ecj')Ol~T\~d, e;Ti dim V = dim W ~Mt3e~m~ ~~~'d.
~~e~ 10, ~ ~;rjo1i~-o :J~O;rj,)~t3.

~~eo» 11· dim f" = dim J-Vt9l\m,~o;l V ;:S.)~~

W n~.)
ffl;O?t t.:er~ uommeo:lJ ;rj01!J ;rj;:S.)~Ti~I'\C'C, V ~.)od W ~
e;d 'l..o~.) c;em!e.-~ lSO;:S~F"~ T ~ct). uTi ,g~/'\d)~~
,;j~~li~"~,

(22) W~ ~t:.)omd V ~ t..od.) ~a~o~cS Tfj"~·

 134
(23) Tl T=l. ~~~~ TT,-=Iw e1M~~o' W cO~od
V~ 2.>om df:O~oo) ::SO~¥~ T, '01~.

(24) T, T= Iv ~i\d~~o:l W cO)O~ V~ 2.>o~) ~e:Of~

::SO~~F'~ TI '01~.

(25) ~~ T):::::dim V~~~ M~~~ (n=O.

(26) {XI, X2, ... XO} o:3J~ V~ t.o~~ e1~d~l'\m~n

~~ {TX i , TX~, ... Txn} oj)) W~ t.Odl e:t~O
~1'\15.

(21) tX i , XI, ... Xk} ~)) Voj)~ ~d~t)o~oj.J.)M)~n

e3):; {TX 1, TX~, ... TX 'r. \ ~JJ W C~J~ tld~?.)o~
o:ir.l"~.

~~~~ojJ 11 0 mljS~oj)J ~~Je~) 10 d mGS~~ ~~~O! m~J!

~"I'IdJ;;1)~Ood, ~~~~ ~~J?, ~~v.,n,);;1)~. (23) Ood ~..G~~eJ TJ
.... . e.J
::SO~!r~o:h,) TJ T = Iv .,:)ooW ~ZJro~~"d ~~ ~OJ"I'\ ~~FO~~~~rl
;:i)~ T oj,) 'OJooe;::s~' .,:)o~,) refdoj)~J~~~Cl; Vn ~v:.)oir.Jl'\d,)~
W ~ t..om ~!~Oz.l~ Tl ~l\tS.

~ ~~ref~ w~~ ?fJr)nd~ ~.)el!lod ~Jte3 ~~)eojJ 10 ~~

~,),)o~~ OJ?fJr)1id~ ~Cln~nq,1 f.S.~Foj,)~ ~~,)eo:h 11 ~~ w~~et\~
~1i~~c:b. .

f:9r.n~ (rl9.)

1. T ~,)'5~ Tl rl':o~~~d,. ~r:3F'el!5t1rl9 ~d1i9~ ~d~:"~)~d

Ood (3) (d~ ;tnl(l L~O.

2. R~} ~,)el!ltl $ dem~e..'If ~o'lf:m·1i.J~ tl~Jile;:i) jl;WQ t3

~"ID~d,) ooJ.l~m? ::SOref:J)F'c:ilj :J~(;.i) ;tWQ Ii
 135

(a) T (x, y, z) = (x + y + z,y+ z,z)

(b) T(x,y,z) = (x+y-z,x-y+z,x+Y+z)
(c) T(x,y, z)::: (2x+y+z,3x+y-z, x+yt3z)

3. R3 o:3~e!l(S de~~~~ ~o~OJ~f."n~~ OJe3~e~~ ~~Ol~1\ru

~c:l~ o:ir.>~c:l,)? ~o'dOJ,)f."OO~ :lMe~,);t;f)Q~~1\c:l,:}'; T-I
e5~~ ~~OJ,)!eo~,)on1\ OJ;::)O~.

( a) x ~,)~~ y e;tii~ ~o:1,)iitllf-d O3<l~Lom" T ol~

w~te:,)~,)~~.

(c) (0, 0, 0) ~~~ (1, 1, 1) E:5o~d ~~Oot:$ (000)

~ d~~~~~. ~~d o:1~t)'d imru~JOieM~o::l de ~o;h
<il ;..;
~!, 'IT / 2 ~i&~ ?..oru It'o:1iiF'c! T 1t'1\~.

(d) TOO),) x-e;so:1~~ y-·e;z&~~, y- ~z~~J.. z-

e;t~~-I5!-d 'd~)oo;j)~Z::; 0:1)~ z-e5s;j~~ ~ d~C;j)
!:c:;.
4. V C"hl::; a ~ct:$ ~i'l'$,)~ii~ ~~,)~ omM!l. ,V 00:>
o:3)eej~ .at dem~e.~ ~o'dOJ)Fii~ ~ OJ~~eo:1~ ~9a.on1\Cl.)
~~,) om~o)?

(a) T(a o + all + alti + aa fS )::: t(d/dt)(ao+ alt + a2t2 +

a~ta)

(b) 1\ao+o,t+lkt'+ost a) = 1/t·f:(ao+Qt u + a2u!

+ oauq)du .

{> " "~f\ruo:1 ~!~od~~

Rt ~e!l~ t..o~ dem\_'If lSo'd"..ff
T~ ;mt"~~, 4 ~AA,:;i, T~~. ~~~~ ~9~
 136 d~~lI. 'd ~efllr!l'u

~1\1Z03)e ~~~e woW~~r:l~ ~~F"::l~o. T o:l)~ :J~~e~~

N.l~ vm1\~w 13 T _I ®:i0 ~o:l)r:l~ ~od)Co~d))o.

(a) A=C~ ~J (b)A~~ 0 [0 -~] [~ ~] [~ ~J

(c) A-["-I]I--. -1 (d)

0] [0
r
A= ~ I] [
I
3
-1 ~]
(e) A=[~ ~] [A a 1 ~]
(f) A_[a-1 -2 ] ~~ a C~)) t..o~) m~~~ ~o~.
- 1 a+ I

(g) A= [a ~ J 0+ :!1 "J"~D" aoj)) 'l...o~) ~~~ :J-e ~o~!' ~ ~

Ii. R~ ;:3)ee7>r:l ~)MS.felO~~ :J?j~e;j)';!ij~ijS,~ ee.ro;;:g~'1j ~O~~)Fo'jJJ

e,,;j~F"~;i~, ~)!~;)(3ri~ ;j)~~ ~<>r:l~o:l~ Wc:l~;j~ri'l.~) t..od)
rl)fQ)~~ ~orn ~J<)O<J~M ~oe!~W1l$.)~ .
....

[~ ~ J~ ~<>~~o:S)~<I. ~oed de.!Oeoo.) ~O~~.)Fcd-J.)

~;iiF~rt%\ ~.!~e.>~rt~ ~.)~~ ~~~orj~ t.:)t:ltJ~;irirl~ t..om
rur;l)t.).;;,do~ ~~~L~~amot3om MfOM. ["/nlcS . ~~~F~
rl~.), ~.!~e.>~rt~~ ~.)~-" o:tr.lr:ldorlc:l tldm~l'irt.;~ dUM";!
~rj.)~fQ) i~etS;i.,;lt:l~ f.)r;$u;~~~e~.]

7. V~.) Wtm~ort\~ f.N':~ O:~f\Ce). D ~.)~2.:

T rlw 1=
2
ao+al f+a 2t +"'+Gn f" ~.mj.);jk, \Df) (t)""
(dldt) (f(I}) ~~i~ (TI) (t)=Solf(u) du t.l OcS
:J~o~~riej.

(a) DT= I WozZ.) MfO~ (b) TD:f-I wo~ iJieo'_,

V~;) t;l~f'~ eo:iltJ~~COO~~f'l~~rt (12) 'MtjilOmf\i
, .T.ldr!od~ 'Ci.COod !~oi». ~ .. ~
 131
~. (a) V~)) ~!:)F'~ ~~.it)::))toj);n~~ Q:)o~) ~~~~
'lfJq~~./~. S ~J;!2:, rr.~J V 00.) ;3Jeej~ :>~t~.) mQ6
llo'd:>JF'r.~,.,MO. ST oj,),) :>d~eid,)N"i,1~~t\~ woz::i)
;l.)i2." (STr- = 1- 8"""' .::loz;:i.) tJiltOM.
1 1 [UUcS:
(T -I S-') (ST) = (ST) T-I S--I) =I Q:)ot:b ir.leo~o.)

(b) Vc;S.).) 'l.J~~Orl~.;!;!oi,)~~I'\CO. ST~ :>&e~,)

ilir.>lj$ tl.!IOltIM.);3oi ~z::id ~~g
....
tlO~:>JF' S ;3)!)_" T r.~)
:>~~eid,)mtjl~r.%""'iIt\~d ~C,);:So~~ S ~!~T l$O'l1:>.)F'r.~~,)J.
'doll.Joot:5~.)e. [~scS: e:s~~;:;l 7d l$C'd:>JtMJ
:>~~e;::l.)mQilr.9tlI'\~~oz::i.) ir.leo~ ; e:s~oio ~ e,,2jJiJi);:;ltS
~r. (a) o~.)~~ w~oir.>el'\~~.]

!J. V ooJJ mo;i e1~:>Je~,)~1\d() ojJ~ T ~ Voj,)

id.)eO~ t..oz;:i.) ::l~~e;3.)mi,1~~t\~z::i demie_'d ~O'l1::l,)F"
amMO. SI :;to, S2 ~o ;:S,)~2,;~'t T = TS2 0 61"1djidoi =
V c.iJ oSJe~ SI ;j.)~:.. S2 dtm:ie_'11 ~ooe:>')F"r.~~~ ~er'
'doti.)tx.t'AOO,)~e'lfo~~~~ infOM. [~qcS: T 00.) ~~~
~,)~~~ S2 ~ OltIt3~o~ t..~~o~,)~oj S2 e~~,
S,~ M~~;:;l~~oj,)~ T ~ ~~~ t..~i\r.)ot'A~
~oj - SI e(l)cI.. t1cm.o~t:5~. 'iz::i~~ ~;$,)eciJ.8 o~
"'Ji~~~ 6~dn~~.... w~o~el'\;:;l.)~z::iooz::i ~~o'id S,
~~~ S2 r.Y~~ :l;:1o~.) ~oSJeoi) !)-~~ wll.~et\;:3.)
~od ~r-'~~~.]

V C)'))o:;1 W n "",:;1; B:tI:Hi.'d ~~~1(5~»)' S 61'\d'!)

. 10.
- --
;j.)~ W ~.)o;;:l Jl ~ t..od.) de~~e.'If iSo;:1aF"(SojJ.) T
6t\OO. dim W>dim Vwo~ '&1\Jt"Ji~JV~' ST~
W ~tO~ t..odl· ~dae~)~Q" ~O't1~ ~~ ~oz::i:.>
lQeo~o. [~.;s: zf~~' r;t.1J todJ ia(O~~;:ood
ue\;' (ST) ¢~ ~odl ~~o.] .. .
J18
 ~(~_. "IJ ~(lIIrt"'~
138
11. nt=m ~l'\~Qa, ~rt Rm n ~~:.Joml'\d.l~oj.Rn ~ ~}
~o'WtS ~~
.., ~o~ ~~O~O •
[uei#: T rm) Rn ~od Rm n ""om 15r:tJ~~ lSO;:J!f"~
oir.Jndf'). l1>m &{,~e d~~i (T) oj:.,) ~~~n
eJ~df? n<m e:mq,d m~tS (T) -m ~ne.)~z:Sf?]

1') Rn ~ot:l Rm n ~cb~ ~~1'\tS ae.m~ '15

<::I-
~o~'!F(SIi~~
M

Rm n 03<e'l~omt:! Rn tS ~.;'tj02.:tSlit;) om~~ ?

(a) T(x,y,z,w) = (x-y,z+w,x-y+z,O,w)

(b) T(x,y,z,~r) = (x-y, z+w,x-y+z)
(c) T(x,y,z) ~ (x-:3Y+:?,Z, rl x-y+4 z ,:.?x+y+z)
(d) T(x, y, z, w) - (x, x+ y,x+ y+ Z,X+ y+ z+ w)

In. n
(a) R 8 ~~~o:m~ 5..d $; :1 d eJ~?::iOIit; ;cJ~)~oJ')
""00) ~.!'tjoeJ~;:S~~ 'l5o~Oo~~)o.

(b) ~d~2 de.)~~OIi~ ;cJ;:S)~~ ~~lJomoax+by+

cz M~cS ~c!u.Jf~rl~ ;cJ~JI:.l)rov t..o~ ~,.!~oeJcS;:1tS)
eJ ..." ...
~o~~~~o (,s, ~o:i)~~ t..ocS.) ~e3~~~~ t,.~rl 3 d
~~t3;cJ 2(c) OO)~J" ~e~o.)

14. dim V=dim W~l'\~d, ~rl W n ~~Lo:ild~ VOOJ

~~~e t.om~dr.l ~.!2!lo'WtS ~Z:S wo~ ~eoM. [~lf:)dcS :
.V n ~o~ ~~o;:S~J" ~)'!~ wn t..o~ ~~O;l(ir.l....
~~-d;:'Jd~ ~o3JeOOJ H~~ ~~ (26) tS~ tt\)~O:~m,"o.J

IfI. 'V ~ ~OF~ ~om::l)e~~l'\d!l ~'!~ T ~ V ~

03Je!lo.);:s 'l..o~ de:tlfOOJ lSb~::l)Foml'\d!l TTl = I ~l'\dJ
;:So~, TI ~~...o~ de:oeOOl ~O~::l)Fo:ir;)MC. T~
:::>~~e;S,)Ncl~~I'\GS woCl ;:1l~ 11 = Tl wed,) "-eo,"o.
[~.cS: (-9) tS~ e5~~)~.] ,
 13$

~rl 6· ~a_t)" rl)tnnd

~ ~ii~ O::~J~ml'\ n~~!l!,oe;;lill'\z:3 O::)i~ ~eO::~ ~eJ~e ~~
~~~o!$n~~J"" mq:,L~J~e~. ~OO::~r~ ru~~dO::~~ nO::~tl:JU~
~eel nCQ)~~ ~~:JQn~tl~ ~ot~~~Jf)~)mrtj~t:lj. ~.r.lde.lJ tl;;:1~1!,
1O::jC::O::C::~ ~l3FeMjv(\f ~O::~~ii9~ :J~.!M9,:jmru~~ O::.J~ e:>tlo~
~l3re~Qjj(i1' ;!:jO::~~JIi~~t:l ,:jO::.)~eJli~~ dle~ ~t3rerjoeli~C::~ ~03~~Jilci
.3e~ot:l,) Meo;!:jmIiJ!.~ ;:;,)'!~ ~~od ~oi~ ;!:jO::,)~Ii~~ 1i('Q)~~
;;~C::Ii~~)
"t' ""
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_

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nx n ~~0 :&~)O~ :JO::O;!:j~}i~~)~o~ tr.>eo;!:jm~jij. ~~oid
~~odr.l ~O~~j~Ii~.) 'CiC:::..ii.J~o:s;)ruo::o~U: :JGJcl~t:l~ ~O;;:1iF"~rt~ ~Jf)~
~~J'el O::Y~J O::Sol'! ~lit;. ~.s<.i.o:S~... :JO::o,:jm~.)i.J; ~oda A oj~
<i.. ~ I!.I - '"
) ~ o:S.J.)~iCil·"<lMJ~Ii~e.lM O::.)i~ B 0:$')') T 0:$') ~ii~l'\O.J
:8rt~~M A + B 0:$)') S+T 0:$') ~Sol~1U 'lfc:iJ.JI'\t3. A 0:$)') T oj)
:fJ<>a\>.) 'lfojJc)MjOj<JIi~t) M
;:;j~)
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a c:b.) t..o~ ~~.:Joe ~o-~=tc:3JiJ"O.J
- '"11
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fJ;)~ :JmO~~Oi~.).tJ.

~ 2;lilrt~~ ST O~)J ~r)~,,;!:j~}vlJiI, A oj)) S ~ ~~ 'If

dSolI\d)o:lilii O::ji~ B oj).) T 0:$) o:jJil~ ~clJ.Il'\mo:lOlli~~ A B O~').J
;To:$) o:il"i'<)~omM,).:io:i .;)od.) ;:fJil~~n~ t..od,} n')('Q)l)2J", AB
~.)~,) ~_~~Q;:;b:i.f0:3. ;:L<J~ ~ m('Q)e.i2.1. ~ ~O::.)~ ~oO::aF'~ n,)~t)e.>
.... 01 1.J - I!) '" . Q
,~ rtCQ)~~ 'Wo~ m~~O::~,).... ~Jf)d,)~~. Rn ~od Rm ~ T 0:$.)') t..o~
e.mae_.oe ~oo:SiF"~c:3JiJMe:J O::)i~ B= (8(; ) oj),) T c:3j o:ir.li,i
;mMe).
. Rm ~oz::l Rk f\ t..ol:::b Cje~"ik. oe ~OO::~F~O~~') S ~Me:J ~

r)i~ A = (Aij)~.) S tS O:Sol ~ ~o:JilF\ce:J. ~n B o-j)) m x n

1/'\z:3 O::.Ji~ A o~,'),') k x m ~l\~. 'CI~~~ [~.rt 4 d (22) ~cI"
:.r.e~] ,
T(x I' .x2' ... , x,,):::: (B ~IX.I -1t\B Jl.\"2 + ... + B1nxnl
l) B 21 x l +B 22.\"2+"· + B~ii'Xn"'"
. C !1 miX, +--0 mlXl + ..... +.jCl1A.x:.. ~
 '40 Ist~~..'II OUlIrltf_

S(YI'Y2,''',Ym) =AttYI + A'IIY2 + ... + A'mYm'

(2) A1Iy,+Ag2Y2+ .. ·+AIIIIIYm,""
Ak1Yl+ Ak2YlI+'" + Akmy.. )·
ST~;) ~ ~ocl Rk ~ ~o~ dem~~'d ~O~~F~o::b<>l\~. C '"
(Cij) 00;);) ST o~ ;m~r8o.ir.>M(). t11i C~;) n X n e"l\t3 ;:1;)i~

(ST)(X 1 ,X2'''''Xn) = {C aXl + C. 2 X2 + ... + (lnXd'

( iI) C
21Xl+ C C IInX n"'"
251Xg+"'+
C1dX I + C k2 X 1 + ... + Ctml"n)'
(1) ~;)~ (2)~.. eru~~e1'\~~~OO~Wf) (3)~~.. mQ~e.l~~.
'C4cSOod ST(x, , X2' ... , Xo) =S(T(xl , X2 • ... , Xn)) = S(.oII
xI+B.<jx! + ... +B.nxn' B2IX.+B22X2 + ... + B 2n x n , ... ,
Bm \X\+Bm2 Xl+"'+ Bmnxn)~ (A lI (B l1 x l+ B I1 X 2 + ... +
B 10Xn ) + AdB2IX. + B 21 X2 + ... + B 20 Xn)+'" + Alm(BmlXl
+ Bm2 x 2 +- ... + Bmnxn ), A2 .(B I .X. + B 12Xt + ... + Btoxo)+
A 22 (B!\xl+ B!2Xl+ ... +B~nxn)+"· + Alm(BrniXI + B ml X 2
+ ... + Bmnxn) ... · .Akl (B 11 XI + B I2X2 + ... + Blnxn ) + Ak2
(B2\X\ + B22X2+'" + B 2n xn) + ... + Akm(Bmlx\ + B m2 Xl +
... + Bmnxn))= «AIIB 11 + AlIBI2 + .,. + Alnt B ml)XI + (All
B 12 + AllBn + ... + AlmB m!) X2 + ... + (AIlBln + A I2 B zn +
.. , + Alm B mo)X n, (All B JI + A22B 2\ + ... + AZm B ml)XI + (All
Bn+ A n B 2 !+ .. · +A 2m B m2 )x2+ ... + (A2IBln+A22B2n+
... + AlmBmn)Xn • ... , (AkIB II +Ak2B 21 + ... +AkmBml \:\"1 +
~AkIB 12 + Ak2B 22 + ... + AkmBm2)X~ + ... + (AkiBlo + A k2 B 2n
+ ... + AkmBmn)Xn) woc~ru~t:l. 7Oi~OOt:::
ij -=All B Ii + Ail B 2) + ... + AlmBm"
i = 1, 2, ... , k, .i =. 1, :!, .. , n·
o:m~ ~ C ~)~;) A ~;)'i.2..0 B Ii~ ruC'a)~~ wo~ 'ddoiley<>rt:>
. 0 6. .;,l
~~ ~,)~~ C .~~ AB wo~ e.lecme.i·11i)~~. (~e;~~F(\I.l rum~d
Q~tb;:1oio~~ ~~ o:S~ ~~;:1i~~Ii~ ~~;)o; ;:;);) ~o:iUi\tl). A B oj) i ~e
 ed~JIat).') ;:i)S~ j ~e ~t~m()~ m:umao:h~cI.. (4) d ~~d, A ~
i (Sf ~ri 7;ji)C~C~~ m:umarl~
Cot t¥>
rut;t)'l.lQ rl~~)....... e~rnt;md B ~)
.i ~e ~e~mC~~d,)~ m~m!rl~Jf)G~ ~~Gl~dCoti ~iSQtS; (4)
MC!~ ~ota;j~n~~d"~ t..o~;l;!d\1 t::lztr.'(di3odd (4) d~ mrl®w'
~od ~!m4-lJ~ ~e;~ et\)m~~~cI..· ~() ~f~~d.l. (4)d
~~ma~~~ t..d~Ii~~ ~d~)cI.. ~o:ho W~(t\~~~eJ ~U~~

rI0Jr
~t1cj)~e';~.

(&) 1 0 I " 1 1
OJ =[2.2+1.[+0 .• 2.0 + +0.1 J
1.2+ 0.1 + 1.3 1.0+ 0.1 + 1.1
1. [

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me;:)Ii.." ~o~oj..J~ f..,ooe ~t\~. ~d)dOod 'Qd& ~~~O:j,)~cI.. 'lfJ<l~~.

(7 ) [~ -: ~J ~] r:
a.2+ 1.1+0.1
.. [ 1.2+ (1-).1+1.1

=[2a~1 6}
(~) [~ ~J[~ : ~l
1.1+2.0 1.1+2.'
= [ 0·1 +0.0 O.L+ 0.1

[
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 142

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1.1 +0.1 +0.(-1) 1.0+0.1 +0.4]
0.1+ 1.1+0.(-1) o. () + I .1 +- ().4
0.1+0.1+).(-1) 0.0+0.1+1.·1

o
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O::;Je) ~0 ~ cjJe; f\ ~.

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o oj) ~!~~od.) eru~~eli~ i::)~~ l'i<>~r; M~.... oiI~~0~iie;~~
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rir~i\~ '«~~~ ~}"e.t~M~e~.

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w "
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In -;s~~e n, o:iJOJ~c:1) cD~w'?e ~wOlf'l~.

t't'@F'Oe~03) W2w~~';lil}~~ ~oGl'\oj)~, ~reFte~ecj)

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~003).)~/;;:3; 'bij' ~;::io:) 03.J.) NOlo::iJ"<lr~~~)~ ~v~2.. ~ca~oet~ tie..,
';:)0;7J.) ~OoJ,)~.Jti.)~Cl. In ~ TiCl~~ ~~OjCl1'l~O, n ~~~ ~~~~m
~(jOoc:1 (1I) d ~o::iJ"<l~~ ~;::jolio::i~J. d:~0~);;:3~.
v .

A oj,),) In X n ~"cSQ0, t1li I rnA = Aln = A ~r.t~ ~~

(1:1) :JQli~~.).Io,. ~~!.,;::j~155.)~. .e.r! 'Cl~.Io,.~~ wm5:ldt'§li~~.Io,.
~e~etcl,

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dr.J:r:f~ fI~"~o.!a,

A 00.).) t..o~ '£'WF"oe~eoj~ n x 11 ;;::).;<>~ 'tfoo~t'I~ d ol.)!~

B ro» n x k ~t'I~ t3, e1li B 00.) i t5~ ~;)e;~~ Aij,
( 17) i = 1, 2, ... n {.Jod rurn~:b~doo~ A B o:hCSJ.... Md-&~
eT.l1iJ!}~. i>.il1 A(i=o ej{\~o llxn olJ.>~f! A
o:JJ~~ e.wzI,iF" ~"~e~eoj.) o)O~J :ie~eJ<)ro~~.

(16) d ~~F~'d MiS~ ~e;f\~o~~,

A ~~ B n'IJJ tflJdr:(.:!,F ~'I!~e{.JeojJ 11 x n olJ.>~ f1rf~1'\

(18) ~ d tin AD 00.») t..o~ ~r;.f '!.e~~~tJeo.})n x n;:1~~ 'lJ
W J
o.J t)
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(18) ~e~'lfli~cS.).... ;xJJ~2jS~t'I NilQ;xJ~~t::b. ::WG5~li~J ;t;i~~F ~ 'diem
tit)G~~ oo~Oi:i~J ~e~~ ~~ t::~- ~t1;)F oe!oo;) ~~~~~ olJ<>~
t..~M~~~;3. i..~~) OJte~ ~Qn~ ~;;!~ ~n~~ ~~e'!f ~~d
1i.Jt'J~~O ~oSJe03;)rI~~.... {.JM:"~Wel ~~~ Ne;Q~~ zt~M~e-d,).
~~~;xJn~J .e, oe.!03') ~t1~ ~O~o~li~~.... t..~Moti~~. 51
~O:tno~l'N.) L~rI~~ o:ir;)~e ;i~m~"iJd&~~ ~OrJ~~;i~ ~a'WojJ
;:L<>ca)~o1 ~J~~ ~O~oal'1'IJ ~)e~ :r,;i! ~.rm"i;~~~.Rl) w~ojJ)!o
OJc)t'I~.

&1'1 Rn {.Joc:S Rm ~ ~od.) r3e.=:r~ih,~ ~ot:Sir~o3J~.... oi)~

rum~d;:j ;:1~tl~ ~O~'iF'~OO.J ~t t¥cO)OcS ~fn ~~o~~~!So~
~~o~.)~~;S. R" ~~d;j~ ~od:l ~oz~ (Xl' xJ'''~x,.) ~t'I~d ~n
 · ;'~e,)~" t!O'lVo.li!rt(':l

~ ;rJ ~~o:l~~ '6'~"~ 1X J1 CSf~mm ;m~f8~ot-

~~;:i~ 1 X n ~;j,../;;"ilm o:lJ<)~~ [X" X2""XnJ ~o~ ~ort~;tjz.::~lch.

T 07Nl Rm rt Rn ~ "'-o~ O{.m~e.:e ~Oo:l~F'~o:mMO o:l;)~~ A enJJ
T oj,) o:m~,eomf\co. 'Clc:iDoc:l '
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(1 \I) A [~~] [~;],

=
Xn Ym
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~oz;j~, T oj) ~ OJ)F~ A o':i)oC OJIZIi:),l'I$~~d~or.$ ~oiF' 3o;tSv eJ 1;3,
OJ6j
~~~ ~t)r;J
M

(:,w)

M1'\dQ~~~' T(xl,X:.l''',xn ) =(YPY2'''''Ym)OJomru~d,

(20) d~~ oiJd!'C) ~ooJ~~ A 00) ~~a me),)li~~~ o:ll~~ ~eeJ
mmli%~~~ ~C::V.J ~c:le,):'l o:tJdci.J~c:lood ~z:1o~. (4) o:l~!~ (1) ~~
eru;do~e1'\;1.J (1,1) ~i!~ (20) ~e~rf~~~ ~~~1'\ m411tl;tj~~OJ.
"&o:l~ld., "'-oc:l) wm~~rio~ci~ ~MLMe~. T( 1,0) = (1, 1, 0) .
o:Sl~~. T( 0, 1) == (0, 1, 1) ~od o)o:lei;tj~~ Rl ~od R3 ~ e:td
oe~"il~:e ~Oo:l~F~OOll T r;j1'\dO. ~Ii o:iJ<>i~ T ooll Mf'li3,

.'." [~ ~] \

0 1 .
~otsd 1'("', 'y)=' T(x(l, O)~ y(O, 1) =xT(l, O)+y.i{~, '1) =.....;
, 191
 146

'a~ (W) ~I'I~ e5qS~

[x y][~ 1 ~ J= [X x+ y y],

13e.,ri".,: "«J~Fe,.crl~tt' ~~~::/'(~ ;S~e~ :J~01$~~

de~3e..~ lJO~;iF~rl~ rl~~<>ie.'d ~;-~rl~~~ o:'.Tr)~ 1'1 ;rJ~'tJd~rl~~~n
,;lo~~~~e)~ (19) ~.....rlOe ~lP~ (20) r:w. . .rloe eru~~~I'I~ZJ~~.
~.:fF~/~~tl (19) eli .;)d~ ~d~rl~mt'l eru~~el'l1$~~e~. lJO
;S~F"~cmciJ..... ;zio'tie~~;:s ~~d;:s~~ za~o'd~ ~G~ ZJdcrl;)~!. ~o~
r3Qt~,eodd ~~. XT ~o~ eJ~oj.).)~d~o:§ TX ~o~e eJdoj.)~~e~.
M~~ A ~~.)d.. ~~ ~Illi~~~t ~do:~~~t:i~n (HJ) eli erul$~frI
~.)~e~. ~d!i~e ~dt1~ eJ~~')')~~~~~. (20) ~~ eru~
~el'l~od ~~~ Ao:l.).) S~ ~i~~oir.Jl'\0Qd ~.)i~ Boj.).) T~
;:1.n~ ~~T\dQ d e3rl [( 1) ;:l.)!~ (2) d ~o~'dd~rl~~~ eru~oiMI'I~
inoll.l) J

(ST) (x" .\"2"·Xn)'" (Zp =2"",Zk) e3ru~ru

BII B~, '" Bml] [All All .:. Akl]

( 21) [ ] B'l Bl2 ••• Bm2 A,:! Au ... A tz
x"XZ"'Xn
[ .: .: . .

Bin B2n ••• BOlO Am I Afll.2 ••• Akm

=.[ZI' Zl"'ZkJ tcel'l~Q~ ~~.

~odd (ST) (Xl' X2"'Xn) = (Zl ZII",Zk) ~ot:nrl~~r!I. ~~

lbt:it)~~e z.)ol:)i.).
.. eJo'tJ~~ ~~e'd ~~'d~. W~~(I'I~~C".
~"03I\t1..
 1-47

dtmi)j~! ~o~."~ri~ ~~c:h~;:I(il.... o::IJ;\"

mmndQ e!9 ~0:3~'
;:I~....I'\ ~e,," ( 19) ;:ImFo.')~~ l!. S"'c&t (iSil~ lG~!datritl,
~~ri'~ e!Qbo:h~;:I~.... M~" ;r,1~wdtQ~ et9~o:h~-d ;:I1Tclf"~
~ZJlt=>Q:>. "~1'1~ ;r,1~~ds:;ri~ ~~~,

Allxl + A1lXl + ... + Alax.... YI

A11x, + A11X 1 + ... + A1Dx.=Yl
(22)
AmlX1 + A/82 X l + ... + ~mDXD"" y,.
.J~I'\~ ~t) ;r,1:m~d~o:r.>r\)~l!.

(23) AX Y

.as o~.!o:ir.ll'\ ~rl 1 ;;i')~ 2d ~~~rl~:l

me)rl'; ~)e~ ~o'd~:i"~ ,;r,1:m~d~ (23) ~~ ~t)~;:1 ~ltiil~rl~o~
A ;;i')~ y~
..
e!d' .

"~c:htJ5S:l~. (22) -&-do3 (23) d~ ~O~~~~ rl~(:)ec:hm~ ,tfI)"~cxh

mM:l~til ~~~r3.

~~ i r(.,)mnd~ m;:lF~! ~~ri~t~? ~~ ~rl 4: ~

(44) (45) ;:bi.l~ (46) d~ "~!i~~~;:1 ~o;:l*,(iSil rumfldd
m;ili)~~ ~~~Qri"od (Std~1'\ ~~~;:i)!.:!. t!locd A cm., m x n
t1l'\dQ 13, B ol:i:l n x k ~f\~ d ~i:.t c ~ k x r ~I'\QQ d, ~rl (AB)
C""'A (Be). A ~ mX n ~l'\dQd, Bcm., nxk ~1'\~Qd ~.l.
a ahJ t..od;) ~~~W ~0'i~I'\~d ~ri a (AB) - (0..4) B= A.
(aB).
 AA~~e~. ~ ~;rloTi~~ AD ~~~.:., 8.4. -l1~~", ~~:e~M
~;;F~'I:1~1'\ AB:;t::BA wma5C:ril~~

(::!4) [0i] [0 0] [I 0] -'N~!~ [0OJ' "[0 1]' ,,[0 01 '

0 0_ 1 0 = 0 0 1 0 '0 0' "" 0 1 •

(2[») A 0::3)~ n x n er\~}, eii A1 =:: AA, All = AAA ~:l3~p.

m;;F!..J ~;:Sf\ A"'l = A"A .

(AA)A = A( AA) ~~M)~~~o;:::; ~;0 A:lAAA ~orj,) z,,:ooj)

eJcrudJ ;JJi). clr~;j ;Jo~rl :ioj).r~ ~:;rr;';,)~)~eJ~.
_, ~ ("r"'

2..orS.) 11 X n ;:1s;J~tt A oj,),), Rn ~,)ee')~ 2..00) ee.ro~~~~

~el'e~F T 0::3) oiI"";)~0'l5!oil,";)I'\~. tjj~Ti r) 0%i ~d.ue~.);::;?~~ o~'::"'C!~!e-~
;r:;O~::J')FTic;,~~~ t.12JF~~"i. ~Ti ('B~ To:,,),) :J~.Rf;j:. ~z;j~~f'li5
~o~.) ~d~~ ~Jn~.);; A 0::3.) ~ee')c:l tJe,,;Fo~e;~~ ~,)~~ 1'-1 ~r::10

~~i~.)c:!~ Ti~~.)~P'l5!-d ~o~.) ~~c:l~~J., ~~o;;;.)~e~.

2..ot::i.) n xn ~4li A oj).) ~e5~~~;::WQ~ ~o~.) ~e~~.)~~~

A oj.).) Rn ~.)ee')~ 2..ooci,) ::Je;JOl{~.)m~ V ee~,,~e.~ ~O~~F Too.)
~.J.)~:6omI'\10 oj.J.)~)' 2..oo~) OJvm~)mrtl6 ee~,,~&'!i ~u~~')FO~)
m~~~~elo~ t~Ti 5 d ('l)] ~~ BO'S,)) T-I ~ ~~~
o:is.) 1'\0.)oj rD '
ron

(26)

el'\tb~o~ '/...o~.) 11 X n ~d!0 ~ 8. ~~ ~oc:.) ~e,,~~~ ~o~e ~.)t~

~rt f) d~d;,~o:J. B ds.) (Zr, ) bo~ ·ctI~J ,j~1'\ ~t;lF~~~~. ~~
B0:5.)~~ Ao'3J '~~' o)oO~~ooj.).)!e~. oj,):gl, B"",A-I o)'Q~~"
" ;
 ?.)e~!.e~. ~ Ttl~~~F;:l~~' ~ao~O) ;d*l"Qi}. ,~t;;;{trttJ,),
'&O~03 :

(a) ift'~~ (A) = n

(b) ~ellmlO~ NV~ (A) "'= n
(c) M~~~ (A) =0 " c ~.
, I

(d) BA In ~1\O;:,~o~ t..o~) n X 11 ,~rt0 ~ B~~.

t"

(2i) (e) A B = In ~I'\d)~o;!

,
~o~)
.' ,
,n X n ~~.'!u ~ B ~~.
(f) A oj;:, o~ mlf?;;)riq;) ~C;:;~o~C~iI~.
<.0

(g) AX = 0 ,.)~~~~ 0:lsfJ~t:le nx 1 o:m3!,}' X~,;

X ~ 0 .;)~~.~ '(5q$F~c5k 'M;'Mo~~.
(h) t-o::) 11 X ~l ~t ~ B O~),J ~~I'\d.)~o~ ~~,

A
[
XI] 7
~' ~ [YI] "d> d,;j~
" B,;;'
[YI J [XI]
~ -~' "''1,0;jJ;~
Xn}n Y., " .xn
orS~,Je0:5) 10 G~ cr':e~=&iiq;)
(21 a, c, d) ?...~Mo~~. ;:;~c5
(A) = ~ell~~)ml.;p c5 (A) ~ ilc;:,;;b~vo~ (27 a, b) ri~) ?...o~e ~,,~
(~~)e0:50 80 ~.)~~~ ~e~ri~~,~ ~ei::)). ;;~R (H) ~.)~i~;;ri (a) rivj)
~~~iI ?...o~e ~iI~. (22) o:::~~~ {23) ~~ woCcir.m~)~~oO~
;T.Iii (g) ~)~~ ~ii (c)~) :'a..o~e ~il03 .. ~Ii (e) 0:)) ~e;.f\d)~~
oor::l ;i..~. ~)~iS, .
""
A ~)~ B ii~j n~ m~1\~Q0, ~ii ~eo=S~ A ;::i)~2., B
(28)' ,~) ::l!!3~e~~;::W~t3ii""~ilc:lQd, ~d~J AB03)) 3)~ifi)e;Sj
~ij3~~iliS. AB0:5~ ;J.~~e~~~~~I'I~d~'~ri fAt1Y·l;
~B-I A-I,.
.. :'" ,.
'"
~ii (27h) ;:::.)~~'(~(l}~d~ t.J~iS~ ")oc:l) ~eO.f~t~ ,4~"
 150

A cd~ (27g) ®~;,. mC~~~od,} af;ir.)F"~~)!(~. ~~ (27h)

(26) t..otSt e.11"1;! wo~ b(o~~~.

A ~ ~"~t;i)NilQt$m1\rl.>Wlrt, ;ir.)~" :r:~"m

(29) AX= Y, 0:»
X~~1i:.,' y~.) ItX 1 ;:m\"I1~1\dJd~ ,~~~ t..o~ .tl"t}t6
 151.

(30)

A oj,)) ~d~~;::lm~~~ru;j 5:tlorto~ (29)',~"" ~/l:tl)~~ ~~'i

o:h~) A-I ~ rt~tSomr'l ~O,,)t!'"~ e~. A ,oj,),) ~d...~e~)mQ_~
~ Q V
O':iO!r\~o~e wO~.)~~~ tJ~F"o;r!m (27 a) crl)~~ w~~e",;r!t.)~mt:SQ
CoO ~~l~ A-I ~ rt~~O~) 5~oI..0~o~ .;:m~ w~e~. t..or;S,)
~.Jm~~crll~)d. ~e~f~,

(iH) A..,
')
t
t
-I
0]
1.
[ () 1 a

(33)
A[ :~:BItJ [1J~' A[BtlJ'
=~~ ~ [OJ [BUJ [OJ
~' A::: ~ =

(33) d w~ ~M ;tjo:m~d~rt~~~ ~~ej~wi)l'\ ".gl'\~o-A

c1retJ:Jh~dood ~~;r,lt.l~d.l,

t~4-i [~-: ~ ~ ~
,G 1 3 0 ° gJ 1
 152

[H [u m
lb~eoj.) 12· A oj~) 11 X IT eJf)ct!>. e111 i:f~;se:; A oj)~~
In 11 e.:5~~ mm 7!:io'd,,~7!:i'Z,nt)m~e o:'.R~
A o:i~) :J~~e;s.,)mtjir3~f'Id)
!.~. A o~ :J~~e;S)NCl~~QTc)i\1 e trrl, A ~~~ I., ~ :7!:iO'5,,).~Nw¥\
A~ ~~er.~rj)~ ·~O~O::)F"Ii~c3d..e, ~c;Se" !>illQ~~~, 1.. n
~~el'\~~~Oo~, A-I ~~)d.. 'dod)oo~oj.,)~A)~~. .' ..

mQiS : '''eo::l~ A ~)~::,., In·n ;rio~)2A;!:j?J~~~d o:m~ A cr3).

:;dJde~.,)mi:jlr)~I'\dJ~~ w~::,.,~~J ~;sJecr3J ~ ~~~...ll (27~ )cj) t..o~)
lio~J A-I t:i 1i('O)~cr3J (32) Co~, (36)~ ~.~~. 'ifJd~~f\dJo::l
:Jrswt:it:$ ~ed mo::lF~e~d('O)ml'\cb~~Oo~ ~~d m~~~~1I.. 'lfJ~~~r:~.
!.~. ,Q·E.D.

~ ~1i~~cr3;) ~o!o::lJ ~~d~Ii~,) Rn I'\o~ ~ei5~d ';r.!~i

7!:io::l..l6'litJrlC: Ii~~oj.) ;!:jo::l)~~ ~or.loQ"'~' '~dF'e~~I1~t1~ t1~' iiTtJdo:
~~~o~' mQ~)~e;S. 'Q'~~1. ~~e/~C:M€~.
 v 0:3;)~ t..od,) ;l$4)1!f ~;:b~o:mT\dC ~a:. {XI, X·,', .. ,.r} 0:3»
V ~ t..O~ eC?d;nT\dO. V ab~ X 'a~. ~rl {X I; XIJ, .. ~,
X n} c:h;) V o:S;)~... ~~F~dOod flgt~ ~ab?)~~,
(37) X= X,X l +X1Xl + ... +X.x·
~tu~~ (37) ~~~~T\rS, ~od"
X "" ],XI + ]"XI + ... + y.X" 1adt»
Xl + (Xl-Y2) X2+ ... + (Xn-YII) Xn,
tjli 0,- (XI-yl)
M~ {Xl, xa,··.,X"} ~ ~~uo~o:mT\~dOod, XI =Y,;
XZ =
]2"··'x_. "'" YII' ~~ '!_;;:hz$Q"'d n-tuple .( X., ~···AiP.)
rl~~~ ('!_;~z$Q~) tj9fld {Xl, X",.:.,X"} ~ ma!t!1atv n·
tJl!Ire~~rl~~ ~Od;) ~e~!t;!. o3JtId~ t.;o~ t~~"'d e9fld"~
m~e!md ~~rt~~l'(~ z$dl'(~~ ~ac1lao~ ~~~~.", ~de»
~~b~ ~o~d R" ~~~ nt'a~o:S)~"" ~F~~~dootS V as)~cm ~~)
li~~li~~~ tJ~F"~~t.)~~, ~dt$~ m ~dlJ-d ~~ V ob
41
;3,}(O~ ""oci) eem~~ z$O~~rc:$,} om~"~ m,,~ "~zS.s;et9.

T~ V ci> ;!,}rO~ t..o~ dfm~~ i$o~:l)f"o:mndO. A oj,})

{XI, X 2 , ... ,Xn J ~ ~~rtOlf)T\ TXJ oll t:lwttJ~rl~od ~f\dl

;lo.~ j ~f ~e\.3ilr.)v~"" ~o~tllo; n x n ~t "~ndt), A 'ad~~
(~~~i$Q1.Id) e:t9fld {XI, Xll, ... ,XD} ~d~ m;5f!Olf)ndl~ Toll
~~t)" NO~ Wd~~d: -adOod

(38) =
.TXi A1JX 1 +A 2jX2+ ... + A IIJX", )_1, 2'''·1n.
f,ll!lrtpJt!lit; ~"~~.ci>;) A ~ ~"~~Olf)T\~~od:l bco~!.t1

~;;;).n (19);i ~~!,~d ~~f "~n~~4 ~!,1J

Z '"'I.4;,,.!. , Y'I~ '

t.l$)d:I. .

A
r~l lr~']
UJ' TX - ,(-1Ii» T ab

m;\"u"r! ;1.)~ (Xl' X2'''·'X.) ~ ().,'2'·"'" r

120
 154
rl~;) ~~~r. X ;l;)~ y~" ~t~M., ~;!~~
f Xl X2,· .. ,xn} n ;rSo?109~o!· ...~

S o:S;):§~ T li~;) V 00;) ;3jf~~ d~.m.~,,'!t' z::6'd~;'rllf~1'Ict d

(40) o:::;)~~ A oj~ S~ o:m~~oiJdl'\dQ~ ~~ Boj~;) Toj)
o:::s;,~rd!air.>~d, .~rl ~~~ {XI'" X2, ... ,xn} n
;lWtf;t~f\ AD (0);) ST olJ oir.l~ tfolnt\C3.

.
~t~" (40) ~~ (4) d et~~:J~~ m(jJ eJ~mru!:l5. ~ ~c
~~J~rl~cl~ eru~~m~~~o~, V Qi) ~)e()~ ,;)~' mm>:ie,'d 5$. .
~~ ~~ f!11"~ o:fJ~2., ~l:SF"ezj~rl~ ~e()~ ~~ ri2O'ilf\ ;t4o'ti;)~et}ll~.·
";d> ztrrT warS:; ~fo~~ru;;j;~.

(4l) PX = (XI' xg,· .. ,xn ) X =- XIX' + X2 X 2

'2:ld.)
+ ... + xnX" ~f\~d ;s'~~. l1-tuple (Xl' X2""'Xn )
~ X(.O:::j~ ,{Xl,X~" .. ,Xn} ) 2 ~od ~~'lf~f\
~rpO~~~~~Ood Rn r: v oj) z..o~ ~D;S~F'~oj)~~
(41) ~~!Uv~~r;3. X:~XIX1+X2X\l+"'+Xnxn
m;t~ Y=YtXl-t-YzX2+:".+Ynxn e;,f\~d ~rl
~X+ bY = (ax. + by.)XI + «(1.\"2+ bYl)X:l + ... +
(aXn+ bYrl)X-n et:t Oo~
p(aX + by) = (axi + bYI' axz+ h)'l;· .. ,aXn +by~)
=aPX+bPY.
'lSed ~~rl":~ P OOj.) de~~OO~~~I'\r;3 ~od~, (42) ~~.)~t!I.
=
PX 0 ·e3t\d d ·~rl XI = X1:::; ... ,.,.. xn ~ 0 e3ru~dOo~
Q • . • .'.
. X ,,;, ()
I

Mn !!$,Rc:lai (P)=O t1~Ood ~~~eO~) 1(Oo9P:~~n~ ;~tlL

~~~ V~) ~o~ ~J~02Jc:! ~~~. .. ' , .. , ... •..• ,
... . "~ot:lj ~()~o!i~ ~~~to~~ 11 Ood ~do~~~!"c:l.
..
is) , {pyl, P f l , .•• ; 'PYk} ~, :, RII ~~ ~~o"cm;N.
~ 15 ;ir.,~. ' ' ..\:~
{yl, fll, ... , yk} ~. V ~l{;l ~d;dtJo~oiri)l\d,}~~
,
(43) d e;o!$;d~"" ~;S.)eoj;) 11 dl{;l 'lJJiI~dC~. {PYl, Pln'j
"pYk} 00;) ~d;dtJo~cS~ {yla Y9, .•. , yk} 00.) ~d;d~0t4
~~J.. ~JiI~!.zS wo~ &n ~~eo;t:l~e~7\zS.
~~ p~ dem\_'d:
ii)1'I~ Q:)o~ ;t:loli!cj.)~~ o:m~ w~~ef\~"~~~!..~, &Ii {pyl,~
)Y2, ... ,py k} ~ ~O~tJo~oml'lz::l ~~ a, yl + O2yll + ... +
k yk} = 0 wo~~~"~':JV~' POO:l~J.. e~.d~~ ~Ii 0 "'" alpY1+:i.~
2pylI+ ... +OkPYII: ~1i.)~doo;S al=a1 = ... =011:=0 ~~)
yl, Y 2, ... ,y k} '!i~~ ~do:1e)o~c:iT.J1'I~.

~d;dt)ot)cSoo~t:l~ ;d;)~~ ~ '!fClo£'QIOod e;;de)o~cSoo~ '!i.)o~ wtJ,..,,·'

~~J..~~~~ V oo.)~o.);d ;t:lOr$~~~~ ~zSf'tr$~~~ ~dli~~ ~~b~)
V OO;,~d.)~ om~md~ ~o~ ~Cjfel~-d m~et~1'I) e~o'id Rft
:~O;,0::1 ~~n~~~ w~o~~~ood, V oj~l{;l ~fJ~ ~dli~~ w!.o~,}
)~CSod.) ~e~" (43) ~e~.)~t:L
. ' t

~od~ wmaSdriOO:l~~ ~ezMe£'QI. ~d $)? ~dl~ ~~~Ii~

o::I.J~ V om 1'1 dO. ~n {I, t, /2} V n ~o~ ~~dOl"I'I~.
\

f = ao+ 0 , t + a1 t 2
~1'IdQ d

f.. f~ ~~rezt:lli~~ l1' ~, t2 } n m~et~I'\, (a o': a" 02) rt~1\d.._ I

1i£'QI {1+t+.t2,1-3/+2t2, 3-t+4t9} o:i):l 'Vcxi)$(,~
d;dtJo~~~I'I~~e? fi, t, t 2 } n
mtet~1'I 1 + t + f, 1-3('.
- 2 t ;d.)~~ 3-t + 4,2 rt~ ~zSr"!~Ii~~ ~~~l'I.
2 (1, 1, 1))::;
I" -3, 2) ~~ (3, -1, 4),~;s.:.e,1i, . ',:"." .'

<. \ ",
, ''l
 f.1
.Ml~t:100~ {(I, 1, 1), (1, -3, 2), (Jl, -t~' 4) } ~n
e.roo~~ ;:1li~ tj ~~ {I + t+ tI, t -3ti-
ttJ, 3-t + 412} ~ e;:tvo~itlf)l'I~ o')odJ;) &t~~t;S.

~I'I~~" ma~~~ Voi) ~C~ dtm\_w lio'd:»F" 1

.~,

(.44)

fir(

1:1"" 1,. . TI-='"2/,

{l, f, It} ~ '1iW~(:s.~1'I T rm o:L.,~"'oj~ MI'I'C3•.

(46) [~ 0~ H~J.
f}

tiT( .~ (BY) 'a~Ood-

(47) Tj=o(J+20 11+302t i ~omi1)~~. 7J.mj ..-OO+O,t

+0212 e.11'\~~ ~~

P,"t, f2} ~·m~t03Clr. r tJ ;:'JiI~"'o:j~J r;?; 1 ~fl'ltS [ (38) .

WJlC~(I'I'" ]

[oo1 oj= [1 0 at0]

.0
2
0
O'

3
r
0
0
2r
0
0 .

(50)
 ,,',fit
"", '

~ 4ltrt ~~(i"~~ ~~ ~~~o,i)~.,., "'~f~.

V" t..~ ~q;d:$) {Xl, X 2,.··,r} tfr\dt).¥A'~l.1i.ocb
lf~ ,{ yl, y2, ... , yO} ,tfl'lde X+X,Xl+X2XI+ ~ .. +'
X.X.;i)~ X...,y 1 yt+Y2 Y1 + ... +,V.ya .woO~"Ja~,m.
(XI' X2""'X n ) ~~ (Yl' h,''''Y. ) rW e:I~~~~ "ot.lo9;S~",

p 0= (Pi')~).) Hr\~cOoe! ~:O~:r.l~~ n+ n d.n\"

t:1M(I,

(52)

'<lr:l~~ X=XIX 1 + X1X!I+ ... +Xnxn ~~ru~ ~!~~

X j O~)~~ (Z) 1) Oar:l ~!m<f; "'~~r:lOor:l ~ L~t.l~m. .

XE OX1+ Or+ .. · +OX n t1r\~d o:m~ X=o y~

~f~t)
+ oyz+ ... + 0 y" t1r\dJ~C:Oor:l, (27g) ~od Po 01»."
~dr.~;1~ ~Q~~r\tS ,;)or:l~ .. t~F~~mTb~C:». t1rl

(1)3)

Pel + (Qil) ttMe5. ~rl (53), ~32..

(fl') , yL_QuXl+Q2jXI+ .. ·+QniX'n, 1",·1,2, ... ,,,

.":)c!tiA t.o~ ttl'\t!~ ,
 :' {Y., y:z, ..• ,Tn} ~. m~e!m" o':lr:i~~~",' .AIa'd~~m
y j C»~ ~~F:(~~rt~(iP", trullo3,Qe,,;!,) {X', XI, .... , X It 'rt mte!
~I)C»~ &)V~rt;:$~", ~d~~u~ (52) ~'" 1iri~:b;;dPbd ,~~~~
(!J4) .~ ~;!:j2JlJi)ti).

(52) ~~~ (fl3) ~~rt~~, (f)l) ;:$~~ (54) ~aMI'A

·~r!3FeZt1rt~~~ 2J~m~:>~~'~d'lt-o ~~rt~~~ ;j~a~~;3.

pyl=Xi, .i=1,2 .... ,n ...

~M~~o~ V 00) ;3~e!>~ de~~~~ llO~:.>~FOO» p eMO. ~~~1i~v
(51).~~)~OO) (20') o:dpoon ~e3~e~)m~~.

(55) {y., yl, ... , yo} ~ mte~~" POO) tm:t'ffo~» Po

~/'\t$ o':loti) ~~rt,,;l) (51) ~et,1:>!.~.

T ~ V (0) ~)e!>~. 2.>om dr£i~o:h

'.
~Ot1~)FcrlJO)M!> ~~i)oJ
A~ {Xl, X 2 ,'... ,Xn } ~ mtet~/'\ T oj) o:m~'lfcrlr.lt'l~
B~ {yt, Y\ ... , yO} ~ ;tW;ett~1'\ T C"3:. ~:!ll'lf~l'\d!>
A ;SJ~ B Tl~ ~aJ;j~ ~oz,.)o~~ ~o!CI:

(56)
(56) ~~ m~:,J~m, (iW~ (:3!J), (52) ;jJ~~ (M) ~~ f!Ul$
oS~e/'\~~e03. X -x.X. +X2X~+ ... +XnXn=x.'Y J +x/ yi.
+ ... + x n' yn eM!> Z=ZI X1 x Z2 X2 + ... +znX" =zt' yl+
z/ Yi'+ ... + zn' yn ~M!>, ert. ,,;,'

: ,I
 ' 'J ['" ~']' ,'"
J: ] -P;~ [t,'] ;::
'I • XI' 'Z, . ',PC;"',
[X
-Po J.
(59)
[
• ~ . I ' '

"

.
, i

Ue"n"',): .e. ~ej3O)O~n.;~ 2..o0r;:;~ ~Me~~~~)~ ~~oe~.

Po = (P~i) rmJ 2..oor;:;~ ~e3~e~)mQ~ ~ X in ~~ "o~r\r;:;(;;) d, ~~2.
{yl, y2,: .. , yn} Q'j~~ vtt '~Or;:;J ~~d~:\t~t5~~ ~n' (f'il) ~J.J... Q ,

w~cMef\"08~oQ~ X j~~~, 1 sj $ n, on~'£J~~ (I,X l + C~X'J,

+ ... +cnX n = 0 ~l'\r;:;Qd ~1i, 6 ;,., (PIlC I +'PI2Cil+'" +P,n'Cn) ,
yn {Yl, y2, ... , yn} ~ ~d~e)o~~o'jJoC;; ;$)!~ Po ~~~f~J
Nilr;:S :sic.'))oO r:J.)~ c, = ('2 =... = en = 0 ,.)O~.) ~OeH~J e~. ~~ Oot::: '
{X'X 2 , ... ,X'"} o~.)'· V,n t..o~J ~~dml'loS.' ~~~~ ~;$Jn
fYI, y~... yr} f!~~~ ~~drl~.) {X I ,X 2 ••• xn} ~~~:
OJ~~e03.Jm~ n X m o:'.J~~ ~n~) Po ~dJ~ ~~o~or;:;d~., 2..ooMoC~
~o;r.:04t.d ~r.loS.)o~ t1oz:iJeJd.)~~. ~~ (fl1) Oot::! {Xl, X2, ... ,
yn} ;$.)~~ Po ~ctJ;$~ ;::iotJo;:!~ !~m~!.:~., '
!

.' V.oi'I,l. ~~M ~~.)~ ~~1 {i, j, k} .$, ~d~}~ l)o~

~M.)~ truz:t l~~ ~oOCb03 03~d.) ~ClZn~o,O e(.\p~, tI ' .v
!..o~ ~9~dOltll'\r;: ,.)oDeJ~~~~J;l./re. i 1 "" i + j + k, jl = i-j + k,
~.)~~ kl,~i )(~j;"_'k'~ eK . , :' ',
t,

lGO) . {iI" iii' kat rm') v tI t..O~.) ~~d~I'\c3.

 160 ~tm'." _1II11iN,
'lIId.~ itj(\~~ ;sior(!(O.)od ~~_.l!. f ~.

m(:i
41
[1 '1' 1] .
1
1
-I'
2-1'
1 =3

[~~ (43) ~4 ~~ {i, j, k}" ~l;nl\ iI' it, k ~~ kt ;

~~F"~~W~~ (1,1,1), (1,-1, 1) ;:!)~ (1, J, -l)tml\i!
,.)oz.) ~ol1,oi)ti~ tl\)1S~f".-.JJio.'LU,.) .'

.n v=x;+yjx zk ~ V -xli. +Y. j, +ZJcI ~(\dC~r

-ati) ~~ {o3) ~"rS. 11~ Pu-' ~~.. (64)~. w~o!r.~M

rlt'3~m"l!. 1ItZ~4 {XI, Xl, ... ,X·} 'a~... {i, j,kt ~ot:
~~ {Y', yl, .... y "} ~}~ {i, j, k} ~d' ~&'"\l>b~1i
t~;!.}~o:h 12 ~4 w~air.let'\~~) ~dcod

f/ _/ ;r~!1 _J -1}
1/ _1'l J 0-1
J

(63) -1] [:]

ia Z

H~dOo. ~~~ v= ~(l~ c3tm\_, r:f1f~~~

T ~I\d(), ' .

(6.) T{.NI + yj+ ,zk)=:f : Z 1+ (y+ z - ;¥Jl+!tf k

 t1rl {i, j, k} ~ mOl3e!~l'\ T~ ~~.,~ Zo'I'\~.
," .

5) (-.t'1 ~ t]'
0 1
J .

{i, j, k} ~ iVi)~t!~l'\ Ttm om't'lftm~~ ~Oa~~'~)t)

6) ~~ tS\)~~(I'\;r;S~~d.). "a~~ Zofl'\!S,

6) [-i -t -J] [-! ~ 1] (~-!

1 0 -1 i! 0 .I 1 1 -I
~] =, '[~0 0~ 0~]
7) Til =i" Til =il' i:SJ~...b Tkl = kl
o)o~ .!eoSldF"~;r;Itji)ft)~d.).

\3t.rl~: (67)0 ;r;Scl._1M~~~~ rtm~", Q'irl 3 d~, ,,~

~d ;rlO~~F"rle.i~~ ~~F"de~e~ M;rld~ ~t'~L~~, ~o~ ~F'~"
J.)~~~ OJ~o~~e~.

(f>6) ~~ ~m(i)o!'! ~.)~!o:!~~~ lMOO~~ (51) Ood (54)

~i'\~ ~.)~ (56) ~~ ~~~I'\ rI~~~ troJj~t~I'\;5. .:ldd.>;
I- n olJ~~t)"rI~.) A ~~~ B ~dt)zt~l'\;5 wod.) a!ce.io:l

B=PoAPo-'
Id.)~o" ~o~ OJ&c~mQ ~ n x n ;m~" Po 'a~~ t9~OJr1
as).) t1~d {XI, Xl, ... ,xn}"
m~~WilI'\ 'Toi) ~i'
itll'\~d, uri BOO')') yi ~ (54) Ood ;rlrJd {Y', y2, ... , yll} J\
teSWill'\ T c:j.) o:lJel~ "~I'\~ M~ wactl o:m~"rI~.), ~C~t) e';
d ~ed t1~drl"''' Ne)~ft;;:ri)1'I ~o!S(,.;rlO';:l')i" T em ilr4>t"n~t\ .
S oir.l~ /;r;I~~~I'Id.)!.l!.

T~ ~i"~ ~~~~~~,
t1d y= t.oa,:, W"
~~,; tmd.,.~ T~I'Id.);j ~:Jorltf-d ~o~ {Xl, X2, .....
2:1}".
 182
Xn} ro~ v~ 2..o~ e"GS'il0Q:jCll"lOC ~,)~ {ZI, Z2, .. :,Z"} oi),)
W n 2..0~.) ~GWo~i\dO. A oj.).) 'If~;'\~o~ Q.!C)~:tl~~~~ m X n
~~" ~Me:J.
(68) TXi= A I!ZI +A 2j22+ .... + AJlIjZrn
!J~zfa~t1 tlr;;drl.na {Xt, 2, .. ·,X"} ~~~ {Z', Z2,
.. ·,Zn} rllin NOloeet~1'l TC"S.) om~~. A o':lo~.) '!dtm.)!e~. ~~
(3U) !oeffi)ru!:'~

(69)

X=XIXI+X2.f2+ ... + x,X n ~iJ~ Y--~YIZ'+Y2Z!

+ ... + Ym zm
~ ~~Orlt::l~ (5fi) do~ ~~rl;-I;j~ (;)1)) 0 ~~J~cj.) :J~~
. n~n ;CY~l!5~~ :J~~ii~~~ eJ\);;::o5..r..mM:;.)".~ ~~!/~~tt.)t::l). ~ot::le
{ .YI, y2, ... , Y"} v fI
oj).) ~~.R O~J ~Q~oo:Jc:l"l~ d 05.)~,
- . ~ Q-
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B =QOAPO~1 '<.t:&: BC"S.).) {YI, Y2, ... , yn} fI 03')~~

{U',uz, ... ,lj'"} ii mceeQ~~f\ T OJ.) olr<J:t'l!omr'lct
Po = (Pij) oj.,).), Xi ~c Pi) Y J + P2J y2 + ... +- PnJY n,
~10)
• 1 'J .., -I ~,...""'" t'
J~' , ~,· .. ,n ~o~J .,...,';;'.)~/"
Q' ...
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~mi~~ ~~0~'
(fil) Ood (fI4) ci OSOr'l~ ~~ii~~~ (:)(i), (Cil)) 03,)~
,70) ~~ ~tS~eJ~~~~}!.n c:~~ ~o~ OJ;E~~Jd 'a~. ~~T(~fI ~
~~Ji;! C~~~~~ rl03,)~:Je..l~ ~Q5o:j)(S ~'CItit>~ o:S,j~ e$~n~~.)~
~cn tJ~~~":1"'~Vo:$.lt5o~JO(:lr.~ 'dO~JtI) ~ta~~e~.' ~om
1.l(00J ~~Orl;it} ~o~) ~Off~ ~~oj~'d~ru~!!I.
 163
'Vc:i~ tS~f\~ ~~~rt~d.. R II ~~f\(S ~l~Ji~d..f\ ~c$,,~;)~e»
~~F"tlJ~li~ ~o'd~~~~~ tI\)~03~tf\~~f\03. e. ~O'd~~Ji~~ R II "
as~li~t ~~d~~d,)~ ~O~~~Ii~~d~ <te~ ~oO"~~v~03? i (Sf
~~F'el'1'd~~~ f..od) 6M:h~ ;;~~ ~~d ~r!F"flJ'dIi~~~ M(!~riV;f\~
~~oOd,)~ RII ~~ 'ad~~ ~o~ Ei ~Mej, ~rt{ E', El, .. "en}~
R" ~ f..od) ~~d~f\i3, as ~~d~~"", ('I¥~~d,)~ ~~~) RIl~
~ID;;::! 'at e:fQ"ld o)od) ~d~))~d. X = (Xl, X2""'X II ) e:rf'lOe).
~rtX=xlEI+x2E2+,,'+xnEa, ~ro~c$Oot5 RII ~~d,)~
2..ot5) ~Ol'1c$ ~i3F"~l'1'!1rt~ ownn ~~ o:m~ru~ri ~~~e, eqiF
{ EJ, E 9" " , En} l'I 'Nil~e!~t5 ~z:!F'e~'!I'rt~~ o)omM~~i3. lml~~f
R" ~~ro;:12..ot5.) ~O'd~F
Tc;i) o:m!0~c;i).) ~e;;eJ {E I , E2, ... ,
E"} l'I m~et;::S~i\ TOO) ~!0~crlr.lf\d,)!.t5. ~~ Rn ~~ m?JF',:f
~rt OOJd~t5e AAodeJ~ ~Ot'i;).):r.lO~d {E', E'J., ... ,ED} ~
ero~e:.J;;~~ ~hJ~~®~t5~d.. ;;~od)O:!O~~~~.

( 51) d~ {Y 1, y~, ... , y n} c;i)) R n l'I ~~ ·~9ild;::suf\d,)~rt

~~~j ~~ ~e~~v~ Xi c;i) ~~Fel'1'!1rt~ot5. ~f\C.)~ {E I,El , .. "
En} nm.ee!~f\d)O:! o:!s.>~ ~c:b) Po ~f\t$ o)om rt~~~, ~d~ (55)
Dod ~v~~/'\ .tlO",~)!.~,

.~.n~

1, ~~/'\d~id ~.!03.ROlZ,) o:m~0 ~ ru~V2.)QIi~~d.. r1~"'O.

(c) [20 1 v'2]

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2. AB~ rut'We.JtJ ~ deAl,,;)!!. 'd~1'\ A O~) ~~ ~mn~

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ut\~Qd ~J'!~ AlaI ~aDloJ+bfl;j ~r\~d ~d'f¥"tl 'fo ~lPd~I'\~)~
;$~~j= 1, 2,.··n ~n i~io t'r\~}~ ~:I~ Clo;=a(Dio,B 0+
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~ni ~I\~w~' j ~ ]; "2, .. ·,11 n Cij ~ Ail Blj + Ai! B.l + ... +
(in Bnj~"ru~dJ.

3. (a) ;;n~~~~ (il)~~ 'Q\l~&~el\~~~oriJ (1"0), (17)

~)~~ (18) ~~ ~~,..o.

(b) OJ?~ro",v~ (3) ~.~ W~O~Jdel'l~~J<: od,) A B ~.)~~ C

ii%'') 11 X n om~~ii~l\ru~~ m~'!3'!1ii\~:: A (BC)
(AB)C, A( B + C) ". AB + AC ii..{~,)..
;tW :J~O. .;':l

4. i5)' n"" A·
'I
=0 ~I\c:! e ;jJtl~\1fQj)~~ Slo~.;;nl\
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11 x 11 o::..w~0 ~ii~~l\d_ 0, e.sri AI' A z,. .. ~An = 0 wed.)
~eOM.

(b) A ~)~_., Bii~J nXll ~l\dQe, ~ii A 00.).) ~'\r.:ijl .,I

.! ,"Re~eoo':~l\t~b c::IJ~,)" B OO.J:; ~oZ:;O~ml\ ~9f
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J w-
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fl. '!N[\~ ~)'~o~~od.) ii,)~t)z.;",ii~~.. ii~~O.

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'a~ A 1 ;;:1~!~ B 1 lit;1~ k x k li~I'\;3. A 1 ~~3~ B 1 ~~~
(n-k) x (n-k) li9ClI'\~, 01 oj::.::. kx (n-k) ~~.i..,
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o:mT\13, ti'j';)ffildc3

.Jod.) MeD~)O. ~d,) ~t?-v~ 270 2..oti'l :J~e~ ~~:)li

~1'\t5.

7. ~~~ecj~ 12 ~.J,. w~~m"'tf.r.o~, ~~T\~ ;;:'.J.)!t.)'lfli~~

c:m~~ :J~e~", ~l;1v;3';l'\~ oJoC~ ~QFOM. ~~}~,)
:J~e;;:1.) ;::m;:~C3ClI'\~w 0 ~~d O::~'1~~~ ~od::.oo~oo,)m ( 3 ')
Ood (HI) d ;iorl~ :J~~t1t;1~~ erucrloir.lel'\"'O~

(a) 1 2 1 0 1 (b) 1 0 0 0
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4 2 8
.)
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t:l~d~~~ wO~~Q~~ ~9rOM. ~~ 'a~ d :J~~e~;:$~l.­

oeIo~~~~~~, _

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A-I n . '2....o~ ~~~fS~~~~ ~o~~~~)o.; -

1~. o:l~:t
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168

~ol:i:l 2X2 ~"'!tl~cm"dC. ~~ t..od:

~~~'5 ~o~23 a ~ A "" al tjT\t! w~ bfC~O.
13. ~~ 'll'tQF~~s:n~." 2x2 M~l Brl"1\ AB=BA
~1\~~o~ A em) ~~ 2 X 2 M~~oinMC. A em)
'5~F'oem~e:~~M~e~e,;o~ ltato,"o.

14. r...om ~,Zj$~,)~ ~~ ;:we;,) ol1d3"~ '.'f:l;i 1 de) ~~

.__, a 11,)"'- m
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a J..
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(a) ie;5e; 2 x 2 ~zp~'e! ~~ MJO~ ;m~ '!F;itJ~ ~';M

M~~~~~;So;;:i) MfOM,

[~ ~} Q#O

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(c) t..od.,) m x 11 ~~ r6 A 00) 03,)eo~ t..om 8~ ilWCc:!

1S0fl;::f')F;j(:i~ A oj) wti~lit:l~ e~rn~~d
m.J~~,)'d ~;::t" ~OJ ~:t ~~.)ot:l rn~,;S~t:lood
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(d) t..o~ ~~~ E5~;:W~ ~~\foi> ;)~f;:1J ;i)~

'Z.oO~ m,~,; eti-;:wt),) ;ir.ll("~t ~t'\~!.t5od,)
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rut'Wv~mT\~!.~ocS~ ~fo~m ~ (c), (d) ~~
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15. ~o~ nxn ~~"o:Sl ~t:i~~ oir.l~"o:j) 'dtQF'~tm\."

m~eTrl.!r(~ ~~;!o~ OlCl~~~iTolru!,t!. ~Gl'ld~mt\
7>ld~"",
tr (A) ~od ~o"e!;:;:~!f;!. ~t~ tr(A)-A u
+ Al2 + ... + (A)ne
(a) tr (A+ B)." tr (A)+ tr ( B) .)ocS) beo,-,o.,
. -
(b) tr (aA) = atr (A) wod~ ts.eo"'!),
(c) tr (AB) = tr (BA) .)od~ GtOM.
Cd) Po o:j~ ~~e~:::nrt1~m1\~~ tr (PoAPo-')=t,
(A) wodJ ~eo"'o. -,
(e) T ~~ V~ ;!~fO~ ~od~ oe:oto:Sl ~o'd~F'o.inT\d)
il~ (V m,o~ ~o:m~(~) (':rcl~ tr( T) ~~... tl
(A) wo~ m6~v"dd o:!;)~~ A ~~ ~~ ~9'id
fl.odM m~e!~T\ T ~ ~~ "~l'\~ 0, ttrl Ir
( T) o:b~ ~~dt;$ ~~~od ~.;io~l'\tS.
(f) AB- BA o:l~ 1 ~ woOM ~~,)mr(e),) m9t3::'~;!oz::b
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J 6. '4~t\~ V ;:;l~,)~r(~ ~.!~odd~, d!1~~~Q"'~, tfQW

D-~odet x ;:;lOl'1d tl~~1d'dli~~~ ~9~~Q~O.
, , -
(a) V~ ,a~+ bytez "'ftb~ft ~
(~eQ ~~t'il 2. ~r( 3)X= 3x+ 1y-6t, D ..
..ix, -1 z} -
,I 22~
 ,no I5t __•'I ocu.,'Cti.

(b) V03~~ 2x2 m~~t! ~~,ftW ~~I\~

(~9C'~~ 2, 9C'1i 3 ~~ceO.)

x =[~ ~J
D = {[~ g} [g 6} [~ g} [g ~J}
(c) i= 1, 2, 3 ~.)!~ j== 1, 2, 3 ~ Au = Ali al'\C;)
~()j Vo:l~ 3X 3 0j'Q)~~'d~~'lfK9~ A=(A iJ ) o:l)
~~~oml'\r!. (V o,i)~~ ,;lo'd~~ ~~2.., ~O~
rum~drte;~ ~i\ 4 d~ '1fJdfJ&.l~')

X =
l;r~ ~ 1~]j
:!

','D 'If 1001·[;° °0°1[;0

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17. V~ estji~~ 16 (c) o-'~ ~~&i.J~t\d(). ~~

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(b) ~([ 0 12J [0 ]-2J [ 01 2])

-1 0 3 , -1 0 3, -1 0 -3
, t -2 -3 0 2 -3 0 -2 3 0 0
HI. Vo:j~ ~~~~ 16 (a) em ;r1~o.ir.lf\dO. T~ T
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{x, y, z} ~ iIW~(~~T\d:>~ T ~ M.~~cm~"" 'doti;)o
lxlta~c.
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~,,~~~, V crl~ ~~e~~ ~e.m\,~ ~o~romt'ld(l. ~~rl~

IG (C)~~ ~~~O~~ ~tjSd~~ ~ftm" T~~ ~~"
crl~~~ tfori~ &:lC4~~O.

21. V ~ ,m~ii~ ~~,)~~~MC. ] erott.d ~d~d tlo~

~"dJ~ ;l~rj.) ~ezli~o~ ~MJ;i {j, ji k} oj,),) V n
~r;i) ei?c~Me).
, .
(a) ~Z?o (3; + j, j-·k~ ; + j) ~ ;l;Cltet~T\ 3 i + 2 j-k
~~n!i~l1e,;~~ ~oruooZi~~O.

(b) Ti ... 3 j, Tj=i+j, Tk",k ~Jo:S ~e~tS;:$~'¥trj.);)

V 0:3:; ~~O~ de.m~ 'ff lSOt1~rd:JJJ T ~"dO.
.' ~

(i, j, k) if ~.):!,~ (?i+ j, j-k, i+ j) rf mt.~.e:..

4 ,
~"d.)oS T oj.) ~~ f!o:JJ~~ 'ffoa.)&~~o.
12. (a) .e, z.;Z55~~Or(,,"~)

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0 z.;1tJ~~Ii~ ;;o:S.J~~ ,,-ot::b erjl'WO~1'\;:!
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~ 7..:®Z'JeM~ ~!~oC::d ~~nl!J'ffr(~~~ 'do~
a"C4~)O, ]

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~t3F'fli~l1~~~ ~oilJ~t:e~~o,
(c) T ~J 't""M~~~eo~ w,,~:;~~~ ~j~~ ~O~~r
, o:m1'\~.

'f".. 1(0),/(1.-:- ~~(/'':' :~I +f~ i)~:~~O -. 2)~t - il)

+ f(2)11.:_2~(t -; ~) +f(l~l~~~~t -3),

 173

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23. C) I ) ('!~ ~qSWcl (;>2) ('!~ wn~~el'\~, tiijS;Jo { ( 1, 0,0),

( 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1) } ~ ::lO.d3eJj.~d ~~r.d;;j ~O~M;)
~.!oir.lod~~-d ~1:3F"e~rl~~.).I.. :elod)w~~)o.

(a) (n, ~, -1) (b) (-I, 1,2)

" i !

(c\(Ii, 0. - t)i ) .(d) {O,O, 1)

24. ~r,;~;:;j (:2;;) d tr'ilC1d~ ffl)~~z.OJ;d T oj:; om ~ T1(0)(ii~

!!f~/'\~ ~odttSfri~~ ~od.)~~o:J;)o.

.: (~SiS; (Dli) ~~ w~o~.r.m~o.J

(a) T(x, y, z)=(x~ -y, z, 0)

~b) T(x, y, z) =(x, x+ y, x+ y + z)
(c) rex, }'. z)=(2x+ y _;\z,:1y -;)Z, 0)
~5. Jl O':!J.)) .o~~~ IIi (d)~) ~)~~T\d() ;:3.)!~ ~o:$ 3
- . ?.:trl)llO~~ ~.;3,)~O':!J,j,j weMe? T t»)) V oo)od 11' ~
" ;. ~~/'\CJ~t:!::ot$ ~~:.oe3~~~ d~~~~~~ Ul;3~t!om"C~.

hJ
'l'
f
10
ll,
-1lJ
a
;II ,0
.c;
(
f)
c al + hf- +,cr:l:
,
'
.
.

.' .. , ,'<\..,
. ""' '.
 174

.lr_~ ~ ~l,[ ~ ~ ~l,[~

IL 0 0 oj -1 () oj 0 -1
:' oj!~ll
.d,)~
{J, t, r, t a}
~b) & ~~drl~ ~~Q~ mtet:;nl\~~o~ T ~ o:ir.la.l,t
cm~.._ ~od;)~~~o.

IIO U[
. -1 01 1 , -10 0I 1, -I0 01 -I ,r
I -1 -1 0 1 -1 0 -J 1 0)
-u[ 11
oj,)~

J(I-1 ) (1-2)(1-iJ ) 1(/-2 )(1-3) 1(1-1)(1-3) t(t-, )(t-2)}

(~-- .'::r{---' -, --2--' - -2- , (j ;'

21). V ~od W rf T o;h) &.locS') df~foj) ~{j;j~F'~~f'ld().

V .;:t,)~ W Ii';,) ~l!)F'~ e:iOl1vOJmJ~,)~f'lde'). A p

(Ajj) 00.).) ;:l,),)o~d,);:l ~ljWdli'; '~"MfA~ ~~eZ.~f'I T.®

;m~\~o:mf'loQ d, fjr( i::t.]· ;:l.)i§,),
\!) -
A II.. = 1. ~OJ i <
-
;:w ~
4)

(T) ~ e1f'1lZ~d Ali =0 oJOM, i ~ ~4)~ (T) ~f'lt:ld,

A lj =0 oJOM ~f'Id,);:loj V~ t..oOJ ~lflid {Xl, X',· .. ,
X J1} ~~ oJO~ ;:$J~~ W ~ t..O~ ~~ {yl, y2, ... ,
Y m} 'lII~ o}OM ~rl')". [uel#: ~~J~<m 8 d ~9~
ooJ~ d2!;rJ~~ ~C?'Ii~~.A. eroa:!oiQfT\~l'). ]

[3 1 OJ fl 0 '3J
27.
A= 2 1 0 ;:l,)~l. B r." 0 1 2
1 ~ 1 0 O· 1
 171

~~" 'lfy,,~;sot ~!,m" 'W~~'" n~~ 'fN~­

tjlCl"~03dOod' M~ tJd~o.

A = [[; ~] [~]] ~~~_. 1

B= [[0] 01 [ill]
J 2 .,
[1 2] [1] [0 0] [1]

=[[ ~. . 1 1J [l1J] 8 [:1

~tl 1 11] i<
[l 2J U~] 1 2 8

(oS~e~ ,~" ' ci:)otJ~t:Sd w~c5.Mn~ ~~~ fI.,"\)~.

w~~~d"M, A oj,) m&le.n.!neJ') .%.l'01n~'f)1'IdZJ~a
~~'lfolr.lf\~ ~~.l.

~J [gJ]
[[~[li][l]
. ci:)~~~t:Sd
m&lm.!nY.) oiJ~~'lfrlYm>J..1'\ ~oOd~ t..ot»
;m~ "omt\~.. ~~. ~oC::~.o flo~mrlt'lUOd~.) .

f , .[:J2 1]1 '

II ='
A' Il =
[OJ0 ' "'('21==[12], A'lI=[1]

B'II = [ 0 1 '
1 OJ B'12 = .2
. [3"J'
elf\d.l~~

~ _ [Aflt A/tll] ;i)~

.II - A'll A f :n J
176

~odJ eJ~i.S;;& 9rC,

AB-fA'11 B'II + A'12 B'21

- A'21 B'rt + A'22 B'21

6s tI~~d rum~d~~i ~IJMZ ri.)mncS ~od~

'd"OOueHJru~ts ;:J:;~ ~m o:J:>(Od:;;:J A '12 ~~ B 'II

cSo~a5 llf~~ o:m~ ffrlfri;) ~~M!~o~rl :J~(li~'" erol1cm')!,

~fI~. fSd~ A cm~~, ~dd~r ~~.1. ;:J~d~r ~1
meJJrl~ ;:JJ~ .,::,ddrlf ;;SJ~l.., o:J~drlr tJ(U;;wwrl~
.:iJr$t3
~~I\~z:S wot:b ~e~:>~e;1. .Sf riJfr.>f1'C!dd, :>~~~
m9"'d~Mt3e~od A ojJ t-leeJmeJJ ;:JJ:j~ B OOJ It'!
;I;~Q) :>~~~n,;lJ ~-&e'iS~"&Se-l). .Sf :>9"'~;:J(S~ ~~,..o.,;;;
;.ir.)~ t¥rl,;l~ ~.§~od~~ Q:)~~;:;lm e!\)~~el'\" ;:JJ~~
AA~:j ruC'Qle.)2"9);:J~~ ~~eJ~~ rum~d~~oI.. e!\)~~t1"I~
7\~~ ;:JJC)~O.

(ar 2 06 ()
1 0' ]
1 0 il 1
o 1 0 2
r 1 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
1 1

~]
(b) 1 0 1 il 1 2 1 3 0-6
G 2 0 1 0 0 3· 1 0 1
0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
() 0 0 0 '1 0 () 0 0 2

1 1 .1 2
(q) 0' 1 1
0 () 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 .1 1 1
0 0 0 0 J
{}, () 0 0 ~ }

1I 0 () 0 (j ~l
 ~)U)~_ I'$O"tlwiSr:j<~ 177.
>

28. ~o~ 3 X 3 ~C>~'!¥oj~ :J~~e~~ m~z'I~f\~o3Jt o:lOC~

~9rO~~:> o:S:l~ ~~o ~~~;::!~;)"'" rlti~e):> 'Wo~, ~$ -
td~~~J. CJd~Jo.

~Ii 1 ;:h~2.. 2 c;;< ~Jd~tb~ ~o.~~a~o~~ :ltjiOltS;::!~J~ mtjiOlo~

OJOlf\ m;lif (Gauss) :l~~r~Ol i»(ij!)~ .:lo1::b ~doo)J!e05. ~rl2 d
i5ZiJOl~~ !l d~ ~Jd~OJ03 ~ :l~~;:;i ~ooir.l~~~O~J~J.,_ mtjiOlO~~f\
\ Crout )'!:~b" :ll?~ .:lom ffoojJ;)!e~. ~~r:~ ;::!,)~ 'a~d :JtjiOl~rI~
dltttS ~~Fl1 Faddeeva [8J o::)J~~ Lanczos [! 9 e59Ol~oj;) 2,]
~otP ~e~o. ~ll<A N<l~J ~o'd;)2AAl;:;i ;eJ6em~ ~~~M~;::!~~"," ~a~
i»;::!OOJOlf\ Hoffman o:i,)~2.. Kunze ~~ [14, ~1?t3ojJIi~,) 1 o:i,)~~
2J '!fJ6~r!$. mo~ o::),)~2.. e:;~o~ e3o:hi>i»,)eoo,)li~dllO~ ~do'd,)3
!e~}~~~ ~~~ ~~J~Ii;l ~~CQ)F" ~o~d~~~)~ Jacobson (l5)~~
lfJd~d. ~o~ t;o:i'rJ~5ii~ ~J~ej d~~~ol} tiO;:J3r~rlf,j (5~~.)~o:i~J..
Jacobson (Ii) )o::),)~~ Halmos [13, ~tjiOl~OO,) 2] rt~~ '!f".aehlf\r!$.

~~:zi ~;::!.)~cJrI~ 05.)e~ rI~~M .o:i;)!2.. ~:m'dd~rI~ ~a:lIi~~J.,_

~ee~b~~'dJd..l ~~~.:~JrHi~ o:m~irl<~J.,_ w~~ef\,.tSQe;d.
o::lJCl~ t¥li~;) ~!d ~o;:;i~rli~V~M ~~o:h'!1OJ~I\;d. wma:lol'M ~'dJillbt'
~JmQ o3cSO
m
~~\"rI<
'V
'lfv~ w~o3~eT'lIi\"~ Guillimin d rI,oZj1
....,
[12, e5t;n~00J 10J ~e~o. edoeto ~:m~dl"WrI< ~~'d
~~~oo:>rI<'r'I Kaplan 0 ~otP [16, e1?a~ 6] ~e~o o:iJ~ ~t!~
o:iJ;)Omo:iozZ ~~"'"ii~~ Gantmacher d ~otP [1)] ~e~o.

~~o~ t5 cdJrl~eoj) ~o:i;)~/~< ;d;)e~ d~~~'11 ~o:i.f'cSrI~:>

~cSt~ (P~~ ~~~~M eS'I)~~.JiJ!,'" m~ f'f.f' ~o~vcS .:lo~
~i5crl)mru~ ~O, t..o~d ~o~;) ~J~::;',)~ ~~dt"Q)",a Churchill
,\' 231
178
rlJO!p~~... [3) (!r.tIl O. ~~tt ~~ etc'" .d_ ~'Ol."art!J
t..o~ ;:jy~:m~ ~~!1 t.l~t5~~~ ~o~dte~ib... Erde'yi ~oqS (7) d~
tf~~t:l. ?.O~ ~~~!i ~):§~ dlGt ~~tw .4,~ friedman
( 10) 1)o¢~t:l.
 , ,

e!~~cm 1 O~ ,.:jOpJ .,.:j~~rloJ t3l~o! l\)l'QQ~F"rl~~~

'd~o~ tat&n:fm~~. ~:mJo!Ol'QrieJ ~~~rieJ lSoGOri~~..,
t!\lid7;l~':l'(~~...., eJom~, "cm~o! ~Oo:1.F'(!nq~ ;$.)~ ;int"~~4
:Sori~~tTclcO~;t,. & w~ :Jacrl)riq~.... ~~ri~ ~m\.'d ;l$ocdra(~tSrW
:SO'd~(!ah~~ erotl~m~"~ode 7;lo~O~~~t;i)Q' • e9i~cmd~
W~, "~r~ d)~ m~rleJ tlOo!~(W~~ 2!t!F'~fl'Q. • ~~2
;:b~ o:1.l~o~~ ~t>~ QClrlrl~~ V\)~. ~~ "~~~;$~",, "'(m~"
~O~.)~rlV; lS~~~ ,.:jo~O~o) !.ootil :JGnl~ol~.... :J;lo~~~t\d ..
~f.~~ ~~ t1om;i)d ~,.:jorl~~ ~~cm~ ~tit)tt r;!. ~ri 2
o~ NtlolF'~'; ~m..,o.~ ~O~~OlClro!.,rS. ~n 3, 4 ~~ 5 ~
t>o'lJa.:l' t!\l~~ol)~rl~ ;j)~_. ~em\.o! ~O;$,,~\,~ ~t.)oQ~rS'
~~~ ru~Qd)F'rf~.... e>~oltPQM\,~e)~ ~;$F"~" ~m..,o~~~.... tl\)z$.
~~t\~tS. (,) ;$)_:.. 7 (!e ~Iir(v;~ !r~lSl) ;$;)~ m!>;j~.. tit!F'i4.

Vo:i);) tJWt'<brW ~ol'J ,.:j~o:Snf\dO, W~ 1 ~~d:l~ ~tb

~O~O e)O~OlClt\~~, ~e!!rl~od ~t\d:ld' (i, j, k) ~~ V 1\ ,",otb
(1~OOlClI\dt). { 0, J, kJ Ii ~~t!t.~~ ~~ttJ~~... v aJ~~ e1~..
;;:$J;)~z::je()d ~C~oDrW~.,.; Ra~ ~~~~. (';~.... ~~~
btO~r;S) v$.xi'+ yj+zk ~OC f:tK ~~tLtaft1~ (.)~~~e\
 180

WJ~~e1'\~~c:lOod

v oj.) wc:lQ~ V x"'+ y2+ Z2 . .

C;t.1'\c3. (~~..,.l ~ecaO)

v oj.) wc:lQ~~~ I v I ~od

~o~e!~~OOOO
Iv I= VX -+-y+ZZ ~ot::b
2

~ooc3 e~. I v I <m rorn~~')F

Q

rt~.) M1'\~,

(a) v:;t:~ 10J =0 ~1'\~d I vi >0.

(1 ) (b) oild~e3e ~~:::l=B ~o~ af.. I av 1= J a I I'v I
(c) Iv,+ v2 1.$ Iv,I+lv21

~. ru~9~JF' (1 c) ~~~~ '~'5m~ ~~;:5.)i' ~;'d.l 'ddd.).)~f~.

t6z;$..)
•
~~o'io 23'i')~')F~~ "d~Fd~.z<m.) et\)~Q ~-D
m
om~~e .:Jd1lJ
~~""is.J~rI~ ~~~.!o~ ~2.3'tl'\~o1'o~,) ~~;Jel ~~~ ;m,:i.)rl~;!2
~e~.)~m~e ~oti) ~~.r.Je~o c~sOl~:;3e ~crl.) 'W-;;o;l.)li<- 05Jrl~~
~~dc!o:il m~::J1\oi§ 'dd~~.)~03oc:lJ ~ ro~~~')F~ tte~,)~i:3.
~ es~;J.)~o:il i!W~c!X.)~~ ~~~~rl~n z,J~eJ~li.)~~.

o
t4!;-2 oe ~ eJ:l~ ~~ .A'O-l..tc O'~ t,!!;-3
wdw
""I'\o~
i la!!~~
l·" nv

wdQci asc~~~crl~ aem_. .'lfml\~; ~o~ lav + p\t11 oj~

,n;$F'b~~1\ al",1 + blv21 ~ ~:$.);:n"R· wmi7.ldri~,
 181
. . ('.,

(2) Iv,+v'J.1=lv,1+tv 2J 'StS~~e~~ v,='av1.'ta~"JU~Q~

M~.
" I

VI .:hi~ vlli~,) V ~~?2t:bo:l wdCt" ~~~:rle~~~~M~" v, o:l~.::..

v2li~ ~""~'" Ne~~~ Mn·~~~~!.e;3; O~,) VI o:lJ~:J_
V21i~ e1~~oru~M!), 1- oo,)~ VI ~ 8o.!o:l) ~ot::b~t'\d~ o:l,)(:
B ~~) Vl ~ "~o!o:l.) ~~;'o:J.)l'\d~. e11i VI o:l~i~ vlli~ ~~~~d.Jo:l
~~(~ AD B ~l'\~ (tJ~-3 ~e~o) .. 'Sd~~ fJ o:l:.~ 11' ~~;::!m 'lfJOe~
.:lom jn~,)'If.n\~v!t~; ~oiZd fJ ~ v, o:.)!~ v2li~ ~~o:l~ ~Rt~
~l'\~ d, ~Ii 2 s. fJ '5 11'

V, o:l:.3t2.t, v 2 lioJ ~d~;::!t'Ol ~~e~ 8 ~i\~ \3 ;:;)~~ 8, ~ V,

(i1) aV21i~ ~~,)o:lt'Ol 'lfRe~OJ!Jl'\z::lwe, mi a>O ~1'\~d (I =c Ol 0::1)~~
a<o 1:jl'\~Qd 8-=~11'-8,.
~.ne!3t3?~Ii~~ mee:'if (a )oot::l a> 1 ~_1'\ct. d (cos 0 ,_" COS 8,)
;:;~"!1 a<O ~l'\~d cos (J = - cos 8, wowtlrh!t~' lI~e!3
~illit;~ ra<l'Icho:j' o:l,J~;g.-iz::l ot30:§C;o~~ ij\)omjb~t!:.

'J o:l~~~
VI 1i'l,~ ~d,)~t'Ol ~J'H~~ 8( 81 ;;!J V o::1:J~':' vi~V;
(.J) cSwo:lf.'t) 'I!~~cS o:l)~}.p OJ 00)) V 0::1)~~ VI + V/~\' ~G)~~
fi~fcS"~l'\d~, eJri
'"

(4) 0 ,;wtj$~O'h~~ 2..0~ ~;Te'd~!JOl,!!l'\ ~rt~f\~. (J)' 2..o~

ee'~J'~~~ ru~Q~F'~O~~~J.. 1i~t:>~O I (4) ~~ tro~~el'\~~~d
ct.:t!ru" 08~l'\~ irl~~0:3,)~i w~~7\~m~~. Vi ~~l. v,," n~,).
v od.l~tt~, '"
;:S"s~ V2l1\1 ~dcS)N"G"td~, U~· V, ij,}~2..
~271V"~~t'; ~~t~~t'\d);l~, -lv}llv21 cos 8 "~G~ ~od;)

•
 '82 I!t.$_.'II et1lJrld..

w'~~il~.)~~d. 'NtJ9'lot'QW)" 1:1~~ VI V2 ~~r:$ ~"~!t~

~orj",

(il) VI V2 = lVI' IV21 COS 6, 11~ 6;J) VI ~ V2 ~ ~~~~

'~f~w)f'lrS.

(5) ~... m~;»)!ecd.)W)1'\ ~e~ (:lML~~!,CS 1 VI V1 d~oi

VI ~~~ V2 n m~Loo~f'I ~l)O~~~OO~ ~~ . . Wl"tt~ en)!~Qtl
IVzl d~~ 15, 0< 'lTlz ~"~d t..odJ 9~fA1,o1a~~, 'IT/2<D
~ 'IT ~t'\~ d t.od.l :m~za~~ ~d~~ '~cilIJXl~~d.Ood, ~d~~J
!~~ (ta~ 4 ~ftAO).

VI t::Iq1OlCl V2 wddd~~MOd.) 0 ~"~M ~~ VI V2 <m~;I.. 0

wor;l.) ;Jnrj.)TJ~~mru!.~. ~o~ru~l)~~ ~9~')F'rl9,) Mf'lo!,

(a) V I 'V2 ~VJ'Vl

(b) v·(avJ + bV 2 )= (lV,v I
( tl) + bV'V2'
(c) (avJ + bv2)'v=aVI'v
+ bV 2 ·v, fA!_,-4 a
A o:S> w~ ~ , v I
(d) v·v>o 1Irj.) V -:,t:. 0 cos 6 I ""'d.
~f)rj ~
w

(6a) iiJ~~~)F"~ (b) Oorj ~[.) ~~~ (flb) ~~ (t,c) rl~;)

(;;), (4) ~.)i~ (5) d ~Offi)~.)Ii~~n<;l.s. (tJd) rul'$9;1.)f"~ V'v =
IviZ cos 0 ~ IvF t:;or:J ~o~ ~.)'i~ ~.

«()h) rn~~~Jr~ v ~ d~~f\c1J~i1, V'W o:h.> V~od ~~~~

~ ~ ~
",o-'Jvli~n t.od.l ~fmie-" ~O~!F"~~"~ wodJ ~e9.)~rS. rn~
~;jJF (Gc) cmJ v~.).) '\ dw'UI'\d.);Je)li, W'V ~~tiil v~od .,.~;)'d
.::1o~ii~1f r..orJ.) dr~.i·f)~~ z:Jo~v(3~f'I~ _:)od.> ~f~.)!.~. 20f ~
~orJ.) roc.wZJQ ~ r..or:JJ .1J.cjJ dO::;C;h~ii, ~4
od.> do;otdd
. .
m~;),;
oi,~e?~~~ :iJ.l~fm;i~'; ~O;:$iF"~C~I~~. -it ~t!,; r(.)£;~".~ i1;1~*,
~~rOO.)~ ~.:t&o:s~I'\~.
m eI
 183·

m~!~o:h e(!~'d a'So~~~~... ~od~rottt)tJQr::I' ~rltI~

tJ~ ~tJ~dl. W~~dclf!,

(8) 'V,-(v.vH-
~7 ) (b) Os fJ s '11" ~l~~ cos 8 = IVII
-,-~:~,~ \!;11\d~;:fot
lVI"
VI ;ll~~ Vtn~ ~~~r:; 'l¥Jle~~ 8 \!;11'\~.

w~ ~l~~ ~d:tl ~Ollrl~ ~ri,)~~ tf~r~;::i~cA. ~~)j"b~t)2Jc;.1

~cjM~ ~e3~~~2J~~. 7il~cA. ~~f'd 2S<'~~.!ro:h ruf$rj1~rrt~(':I~
~omru~~~ tS ~drt~~ ~o~(1j~1'\ ~M~J~2J~~.

V2 f! VI lIo2Jml'\:So3.Jo~:b 'ae.3~ ~.r.~JfI/~, ~r\ VI ~~~ V

~~ ~rl);l~ 4.M~~ '11"/1 \!;11'\t!l, ~~ VI V2 = 0 ~oQ .!eo:iilF~~
~~;3, ~Mf~.)OSOII'\ VI V2 = 0 ~l'\tSwl5 ~r\ Iv II Iv21 COS 8 =(
oe" VI = 0 e5tpO!r> V2 =-~ 0 e5tpii3<l 8 = '11"/2' 0 00.)) tSed cil<i~~
l/;)I5~-d t)o~o:i~l'\~ ~~~~ ~O~Ol~~o:!)~~ ~~ ~'Il".)"tZ~, ~~ ~~
1~r\~ ~()~o!Srt<~J.. i!dfO"tSo~~.)~.

S) VI ~~~ v2 rt~) 'lfe;::ia.lllo2Jr\~I'\~d ;:L1l~ Vi , Vz = 0, .

vt ;::i;)~ v2 ;it; tSti)~~ ~m~ 8 ~dO ~)'i2_. VI ~d ~O!~l

~oo.)~~v~ v ~ ~o.!;::i) ~otS);::idl\~ e5c~d
2
d ~OO. "J4rllmt3
)c~;::i.)oot::$

(H) d 2 = IVIF+ ' V2 , 2-2''''I' IVzl COS (J ~o~~ru~~.

d - Iv. -v21 ~Ml~doo~ ~Ol~ (5) tS~ l!N~oSn(l'\~ (V) ~~
lef! ~~: ~~L~e.:~tS.J

10) Iv. -v 2P = IV1 P + IV2111 -VI v2 •

,,"~cj~ (i»,:( G) ;l.Ji2_. ( 7a) rlej~cI. w~o!tatM ~t)!f!;s~1'\
~1Il ~t.l~d.l. '&C:Ood
- ,v, -Viti::::: (VI -v2) • ("I ~V2)== I • VI -!vi" v2+ v 1 • v1
= ,V1,1+ rvlP -2 VI • v;?'
 184 d~~i.~ t:l(flSrl,~_

'tiO~1)$t:le ~~<A.oci.) ri~~~~oci

(t I) IVI -vzF + IVI + v~l~ = 21vl12 + 2fv21il .;)OQ;it!,tS.

ra/Z') £..00') ;::J.js~~o~d za~)~)F"~d ~~P"df~ritJ ;lriF"1i~ ~!~

'Wr)~ri~ ~rifricj ~~~ ;tlo::l,)~I'\~~CS w~d.l ~e~,)!.o~. ils
tfe)O~'Ifi)-dI'\, (11 );;l~~ ~(jWCC'Cl03~1'\ ~;3Jitno~d d~rcb"t:ld
~oj,)a:1l ~o~ 'lf13oJ,),)~!3.

(I '2) VI' V2 "- lIv, + Ilv/I - ilvi - v1P.

~~~ ~2;:Je'lfc~ mo::l~::e' .:Jod,) ~do~.)~;ri)!.~ o::l,)!~ 'Qz::j~~
Iv I + V~ ,2 ;;l~!)~I
Iv -v 2 J2 rit}~,JfA. ~od,) liJt'Ole)~q, r;:$ ~c:lri",~v
m

~Ml.;;:j,)~cJ/)orj ~. ?J:Sz.;~cJ,) .
... j

~oci,) ;::J/;)l3cj ~e;oz.;~ ~~...otld ~mj 'lfod,) 2xl~oiJe;)

(30!~ ~~d,)"",)('C)~z.,lCiJ ;::f~J,
~
e/1.H:f~et\;:jJJa5,)rj,). v oj,),) eNlZ 1
Q

;:if.r.;ot:Jd')oS £..ocJ,) ~~l!iOSClf\dC. e.1rl v TY iJOJ~l.;o:mf\dJ;j' v, (S ~e;oZJ(S

(Vl'V) v~ ;::J;;:$,)o:p.,l'\t:l. [(~~ [) ~flaO) OBoj,),) EN1. 1 1f~ot}
r-',}3 ~)~~ AC 0:')') DC f.. e;oz.;~I'\c:l~ 0, e3ii DC = (l0A1 cos 8)
-;0

OB]

Df".---------- A I

I
I

...----
I

,
I

~------
B C
 ,,.-.4
-+- 4:
e:tli vl1 W e,)o~~M2!!f.'!h
...... ". '.r
(tJ~-6 ~"e~o,. ,;rjO!! OD= OA,-
I ~ t) ," . I •
-+ -+- \.c.
, J. I." I" If i '

OCC~ OB 11 t)O'l..lOJt)I'\~.) , _. " .

.~ ;-
n~~~) W,V - VI·.,-:-:(v, ••y/+Vl):{vl'vl~) ~ O,~~ ~eo;r,l.)
-+ -+- --to' .',

(OC+OD=OA e:t~dlo:$tJ~ 6,~e~o:)1

v;;to ~~~ 13 t;'li 'l{1 "'~ (VI' v) v/I~F ~~ V ~ ;rj~q~d
~ '., ~ • • , I i '~J'; ;~ f)
~"'~o:J~ ~)~~ w:~. v ~ -~ V.,I • v) v/ I~r 0'3,) v" Vo2J
OJt)M~d~VI = w+ WI .
1. ; h)
VI = W:!_ + wJ e.11\~d w)"~ av ~)~~ W2 • V - 0 e:tl'\~o:$~,
v/; V:-='(W z + WJ~' v,='W2 • V+ av· v· M~a''';' (vi .lv)!Iv,f2,
'~il=wl 'o:$')!2_, W1.··='w: ~~:) v, ~~ v n to~ ~!ruo~ .~~
Vj'(' tootS) ~e)~ ~~~t:l ;9.~~oi', t.C1ti'l ~f3'd' ~~~':J
~oO~ .>:lO~ :ueo,a)!.Q.- w. ;itOl!f;l~~'" ~: ;~t!'~Q~~f\Ij.)J;
v\ ~ ~\3. ~od~ ~!.?.. i w'i1lI:)~~;li v ~ ~otJml'\~;tVI'~ IlAJP
~O~ 'idoo~)~(j.·' " ::' ' " • :
;, '" \ t: ,U
~ ,: ' I ;c .,
~n {i, j, k} cd,),) ;l~d) zSd~d t)c?!~1\~~ ']. WdQd;croll
M~d t1l'1 d 'b' v~ t.o~ !:i~dmM~. VI = Xl it Yd+ zlk ;1)~
v~ = x;i-+Y>2j.+ E2k e.1l'\dc::dr ~n , i ; I I' I \j (';1

(H)) v~. • :Yz~ XIXz + ~11'l + 11~' Of. ' ,":'1 r;

•• " 1.-.

~~~ i .. j j .)= ~ ,: ~,~ 1',"( ~ j = i :.k",: k~1~: -:~~/;~o~~

1<= i.
O:f)~"" t8:>i1 «(j)'~"" W~~(I'\"'~JiloGv ~4Pll~;.' :' ,::.~(:, ,:~:,,:
 186

~~ R8 ~~ ~o!Z:)rut'ClVf.lQ~~~ (e,en ''t eo_e. rb.

~~~~) 0j0t5~~t):) (15)~J.. ero~~t",;lf.l~t:1l.

R'J. ~~oo~ ~o~Nt'ClV~~~J.. (a,on ~~ Uo~O~ rut'aVt.)9

;l~~)

(17) (Xl' Yt)' (X2 , J':z) = XtXZ + Yl Y2 OotS

~~£l~~~eo1.

~~ ~~"ru~ ~cmo:!~~{S~ mC~~~,

(a) X, y -" y . X + ,
(18) (b) %. (a_p+bz)=aX· l'+hX· Z,
ro. '

(c) (aX-+bY). Z_::_aXZ+by'. Z,

(d) X· %>0 1;l~) X~O e#lct./~ ~~.

(II:!) d~ X, Y ~,n~i ZK~" R~ ~~d"O:: (~~~ R1 tS~~oS)

ta,)~~K<~J.. (Hl) Ood ~~.;r.J (17) OoC; ~~d~~ t:lo~rurov~
~~~ ~.!~Q~~~. (\l"i~ R3 ~"e!lt:l (e$qS~" R2 ~~ec~) t!ot:,)
nJ£WVf.l9 ~~"...
,'"
~ ~~,)~JK~e)d,)O:: erud ;j"~,, ~~et:l;st:l) OjC'_g~~;:lV')
..., m COl"';; J.. tI 1:.1
w~$e'l\~~t;:3. eruc:lCl~drit:, X =(H, 1, :!) ~I'\d:.:.d, '?jK 1 X 1
"'" (X. X)I!2'= (:1.3 + 1 • 1 + 2.2)1/9:::: U112. y= (1,1, -Ii"
Ul'\~ d ~rt 6~ X ~~~~ Yli'l} ~~;:lt'Cl ~J#et:l;nf\~; ~~

Xl. XIl=O Ul'\~d Xll~ Xl c)OQ~I\z:S~~~~e~. M~

(.l, l)~ ( 1, -1) o.m voz..;~~"c!J. (Ii) ;:l'):i1, (7 a);:!~ w~oif<,eM)
'1AQ~~Q (10), (11) ol.)~~ (12)d ~~Q:)Qli~) ~~~~.JK~~,
~.d~!..~' [(18) (S~ ~~.2. [X] t:l w~"t~.)('$~ Wllo~et\~:)
~csOod.] ,
 1..8]

\8) IX-YI~=IXIIl+IYP-2X. Y
(IB) (b) IX-YP+IX+YI 2 o=2IXP+2IYIIl
(c) X· Y=1IX+Y!2-1IX-·YP
Y~ ';M~o~OOSOlt:l X ~ ",\3" wod> ~d~~;:$ y n ~~b
QjJdrj X~ w.",ez;$ii$>", (X. Y) Y/I Yl il wodl m~tl~~
ej<lf\~. Y~ ~~t)§ind)~ X~ ~U"d~ X-( X. Y)Yjl Yll
er,~.

X~, (3, J, 2) ;:$l~l., y== (1, 1, -6) tH"IdQd, ~rl yf! ~;:$JU
(\)~o~o~C:: X ~ OjYU'~ Mf\~ :

~~~~ yf! e,){)?,.;;;r"'\dl~ X~ ~U~~ Mf\tS :

%-(-:/-9)(1,1,-6);,.,. iO((jl,23, 14).

I •
'R

..
:"'"-t----.....J'~ ~:
'<\ " - _ "
B' of'

.'I\.rt~~ .
1. (8) 2o"O~l e,)o~ !_;;1.)~~ ';_0 wO~ ~~~I\o. ft9t:'
mlto)~ wdQ ml\C$ ..Jod.> ~fO~O.

(;b) (1 ;:) C~(:i~ NilQMl. [M.~: t.a!_" 2 d~ .0 ;:$.)~ .d

~'1)'d $~J~~f\r,);:$ de~f! ctO~~ t.oo~ ~o~~A~,.
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• J" & '
..J........ ".
tN~~ft1M).j
'1 , ' '(.i~.: l
,, : - "
I
~.,:; I)

(C) (2j!~~ J;iQM~ . . ',' . 1

d{' ,d) (,4}~~ ..~~Q•. ,L~zf;c!': iJ,~ j,d~ ,()F.=:BH=
t· ~ ,'~ :GE o')o~ ~eo~e.J , : :. ;: , r ..~ _ f

'. \ ; (e) {1-1) ~~" .,)d~ m~Jri~J..' ~d~~e;~~ iddr(~

2Jdoj,),)~~OoO, mQ~o. . .

'. ,
2. V1 =3j+j,v z =i-j+k, vJ.~!'Ji....::tj+2t<
ri~~~ ~o~&.~~O ,
",' ,I j)' (
(a) VI + V2 (b)
'_- ,''_.
.....

(e) 3.1(1 ;S,)~ ':'2 ,:,,2vJ ;1",~ ~.M~O .•,j~e!3m:t ..

(t) V2-V) ~ r;)07.:O!OIf\C.);;:l VI ~ ~~~.

(g) Iv;:-v,12+JYJ+·'!t I2 (h) J"21~+lvIF

t '_',

(i) 6 VI ~e~ vi ~ ,5~~.~.' '~- ~_

(j) 3v, ~,)etj v: ~ ~\;~~~ , ,. . . ,' 0' ' '";, .'.'~
• ~ ,I _.__.~ ~,.,
(k) {VI' OVl- t', J;JV3':-J8V2+~~i~~ ;j,).Rd.> ~~d
Ue~~fld,);:i ~..,ot::: emes~\:. t;o-ez~ ~;~didot;$,)
t . \ lSI
~tCM:l. • -

. 3. tfe)~ ifi'A'fj ~O'd~~~~! l!olS3riJ~~2J... oo~ (:l~L~2.)ai>~.).

~,.... ,. t...M,~~ ~ ~4~~~~~.~d,) ~Q~~. Ii t3T\~d, _t'ri
t..om ~~~~~.... y. ~:.~~,,2tos??~o~ .~9~ ~o~::l~~d'"
V Qi) ruotJ t!ej~~o' ~~~J ~~~ 'e)~~ F. V ~f\r::l.
•• .. (', "~): ...1 ": 6' .., ... ,. " 't .. "'" . ' . " ,"
'4. (a)~~b.";~~~, ;l:ji¥~~~d '~'~\SJF:~';"d~U~~t!
-~i\z:t~'~ e;, ~~~o~O ~~~F't!d 'fj~f"dt-='nt9,)
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(b) {i~~) k} C)j;jl tru~Q' 1 ~no?~l~ ~,O~cl ~~t.l~M);:;

~Ol ~O!!$;i~9d ~f\~ v ~ ~Q~ ~t;rCld~i\C() .
. , ! 'f . " ._,
VOOl~Ol~ r..odg ~.)~~~ M ~'t).OO~. ~~'o,t::Jd ~~~~)
.' '-,_, . I: ... ",J

,t ~ \~o~i '~~~>f::'&.loj~ ,~oC:b ,~~~;.tq Mi!Ji;o:SC

wa>f\dC, 'J 0 cfl.)o~ M M.)~ e:.old~Mej ~l;i2.
oj.).)

.' s-=a.i+bltc~.~.). M~ ~od)' _~)')O?.l~1\j(;.

~~.)~~ M ..~ ~~~d~;:icS~ {j, j, k} ~ ~~SN~C:
;.'" ~t:I,.t!hj~ ~d~~ ~.)~ (Vi =-f_.xi'+ yj ~zk ~~:.
. , ~d~ ~o!~~'i!)o~~~).....
.... ·M\ ~e')
M
~Qe~
- I
d ,un, 'II
w' '" N:.~~J
?J

c:m~ VI cS 5~o~cS d eru~~~~ ~o~ct r' : ~,

. ~ - -. !"".... 4._ •
• " 1,., ~. . ' ' : . ' " . . ' I . \J
(c) v cm;2d.m 'Z..ocS) de~QjJ) f.,., e;",Q~" ~o~~ ~o:$n;~:J 1 C
'I.o..oz;:Sl erull~~.)::'BJo~') ~oZ:::S.) '~~""~~d cJC)mo.id. ,.,' v ct,)

(~~,' r:L ~ (~?~d~l9, iZj+-.. {j, j, ,k}r~ AQ~oj.)%1C)

_ ~oJ 'OldC. L_ cS (J~FUf):j~ ~ ~ell2!'\rI~.) (V oil Oa-,~~)
-.: ,~" v ,<rl.)~ -'" r~ji1 f( 'rl~~olt . ~:>t3Jiin~~' ~J'Ol~~ri~
.-" iI.ne~Ti~Kt;. ""';-{i,' j,k} ~ :m~~~ti 'CJ~r~
~t:l~e; t(lf\tj':j~'d~y fJ:eo~ . ("'~ .,':;'. ,'- .. ~.,:
c .•

J'.Io C"'t'I r. .~ '" 'to . : ~ ~'l t..,: . ..l.':" .\/ ...\:'_ )\

l

x_----
- XII _ Y --;YO; .-__ '~--,
- Zo \
',' . t . \~n I ~ .', ,11, I.,
"a{;p.'+i11!+·nt:±\'l ~~~~~(~.~~I\ /, m ~)~.) n
M . ......._, -Ii

~$~~. • (~~i:(~~~ Yii, ~ ~ ~o.!~)·

~~Z ,. : .•• ~O~~~
.::)
~1,~~,'~,t:lt~(.Ti~~~~·(~~.);~~1g~~;"I:3,
l.' . . , ~ ~ JI;.

~,".; (dfii;q,'K} ~~'1:$~e!~tj~~~~'(X ;,iYd; ~.)

. ~)~t:~ ;m~.).~~h~~ -e't..,~. ()$~~t· "fioa)
 ~e~_. 'i tlttllnrt~

wl~~O. .at de .rl~~) ~9{\tb;::: ;:;j~"'!fc:lt;r::I ';:;:i)a~~-d e;o~

~1\tS

Ax+ By+ Cz = D.

(e) 1" J' k) fIJ' :::ritpiOj;J~

i'

"'0-' (,-
.
SIN
~~n~'Ii,i~ z:ldli~~ (x, y, z)
'......
,:,,) ;:-',o;)~2. (Xl' Y,' Z,
;SJ~V"5 (t"i)cS: )
(" W "'0' _ 0' -0 ...
~fI1d);j oaJ,f ZlCJ;S ~o~d~ N~~r:f~rlfici~ z.:~~.)O.
[uui$: V = (x -Xv) ; + (Y -yo) j + (z -'zo)k
"'v;;t~ V, "'-(XI -l:o) i+(YI-Yo) j+(z, -=o)k ~MC.
V 1 ~ t)oZJ~1\d~~ V o~~ ;HJ~~~~d.. ~O~,JOO~O:).)O. J

f). vI' V2 ;:b~2.. V3 ii~.) ~o~o a.Jo~o:iVl\d.)~ ;:::~o~ ~~JOlt:)v ~1Jl')

rh,:rt>I'\Oe). Iv"~ V 2 ' vJ} ~~J v~ 2..o~ t;l:jWO~I\C ';;'ot:i:)
i.r.JfD)J.

fi. VI ;:::",~~ V2 Ji~o~ ~~')F;tj~~ e.'\)~;tj;:::.)~~ ~~:..)om~ v O~.)

~t>owt:l;:::~~ ~o~w1'a~)O.

,.nrl--2 :r:elS ~~"',l~w ~~.o~ ~oafC)~ rl.)tQt,)~n~.)

tjli>Ji 1 d~ ~~ V~ ~.Jee)~ ~O~JJi,)~tlz.:.....~~~ o:l~:Zv~~~

~,)~2.. ~~o~d .as r(~rot>w",C:; ~c:iJi~R (\W~ mt3~.!tooJ liJ~~;:l')F
ii~~)~ ~;JO~{3~. ~odJruCStlZJ ~ f!t,1I'1t$ tloj')oJJ;i",~~) me:;;:dJ~
- 9 ....
V I oj,)~2.. Vl ::Meeali~ t...oOJ ~~n~ o:L.7dDt3~'e't)~ wtt:l....:;r;J1"I~2...

(a) VI' VI=V 2 , VI'

(1) (b) (avl+bv2)=av. v 1 +hv . V2'

v •

(c) (av1+bvl ) · v-avl+v+bv2' v,

(d) v • v > 0 ~~ v;t.:'11 ut\~a ~~r

~ tJO,'h;;1')~~~ ~rl 1 0 (6) or;; ~~~l3. w~, ~Af~ ~~

tlO~'.drW~.... ;:j~~~;l,)~ ~rt 1 d ~~t;l m~'d~~.. , ~~
NeAl w~03.1i1tl'1~d ruro9~Frl~~ (1) e31'1~. .
 191

v o:j~;)
t..od~ ~~ ~~&Jo:mt\~d ~;)~~ (1)"-d ~~lJmd
~oo;)~n~~... m~~)~ V oo;)~d,)~ ~Q~n~ ~t~n~~ mt3.:o~~~~
t..od) wt~cI..~t:!~ ~~oQdQ~' ~rt ~n 1 O~ "~~d,)~ m';~»~Qi)
~o~e:}~n~~~ ;d~3~ ~;:;)~~rt~~... V ~ i~o~o:j)~~;)~ •
~rtd;;< c:w~ aw~ o:mti)~e;3. ..

V oi>~ t..od) ~O~ ;tj;d)~oir.>l'\d!O. e1rt V Qi) ~.)e!>~ t..odol

e:lO.C" ri.)t$~t)til ~ V oi>ejo~oS
r"
;tjQpjrt~ tMe~rI\1" ~~~;tle;.tJ,
?.I-t!) ,.,J ~

m<;1tJd~~t\ (X, Y) O),)od ;tjo"e.!;tle:J~ i';'l\t:! rI)C9Q~')FrI<~~

itJ~oQCboS t..od) ~;tj.~'d
-
~~!O.e'd!
el tJ
w!.J ~-'....~T'I~.

(a) (X, Y) = ( y, X),

(~) (b) (X, a Y + bZ ) = a( X, Y) + b( X, Z),
lc) (aX+bY, Z):.:: a(.X, Z)+b(. y, Z),
(d) ( X; X) > 0 ~d) X;co ~f'I~O oi.Cl~.

llti rt~.): (2) d ~oj)o:l~n~:., V = V o:l:;'3~ l V1 . V2)

VI • V e1l'\d,}o:l ~;tlortd~ (1) d ~o::;,o:l;)Me e.;T'I~. (X, Y)
2
e;o'd~ t.:~~~,') n~3 'dtl.!IW~ ~~~l'\d,')~dOo~ ~~ 1'J.)~
,
X. }' T'lo1£ I X . Y). c:$)tl e w~~m~~j,')~e;3. . t5o~O~ rt,)~t;?,.;_~
...
O:::t:!)~ 2..ot:S,) "a" ~n~t.:I-~
~o~ ~Mc~,);)~!..tI. e1d~ ~rI 1 de;,
~
~~!.3 o.);::l ~ie~ ~ ~orldv ~d~) ~<;1tJ~~~r\ 2uo~,) ~ot:S) rt)~~t.,)
tJ ;,) m cI.. '"
~ot:$.) 'dde,d.).)~~ d.

ru~Q~F (2c) ~ (.2a) ~)~~ (2b) n~o~ (.I~!, mr;S.~

W<ll'\~. (. 2) ru~rt1~frt~,') ~~u'd d;;tld,)rt~~... ~oO;3. (.2a)
'ad~"", ",;::tJaortll n,)~~.')f;3o~, (.2 d) c:$.)t:!~ Qrn ll.." ~\ II rut'Ol
Q;:bf;3o~ 'ddQi).)~d. (2b) ~;)ot:5 X ~o~t\dQd ~qs~ (2c) O),)od
l.
y 0Olil T'lt:5"d (X. Y) o:~.) V ctI,)o~ ~~:J~rI~~ t..o~ d~m~~
~~.F'~Qjnt\O~;::~ (2b) ~~~ (2(') r'~~~~F'n.;~~ 0.-ide~~o:biO:,')
rlJt'9~;Sot;i) W~~).)~~.
 >,-:, \.;c!:~ 1ib~~tJ,}~ ~~CS~·~~~.. ·~~ti3 'O:i~i~
:_;;:o~d ~£n' 10 ~~}~rt(I~~>~~..r.~~l1IJ~~~~.toS. ~':('
• _ • '~. _!I; .•::. ••. f r • t: ~ . ',~ ;-.~t. ~:. ~... ,"'''' ,.

~3:, ~~~~ ."t~:;'iQ".~~~i (~.r\)~~~~.~

,-. . . . .. -. ~ .
.... t, . : ........!.,"'~ .:~ '1.."" •., •• '. :,~ ::,.:

,fry >' (r :i~,',··,Xn )":' ( ,V'I: J'i',:'';'y;~ ':':;r-X, )'1+ Xl Y

',' " +·X~ Yn ~',~ ir.~~6~?t}~~!jZ:;";::,,/-,:,,,;, c.:.~
'+ ....
•. • . • . . ' .. , , .' ' . ".. '~"; I\,. J, " . :'. , ':;; 7,
~~o) ~?'iI 1 j (l()), ,;5),~~ (JJ}d '~~)'~~. ~~~~'d~~l'Ip.
(l) :Jo:5 ~e3~e3~~~ '1..u~AI.~ ~~;n/'l (2) ~~ ~O~J!.~. ~~
d'§~~ rl~~tJz.: o:Sm:$ R2 :~':)i)~ ~o~) i eJoirf.'!J roa9s)t.! d e..o1:5;
~ ~ ~
e,'1:=!~i1~oj~y Mn~: ,\,,' ' i ,;; ! ~)

(,i) . ~ "{ (X i, y, ),' '<-\,~, /h)} :='X,X1'it (1-. +J',.) ;( X~ + Y1)'

~;;Jj (~2' 'rJ}OJ/rJi' %ti.{j!'J~ddYIi (17 it.)v;wrij) Of~~ ~
w~1\ (x, y,) 03:l~~ ~O:::~6iY~"d)~~~ci~ (2c} em) ~~~~ru!oi$.
x!;i1o~~ (2bJ ~~i>mii)!.d. ' ~~ ,e~~, C(x;~ y(f;' (.\·~;J'y2) )
±:: ,Y,. ~y~ + (XI + YJ) X!:+ )'2)' "'" Xl X;·+ (X2 + .)11) X{Xr.,f y, r
:!f'rt , y:), (XI it') ~ru~~t:: ,'t2a) ~;::~~~~.._ ,rtJ~d~P,;
2
(:tff G1 )) (~x" y,f"x., Yi)~-:::'XI x./+{x,.+y,),(x!'+ YI)=r
'" z, J.. (x" '+' v" )1.""'oC ~~·~:b~;·i5.,. ,:: ,;' ~ ti ~~.. c - •.:
,"1 ' \ , • \ '" - ...;;..p '.'
~\:,;~,~ .."."._ " " , - . . , .~:'-~r. ~.";.;~ . :~: :"~
V o:h).;)~ ~~23e,)~ ~~~~";3Jfl!)~~~t)~' ""Q:5 J>~~H ::;:1 .~;
~~7rl~~,~: ~~~rt,,1 .,~mil~f)~Ce?:,. .rt~tJe~ m~~"i~, t...O~
~~'~~!'d ~~~~ 9j~'h~~~~~~~7 ;,. ;;~-, ,~ . ',., ~"; , I' ~J ,.f, !:;

(~I)i'::' ~'_': l~~:, :~".i,f,~)~~~r':l(~()g~~·~d~'e~~~~·~;'·' - ;,•

...
- ,J u · -
~~~~~!!:" ". ". I ',-~ I

.: ,;h:;'~"'; ", ,C, • ,' •. ,' .:,. ",;',J,

~ ~:)~oQ~ (2) ~~ ~ej;J;!;)!.tSo~ ~~" rop~rl-:~~.
:~,~.}1;;~tS. wm~~, ~~m~ tl ~ j(10):;:'0 ~MOdQ~ 0"
 193.

e:;l~il~n~,) fdo~O"d r(J~~z.:""nllj ~~C es\)mrodrirl~~~ 2..~MO~d.:l

~
~
oS.
(X, Y) 00)) V~) ~Jeej~ 'Z..:>d) fdo"itO"d rI)~U'W",,~MO.
N:J~m~"d iiJ"~~~ ~o~::J (X, X)l/! C3J) X~ wtt (~~o:J.)
, •

~~r) ~od) ~~cm~~.:l~~. ~~ ~d.~~'IXI tJod ;rSo"'e~~b~e;S;

e:Jo~e,

(Ii ) I XI = ( X, X) 1/1

(a) IXI >0 Xoi:0 e5m::l} j.;~~,

(7) (b) a oj)) 'Z..o~) iiJ?>~~~ ~6.x;:)omf\dwd I oXI.~ lal
lXI,
(c) I X + Y I ~~ I X I + , Y I NOWW~~~.
,.

( i a) {~.)~=;J~.)ro:tJ (n) ~~ es\)r:.oJ~~n~~~o~:; (2d) O"j) ;:5.)[;.)

rJM~~)jjtJj\:;. ;i)('Cl~~)r (i h) at)) 'aXj = (:lX, ox)112 = (a!)I'~
(x, X)l f l ~ lal I xl ~)o=:: ~w}.)~iS. (7 c) ~ rI)t'Q)t:jSo::i)Fo::i;:)d..
o!J"Jfleii$ tt~~~~ 0)0':) ~ec:l))a1.e. ~dcS~ mt:;'l~u) (iSo::i)n
'5'~:'\~ ~;!;j;::;.:l~ot) ~;::;~il~:i .... ~ :

(0) (X Yf ~ 1 XFJ yp.

, 1". . . .
~d~) m. ~'tSrf"
y1$o::t.ll Nod.:l ~do:!)furoo:tJ~. ~t}1id (8) ~
d.. ·'.M ~ t • '
;t;;J~~~!, eoS. ~de \ 7c) O~)cS~ ;;j'~ :.)~'U.:l (g) ~~ es\);r$~eI'\~:;! e03.
~door::; 1 X + Y F .~ ( X + )" X + Y) = (X, X + Y) +
( y; X + Y) . •~ ( X,. -1)1\~~X) .Y):-r ( y, X) + ( Y, Y) :-:
\ J~ 1~ - "2 (X, Y).
. .
+ i
I Y F Ii. X 1~ + ~ I XII Y I. + I Y F =
. , '; .. 25·J
.) .• J."~ .
."
 194

( I XI + I YI )~.~~du~ ;::!~iO'hl (O)~.A. wOc5~~~ (2b)

~)~~, ;j~c~o:h~ (:!c) ~~~, ~;~-o(!~ (2a) ~,)~ (6) til
eJUr;O~fMtf~~~~~. b~~'o:i» (8) Ood ZJd)~~ ;:::~~ ~~~d;
~~;;:J~~oJJ~ ~C~" ;:w~;;'f! ~mt} ~o.,;"rt.~f\r$. I X+ YPs
( I X + I Y I ) ~ ~ o~ -I.". ~D~~ f;3. ;lrlF;:$~~rl(l~~ I~~~ (7 c)
;;~ rJl!J~,~.
--
rrtl~.::,~('r ~~":':Ji~~)
w'Orl) ~z.i'l1 ~~t'Ol ~.,l;)e~;:!~<k
;:r;..~:t.~~~ ~~'tm:~ ".r;;ru'i,t: X ;::,)-g). yrt~,) ~~ trl:>~d e is)
'!.J r.; I - • it4.
- ,.., ~ ,
>je,1f)rJ{jrJ.) ~..G'Ci:;i cS :
0;\. -'

(%, F) < I.
- J S ____
/A 1/ YI-

cos 8 ~ (X, Y) ( I XII YI t1f\d,);so'l, ruZ&!03elI'l f.,o~~

07><;~~:e ~o~ 0, ();; 8 $; 1T ~~. ~ ~o~ 8~ X ~~2.1 Y rl"
;dr:l~o:S~ tI~eti 0:)0:5.) oj(J01J~r::i.)~~.

D= 1Tl2 el'lc.);i ~~t~ ~;::torl~ 'd.)M~e.l~Oa:m/'\~; :Jf!otSo

~r{ ( X, y):::: o. f) (0)) o:L.,~~e ;::to~~d e.lOt.lowf\~ ,.:)00) ~e~dd
t1i1 ~ Mn ~N~~~. [~rt 1 d (8) ~MtOO. J

(10) 'lit;:!t> (X, Y) = 0 ~"~d ;::lw.,~ X ~~....A Yri':.) tx)1.)

;wr\~.

eo!e~ rbtclt>~O::~~ tr\)~~m~'Ii~om, ~~ f.,od,) ~~d

\:filS o::~..... ,,:)C~,) ~t::>Zrl9 (ddJ;::i~ ~~n~o::~ ... ;::3J3~ t>02.)~~~.).....
~'v:')~.lJz:;3Qe~. £"'00.) ~m d)f~ ;:{~~odd (,e;)Ot:l~~.... 'd~G
;:;~~~~2J~lZ). [~rl 1 0 (13) ;::3,)~~ (14) ~.... ~(COo.] ~~~
~0:3J!!. ~~~i ~~~rari~~ ""OWil7'l~.

~t~ 13· (X. Y) ~ y,o;i) ;!)tO~ t..o~ ~o~o~

rotwe4~ ~T\0t0
.... X ~J~ Y ri9~ V ~~dt> ~~_, Y;c 0
~7'1~. ·c"rl V o.i)~ 'l..0~ ~i~ ~~ z e~:,." ;i)1J_ t..e~..
 1ti
~"~'f1 ~o~ a ~~... "~"~~o:l 'f1o~!o~~tJ~~.
(8) X'"'aY+Z
(b) (Z, Y) =0
";jJ~ a = (X, Y)/IYI Ii •
Jnr#cS: X::: a Y + Z ~i~ (Z Y) ... wo~ ~&J!J °
'!f~~.sV~· ~~ (X, Y) '" (aY + z, Y):::a( y, Y) + {Z. Y} +
alYf. Mr'l a-( X, Y)/I yp. :J~~(~J;nI'\, a (X, Y)/I YP 0.=

;::S~~~ .7 + X-a Ye.1f\l:t.~, eli X::: a Y+ Z;::SJi~ ( Z, Y) ::: (X--

aY, y).,,- (X,Y)-a(Y, Y) ~- (XY)--IY'~x[(X, Y)!
IYP] =0.
a c:lJJ ~~Jeoj:. In Cod ~~d~.)~dj~~li, ar ,:JO~~, Y;S)td
X~ ~~~ ~q:i~, Y .4~~~ojd;:SW1\cS.:I~ X ~ ~ U'lf WOC;~
';dcm~a~~~. ~~:)eo~j 13 d~ ~~~d);:: ;tl:;)d Z e5~;"_ Y ~ ~l)~
ml'\cS.:Id X ;;S ~iJ~ wolZ~ 'd~~eJ~ru~c:l.).

l3e"rl~: ... ~rl~tli eruw~~dtirl~~ ~~:.)~f~. (J, 0)

;::.)i~ (0, 1) ~O~rl~.) eJoZJ~f'I~ ;::S.)~ R2 ~JelD~ .;~ ~oio,; ru~
~z..;,;,;tf-d m~et;rt)r\ eNt:S,;, 1 ~~ ~oo;3.
(4) Ood '!f.f$a~~ ~oio,;
ruC'Q)~1.l(,)~-rl M~et~f'I ( (1,0), to, 1) )= 1; leI, 0)1:::: « 1,0),
(1,0) }1!2; 2,,2; oi.)a~ 1(0,1)1=( (0, I), (0, 1) )1/2=1.
.:JoO~. Mfl ( 1, 0) ;::~i~ (0, I) li~ ~rl.)oi~ ,*~e~ (Jt:S ,*Jlef.3t.r.~~,.
( 4) d ~oIO'; K~e;~tf!-d ;tW~e!~f\c')~t:SJ 'CiIo&~ ;
. «1,0),(0,1» •. 1
cos 8 = i(,r;-O)II(O, 1) ,- 21/2 '

~odd, 8 =-1r/4. 'a~e ~oio,; roC'Q)t)~.;.~~... wll~~I'\'J~~orl~.

( I, 0) o:h ~tJ';li~.) ooer\~ :

«I,O),(C~~.lJ_)(O,J)= (0, J),

1(0,1)11 ..
'a~ (0, 1) ~l~2., (1, H) --(0, 1) = (I, -1) ~ ,:J~(lO.OOl~I'\,
(n, 1) eJ:>tJmNi
 196

t5; Ww~c$crioj)) ~)e~ i.Q~ ct:)tl", ~~m~t:$rl~~ V~.

o1,)ee:>~ wo(;j,) ~~ eJorJD'd i1.)~~~ ~ N:!~et~1'\ tf,m;i~~t
o)o~.) ~~lJ~.)~il. V~ 03)ee:>~ ~,)M...:O~ e10-So'd ;rl)('Q)tlz..:",;;!
2.3eo £3eo esqSF~~~ 1i~O[;):;.).s eru~, :5J?,~~ . .s)S~ ~e.>Otl~
G:j~~d~~ mOoiJ~~&~d.)~:S. M.i wod.) eo~O'f1 rn('Q)~z..: ~
woO.) ~c)z:J ;rS~j~ oj.) d)er:j wod.) ~v~.).!eoj.) Oj~v;rS;:1~d.. t;l~{~
, '"
7j~ ~od.) N:!c;5~f1~~ e5ode, mv~.)Moj.) ~O'!O:j.)~~ eru~~m~~oj
~od~ m9c:So:1~~ i.R~')!C;. ~ ~ro.we~i Oj~6;rS~ wo~.) ;rSo:1J~o:S).)
~~C;dZJ$.)md 'N~~;'.)'d' ~~3;!:j~-d ~oZJo~~~~ 7;1cz.:roJdJ. '<A~Q
;rS;:I.)~1i,~~,~ ~~6'Qj.)~ ;:I.nt:;)~), V oj.)o~~ ;:;j.s.)~/'l~ z.)nl'\~ ~)~~
01J~) eru~~el'\;!:j2J~')c::j.).
<A.
wen ;3..."";)rly;j ~od.) ~.)~~~ ;'.)~~~ eo~o'd
1i.)('Q)~~", ~ ~o'd~~oj.) oj)J;tl~;)~r\~.

(S o
I • ')
(Sin -'lTt)-dr
.
, )12 =(j.t0 -1 .- cos 4'IT1 )1 ~
:2 - - dt
I
=- -;1112 c--.

si'n ':2'ITt ~Jeo~ :J. sin 'ITt + 4 sin 'ITt o~.) eru~~e~~ ~~I'\c.)
~dood Md~J')J(~,

~ . '-)

(
') •
- Sin -'TT
.J t
+4 .
Sin
J ' • .) ) Sin -'ITt
'TTl, Sin "11'1 . _ - -
112
=...)"Sin,, -2 Trl·
sin 27'(1 ft e; oz.:~rld.);:J 2 sin :! 'ITt + 4 sin 4irl; O~.) ~t.l'd~ 4
sin 4'ITt ~1F1C:;.
,..
; .
 197

lll) I X - Y F = I XI 2 + I }'I2 -2( X, y).

Q"Clli 1 d (10) e~o~fI ;!:lrj0~~C)'i\ "&ld~:b<4 ~~e132S~4 ~o:$..)~.)

.:Jod.) ~eoj.))~e~. ~dOod I X - Y F ::::' ( X - Y,. X - Y ), •.. ( X,
X '-Y)-( y, X -Y) = ( X,X)-( x,Y)-( Y,X)+ ( y, Y)-=
I X F ":'2( X, Y) + I Y p. Q:;C)n03')e ;I$~Ji)m>o3d 2ii.)!ji)F'tsd
~ollo:i)~~~ a:.Ro.D~w e~. [~"");i 1 d (1 1) ~~. ~e~o.]

I:!) I X-YF+I X+ YI"=:!IXF+:!I YI~,

::;):;2:, Q.)o)~e'll'dt;) iIlil~.).s~~i'l.)4 (~rl Ie (1:1) ;:5~. ;:lne~o.1

: 1::) ( X, Y) ~; IX+ YF -I' X -yr·

-&li\ ;::;;;:, ,-,~F ~;!:l~.)~ ()-i)~) ;::;;;Q;,'j~el:'(). '" e ~li

y ~ () !!mr: ().;)
~~ ~ w
~~~P;)hr:;.Y;tOe1'\d...,o a=(X, Y)/IYI2~r,\C:(i, ~ri O:;IX
a Y F ~. (X -a y, X -a Y) ~. ( X, X )-a( y, X) -a( X, Y) +
12(y, Y) -I XF -( X, Yf/I }'p. Mn O:=;I XF -(X, yr!
yp. ~~ o::l.)~~, (8) .:Jd~ oz..oC:;e el'\O:::• .(H) ~~ ~)~.)e~
1:1) C ~d;ie;t;; ~.)M~~;!:le.l'), X caY + Z ei\CO, ~~ a = (X Yfl
1;' ~I 2 ;j.)~ Z ~~,)eo:b J a d~d..)0::5o~ ~~. eli "a Y 1=
(~, Y)I/I YI eli.)~~Ood U';) ~0::5.)n y ;3*'~ X~ ~eJoz..Jt:i
'Ud ~ X wd -0-,O~ <i~,i\eJ~O~ rie~.)~C:;.
w w'C "" ""

1. . ~~I'Id')0::5.,~!~o~ d~ ~o::l,)~~ ~.)e!l~ ""ot:J e.;c~o'li

rul:'OleJz..J 0Jc)f\~ WO~.) ~eo.l'...o.
<fl
(a) V=R 2 : «x, y), XI' )'1) )::::XX, + 12 YYl + 3
(.(1', + X,»)
198

(b) V == R3 : «x, y, z), (Xl' )'1' ZI) ) :::: XXI +YYA

+ ZZI + Hyzi + Y1 z)
(C) Voil~ sn ~dd tJtmJSon\~ ~~~~J'\c!. a o:s'J~
bn.;~ a <b eJf'I~;S ~~0lf1 ~o~dq,) m~ (I, g) ==

J :f(t)g(t) dt·

(d) ( A, B) = All BlI + AI~ BIZ + A'll B'Jt + AZ2 Bu

oSnoon V ~;) ~ X 2 o:m~ ~rt~ ~~':JOlr.iT\tS.,
(e) (A, B) == All Btl + All 0 12 + ... + .Ala B, .. +
A~I B21 + ... + A2n B2n + ... + Ami AmI + Amz
B,m_ + ... +Amn Bmn oir.Joe~ VOO;);) mxn ~i~ I!}

ii~ ~~;)~o:mf\~.

(f) (ax' + oy::! + cz 2 + dx + ey + jz, + b1y2 +

OlX
2

CIZ! +dlx+ elY+ j;z) =oa, +bb l + CCI + dd. +

eel + Ij; il!~oo~ V oj~;) ax! + by! + cz2+ dx+
ey+ Jz c~"Jjr:; ~e~etii~ ,:J~;)~oj~l'\c3.

2. e5~o~ eJ~;:!;)t:::l ~m... o~d0

tV>
Ii~~eo~.) er\r~oiMT\olrill'\~;:)
~ot5.J ~o~of1 rt)~~~ ~ ~o,!t7$: V oj~~ In~,lxI!P
~~t!O~;:)o' ~~~f1 ;tjo~ii'; {xD } e,,~~~;:)~d ;tjm~
~Mej. eJo~o~ l\)~~t..l.~
'ol
ftXn}, fVI: 1 XV.
t. n
;1 ="
nJI!
f._

~~od OliI~£i~;tj~J~~' [R" ~;)fej~ ;r;;-d.:i~F" e5~;:1.).

O»~... eso~d 'I~M XiYi F $; (Ii~M 'xJ2)(I~M'YI12)
~~~ wJjo~ef'l~~~~Ood 'CldJ 'e:;;')~O~J~~~~ iMO;rS
tJ~J~.]

3. ~cjl'\d~~ ~.!oir.o~ R2 ~Je~~ r...o~;:b e1oiofJ ru~e;t..l",

~~~ on,&O,Jb~~oSod~ ~eo~)o; ~odd (2) d ru£i
til~Fii';~ f1~:';® iuomt:::M ~~'Umrt~( ~~ru!~.

(a) «x~y}, (XI')") ~" 'xx.' + Y)'t

(b) (Xl' Y), (XI' Y.):= XX'-YYI
 199

(c) «X1,Y), (t 1'Yl»=XX1 +2XYI +3XIY+ 1yy,

(d) «X'Y),(X t 'Yl»=XX,
4. ( 11 ) ~J.. m9~o.

fl, (12) ~J.. mQ~o.

fl, R4CJcm~ e:to~O-e rt~t';t)~~~~ ~~oedC, X = (2, },O, 1),

Y=(-3,O,J,2) ol~~~ Z=(1,2,1,1) e;,.r\dt).
f1V;T\~ol~J.. 1i~~M,

(a) (X+ Y-3Z, Z) (b) (X+ y, x- Y,

(c) I ZI
(d) 3}' ~~ft)~ Z ~ ~t)o~~.
(e) -6y~;)et)~ X(:l ~vo~~.
(f) z+ yrl ~~e5.~d 3X-Y~ ~eJ'dliv;.).
(g) X olY!2_. Z li9 (:lG.)olt'; "~e~d "~et3m~.

7. X, Y ~i~ Z Ii~~ ~r?~:t! I) d~d,)olo. ~dt). e:to30"

rut';~2J.,J «Xl' x 2' x a' x,), (y" Y2'Y3'Y'» = 2XtYl +
(XI + X~) (YI + Y1)+ (XI + X2+ X3 ) (Yl + Y2+ Y3)+
2x. Y.' 'a~~~ eru~o1tW\"'~~ott~ "~~d;)ol ~.l
, ~O;::~.jd~1i9~,)oI.. Ii~M.

K vojJ.) ~o ::;5d 2.J~jw.i9 ~~J~oint'ldt). X=l-t)

y = 3t + 2/2 ~,)~ Z '"' t 6 e:tt'\dC. (fi g) -
J: !(t)g(t)dt e;,t'\dO. 'a~~J.. ru~~O.

(a} (X+y-3Z, Z) (b) (K+Y, X-Y (c) IZI

(d) ay ;!.)et)~ Z~ ~t)o~.
(e) -6Y ~~C~ X~ ~Vo'l.J~.
(f) Z + Y~ mit!md 3 X - y ~ ~ll'rW.),
 200
....;..> ~"'" :E "' • ....;.../ oJ) ""3'"",,,
(g) X ;:j)~2: Z ,,;'
.. )
(J""'»~LC V"~I (JL'" V".,I ... WV;,
ll. (X, y) V cj) .s)ee)~ ""':)~,) e:10.~O;,~ 11)~:';ZJ",
0::))
o:i~ hL:O. Y fi N?i;e~;Yo)d X ~ o?'~5K~) y ~ Wt:).:;poC
~~~o~~i\~ .::lO~~ MeD~:J. .[M~~: aYfI ;:;iileS
;-:; v;::; :<'/W'elj(<c.;'..r; h Y fI mie~\ ~~~r\~R '1..0~e .::lo~~
CCII.,.,\ , O~,1 ,

(b) ~ .:;t:J"/;- ~;rj;jJ"~o::j~::"_ ;rv; Q;';f..;) «(/) OJ)di erl)jj

oJ.Rm/l.,D. [M&i~: (:!)~::,,_ eriJr.io~e'l~ ns
IX -a YF ~rJ~ ;:;~C::J, ~r;',:;j;j e3=iJ2:~/~ 1(1 (a) oJj~~
lWr.ioi)~~tI~o.J

JI. V Cj)) ( :) ) d;R

;::j;J:;~ oJ.}?f)cf).
e.!

(a) n:;L:m ~rr,;:o, sin ':nrr! oj)) sin 'im17"r n EJoZ-.:

mT\~ .::lot:)) ;!re,eo~)D.

(by sin '217"/ fI m£e~Fi(\ l (I)

,~o~) :0 Ceo'J)c.

1:2. {i'l, X 2 , ... ,X'} o~)) Vfi wot:))~{jWCo:i;;F\Ce:J. x=

'G,X'+a 2 X!+···+a n X" ~,)~~ Y=h 1 X I +bt X 2
+ '" + bnyn ~(\Ce). (X, Y) O~)~~ a l b1 + (/2 b2
+ ... -+ an hn ~o~ OJ~£b~' ( X, Y) cj~) V oj)
eS)ee)~ ""o~) ejo~tl~ rbro:e.;z..: Qj-;I'\~ .:lod) MeOM.
'"
 202
(a) Y ~ ma!tlmo X ~ ~iJ~rW~ ~o~~Q~t»
: t.,;o~ zttl~· t&~~~... t.)~. "" . . ..

~b) Y ~ X ~o~mn~~~ 'af.¢( wOf.JlO~.. PQro~~

. t..ol,h ~~~ ~~~~... \)~~o. .

•
renlt-3. e:>ceto:Sw.
e ~rld~ t)ot.)~o ~~~~oj~~~ e:;~;:r., D!~;. m~m~l'\
!)o~e~" wo~ ~~~~ti:)~~~J.. utaF'~mro~ru.· vom
t..od,)
wo~o'l1 ~i'ClVf.JQ ~;:1:'~jw eodd, ~o~O'l1 rut'Qt)f.JQ . ~ol:)d t..om ~OlS
::i~:.~ woru ~.~~~e~. RD 6~~ t!'l.!r~);nn t>~~~n ~~~~
~~ fjo~o'l1 n;)CQ)e)t.) ~ ~o:S:'~ Uo!O'l1 n:.t'Ql)tJ Q.j,)ntS woO) n,20~
Q Q ~

iI-" r;S. IDldQ 1 zMoO~~ il:k!~,d ....,

t)ot.)o:n>nd)~ ~!lrl~od e"n~~
(V 00;):' ~OF'~ ejOOJdt>:)eoo)o:n>M.)~n) t..o~ e"~~~,,, V ~ d'l.!1h
~d"~ t..od:! ;>9fl~~~... ".Rti;)te~_.

, e:;~.d~d ~t)~imn ~n :l Ood wd~ IDlm~dt'irlt,;!~J.. 'a~

J1~ ;:t.n~~ru~~. V~;) ~~f\~;j ~o¥t)~ rurst)~~ti~ 0 $
r s In DlClt3~~~~, e:;;)~~J.. DlCl~t)'I1-;ifol0el~3 W~(i1#,.nw ~
cml'ldO [Qflrl 2 d (5) (i1~ ~eQ.]

( 1) (f, g) "" J: f (t)g(t)dt·

iM ~~m)~t,;!~J.. ~~e'l10~:' ~05flo:h~~~ 'a~...o~

~o.O~ rot'Qe)t.lQ~' Rl ;$.)f()($O:, ~nd)~dO~ mt~~~~tS.
[Qirl 2 d (") ~J.. ~fQ]

(2) «Xl'YI)' (X2'Y2) )-X. X2 +(XI+Yl) (X2+Y2):

.rl V ~ t..o~ ~QlJ ~lIIt.iomnd() ;S)~ (X, Y) em')
V 111>' ~f()~ t..od:. "o1l0~ rUt1t)f.) eDI\dt). Y ~~ t..~AAoQ~;$
*_rl\i
, .
. . Ii)

t..it= rb D ~-.. X¢l *I\~I D ~ ~lo1saoc.'~

~ ~." ..
~81
 202
X ;:i:.~~ y ~~M ( X, Y) ... ° ~I\~ d ;:iJ<)~ 2.o0~:l ~o~~~) ~~
..:Jot:S:l ~e~))!/;1. D ~J 2.oo~) ~ot:le~) li~ml\~ d ;:i)~~ D
~,,%:~o:$ ~~o3.r.lot:S) Xj'~ IX I~ 1 ~1\~,;}3 ~!, D ~)~'"
~o:$)~O~e~ ,.)o~ ~d~J!e~.

13t:"rl~.): ~rt 1 d~ tN~tMeM.j~' {i, j, k} ~~~ V

~~d);:i 2.oo~:. ~;:i)e,)o~oj) liCCl~/'\c:l, {( 0 , 0), (l, 2), (2, -1) }
li~~ R2 ~~d);:i 2.oo~ e,)o'IJe~)rI£o)~I\c:l, ~~O 2.oo~ ~;:!:.~ot:leo:S)
rI~O!i)I\~. (t:l~~ ~o!O~ rI)~'U~;:i~~ tN~~JW\~.) {sin 11' t,
sin 211'1, .. " sin n11't ... } rI£@;:;/) (1) d ~;:!)~o:S)~C;);:i 2.o0~
l.)o~e~li~~F\c:l. ~~ ~~M:.~t:SOoO ~e:, ~~ Q,
'il ;J

(:1)
•
f sin k11't sin n11't dt "'"' 0,
I
0
n-j;.k·

{ (1, :!), (2. --I), (3, 7) } rI~~ R2 ~~ voee~;;nl'\~

,(t:lo:S~~ ejo~O~ liJ~~~;3~~ et\)odoir.eI\~), {(l, 0, 0, 0),
(0, ].1 v' 1, I/v:J,O), (0, 1/v'71, -l/v'i, O)} rI~~ Ii 4
~e')d,);3 ~oO) ;t;l;:5:'e,)ot:l(~:. rlt"emll\c:l.
,IV>

~li R'i 03),') (2) Ooc:! ,'e1~d~)~/~;:i tjo~e~ ,ru~t)'W'il;:i~~

~o(:)Q ,.)o~) 'C>.e.3~~JOi':JV~' ~li { (1, 0), (0, 1)} liCCl~
~o~:. e,)o~eo:S,') lico.o:r.Jl\~~ 'C>.c:.onli {(1-I), (0,1)} li~~ t..-oO)
~o:l~~o~eo3J nCClmlhCS.

o 00:.:. 2.ooc:lJ ~;:i,')t)o~eoo) nt'C)d~ "ad~~d~o~)c:l) ~~. e"c:ld

l.)o~e~lit'C)d 03'e3.mi\;::!~' 0 oj~~~ o:l~f~:'~O~. 0 03:.) ",",00)
l.)o~ero:. rI£O)~/'\d d, 0 oo)~~ ",",~M~J~e ~d d tiJi r:;i~~ D o:S)e)i:l
Q \ ~w M

~).!o3Ro~,') ~el~;:i~... m::ld w~ Dod' ~1\~~a5JdJ ~)~~ "'"'o~)

;r;l;:i)t)o~eoo.) li£O);:i~~ c:!.r.,d~~~zt)d.). eroma5orM, {(2, 1),
(1, -2) } ,.)~~~d.) R~ ~~ e,)o~~~)~I\~. ~oo ~;:i)~o~~Oj,)

wt)f\~.(~~ ~oaOl!f rt~~e.Je.lQol~o.. eruodo3JOiU\,?v.) {(2/v'5, l/V~

J/V-'t>, -2/V 5-) } rlt'C)~ R~ ~~d;~ "'"'o~ ~ol,)e,)o~eO~) rt~~r\c3.
 203
t.:~~~T< ~C~ozii~~ e.Jo'Z.!l~o3~T<('C)iili~ ~~;!;) ~;::~'a.)o'Z.!le03:)
rlrerl'>i~ ~Mli~~dt.1W:lc;b. r(~~:) ;i;l;:bt)o'Z.!leoo~~l'\d:);l'i)r(
cir.d'tf~;:: ~d\1iml'\, li;:::l(S~tS~ m~F ~"'~1'\ e50~a'l li('C)n~ ~;:,ed
15!eo~e"'o;timrl~~~. ~~~e.J ~!)T.>o~~ ~~~~.!eo:.b~1'\ V OO~~
~~~'O) R2 (S~ ;ti~03~O,"~.... ~'il1'\iS. .

(4) D OO~ V OO~~~~ 2.wocS) ;ti.::b~o~eo~,) r(~~l'\1 0, tlli

D oj~,) ~d;::e.Jo~:!~I'\z5. ~~o~d {X', X2, ... ,Xk} 00) 2."o~
;r;;:j)e.Joz:)eoj~ rI('C) D C,X' + ('2 X2 + ... + c"
oj,)~ 2.,,~Motad.J03~
°
X + ~o~.J ~~t~~~JtJ/('Q). ttT< 0=(0, X') = (e 1 X 1 + clX 2
lc

+ ... + c"X k , Xl) = CI (X', Xl). + ciX!, Xl) + ... + c"

(Xk, X'). e5~O (X',Xl)= 1 ~:!2.. (X 2 ,X') ""'(X a, X')
+ (Xk, X')=O. Mfl c, ",,0. NO);::F~"'OJ.:I'\ Xi ~ci(3
0. . . .

0=C,X 1 +C 2 X 2 + ... =CkXkOO~ e:to~O'" rb('Q)e.Jt.1Q;::(S~ ~~~)

~JO';'t~~Oo~, ci=O,i=l,i, ... ,k. ~~,) (4)tS~ N()Q~~~/.
~o'IJ~OO~ rlCQlrl';·~ [4) iNl'ltS M~~tS~ ;i~~~JtJ~{}!,iJ.

(;", ) D 03,)) 2.wo~ .e.Jo~eo3.JrlCQl~1'\~ d ~,)~2.. 0 OO)~ D OO,)~~~Q G,

e.7r1 D 03')') ~d~e.Jo~:!m1'\t5 •

.at OJ:iejT.>o!5r1,,~,) e5~e"'. e5~')~:l~~(S~ iMoO~.

~~0Jc) ([») ~,)~~ ~GJ.l~Q3,) 1 d ~rI 3d ~ejT.>o1?$li~(S~
~Jflo~ ~e.J'ItlOJc)h NO) :"~t.1~~.
'fl

(fi) dim V...,. n ttl'\ttd ttrl 2.wo~ ~~,)e)o~eo3.Jj"(('Q) D 03.J,) (~~~

o oj)(:l~ !...~M~ Od.J~ 2.wo~ e,)o~eo3.Jn('C)) rlo~ n ~O!lrl~(:l,) t...~
MoCO~. \J (l) do.

(7) dim V=n tt1'\~Qd ~li n ~O~rI~~d.. 2.w~i\.r.locod.J~t...o~

~;;3,)e)o~eo3.Jn('Q) D Q3,),) (~~;l'i) 0 ~~.. t...(i\.r.lto~~ t...o~,) e,)~~~03,)
rI~~) V n .t...c~ ~~d;l'i)1'\~.

, V~ t..o~ U~dwt)1'\~;:! t..o~ ~;:!,)e)o~e~m D. ~~~~

~O~ ~~f.)ot:)eo:S.> "rend wo~ ,!"~~d. V~ t...O~,) ~~t:S
~1\~~ 2..o~ ~o~t~.)rI~
. D O'h~~ !oto~ f.)o'CtO»'''rend wot:.')
 204

(8) X =(X, X') Xl+ (X, Xl) %2+ ... + (X, X8)1
{ X I, X 2 , ... , X"} ~ Y A t:.,od) f.t~mt\d,)~~oc
x= G\X +Q'1Xi -+ ••• +a"X",
1 WOeS.; 4.~~ (;!. Xl ~ ~~
~~ ~~1.~~ ~'&u~~~... i.~~s.~~<v~\~~ ~t\ \_X, X\\
{o}X\ + 02X 9 + ... +OnXn, Xl) ... o,(ln, Xl) +02(X ,
2

-,4 '" -/-4,(f"J .1"'). tfti~ (% '. II) "'" 1 p'J6}., (%~ XI)
~ /-=-.4 ,7, ... , //- /Ofll ~ -(J; r')· ~tfaJJ( '"
(X, XI). i - 2, il,···,n· ~clJ (8)~i ~l>~~d
(8) C ~~o$.) ~df'~pJ~rt~ rt~~~~"" ~® ~O~M~~.!.t3.
\X'X ll , ... , X'nl ~ ~~ttmr\ Xti i~t ~~FtpJ~~~"" ~oti;)!pl)o:h
tSe'!r.lcd [~~ {Xl, X2, ... ,Xn} ~ tiO~O,! rut9t>~ (X, Yl"
m~t~~ t..o~ ~~~~o~t~ ~tjSildmt\t3.) ~~ ~e~e; Xt:!;)""
Xl ~ m,tJolJ.lt't ~tlo?.:l~, (X, Xi)XI ~c:f~ Md~~~/~. em
i~e ~c:lFe~~~ (X, Xl) t11\t3. {XI, xg,· .. ,xn} 0:3~;) (X, YJ
~tOJo)c:$ t..o~ ~~vo~eo.j.) t1tjSilO wolil "n~~, ttrt ~o:io~
ru~t)~<;l ~;):i~ X I o!.)t~ X ~ i~e ~lSre!'J'If~ ~~vo~~!.eS wo~
rtdS~~.

{Xl; XII, ... ,X"} 9"3~ .,.~ iuo::h t)O~eo.j~ tttjSild~i)t\c:$Qd,

ttli (8) ~~I\t:! ~~~~~
, . ~odJ!.t3.

" . '." .... '.. ',.",.,. '-'" .~ 0 ~ r ' . '.'. i

~i 1 d~ Y fl tN~t\~r6 tfr?O {h j, k}. ';~ V~

 v .... xi + yj + zk ~T\dQ~' tnt
iV2 i)i
v _ (v. +_ +-J + (v. i
v~
-_i)i -_i +{v''<)k
y'2 y'2
X + Y)i + j (X - Y) i - j
... (~2 v2 + ~2 vi + zk
(2) 000 lI~~~~ e1oiOtf. ru&gver..~~~ K-. ~oOdQ~' I.~rt
{ (_1, -1), (0, J) } o:b~ !.Io~ ~~~ot:)toil e1~d~I'I~. radooo

(x, y )=( (x, y), (I, -1) (J, -l)+(x, y), ,,0,1) (0, J) )
=(x + (X + y) (1 -I) (I, -I) + (x, 0 + (x +)')
(0+1)(0,1)
=
x( 1, -1) + (x + y) (0, 1).
~~ V ~ !.Iod~ t)o~e~ t!!P~; !.lot:$.) ~~~~O~(odl ~~~
, , I • ..

~e~ ~oa~~l)oo~2J~ti)? V ~ c:m~r3t !.Iod) e;tZjlCld~~~ ~n~~

~o~ !.Iod.) e1~d;5~~ dt!~.)~d~-dl'\, ~~v~~~onl'\ m~el:J.)ltoj,)
Woll\d.)~ !.Iod.) ~crl~F"~~~~~ ;);50~mru~~.
" ... 'J t';_

.. rlti {(1,?2, 2), (-lJ 0,1), {2,.1, O)}~. R8~ ~?z;i)

~~dWiI'\~. eJdd 7Md,) ~o:h~ eJo~O'l1 ru~t)~".. mt·t!.~f\
~oil~Ot:)eOOlQ:J.)T\~oSo~d,) ~ot. Y l = (1, 2, 2) e11'\~. ~o!S
(-1,0, 1) ~ "Yl ~ vot.lml'\~. yl.,~ votJ~l'\d.>~ ~'d~~oI..
~rI~~~li>. -adOod t P1 .;)o~ ~d~~o. -adOod

Y2=( -1 0,1) _ « -1,0,1), (1.!..2,2)(1,2,2)

• . . I( 1,2;2)il
=(_\.o,_J.,Z'.
• •• '

t,rt Y' ~~, tz~~.) ~;t r: z e~",·.dfJ~Q 'ot~~~~l'\

vof.);n,,;S, '(2, i, 0) Qi)) ylJ'l etf;n }it" . ·vor.i~·t'\~.
 206
l:!, 1, O)t:l~ yl ~ ;:;~~ y2 n ~~lJomr. w~!eZJ~~ru~t:!;)
.-j~~ ~ ~t)o~t:lrl~t:l~ (2, 1, 0) eo~ 'd~crl~e:r.>r(~~~. ~t:!~.)
ya ~O~ OJo~~ 'do~O. fjrl yt '~~~ y2 n~da~-d ys tJoL)
~MS. ~~Ood

y 8 = (2, 1,0) _ ( (2,1,O} (1,2'~)J( J,2,2)

. . 1( I, :l·,2)J2
_«2,I,O\,(-J9'°'-:'~)(_lO !l 7)
. 1(_tO _~ 7)12 9' -(1,9'
II' 9, lr

&ut {Y', y2, Y 3} o:i~;, (0, 0, 0) ~d,. 2..~M~OO,),;:; t..oz:b

Vo?jfroJ rf£.S~/'){$ ;:j)i~ (7) DocS 'Q/d.J R 3 11 f...,od,) e:J~dm"rS.
C~~~.)oc::-J, yl oj,),) {l 1,2,2) } "add ;5,)~ y2 oj,),) {( 1,2,2),
(-l,O,])} 00') ""o~) de.m;!e,~ ~ooir.le'1Z~OOs.>r.~ ;:;,)~~ ya o::b~
f (1, 2, 2); (-1, 0, 1), (2, 1, 0) } em t..o~ oe:efOj.; ;::$ooir.let::~
otr.lr.tS.

Zl=~ Z2=~ oS,)~ Z3=~. OJo~d()

. IY11' I y21 ,~ Iyal

~rl {Z', Z'J, ZS} oi):l Ran 2..o~~;:;;)oo'1.:)eo:i) e5ty.ld~l\d;

.' ZI em) (1,2, 2) 00') ~od,) ru~'do:J.)T\r!!; 29. oiJJ {(I, 2, 2),
(-1, o~ 1) J oj.; ""o~ oem~~~ ~o03,M'1Z~~T\CS ;:;,)~~ 2 3 cili.;
1(1, 2, 2), (-1, 0, 1), (2, 1, 0) } C1S;) t..od:J d(.ll:r~~'d ~o~f
~~omr.tS. ~dOod

21 =U, I, t), 2 2 ""

1)
-===(_1110, - : ' n;
y'153
;:1.)~

Z 8 = y'n h\-, -/1' Y\}

& ~tcmoil~~ rf!)~-a..I1~ ncWf'~r;ntJ;!o~ 'do.j~
mru!..~ ;S,)~ 'a~ ~e;r;sml\ ~~~}'ddl"W~ro!.t3.
 ··:'207

rb~e~ 14· (X, YJ o:I~ V oj;) ~;)etj~ r..od,) ·~o.C;'!

ru~t)ejQ~I'I~' {XI, X 2 , .. " xn} 00:>:> Vr' 'l..O~ ~ztr.dml'ldeJ.
~Ii ~.!o..~o~,) j, 1 =:;; i $n~ Zloi} {Xl, X 2 , .:., Xi} di) t..O~;)
d~m~e.oe ~oo3Ji~~~~I'IQ.)~oi Vl\ r..otb ~~,)t)O~(OO:> Utjnd
{ZI, Z2, "', zn} ~t3,

mQ~' ~,)etl~o" ~;),)O~~O~~,

yl=X',

Y
2=X2_(X2, y_2YI
. ly 1 12 '

. 5.!oir.Jo1::$') i, 1 '5. i '5. n~, MI 00'),) {X', X2, "', Xi}~O~

t.;:J~F;tl~~ WQ'j;tl~,J~eJO:~MO. ~11 1 S. i 5. n~ yi 00')') dU~~c~
M i ~~t3. 1 s. is. (n-l)71 X i .q O~),) M i ~~ ~~. ~~~I'I
yl:;t:O. YHI=O ~1'I~Qd, ~rl .
X '+'l yi) (X I +1 y1)
Xi+I=L_'-,-YI+ ... +' '1 Yl.
IYil2 IY 1 2 '
~ ~e~e~oo:> tJt)Qtl~ M j ~~oo~li, OJa2jlil~ M I ~~
~~. ~~ 15. i$ (n":'l)11 Yi+t:;t:O OJo~ !e~F"~;tl)~e~. tSfe
om~,)I1";~ 1 $.i5.nr' yl:;tO.

d2!~~o1::$ {YI, p, ... , yn} 00:>') 'l..o~ t)o~e~ rl~~I'It3

~,)I~ 1~i $ n~ Y I ;t: 0 OJ o~ ~tO~~"t3.
 Ej~ ~7) ~orj_ Vd t..otil ~~~~I"I~~ {;Z J ,. Z', "'J. ~n} ex»>
t..o~ .vo~to:i> rl~~l"IzS.
~
~~d i ... J, 2, ~ .. , n'~ yl(~ M~, A
. .,. " '.
, .'" ' j. ..,...." '" I . \, I ,.. ": 11.1 -

~~~t16ot1, ZI 'lI~rJ .Mi~fJ4"

.......
~I" _' , ..
~, , ; ,. ~ ~

Z' ~ M, ~~zS ~o2J ~or:f!Cli>,) t..otil 'lI')Q~~d

o:1Tt>~f! ~~i;:S~~ ~oO~~~~~ '~::>frl ~~~tto$.{ZI, Z",
... , ZIJ oj~ M, ~~~~Oot1 ;:S.)~ dim Ml OZ; e;,1"Id.>;jJ~.o~
i= 1, 2, .'" nd, {ZI, Z2, .. " 'ZI} ~~. M j ~ t..oti) ~~
tlo~tcm ~l?dOlUl"lzS ~otil .!filTt>F(:l~!f~,

(10) i= J, 2, ... , nf'l. Xi OO~ {ZI, Z 2' ••• , Zi}~ t..o~

dtm\_~ ~o~e~tScir.Jl"ltS ~o~ti) t..oti) :l~e~ ~o1'(!.

611'( A ~ t..oti) ::>Mr~~9. n x 11 ilTt>~vr8 ~MC. ~1'(

~;:S~i _Rn~~d.);j ~lJri~oi ~Orl~~~~eo~, {XI, X 2, .,,'

X"}:,~ _Rnfl. t..om ~GTi>dOli1\tS .:lo~~~~eo~ ~;!.)~~ 14~...

~~.::I~~' k'~ t..om' ~;j.)vo~eoiJ ~I?d {ZI, Z2, ... , za} ~4
lZ~da~(Jc)ru~C!. j _ 1, 2, .,., n fl, 3~.itS~ ~t~~~... Z lolld1\
c:t~oO~;:S nx n om~ ~~.) U ~MC, t1K U~ ~tlimt).)~.) R"
~~t»;j ~!l1'(~oi ~rtd~~~ri ;::S;i:)t)o~e~~1\~~;! (R" ;S,)(O~
~~i t10iew ro~~tJ'Ol;j~k ~~~t1\~"~o!i,}). (lO)~.)~ eid.::l~~
~oiZ, ,
lll) XI -duZ I +d'JiZ i + .. , + djjZ ', i _1,2, ... , n·
f:. .. (dj ·) t1l"1dC, .~ i>j ~T\d 0, till - O. ;:!.)~ f·'s')
~1\~d d u ~ (11 fcoJ;i:.«~~t~." tfrl (1\1) Ood \
(12 A= V.6,·
 W~Q~ .'ld"~~~
., ~" 4~~~d~"" ~o:fo~",tS.
Ar~ t..o~ ~dJi~~~~ nxn ~~t)"~,,dQd, U~
~,~~ ~~o~~~~"'~o:f~, (R"~~!' ~~n~o'
13) ~orld~JJ~Jn,
.... ...
Rit ;!;)t~(l$ ~~ ~oiO~
'
,mt'at)t,.) o:f~
(il iI..
w~
~t"'~) ;1;)~ II ~ NQF.-j ~"~e~~~~",~o:f~, ~rl
A::: U fj. ~~ ~ d brd(~~ ~f~~ Cf)fI)m.n~;)
e~'~a~",;t

6 ~ ~~rdt~Qi) ~f~~ Cf)~marl~;) ~M(d~n~"';! o')od,)

~eo;tl~tr.l~d ~~ dii:t:.O, i'= I,2, ... ,n wod;) be~~.).
ilcJ~mdd.n;, 1 ~i~n~ dii ",,0 ~"'dQd, ~rl Xi ~ {Z', Z',
., Z H} ~ ~od;, dt.m\_~ ~o~etS~cdn>I'\~; ~d'" X I ~;);)
,fi- I ~~~ (~~;)e~ 14d ;rw~~~~ "~ti~~d;)~ w~~~aI)'
XI, X", .,', X,i} 00;)') t..o~ ~~e)o~i n~~I'\~~d~o~;:f.;)~
1m {XI, X2,' .,', Xi-I} ~ M 1-1 ~ t..od.:l ~~d~I'\~~d
lod~ ~~ ~ot,1~~~d~. 'ad.) ~~.)eoj) 14 d ;lr.)t" ~~l)"(
"'d~, 113)d ;::W9~oj;)~~ ~~F'l"'~\'~~~'
t..o~ wm~Otioj;);) (13) (i>J., ~':l'O;t).)~~ ~~"
, '

r~ ~)
:;'~f;:f.;)~~~I'\t1 'ad~d {(2,2), (l~3) } ~ Rtf. t..otb
'9Vdm~. ~~f~ 14 ~~ ~~~t.$Ood Z I - (1/ y2,
L/",'2) ;1li,).... Z2 -(-J/V2, 1/v'2'). (8)(i>"" w~~e"'~d~

(2,2) - 2v'2( __ ~=._,~) ,

, v'2 V" '
~i:.

.';
(1, 3) _2v'2(~' _!_)+ v~(- 2:.,~)
',~' V 2 'v'1 '; ~ ,I\I'~, '\1 2 ,
.
,: ,', . ! ' [;'1
 210

~~ ~~ ~0'3:> rldrl~~ ,&;fl"l~:

-, 2
'[2 a1]_- [~2, -;,2][2'\1:& 2Y~J
v'2
'"
-'v'21 '-\112 0

~~ ~o~o~ 11~r;l)2J...u-d0~ ~(dom~ Ra ~~eo~ ~oio~ rot'9

tJZJi~~ OJ:iO:!r.lo!$ (13)~oI. ~~o;:qZJ~C::.). wml:rldrM, (2) Oo~
'6JClti~~ ~o!O~ rur;t)~~~ ~o~eo""o. e. ~o~OtJ ;\)r;t)ZJ... ~~~
~"U~~et"l"~.r.oa.), { (2, 2), (1, 3) }~, ~d.)e~.) 14~.),,- e~.dcb.)M.
~11

1(2,2)1>1=( (2,2),(2,2)) -=4+4.4 ... 20,

(',3) ~(__Q-'_~),(~'?))(2,2)=(1,3)_(2+4.4)(2,2) =(-~,n1

1(2,2W 20

MrtZ1-=(1/yf), 1/\1'5) ~.)iJ~·Z2=(-2/,/5, 3/v'5). (8)

~~ wJS~eT\"d~

(2,, 2) -= (2'2)'(~'~) (~,~)

yO yO . yO yO ,

+ ( (
(2,2), - y5'
'
:2 3
,,5 )) ('
I -
2
y'5'-vli
3
)
Ole
._( 1 1)
2v'5 -,_'-,_
yO y'5
[~~llr&: ~ ,,':)~ li~tSrt~JC) (2)~oI.. wll~el\" ~tt~~;3
~~~tf llr;;lli~~ ~rj.) ~'I\~o~i3:

(15) [2 l]= [.~5.

2 3 <L
-~5][2V5 9t-~]
y'5 y5
_~
0
2y'5
-5-

t 13) tl ~~F~}~~ Mll~ ~~I\(So!i3:

A OO~ 'C."o~ n x n ;:m~0 'l§!o:ml\~ d, 6. ~ e;;!~(S~ 'd~F"
de.m~'d m~e:l<J!rt~~d~ eMI~F.d ~'I§!~e~eo:l')O!ilI\d.)~~
(16) ~~~ U(S ~ee.lit;w.)lit;.) (Rr(S~~~ ~~li\lo~ llOli~;rj~l3~)
~o~o'd ru~t)ZJQ (X, Y)l~ mte!OJ.)I\ t)o~eo:l')WlM.)~~,
A=U6.·

1. ~~I"I~ R3(S eNllli~rt~~ (~~ ~o~O'd ru~V2JQ~(S~

eNllo..~eI"I~) t)o~e~ml"ld.)~~ om~~? ~.)t)·o~eo:.)
OJ.)l"Iro~~ am~~ ?

(a) {(I, 1,,0), t 1, -1, 0), (0,0,1), (3,2,1)}

f ' '

(b} {(I, 1, 1), (0, -1, 1), (0,1, 1) }

212 If. .,.'''d'rNlfdtt

'\c) ,{(l, t, 0), (-t, f' 0) },

(dL((1,2, i), (J,-I: 0), (0,1, OJ }
2. rI.g"'t$~~ RIJ ;:!)(~~ ~oti) ~oio'd rottt)tJQ ~,,~ ~~O~O
~~~ e ~o~O'dr(.)~e)~~ e~;!$ 10 ~~...rW~oI. W~O"'O,
( (X t' 'I' ZI)' (Xl' Y2' Z2) )
.. 2XtXl+ l('.J'l +Z,Z2 - y,Xi - ~1.l'2-
XIZg- Z.X2 )

D. .~t.f~ Uo~O'd ru~~&rj~, ~za~ xJo:fJ~ V" ~OdJ

~~v~eo» ~i;l'ild~~{ Mda-~ ~I'I~~ ~-!~d;:je)o~~
~('Ql~~ ~.:a---lee.ta&;_', ~~F'~~~;.1~oI. ~tdd~"'" '.
(a) {(I, 0, 0), (1,. 1, 0), (1, J, I)} ~~ f/:1O'SO~
NtWt)'ZJ t3JiHi~ V = R 3 •
Q , )
tb) {(2, 1, -1, 0), (J. 2, 1, I), (0, 1, 3, 1).
(1, 0, J, 1)} !~ fjo~c!f ros:avFf..&dr$ Y:= R 4•

(c) (I, g)= f:f(t)g(~)dt p, td:J, (~r ,~rit!f

Vo»~ ~d ::;; 3 d f.J~~rl\i ~~~~I'\~.

1[: -:]. [~ ~:), [_: [~ !])

e!..QoOt$ 2 X 2
n
(.d) (A,B) "" AIIB II + AIzB 12+ A21B 21 + A22B 2~;

.mt"~~~oI. ~oed ;4oi:l':J 17 7iI~.

4. (8) ¥~;J (tI) ~4 tru~c!..Q(t\"', ~!. ~~~~ ~w~(tmt\,
~~f\~~ ~~~n~~ ~!<f~od'd~-o ~~n"'rt'~", .ot(.)
~~():);,o.

(8) ~~rW) : p~, 1, 0) d.)~ (3, _1, 2)

 "',!

- ,-i(~, -~,o}C2 ;2'O} I

'

(0,0, ')

{ ( 1, 1, 1), (~, -1. 1), (0, 1, 1) }

(b) ~~~: (3, Ij 2, 1) ~~ (0, 0, 1, 0)
u~~): {(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, -3), (I, -1,0, 0),
~1, 1, -2, O)}

(C) ~olJ~~: [~ ~] ~~ [_; -!]

(d) ~oirW) : t ~)~~ i s+ t2 + t + 1
Ur;rtld : e5~~~ 3(C) cm~ dt&~~~ ~~)t)o~~~ ~d.
t1rtnl d : 6~~ 3 (d) cm~ d?J~~~ ~~lVo~eo:hu~o.
5. '(8) Vo:!~ (l~ d ~~~oir.lM~. {sin 1rt, sin 2 1r 1.
sin 3 .. t, ... } o;i).) V cm~d.)~ "'o~ t)o~eo$l nCQ
ml'\f3 wo~ ~eo~o.
(b) V~ uo_o'll' rut';tlt.lQ (fi g).,. S.: I (t)g(I)dt
cMci~; - IS; t S; 1 mn .Olt'~£l~~~~ ~~t.t~",
..
;r.l~t)'!I'-~~~~t~ wt~ n~ ~~~oir.ll'\d~ ~:)'~~
d 1 D
p".(t) .... _ , _{(tl-l)n), n ... 1 ,2, ....
2 D n. dID

iSdt» {Pl , P2, P3' ... } em') V cm~cl,)~ ·"'oQ.)

t)o~~Qi) nt'ion~~ wo~ tneoM; [Ulfce' ~rI
n~1'\ ~~,)«>,.o;]

A. .. [~-~
012
~] 'ad~.,
(8) R' ;!It()~ a~ ~oao'lf rut-a~t.lQ~~~ Wt$cM~I'\M.
U~.... ~~" 6 ~~1 (13~ ~~dmo' 'fIoti;
Io~.
'21-4 etm~.'If tlt".r{sH

(b) ~~~~ 2 d~ 9j~,~d)o::f RS ;3,)t~~ f:fo~fJ ru~tJ.;,

o::f~cI.. eru.,so1sa(1'\~, U o::f~4 ;l.)~ t::. ~~. . (16)
dOo,)o::fo~
M
~o~~~~,)O;

7. (X, Y) ,oj,),), ~,)~t>~ ,t..oc;i) ~.o!O~ ru~t)2JIOl~M!J.

{X', Xi, ... , Xk} oj,),) V ~~~ t..odJ ~')eJoO~OOJ
n~~M!J" 6~1'l~~c:$~~ ~eOM :

(8) IX P 2: (X, Xl)2 + (X, X2)2 + ... + (X, Xk)2.

. 1

(b) IXP= (X, X1)2 + (X, X2)2 + ,.. + (X, Xk)2

~~ ~eo::feJ X em') {xt, X 2 , ... , XK} ~ t..O~:J
~r~;;~e,'6 ~o~e~~o:iJ.lf\~Q d ~";)~.

(c) S~ 'f(t)J2dt2:a~+a~+,,'+a~, ~~os(s

IT'lf e£::''t~o::~I'lCi o:i~~~. r:::: 1, 2, .. ,~ar",,2
,. I
Jof (1) Sin\r1Tt dt [M~~ : 7(a) o::f:)~ 7(b)
o.:5,)(\l~ ~Q~eJJ, X - (X, XI) X 1_(X, X2)X2
- ". - (X, Xk)X k o:JJ eN~d. ;StfF;1c:iJ-., rI~c3
olr.l1'4e. 7 ( c) cJJ~~ m<;l L~~:) 7 ( a) ;:i.) g~ f> ( a )
o.:5,)~J... 'UIJ~cfJm\M. e.;t;l~~ 7(a) 'a~~i zSilCo" ~
v~;:1.)' ~ot::·~ 'ddoi>,)~d.]

/'l, (X, Y) o:'~ V oj~ ~,)ee:J~ ~od.) e1o~e'd ru~eJ£J<;l mf\c~

o:t.:.~~ {Xl, X 2, .'" X k} crl,):) ~oc:$:) ~o::f:'eJo~eo~:) Ii~
y,.,. X - elX 1 - C2 X2 - ... - ckX" ~flCe:J.
.:':ilf\dO •.
'!fe~e) ~~. i, 1 ":5, is: k rI ('I = (X, X I) t1f\Cbmli
o:iJ<)~) I Y t2 o~,) ~dd ~tJ~~ t3ejoj:)~~ il30~~~!.c:!od,)
bco~o. [~.~:
IYJ2=IXF - (X, Xl)lI+
. (X, A 2.)2 + ... + (X, X")2) + (Cl - (X,X'))2 +
(C2 - (X, X·),.+ ... + (Ck -: (X, Xk))2 wad,)
,." i~~O~O;]

{' ...
 21,6·
9. ' A. o.'S~ t.ao~·. ~dsa~~~m~ n X n M_e)o$o:m,f'lr;S wo~
'a\J~"'JtI~JV~' i~.... '" mt»n~ tJo~C~~1\~~
,",od.) n X ." oir.>~i U 7iI!S~o$ ~~ A - b. U'
,~f\~~oi t..o~ ;a~ !\'IF~~~t~
,,~
'If ;ir.I. 6. 7il13c&o~
~~o~o. ~~tS, 6. t:! '!t'iF"d~m~'! ~~eJc)!rt~ ~~,,-
~t'I;S woM ~tO;lJo.

10· R300~ ~~ ~o~O~ rot'QleJ~ifl~~J. ~oor3 o':)o~.j ~~

'fJ~,~~",(~. ~~ ~O~rI~ t..o~ li~'fJ,i ~~-~tt'eJ
'lJClOO.jF:Jr?~~~J. ~~.d~;l;le,).j 2..o~ ~O~~ !,&~;::l~""
?ld~o.

~n 4. w~~;S)'t& n~ ;S)~ .d~n~o)

: flt ~"'iz~ ~~ e!o~ofi ro~f.Jifl"'~ ~j((J~ ~~b, ~(J~o""'~~i

?.o~ ~I!)!!$ ~~~oj.j~ erutl;tl~.j~rI~~J. ~:l~ ~O! ;t;l~il~rI~ ~:lt'"
~e.>~ :l~d· 13~~~~'d ~O~~F~~~J. es~~~t:! ;mam erutlo!s.tf'l
Met'6l. R'iJ ~~d.j~ t..o~ eruCltl~df'll~~~ mJjo~~(t'i. ~~
~o~O'15 rI.)t'ieJ?l.;I~~.)J. R8 03.)(~~ ~o~O'15 rut'it)?lCO>do' eru~~~f'I;:1)
~f~.

f <m.) ~~I'\d,')~t:!Ooc:j ~ty~;t;l~~ R3 03.jt()~ ~~:J~-.lj'~()at

t~ eruttS""mM~; .

1) f(x,y~z)=X-Y+Z'

uri f de.m~&.'6~~f\tS ;::l,')~~

2) ." ?,>cpt:! (/ ) _l.wo~~ ~~ .

. ft:!~~ ~~oi)ly(X; y, z)~O ·~t'I~;1o. w~ (X,y,Z)
)~~rl~ ·nt'ii3ilf'lr!. (2) Ood & w,~~~~ "Qj~;1.) 2 d~Qf\CS
~~ x~+Z~O I!)o~ WP~'b ~e wo~ ~~.
~~,)t~ 6d m;tS~" .. W~~~ t..<>d.l t:J~d~~"" dt.cl;t;lev~
 ~or;i) ~r#;t~-.. ~!)ti)"ntm=~. 'a~ti»~ tru~c.blttMtAoti),
f{~, 1,0), (-1,0, I)} ~fti(.M~,,;rj;i)':.J" ~otbe~;nl'\cS
.Jo~ ~tG~~~. ( 1, 1, 1) ;rj~ es W~':.i ~~ ';~l!>
;:l~~OOt3 .~F'lSl 2 Oo~ rita { (1, 1,0), (....1, 0, 1),
(I;; .l, 1) } em" ~;l~O~~l'\~ ~~ tt etld~ot3 R3 rt t...od:l
e;~dt3;)1\r:S. es e.1~dtJ~ 1Til)oi1'-Jie,lJ"1j fioi)F~~~~~ e;~.d~
)!:j';)~dOo~,

~r;i) RSfI t..o~, ;rj~vo~e~ e.1~d;nI\r:S. ( 1 / v'2, ,1/ v'2, 0)

;j:J~ (-1/,,/6, 1/v6~ 2/v6)rl~J {(1, 1, 0), (-1,0, lJ Jab
ccm~'d ;rjo~rtz~~I'Ici)~Ood ~~ f ~ M~ _,j;:1.l~1! ~od.>
~~vo~ecm e.1~d~I'\~. (1/v'3', - 1/v'3, 1/v'3)am
;rjl!)!l
( I/v'i, 1/v'2, 0) ~~~ (-1/v'6, I/v'iI, 2/\16) n~rt Vet.)
~1'IC! ~.)~ e.1 fid~Ood e5~rl~ ~~tS( d(.m~'d ~oo1sol(~~"
t)o&)WiI'\~; 6odd, (l/v'a, -11\13) I/v'3)~f ~ ~~, ~J~
oj)~d:J;l o:JJd~tlf ~~~-o Vo2J~I'\r:S. (1/v'3, - '/v a, I/v'3),ah
cm~tl~ rl:J~'d* 'dnti f t:l ~t:l~ ;tS;l~~Qi)~~~ oir.>~rSf ~~
uo~I"It!I ~ofJJd.> ~at;nT\ti ,., ·tNt. ~ ;)~f;i)~. ~~;nl'\cS.·
;"lfodd, f t:l ~~~~ ,%.j;l:J~rt vo2JmM~;:1 ~o~
.%.lQze; X t.11"1dQ~) t.1ri
(1/\l2, l/y'2, 0) ~3~ (-1/v'1; 1/O, 21\/~)' rt~dri'd.G.;
;JCl l.lO:mt:l
t3 X rt ~t)ot.)t:l· ~~~~I"Ic!.' ,~rl 3d (8) Ood
(1/v'2, 1/v'2t .0), k .. 1f!V"6, l/Vtf, 2/v'6) ~~ (1/v'3,
-'Iva, 1/v'8~.1/v'31'~f~~~\ ~tt..,'b()~~ is.Ia;!.~f
x. ~~,. a~" :'~'(I,'V'i;:" ... J/¥ii) IIv'-3).
 217

~od,) ro.£9~ X ~t\tS. 2..~~~ "'~..}tpe~O~dd,

(a) {(1/y2, 1/'\Ii, 0), (-]/'\16, 1/\ti6,2/v 6\

(lI'\l3, -1/V 3, 1/'\13) } OO~:l Ra f. ~o~ .~~
e;o~eoj~ e:f~d~I'\CS.

(b) {(1/'\I2, 1/ y 2,0), (-1/V 6, 1/'\16, 2/'\I G)}

P) OO~ f ~ !'J~~~ ~;:$;)~~ ?..ot:b ~~.)vo~tOO~ e;l?o
~1'1t3.

(c) (l/,ji'f, -1/'\13, 1/\1':1) ~~ocl C-l:J')f~~~ w~

~o:!~~oo.)~ f ~ M~ ~~~::'sJOO.)~cb;:$ ~!~od,)
~O~'Jil~ e,)o~~I'\~o:l w~ ;r,;t;)lilli~ocl til'\l!l.

~li R 3 ~~Q,)o.i
m
2..ocl~ ~do~.)l'$ ~~~~ Xe:fMC. e;li X =a
(1/V·2", 11'\1:;,0)+ b (-l/Vi'i, ll'\l{" 2/\1''[;) + c (1/ y 3,
-lIV.'f, Itv'if). f ~cS~ X n e;t$~~~.lJ f ~ ee.m\~'
C)i)~)J. w~cdJilel'\~')~}~ :

11~ C ~ ~e3cd'~~ eO!t!lQ e~ :

c~{x,~,- :i~)}
.. ,~, , '.
28}
 218

~Ii 3 d (8) Ootl

(4) f(X) = ~(X'(_:_;;' - _\. ,_1-=)) = (X, (1, -1, I)}

v J Va v3 V3

oo~t\~M, ~::m~dcs (4) el~, c!~d~t\ l t') Oo~ (2) ~zpo:ltl

(3)~.A. ~oli~~d Wcl~03:J~ t5nd-a~!J~~:J. ( 4) ~J.. ~e)tjS~t\
mo:lF' ~}~O('Q)rtr.,~~~ o~.!oj)~ t:l~~Mf~o~~ e~.

v oj~~ t..o~ ~i:l5 ~~J~oiJd/'ld .;)odJ ~J~~ (X, Y) o.iJ:J

Voj) ~Je~el t..oo:J ~o~O~ ruro~.n.)'O> ';)o1::b ~~~tf~~~.}('Q). V ~
e..o~:J e.n),~~~J~ojJ:J M e!M~. e!1i M~ e)Ot3eo$J *d~~, M
~~dJ;j S.!oir.,OO:J ~1:ll1~~-3 e)o~Olt)MJ~ V oj.J~dJ~ .;)~ ~e1!JlitJel.)ok
t..~Mocad,)~d. Mel e;o~eoil ~d~~;:S)ok M .L ~Jod ~o"e.!~.)~e~
(m~dcsOlt)/'I 'M e;o'(.J' .;)ol:S.> Zv1ZJ~}~). .as ~mll5drfo:l)~, f;:S
M~v ;rJ;j.)~ tm.) M ejt\~ d, e!ri M J. o:1.)j (Be) 0:1.)~ >!~ci~ 'iJdJoSol
(1/,,/3, -1/\1/3, 1/V3) ~)od ~;J')F~~~ ~~;ey~:J~o:1Jf)t\iZ.
m;jF ~'do:J.)/'I

([») M .L 00)) V oj.) t..o~ tJ\);s~~.)~ o:ir;;1\d.

~~orZd, X ;:i.)!2. Y Ii~J M.L rZ~d~ 0, e!K (X, Z) = ( Y,Z)

:= 0, M ;:S~d:J~ .;)~ Z Ii('~. e!d", Ood lv( ~~d:J~ .J~ Z Ii~~,
=
(aX + bY,Z) a(X,Z)+ b( Y,Z) = 0 ~~Olt)'" M.L d~ 0 ~d.
e!w", oorZ M J. t..od) ~~~~.)~om"'t5.

tJ\)mz6d~oj.)~ f ~ Mc;l~~;j.)~~ ;:bi~ ~dd t)o~eoj.)

~::j~~, R S
~~"" ~QF'o~mru~d,}.

RS~~ X ~t~}! ~ri f ~ PiA"i

7:;;i)~ o,i.)~ y "ad,)~~ ;$.)~
. . (ti) f is !IJi~. ~~a:.;cd,) t)o~tcm .~d~ Z ~!$.);$~. X ~~~
X",,· Y + Z Wi~d~ ~j~~;nr. ~b~t.l~Q).
 2t9"

X=a(1/v'2, 1/v'2, O)+b(-l/v'S, l/V6, 2Ivl)+c

(1/v/3, -1/v'3, ltv';;) 'woti), (3) Ood !~O~Q~;!' Y-a
(1h/ 2, 1/v'2, 0) + b (-1/v'6~ I/v6 , 2/V~&lj Z-c',
(/1 Vir, -l/y3, I/y3) "Joti) 'ai.3~'lf~~~v~~· ,ttd y;i)~ Z
iI~~ (G) ~~~ ~()~~;!. esn (6)~... m~F.y~oilimru~d~.
'lf~r'ld,)~~ eru~~;)!.onlr'l~, '
(7) M ~&l...; M J. n~~ ~;m~t3onlr'l !~~~ xlO!~~... ;:1.r.l!,
~oQ;!.
~l¥odd, M ~~ X ~dQd ~~~~ M.L d~ X ~I:;.td, un (X,X)
= 0, ~odd X=,o ~()~o~~ (6) d s"03~( ~;!~~o,i) 13G
~~F ~}~d~~ t11'\~.. '

~oS.lto$) 15. V 00.)) ~~F~ t1o:ir.>::l)eOO.;onlr'ldQd ~~~~

V OO~ t..od) wlixl~.)~~oj.;) M t1r'1dQC!, un M~~ y ~Q.)~;;:
~~~.?, M.L d~ Z ~d.)~~, V OO)~~ ~.!~od.) xlo~ X~~#,.
X= Y + Z Mlid~ ~'lf~~onlf\ ~MLxl~~.)~.
m~~ : {Xl,·X2, ... , Xk} OO~ Mfl t..o~ ~~donlf'ld().
V ~~J.. {X ',X 2 , ••• ,X"} '.e, ~~d~>tl ~~o~& ~.)~~:~;i1'-~ta'".J
'e~00')F::l9Cl(.d~~~ e(:.icd~M. 'Q~.) Z' ~ {XI, Xl, ... , Xi}od,;.
t..o~ ~em~~ xlo~e~~o:ir.>l'\O.:l~O" V n'Wod.:l xl~~ljo~eOO.; U9t>C
{Zl, Z2, ... , Z"} ~~J.. '!¥~ti.:l~l!l. M ~~ {ZI, Z9, ... , Zk}
o,i).:l t..~M~~~t5 ~~~ u 'lff)ot"WOod M ~ t..oti) u~oonlr'ld "Joti)
.!eo:lJ<>F~xl.:l~~;!. M.L ~ {Zk") Zk;9, ... , Z"}~.:l t..o~
~GlCldonll'\d "Joti~ onloxl~~C;!. V ~~ X ~O(). un ~n 3 d (8)
Ood X=(X,Z')Z'+(X,Z2)Z2+ ... +(X,zn)Z". MJ. d~
X ~dQd un (X, Zl) = (X,Z2) = .. , = (X-Z k) = O. ::ldr.J(~.)
O!Olf\(X,ZI) = (X,Z2) = ....... (X,Z") = 0 ~r'ldQd, un {Z', Z2 .
... , Zk} 00;) om~de ae.mi8,~ xlo~(~~" ~odd, M ~~d,)~
ods.l~t5( xlO~.e X votJonl,M.:l~~. UOQOod M .L d~ X ~d wOC:;~
~e~.;)~~, (X,Zl)=(X,Z2)-= ... ~(X,Zk)=0 worZ.:l ~N.:.
~~ X _(X,Zkll) ZkH +(X,Zlt;l) Zld2+ .... + (X,ZII)
220
zn wot;» ~~~~.,.;)~~ ~O~(. ~dQPo!Z {ZkH, ZH2~ .. ':

Z o}~;) M .L e5~~ ~~F'~!o~ ~.~ ~eJo~e~~tld,)~Q.ood

~o~eJo~~~"P; ~ocid {ZkH, Zk+ lI, ... , Zn} ~ M.L r
~od.l t'~~,,!. .
V~~X'at:lQd, fjli X==(X,ZI)ZI+(X,Z%)Z9+ .•. +
U
(X, Zk)Zk + (X, Zktl) Zk+l + (X, Zk+2)Z.k + ... +
(X,Z~)Z". Y=(X,ZI)ZI+(X,ZIl)Z2) + ... +(X,Zk
Z" ~;)~~ Z = (X,ZkH) Zkl1 + (X,ZI<-I9)ZI<+% + ... +
(X,ZO)Z" fjMe':). eli y~ M ($~, Z 0.1,);) MJ. ci~~ ~~
X _ y + Z. Y , ~;) M ~~~~~ ~S:>.J Z t ~ M J. t:I~~~~
X= },,+Z' el'\r;S}, eli ~~~~t)(:$!::loci y- yl:::Z' - ~
womru~~. wri~~ M ~~~; 'ZJt)~Ii~ M.1 ~i2iS. (7) 00.
Y ~ Y I ~;)~_, Z ::: Zl wod:> .!~;5.rdF~~~~e~.

~~~rl~: ~o:S:>{~ 150 m~~~,) (il) ;S~~~ (tI) d M~~r1'

~eo m.~F !je~ocw;;:J,)I'I~. ~!::l~ y ~(:$~ M· 'ado 03~(e':)~ X (
~eJo'ZJ~ ~od) ~~oo~)~~d ~;)'i,)~ Z ~~~ M J. d o:S:J(e':)(:$ X;
3:I)eJo~(:$ ~or;S:J ~dOO;);)s;l....od. e. ~d~~e(:$ R3(:$~ ~~a eoio~ rbt
t)t.l...~(:$~ ~3:I~t"~, M ~;)~~ M J. ~!~od;) eN~~~:J~e.lIi~
~~Lcm" X ~~~ ~~f't~L~~dOod y ~:J~~ Z Ii~~)~ ~c-&'
~e;S wo'ZJ ~o:l0:3)o"d...;;:J,)d m~:J,:).MOO;) ~oli!fi ~~:JrutQl~I'I~. (lot
Ii(:$;) ~d~:J~ ~t)~ tJ~li~ot:$ ~oes.~~~~:J.) ~r?~OO) 3 d
eem~e,~ ~0~:J,:)f"1ie; ;3t:$rI~~ ~t)ot.l~ ~o~~~~ ~~ooi:
~~)~ omaml'liS. .

~)ee':)~ m9~ooJ~ ~ed ~oa) ~~<o~Ii~~~ ~o{JL~mn~. di

M"", k ~:J'!~ dim V -11 ~l'\dQe, eli dim M J. = n - k wO:
~eo;r.l~~~; ~odd, .

l8) dim V "",dim M+dimMJ.·

 w~~ .Jllt~;:$.l~ rTa~ 22L
~~~d 4.~ ~alQ~~ ~tf\d

(!f) (MJ.)J.=M. ,",odd M~ t>o~fa» ~f~ t)o~toi.

.15~ M.~l'\tt

~ocSd {Zl ,ZS, "" zn} o:Sl.l, M~ {Zt, Z', .. " Zk}
2..0~.) .et~d ~1'I~o" ~~e,)o~cj~~I'\~~ V tI 2..od.) e1~dQ3i"
~ d, ~1iM J.tI { Z II; +I, Z k H, Z n} cd~ 2..o~) e1~om;l'\d ,;)O~J
Meo~ml'\t~L M J. tI 2..0~.) ~tjlCld~ {Z HI, Zk+2, "', Zo.}
~M,)~ol V r'l 2..o~.) ~~,)e)O~ecdJ ~~d~ {ZI, Z2, .. " Zn}
el'\~d, ~1i (M J.)J. 1'1 {Z I, Z2, .. " Zk} cd.).) t..oc:il ~~c:
~I'\~ oJot:b .!eo::5s.lFtJ~mr\~~~,), ~~dr;t) ~(~~1i~~~ 'G..~~l\r~~~;,
~~Oo~ (0) Md~,)~o,

M 1 '"'~~ :J;:lCl~~~Oor;:l M ~~... :J~o~~~doc:il rut'Ql~~~F'(9)

~etal,)~d; ~oC:;d,M J. ~~d)~ ~_;~~OC:;.) y~ (X,Y) =0 ~I\O,)~oi.
V o:.l.)~d.)~ oJ~ X 1i...~ ~o~~~ M ~I\~, ~rj",!led *~.)tI VO:h
~,)~(J~ 'G..od.) Uo;!O'!f rut'Se)eJ<Ol~ ~~ti~~~d (V ~OF"1t ~~
:JJeoo.)) ~Ii MtI 2..0~ ldtjlCld~~.)~ ",on MJ.. 1'1 'G..o~ utjlClc
~~.)'" ~,ml,)~dooo, V cd.) 2..01:$') w~~~,)~e.l Me~", :J~O~eJ~c:il.
~ o?(JJr.)o~;:l~~ ~~~cd.) 1 o~ Rn mr-. jtJ;)~ L;zimr-.~2..i e~ RD.~­
'G..orj,) W~;zi;3)~o:.l).), 'G..orj,) o::5s.l~'lfoo,) l:)~~a ~~,)~o:.l,)o~ e~
'G..od,) o:ir.l~v 400') u~ m(J~ ;zi;:l,)~e.lcj,)o:l :;l';:$o~~ti~~,)do~ ;M~O~
m~,)i,). (eQiiz'c;i) 1 d ~Ii 3 ~,')d.. ~ell,)

~~,)e~ 15 d "&~",od,') i'So~~;:$,)~ tfr,;1l'\~o.!d:

M~ ~.)e~ X ~ ~t>o'W~ V cd,)~ ~o~o, rut'&t>~ OoC:; ,

(10) ~~~r3~~~d.);:l eo~dr;$ ~dr\~~ X tI e5~O~ ;t:i~;r;;
~I'\~, M ~~d,);:l ej ~4~ 'd ~~I'J~"~,

y ~ M. ~ ~~~ X~ ~Vo~Q3il'\dC ;i.)!~ M J. ~ ;S.)e~

X ~ ~t)02J~ Z ~Tld(). un x=- y + Z· M~~~;:l o:iJi)~t3{
~O!"~ yn ~I'\d(), ~n (Z, y) _ (Z, yl) =O. Y;t: yt wod~
 222
~~~"'~"'JVCQ. ~Ii IY- ylj2>O~~IX- Yl I2 ,_'IX_ Y"
+ y_ Y!1 2 : : (x- Y + y- yl, X- Y+ Y.- Yl);:
(Z+ y- yl, Z + y- yl) :: (Z,Z)+2(Z1 ,y- yl) +
,(y_ yl~ y_ yt) :: IZP+IY- yll!l> IZI!l-IX- Y12.
~~ ( 10) ~~ mQ;t;l~~ 10) "'oJ t..oztl (S~d ~9(Sah~-. 4~~)
ct (
~~ mQ~; ~~~" ~03~ecm 15 ~~ ~Q;t$v~ trolS~tt\~O.

~ ~lid~ eo.!;:l~ cp~~ozoj~ (4 ) d tuo~ ~;:1F ~}~dCQ~M.

f om V oj,) ~~~ 03e>~~~;t;l~ ~d.>;:l tuo~ ~~:J~-;:1.}"OltOl~ i
o~m\~ dc;:SF~~f\dt). e:Jri

(11) ~~~(/)5,1.
=
V oJ~~d~;5 oJ~ X Ii~n f (X) 0 ~t\~Qd, e11i N<l~~ (I) = 0
~ciQeoci V 'c.·h~d~;:! o:m~mcidJ<) X n f (X) = a -::j:. 0 oJoO~~
'I!'~"'.P/t"Ol. b ciJ~ om~t:le ~~:J~ ~o~o:mf\df!). e11i
! (b/a)X) = (bla)! (X) = (b/a)a ~ b
~~ (1 1) ~~ ~Q~~t:I. f ~ pJJ<)t~ ;t;l;:!~~eJ~ M e1Mf!) ;5;)~~
V crl~) ~f";&eJ tjom:J~~ciJ~I"\dO. t;1i 33)03~(crl) 8 Ooci,
(12) f -::j:. 0 e1M~Qd, e1li i!'J<)~~i (f) = dim M = dim J/ - 1.

ikli V crl~) tuoci) tjo~O~ rut"Olt)t.lQ (X, Y) crl)~~ ~oe~

~O~ ~~~'!jJil"'.P/t"Ol ;5:l'i~ M ~ e,)o~eciJ ~d~~ MJ. t;MCl.
(13) f ~o t;f'\ciQd, ejlidim MJ...". 1.

'Qci) (12) ;5:l~_, (8) Ooci ,.c...~~c.

I
XI crl;).)MJ.ci~C", XI-::j:.O. e1li I(X )7'-O.
M ~i2 X 1 ~dt!t~li)~t:b. ~~ 17"'-3 :JM(Qml'\~.
yl = ! (~) X~ ,
, IX'll'
 223
~~ M 1. d~ yl '&13. V oi)~~;:$ oili>~r3f ~~~ X,t,1l\dC. t1~
=
Y O'!~ M (S~;,1.)~ M J. ~~ Z '&dl~~ X Y + Z wod.) t.)d~
&.)~~. M J. ~~ 2..0~ etam~:l~ Z 'ad:l~dOod Z = aX! woQ')
!'it:::li:3Q t03. a .\:J(S~? X = Y + a Xl 'a~d l'o~O'd ro~m.)Q ~../,
~~
X'
~d~ inci)1fJOl~~ ~,)~~ (X 1, y) "'" 0 wo2.l ;rSon.!~~~
eJ\)~o3.r.I~I'IM. 'adOod

f ~c::~ e:lC::.::p~J~ 03~~2,; Y~,) MC::~i:3 wo2.l ;rSoli.!~~"" eJ\)~c~tl\

M. M~

f (X) "" f (Y)+ ~~;i f (XI)

= {X-,-~J.f(XI)
IX1)2

"'" (X, ..LIKiF

(X'l, X) = (X,
\
Y t).

(14) et~QOOQ V ~~~~ w~ Xr\~~ f (X) = (X, yl)

tt I\d.l~oi to. oci) ;rjO~ YI '&~.

~ ;P!)~o~;:$~.... 2..oQ,) ~~,)fcj,)dot ~~b;r$.)~i&:l.3 ?l~') ;:$~e.>

'fS.s;,a.3~M:I.

Ib~f!~ 16· V oj),) ~F'~ ~Qlr.);)')fo:l:l~71~d. V crl>

03,)f!)~ t..oQ.) ~~~~-~O~C~. dCm"'~ iS003.F'~~ f
et f\d d .;i)~ (X, Y) ~ V ~ ~(t')t1 t..o~ t1030~ ro~e.>ZJ
Q
;n~~, etn· i:V ~~d,);$ .;)~ Xzj"~ I (X)= (X, }")
~r.~~ r~~ IooO~ ~~" ~-;y~~..
 224
;nQ~' frO ~t\~Qd, Y I = 0 ~~~=QO. f:;!; 0 "I\~d,
erl ( J 4), Y' rs e;~ ~.d;3~)J. l~~o~~!s. V (dl~ w~ X n~n
(X;yl)~~(X,y2) . .:JodJ '&iJiI"~\'I.R¥t£$.. ~rl ;rjo'fle:JrlOorjy
O'3)~cJ.)o::! ~~ X li~~ (X, y 1_ Y 1) .... O. ~t.;:n1\ (Y I - P,
yl_y2)=O t,;rn~t:::ootS ¥,=Y2. 'a~ Y'~ tl.a~~,~~
i.r.JfO~J!. ~.

~~tt\~::.: Y' c. \"-\~') ~l\~~~, ~'C.) ,,,,-\-e. t~

~;::jF:!, f¥fcro~fle. ;;r;rJoS:;tro~ (13) d~~; ~ozj~ j' (j Mi
~N.:J~, a.v eJo::.Jfai; ,;;jr;Crft:f eYcdJ;y;:iJ~ 1 ~,,{j. ~/( If ;$:;(o:jJ 15~l
~"A
tWA7~,J11.-Y~atJ.:JV,
".,: .,..{ t'l-i7tYbi rif'da7.i'/J ;:.; :5;!';fcdJ.
..I/,~_r~ev
14~~ a\)ti~ff\~z.l~m1\~.

X= y + (X, X'lxl
IX'Jl '
~e?
m
YoJ):; X 1;1 e;ot.)~f\d; e;;odd yoJ).) M (SIDd.
M
~d~ot:l;1
;;~F~ e:!o:m,:>;)e~)iro;) ~ZJFOQ;:5~~ ~~1\~o:J ;Jfld,)~'dZJ05)d.):

(X, Y) o:b.) Jl ® ;:S;)~~rs 'Ouo~:l t;o;!O'd ib~~~;;:r.,Mej.

f ~ M~~ 1:l;3~he.Jo:S) tJot:leoo;) ~d'd~ t;otr.l;3) 1 (:l~
mfcloCl~;3o:J V ~ ;3.)eej~ 2..0t:::l ;;:r.,~OJ'd-~O~("t ~
(If)) d~:;Ot® ~C;3~F'(S~ f e:!1\CO. t5li V ~~O:J;3 o)~
X li-:n f (X) ':::. (X,X I ) t,;1\d~;3oj V ~~ t..om ~"v:e
1:l0~ y I ... ~.

;3.).)oOtS ftjCllid ~~~;t1li<~ 'V~.)' ~F~ t,;O"'_.j.)~tc:3JOJ.)I'I~

O~Q e, (J [)) c~ "fcl~CJ;30:J ... ~", "t)~ ~t.:FO~~~", ;SJc)~t:
~o~ ~~~(cil 16 ~\Olf)I'I~;:SoC~ ~tO;rJ~ilro~~.

~ ~(c:h 16d ZJ~

;::.; ,"
t...o\i) w~>otfo:h ~~.
w
ev
....,
';~!.}J~;:
..,
yl oj.)~ Vc:3J.i!l)tlJ~ t.fo.O~ ro~V~1Z "~-6~ ".}f~ e;$~o~~
~~. ~ x,
y ~ ~"V'~ ;t,fO;S" ~"Lot$)· "tI~ ~nt)c.;
i
~t\C::Q 0, ~li ~;;» (X);" {. X, Y2 } , y ®~tb;1. .,)~ X n~~
 226
I~;:loi two~ ~"J! ;(Olll yl tS~.. ~()~~Q~t,)~.:l~. mw!,"
1'1 y 1 # Y', ~dd r..od.) tro~~drlo~~<# ~~~~ii~~ 'lfmi
~~~.

V = Rn ~.:l~~ (X, Y) Qj~ Rn ;:3,)e!)~ (:lc:h~ t'o~O~ ro~

; ;:)olhd.);:l ~ifO'l ~o~t;lF'd~, ~,;:3*rl.) I ()~~ ~z3,) (3tdmn
.,J M -' ~ 'tJ
~o-a~t,)~d,). ~d~~ n == 3 ~M.)~ ~odt;lF"d~ ~~o~~.)!e;:3. R3
e~ m~~~;:,j~~ 2..>od.) Qj'OI~~~-o:!.5'OI0l~.:>~ df~t;~e.~ lSO;:l~F'~O~
:jMO ;::b~~ A~.) f ~ o:m~v t¥cmMO. ~li A c:h.) a x 1
liS ;:l.)~~ AI. ""'.f ( I, 0, 0), All = / (0, I, 0) ;:l.)s~ All =1
,0, 1) til'\~. Mn I(x)'v' z) =
I( X (1, 0, 0) + Y
,1,0) + Z (0,0, l)=x/(l, 0,0) + y/(O, 1,0) +
((0, fJ, 1) = AIIX+ A 12 y+ Anz = «x, y, z), (All. All'
13))' e;;r'~oot:: (All' At!' A t3 ) 00.).) ~.J;:3.)tcj.) HiC:~ "~~~~l:L;:l
• ;:,j~S;:)olI'\~. ~ed o:tr.l~.)li~~ O:;t~.)~mdd V = R:l ;s.)~~ (X. Y)
)) ~o::b~ tio~O'tf rot'Q)IUt.l'"';;rt)I'\d.)~li, ~~.:leoo.) Hi C~ ~Jil~~}~.Jd:;::i
1 00.).) R!I ~~d.);:l twod.J ~~r:loi ;rSoiiti~~~d.);:l f ~ ~~e)~
i.l~0J.)1'It3! RnM ~~f ;lOTc)O~~ ~~~oo.);;rt)ru~~, ~;3\)f~
) d t:lc'.:r.l~~ ;:b~,j ~~~~.) ~ ~ej~o1?J;:l~tI.. ~tJ~n~~ M~r:l~
!fl~~tJ.

n~aC ~~c::hr:l~, V OO.:l ;:3.)e~ ori~~~~~ t..o~ m~~=e -

~~e~ ii &m~~ a:lo;.S~F'~ol>~~ t"oti} l5e~ ..r; ~~ce~t!.eo;Sl)
,~~ V Q'h ;:3.)e!)~ l5el1:ril __r; ~z ..Jod.) 'lfdoj,J.)~o. vem
bfc!l~ ..J~ de:tJtol> ;l$~fo.i)li~ ·;:,jo~~;::i~~ e~e~~t) V"~od
:o~e!~J~e;$. V·~~~ f ;l.J~~ g~ ~!~ two~ ~~~~ ;:,jo~
,n {/+g} X=f X + gX~~ .{a/}X ~ a(f X).~oti}
);:lO~J~dood ~~ V" o:3J~.J,.. t..od.J ~Z!i ~~~~eJ ~~;:;jo()r:l ~o'lffO!~
.;~~. & ~6~&d~ V·oil~, V oil ·w~ (m~~oQ,.
~o~.)"\.) .~'" ~o~ '!~c.s. V ~ ~(eJ~ t..~d.J t1o!O'd
~£9WQ"-d mtr$,ml'l Jt... ~~;::i ~~~o!:$.) f ~~~. V C'h~~
{.9
 226

f.,ocJ) ;rj~!J yl tJod '5~tJ(tllS'eJz5JlSod:J ~~~fOOJ 16 000 .!~~,

fJdJ~lS. (VOO)) mo~ e.1o:3J;):J~foj~~f'lzS woZJ~d.> e5~~Zof~). ~
'~~.!~~'~ tlo:1.)&, z..:~~rt 'tftlOO~F"d~ o::i~e.>?r~!~f'I~ ilW1:jlCld~~"
O'J~do~'d :;)me3lj)F1~ V*~ at;!~~~t::l~ Mot::le.> eruobOJro~t::\Ooc:
'V*fi zdf1FojJfi~ ~ ~cier.;ro~dJ.

1. Rn ~Jfej~ ;,~ fjo~O~ ;i,)~?)~;j~)J. eru~~m.2J,

~~hd)o:1 R"'fS AI erolJlS;j)~/i~ ~)'lo~~ozji:! e)o~eoj,)
~d~~~~ ~od.) lrJ~05,)O.

(a) {(I, 0,1), (2, -1,1)} ~)o;:::; ~:;)Jr;tj~~ R'~~

~i,)lJ;tjo:1):"e.l M ~T\~.

(b) x + y - z + w "" o· .:b;;~ 2 x = y t"'\d,)o:1~,

(x, y, z, w) ~~3:lt::\ .:J~ ;tjo~rt~ozj ~M,)o:1, R4(S
ero~;:lo:1)lll~c:$,)J M ~T\~.

~c) XI + X 2 + ." + Xn = °~f'lO,)~~ (Xl' X 2, ... , Xu)

c~:.lzj .:J~ ;:l~~rt~ozj fjl\O,)o:1 Rn~ eru:.l;:l~)~iJcrl,),)

M~T\~·

(d) {(1,0, 1,1), (1,0, -1, I)} 05')ot:l

R4~ ero~~;:5')~oj,JJ M ~"c.'J.

(e) 'If~M,)~zjo l']~tS~ ;:l;5,)l>.!iJc:$,),) M ~T\c.

[31 0 112J1 .
0

2. R 3 tS a..o~ tI\)~~;:j,J~o:h,) M ~f'ld.J~~ ;:j.)~ R3 oh>

~~ ~o30" rutW~;:j~~ ~ol.:)d.J;:j~, M~ ;:1.)3~ M,L~
t..odJ ~J()O~(oiJ tf~~"'" ~o~ lI;)l)~JO.
 tNd",. ~~~~ ~~ m~ 227

r 01]
(8) iv:M~~dc ar.~. ~oi:l~cm M e1r\CI

1 -1 2.
2 1-1

(b) r (1, 1, 1) r~~od ~:J~F;::J~~ W~~~~~<m)

M~r\CI.

(c) X+ 2y+ 3z =0 ~M~~o~ .;:)r:l (X, y, Z) Ii<

;::Jo~~~ M ~f\r!I.

3. 2...o~ eru~;::J~~~~ O!Ol~~~J'i)d 2...od~ ;::JOrJd ~e>02.J~~~...

1iCQ)~ ~d~~ 2...od~ :Jtj)rl~~~~ ~~ec:S) If, d m~~<m~
~J'O~r!I. R3~~e()~ ~~ ~o;§O~ ruCQ)e>2.JQ~~'" eru~o~er\~
~J'Ood) ~~~;::J 2 d M eru;rl;::J~~~iiV:J ~!~odd ~)e~
( 1, -1, 0) <m ~e>02.J~ii~~~ ~oubool'loo.)~) ;:k :J~~
~~'" eru~~ef\M.

4. ((X.,yP Zl)' (X2'h,ZJ)=X IX2 +(XI+YI)(X2 +Y2)

+ (XI + YI + Z,) (X2+ Y2+Z2) ~od ;;n~~IB;::J~~
~o;§O~ 1i.)CQ)e>2.J",~tl.)", R3 e. ~o~O~ ruCQ)
~oOdej.
e>2.J",~tl~ eru~~ef\,"~~oG~,
~~a;::J 2 d w~;::Joi:l~li~
~!~odd €)o~eo:h ~d~li~n 2...od) ;::J~)e>o~~<m li:jtj)rld
~tl~ ~odJlxll'l~)O.

5. ~~~;::J
1:1
4 dO
m
R 3 ~eejtl ~o~O<5 rut'QV2.JQ ~tl.)_......
eru~~e1\,",
~~~;::J 2 d eru~~~~tl~<.) M ~.!~odd ;3.)e~ (1,-1,0)
<m ~vo?)tl~tl).,_ 'domoo~~O.

6. f (X,Y,Z) = 3x-y ~od R3 ~)e~ 0!0l~:e~;::J~~ 0!0l~:J~

. oiJ"flej~e~ 3 dem~e.~ ~O~~F~~ f ~Mej •.
(a) (X, y)<mJ ~~ ~o~o~ roCQ)~?)Q OJt)l'\dQ 0, f (X) =
(X, Y) ~M~~o~, RStl~ ~odS·~!S y'<m~",
~oli)~I'l~.)o.
228-
(b) ~~~~ 4 d~ "~d~~. ejo.ofl ru£lV~~ (X, y
61'\ttd j(X) ..,,(.N, Y) til'\~~o', Re~~ tood,
~Q~ .y cm($J" tfo~~cmO. (UIf#: eO!5:
t..ot:» y ai>~cI" tfoltl&l$~~cji~ tood,) ~tl~(iltl
~oileoil 16 d m9cSoj,)~ ~.r.~~.J

7. V 01).) ~'d ::s; 2 d z.l~~n9 ~~~\rl.r.)l\d~. (I, g)~

(I g) = f J: (t)g.(t) dt ~o~ m~~.~~~, V 00)
;3J~t>tl e:1o~of1 r\)t';t)e.l ~t'ldC.
'i)

(a) {1 + t} ~oQ ~:J.)F;l;::~~ et\JrlXi;$J~sJoj.) vo~ec:b

~d!ftfitt 2.;~ ~VQ~fol> e1rti*~(il" tfo~
laza~JO.
,
(b) (a) ® e1\)~~::/'I9J ~.!~o~~.! ;:r.,~:)oiJdl'\ ('I,

e~~ ~~~JvO.

(c) T f -=1 (2) o')~o~ 0T.l~:!l~~~~ V Qi) ;i)~!1~

de.m~'If ~O;::ilFl~~~ T e:11'\C(l, T f ::..~ (I, g)
~~oj v ~~ t..oru ~ g ~~.... ~oll,)
'b;.14CO:lO.

8. (X,Y) c:h) VOO~ ~.)e()~ 2.;ocj.) e1o-:4o~ ~~Vt.l ~t\cC.

. Q

(a) VJ.= {OJ ;::J~~ {O}.1""V.,.)o~ ~eoM>.

(b) vo~~O-»0d~c ;n~m6(l~~" &lf~ ~~o,:lt.}l:6~.
. V oj,) ~~~f w~m~ M e:1MC (1iIC.:I ~~~~ f1
ml'\ W~~;l.)~o:ir.ll'\d~t~~n. M t3~t»i.':i w~ y
n,,~. <X, y )::;: 0 e11'\~;::o"i V crh~~;:: w~ X K~
~o~~.M J. ~I\C$. Voil t..oc:b w;rS~;::::l~cjJ')
MJ. e:11'\r3.
(c) V ~ iIRoa t1~:;)jcci>m1\d~ ~32.. ycrlJ t..o~
wl.!nt';~ M t1M()~ Af CJod ~:J.)f~~~ Wal
 22tJ

~~ (M J. Y ~F\CI wo~ ts.~o~o. [uti.,;

M ~od ~~F'~~ w~~rJ~ M t emdIO.
Mtl. = M'J. ,.)o~ ts.~o~o ~~~ (g) ~~ .rut:
~tt\M.]

(j' (X,Y) ~ v 00;) ~;)e()~ 'l..oQl ~o~O'! ru~e.JtJ... ~M().

(a ) 'IJ~F\~ m~l'!~~~ ;tWill tl'-O.

21X-' i(Y + ZW+lIY - ZI2=IX- yp+

IX - Zp·
( b) X ~od Y F\d,)~ ~o~o~ X ~od Z ~ ~d)O::: ~oi~
d~e 'ad(). Y:;t Z ~F\dQd, Y ~q10J.l zrt~G
-&~O~M ?:ledl HY + Z) X ~ e:1~oi ~!.c1onF\:!,
tMdeS ; ta)oi)~d..l~ m~'!~~~ wil3~Jf)ft\.t.IO'J
l c) V oo)%(d:.o:l 'I..0~:' Le~~.)tjI~ ~£9~) M ~Mej, F
~~rh~, ~~~ M ~~ ~~oro~ 'I..oru ?:lo~,J;;i ..\"
~F\O(). X ~ e:1\oi ~:!.dmM.)o:l '!~~:;) 'l..oC)
?:loru 'ar3 ,.)o~ uto,"o, [~..ra"iC: (b) w~
~eF\"'o,]

10. V OO:.~d)~ 'I..0~:' tle~o:l.)tjI~~~~ M ~M(). M ~~ 'I..e;'

Mo~ro;;:s 'l..odl dem~o~t:! ~l~?:loru~ X tjF\dO~Qt,
M~~~ 'l..om ~oru X ~~~ M ~ ud~eo~ ,.)ot:{;
,!doo)m~)~r3. ~odd M ~~dlo:l Y ~.)i:.. Z rI~n
X -l( Y + Z) ~F\dQd ~t:!l X= Y o:l.)~~ X== Z ,.)o?:)
dt:!:.._ ~tJoQM~. D oj.)~dlo:l X ~ ~~ M ~~d..l~ }'
~.)~ Z~, X"" i( Y + Z) ~F\dQd, Mt:! t..ot:!l Wz$rI~
D OOl~~ M t:! 'l..O~ "d:»e~ WGn" wo~ 'ddo::~
~fl~m; y o:l.)i~ Z ri~,) D oj.)~;! wot.);)d~~ ~eJO~l
"lCl; ~ot:!d, D ~~o.}o:l ~ot:!lri~.) D oj,)~ 'a~d,)~ },/
~~d..lo:l d~~n~ o:l.)tt3~o~ri~rimda1.
, ,
230·'

(a) x 2+ yZ ~ 1 e1f1ro~Oif R2~~ruo:1 ~~ (x, y) Z3oz:l;)

Ii': Ii~~ Gd~.) ~o~Ii~~~ t!o~ &:lta~o.

(b) ":'i Sx~ 1 ~)!2,; O~ys3 ~t\dJ~~ R2{S~{S w~

(x,y) ~ot:brl(o~ ~I\d,}~ be(:l~,}~~rI~~ MejM!J.
M (d UC:J.)~ojJ ero~rI~rI~(d~ 'doz].)!oG~,}O. '

(c) V C~J~ro~ 2.>0d.> ~f(:l~.)~~rI~~ M ~M(I. V ai>

~)e~ ;;n~~~~e.lej ,2.>o~ ~~~~-~~~e~ ~
dem~~bt! ~o~aFr:soo~,} f e1M(I. M ($ ~ee.3 f
2.>ot:b 1iO~(;) t5e!ai>~~ l!!~ooi3 ..Jod,) ~~~
i~~.RoVf~; iQo~d, M ~~0.l;:5 ,.J~ X rI~n f X 02:
f X ~flroo::ioi M ~~ ~o~ ~o~ Xo ~d. & =
f X e:m~· f X = b eJ 1\d,J~o:i .AI ~~dJo::i w~
0

'l:Jo~)ii~ ;:k~~ y, ~~ M~ Gd;:.)eo~) ~'\)~ii£Q)

~ l'\iS wod.>
I
~eo~o.

(d) .f (x,y) = 3x+:!y O::,}~2.. g (x,y) = tj y ejf\d(l.

(b) 03Jr;: ~~~dJ;j :'f~;:',Jij5~ rl~ M ~M().
f'g O::.)~~ g-3 f ri~) M ~ ~J~ej es~r(cj rlO~
~~oj)(d~ ~J'OoQcbo::i~, M~~ (x,y) ~oc3)li"'(d~
'dotil,Jz.g~~Jo.

11. {XI, X\ ... , Xk} ~~J V ~?2d~~ ~l!JrI~ ~O~)

;J;lo~~ WO~J ~tJlt~.n~.R/~. {X I, X 2
, .'" Xk}
~.)ot:l c.>QFO~~~ ~erS~Q6 f.)~~~~,.).aOOJ,) 1~ i
::;/\ ~X120 ~,}4t~ X t i"'X 2 + ·"+x.= I ~MJO::oi
_~~ X =X,Xl+XZX2+ ... + xkX"li~ ~o~a:l~T\d .
•
(a) {X I, X2, "', Xk} o:J.:.o~ ~QfO~~~ Le(do::iJQi)
~~~m~ .!o:l,)~ t..oth Le~~J~6liCOl~fld ';;'ot:b
,3JilfOM. . •

(b) {(1, 1), Ch 2), (-1,2), (-2,-4), (h- 5 ),

U' -1) } ~~d c.>~F'o;:J~~ :.)e~~.)~~ ZJ~~~~
 23.1

't.!ajJ~~ :J~e~o~J f..ot:ll ~~~~?,., ~ec..~o.

(c) rXI, X!, ... , Xk} d))O~ ~tjSFO~tl \~ Lt~~~l':{_

.J zJ ~
~c6;)~;)m~~~~~ M ~rlO(). . 'iftO::tl c~r;J~mCM
i,l s; is kf.. X = XI '~I'\t::lQ d oiJtl~ M ~ UO~)
~oc1~~ X e:tl\~ ~O~) iMOM.

(d) ?,T.lli (c)oj)~d:J;joj M ~d(!) ~)i2,. V o:b ~)el>~

?.O~ ml~:J~-o::iJ~!)e3e~3' d~JO'iI~~ ~O;jidf~oj):) f
el'\de7J. M ~ ~)et3 f ~ ~~oj») o::Ltl~m~c'..r.
X',l S; i S; k ~ ir.Ieo.!Jo.
[Mt.'f~: i? l~,
;::.)~2,. Xi?' 0 ~
"'"".'"', ""'''' .. +X.X2+ ... +
','1 ...

XkXk o:i~'!2,. Xl +' . 1,:=1 tJl\'i.d, e:tli

f(X»f(X 1 ) & o?e7J~o~~
de~eoo) ~~i'S ~o~
]
(e) ~rl (b) oj)~d)o:i K~~ M'!1l'\oO. ~Ii (d)~~).i..
w~~u\~, M ;3)ee7J~ f
(y,y) = i\x - Y ~;),,~
g(x,y)=:~y lie} KO~<rI ;:S)!2,. ~~~Ii.l ~~M~~

. .
.e. ~~Ii~~ de.:u~:ge.~ iSO~:J:)FIie} e5~e?0J,)~;:S~~ ~o:S~ecj~_l(j d
~a;iCJOO~eo~ o:is.lamrl:)~t:l~. ?.O~J ::::O!1 ~~:)~eJ V 00:) ~:)tl>~ ?.OCSl
te::;Ol~J.. ~ ~C~~)F'oj~~, ?.o~:) tJoio~ rI~~e,)~ Ma~ 'm~f~oQ'
.,.. 1Ol. oJ

~o~ 'ffdo:1~~~O:= ?.o~ a3Jd]:S de.;eecm ~O"'t:)~Foj~~~ m:e~:e~J!.~

.JoO) ir.l~o~b!t~. .e. ~~ GO~:J:)F'oj:)) ?.o~ ~e} ;:m,l(IIl" t:);jcl'i
cl~~:.~ ~~~2.. rl~~eoj:) .~mQ0.!'" ~.)~ 1i(t~Ie.~ ~d~~~~
~oe~•.wd~-~~~tS t.o~:. wm~cdo.5.ntl~ ~~4r.t~.
 232

T~':l R2 ~(~~ t..orn dt.m~e,~ aSood~~F'crlr.lM~ ~~~

,A =[~ ~]~~
T o:b o:lJoJ ~ "c:iltlI\OC. ~ rl,

( 1) T(x,y) =(X"yl\'&~~~i3v [~ S] GJ = [~]

t;1\~d ~~.

T o~at:3 ~~~~~oiJOQ"~~ t..om ~O~:J':lFOOJJ ra~M~~

:JolO~~}'b' T!;t~~~~'I\~.
OocS

(2) P(X,y') Y~', ;,'""""J4~;:~d;) rafolU [0b dC] [yX] = [Xy;]

" :I'.""..... ,~
1~··"!./'·~;,
l-: :'.1'

A ~) ~ttJ;tWV':l olJ~ ~a'-iNO.mrl~da~"" ~t::le).) ~~tI) dr.>t3.J

~dOod, A ~~od T*~ o:SJel!t)~~~~ &c:~"r!!. ('&t::l~:bd.. A ~o~
r ;lr.)~f!o;S,)~~A o:b f!ra>F&~cm~ womd ~.!~~od M~~i3
.:lo~ '!1JOlti OJ~o;t:lZJ!JSJti).) T ~J~2.. T* rl~ rjllJo:1rn ;t:lOf.)o~~rj~
~oeA~e~. ( (x, Y) (Xl' .vI) ~~~ R2 ;3.)ee:)~ ~~ eo~o~ ~
tlZJc;;~l\dC. ~rl ,j~/'\~ mol.:l~';~ wo~ru!.t:l:

(3) (T(x"y,), lX2"Y2) ) = q.,"p Y,), T*(X2'Y2))'

(I) ~,JI2.. (2) ~,).t.. W~~~I\" '&d~~ ~QlL;:,jt.)~d.J. '&dOod
T(x"y,) = (ax, + bYI'(c:r, + dYl)' ;SJ~ T*(X2.'Y2) (aXl + =
(·Y:.' bX2 + dY2). «ax, + by!, ex, + dy,), (X1,Yl) ) :::- ax,x" +
bYIX2+CXIYl + JYIYz = (·(aX2 + cyz,bxz+,dY:a), (XlY,) tH'O.>
~dOod (3) m~d~l\~ ,,}o~ a~...mF'~~~t;! •

• ~~,,_',';~~'~~," Jl2tJ~'t$:iii ~i~~"~a '

lc!n,~od ~O"~~AA~tt ~.:s
,

(X, Y) <id.>($.}", R% ~fO~ .~ ~'oao.

.
 7bt'Wtn.lQ~~~ ~o"t!~m ~"il~cM~1'\~e~. ttrl (3) MmrtJ~r3:

(4) (TX, Y)=(.¥'r·y) ;Rl~~tJ~ ti)~ X~)~2.. Yrl~~,

( 4) !d t..ocSJ ~om~~ ~o.!t3:

(5) TOO) ~~~~ ;::j~)~ro)J M~f'lrJ(). ~n T*oj) <TI~;:"~

Ml~1'\i:S. .

( f»~).,J.., ;t;i;;~ :'-~m T*~ 0Jc'..~~.)

'v---'
00')0 yl 7loe? ~,)~)~ T. Y ~ Y I
tv)

t31'\t:b~oi R2 ~~ y OO~~~ eo~~~'il~o. TO:,) tJ'Olre'j ;:ji::b~eJc~,)~

X ~OC. ~Ii TX= O. ~~~C~ (4) Oo~ (1'X, Y) "" (X,T'" Y)
..:Joml"b~iZ. ~o~d 0 = (0, Y) ~ (TX, }') "" (X, T* Y) =
(X, YI). ~~.) T*~ ~~~~OO')~C.)~ ~,!,O~RO~) ~Clt~ T ~
~J'Ol~iJ ;::io:S.)~e.lo~~~d.)o:S ~'!O~OQ.) ;::iClt~" e,)o~.:r~h~ ..:Jo~ ~eo;t'j.J
~t3; ~o~d T * ~.) O!<iJ~~OO)') M1 ~~ ~~Mo~:!I.
~~,J~C~.) H d
~.)e()~ t..OcS.) e.;{~ctJ,)oi::5 mii>~ (T) (T"') ..:JO~') ~~~tte~.
= ;t;iClljl(:i

[~~OO.) 1, ~<:ii 4 r;:; (~8) ~ ~J'Hl1.] e-t:'.rw e.;~~ ~~,)ec~.) 1:\

Oot=! ;t;iCl'il~ (T) = dim RZ - dim M ,.)oO~. ~""ir( 4 d (fi) ood'
NilC41~ (T) >-, dim M 1.. OJerl mq;~ T* == dim M J.. T*rtN
i>JCl,,~Qh) M l~~ t..~MO"d.)~IZOo;;;; ~.)!~ t..ot3e t3oi.~~,)~~~
~oOd.)~~Ooti, (5) ~e,)OJ'Zib:!.t5 ,.)om ~e~'ilF"~;::j~~ru~~.

~~.w0!t3~ (<,) d ~e,)~ ~cm~.)1W!J OJfI'\~

(a) (T*)* = T,
«(I) (b) (S+ T)* =S*+ 1'*,
(c) (aT)* == aT", ~~ a ~;)) t..cO m~~~;t;o~
om.1'\t3,

(d) (ST)* = T*S*·

~ ~"'~od~d.. (2)~~ ~(1\~

 234
(6d) O~)tiJ.>"", i'iil1Tl~AAtn.

[~ ~J ~ Ta$) o:mttlcmMC ~~
01
[ CI
hi]
dl
S~ ;lJ'O)~"o.~M!1. ~n ST~ ~~"ail:l lott'\lS

iala+blc a,b+h,dJ
Lc,o+d,c c1h+d,d
~q. Ood (ST)*~ ;m~"oo,).) !o(I'\r;3

alo+blc cla+dIC] [a C] [0 1
[ a1b+h,d (',b+ did"'" b d bl dC1J
l '

-ad,) S* om~"cm:) T ;m~~ ;rj~~I\lc3. ~~ (tJd) ail~"",

~Q~~tS.

V cm~~ ~~rfl5'drl~~-. ~~~l'I ~~~ ':~J~~Ood, & oJ~

~~o3;i~~",- m;::!F"~(~c,;lz.J~~. ~dd fJdmt'\ T* ojJ(i1~
m~~~~e)J ;lJ~ e~d Tt£'etjl~F"ii~~"", ~J'O'ca;rje)J <.4) ~"'" eroO'do3.r.-(r-~
mN~ru. ~~OocS mQ~o,i)J ;t.:ld<~ru!.t7S dJ~l, 'dri~J t:~e)'~
~e~"7i~Jomro~ ~.

voo,).) t."o~ ~Oftt e1o:m;l~d itfOz; ,;l;::!~~ ~.~ ( X, Y) o:$u.)

V a:lJ ~.)tt?~ ~oc:i'l e3o~C'd ru~~z.J'OI ~~ ~UJtJ!¥JOj~J,;I",f~. T cd.»
V crl> dlec~ t..ocll dC.Wol!l ~ ~Otf:J~FomI"lO(). y03.)J'" d~t'\O()
~ ~

;i}~ f X = <. T X, Y) ut'\ct? f ee.m~'d~l'\d oJ~~~d,)

!(aX' + bX2) = (T(aX 1 + bX2), }') "" (c.rAI + I TX'l.,Y)
=a<.TX', Y)+b(TX~, Y)=t! Xl+h! X 2
~od ~eo~~
~tS. &.7'1 ! r'. :;.J~~(03.) Hi ~~ '!.5~~.);t.:lz.JI!bcSJ ;::!.)'i~

(7) .v t:m~C:.~ ~~ X 7i\i~, f ( X) .., (X, y 1) e11"11:l.lO:::oi

V o:h~ t..ctcfo ~"~'d x:lO~ Y' ~C3 ~(ld) .!~~F'~1Ilt.)~~J.
 Y' o:h:l f ~~ ~~~~~1\ ~9F"o~~~~~eod ('&~) yi:!)~
T ~ ;!~~" ~';t)o~~~, V ~~od V ~ t..o~ tjt)~"(!o:h~i ~~
:.mQ 1\t";3. m~~1\ & ;lC;liri!~;~ T. tJotl ~o'~!~mr'~
~~ (' T-~t!/ e~;n • T-m~F"~oQ' .:loti) t...dQwru~~). ~d~-.
(X, Y) eo'low ru~t)(.)<tl"'; ~o(.)oQ~ T oj.) tn'''t.loO o:>oti)
~dOOJ~~}~, r"')1 o:b~, ~"am~~~o~, ~tl y 1 et'\t:S, ,&t::.)

vo±~d;)'~ W~V.... xn~n tTX,Y)=(X,Y') WO(')~?.lF"oQC)od

~~tI~~1\ tJGiF"M~11l~1!!. eodd tSed oir.Ji)n<~ .atI~~~~mdd T*
y c:)) "~T\~O:: tJ?.lF"oGiOod ;n~.:!l~~~11l~t3,
(8) V o:h~d~;:1.:l~ X ~)~~ Y n~~ (TX, Y) "" (X, T '" Y)
T ·00)) dt~Ol~ ~~T\t3 .;)o~ ~fO~e~. bodd a, b ;i~)
""
o:Ld~l!!e ;n~::l~ ~o~n\r.lMt).) ;;:.1.:l5~ V crl~~O);l Oild~~ y2
P{aY!! -+ bYS) %:aT*Y" + bT*y8.;)o~~fO
;;:.1.:l~2., y3~,
T"'(aY 2 + bY 8) crl),), (X,T*(a yi + h YS) ) ""
~tl,j ~t.4f,)~,j~}~.
(TX, aY 1 + b ya) U1\m;:io~ VOOJ~~ ~l!)~~e 1"':(a yl + bY S)
ttt\l!!. (TX,uY9+bY3) .. a(TX,Y2)+h(TX,y3)(TX,y2)
= (X,T*Yl). ~!~ (TX,Y3)=(x,r*Y3) ttT\~t:leod
,/ oj)~d:l;l';)~ X rl\'~, (X,T"(ay2 + h Y3) ) "" (X,aT*Y~+ b
T* y:lj wod:l .!f~F~~!f;3. M~ T"'(a yz+ bY:!) = aT"'yl
+ bT* Y3. ~t:I:J T"00J,j de.lJ~:i&..~~t\t3 .:lO~l is;(M)~I!!.

(t;) ~o50~ ru~~?.l<Old~ TO'S,) ;lOm;$);$~-. m<ll~o.e~~;:1

t..ol:i) ~9~ ~~WClt'\~. T OOJ~~ ~o~e~ ru~e./~d !uotSJ ~~F"
Co~ ~~-»o~ ~~F"~ t:~~~~WclIi~~, ~~~;,., T"~ t.:t::~~xb~(
;lot. "~t'\~~Ii~~ ,,~;$~-. ~4)b~~dOod er ~~~ojJ~~ ~~~f'fle
~t~. [ (tj) l5J5tl~ lil.ntt'j~.]

(8) (T"')* - T
(b) (S+ T)* =S· + 'r
(U) (c) (aT)· --aT'" ~~ a oj~ t..~ on~;I~ fo1
~1\rS.
(d) (ST) "" T·S-
 1ildOojVOO)~chojwi;l X;l)~ yrI<'~ (TX,Y)=(X,T*
t) .;)omrl.)~~. e:~ e~i!l
(X,T* Y) = (T'" )"K) ~~.
(8~~~ w~~et'\"'d~(T*Y,X):::: (Y,(T*)* x)woml1.)~C$~e!odd
(TX, Y)",,(Y,(T*)*X*) - UT*)*X,Y) Vo:$.)~~;s w~
X 0:5~~2.: Y rI~rI. T"'" (T *)* wo~ .!~0:5Je)F~,;jm i~rI "..r.~o.)~
~_"
~ "" 2..)\J~mru! ~, "-"

v o:$.)~~~ w~ X O::.)~2., Y rI~rI (TtX, Y)='(T2 X,Y)

(10) e;t/'\~0:5o!, V O~~ o:S.)~e');:S e~.m~coe! ~O'1f~FrI~.) T t 0:5')~
T2 ~/'\~C, e;t/i 1'1 '"" T~·

;;~FO~ (1' IX, Y) - (1' zX, Y) 1il~')

Vo:$.)~Cj0:5 w);i X 0:5):!2." Y rl~~ «(TI - T 2)X,Y):::.O.

~c.);:;o~03.)( ~c3.

Y=\T, - TJXe;tf\CO. ~111(T, - TJXJ2::::( (T,-T:.)

,¥, (1'1'- T,).\") ",,0, vo~)0G;;:;,.)'vX;j.)~.). yl1%"n. ~~Oo~
,_ M M _ Q

TI X = l~X V o:;~c~;:i .:;;~ X 11\"fL ~i:;l,) (10) ~J". ~:,)~,)~c3.

~r;:;Co::: (Btl) ;!.~ ~.)~C:.

(Uh) ~~~2: \)c) o~~ ~~~j;o;~~ ~~e'l~rl\~ffi)f\ ~C;;~CI/'\~.

(!lJ) 03')c::l~ ~QM~~. (X, (ST)*Y) = ( (ST)X, Y) =
(S(TX), Y) = (TX,(S* Y) =
(X,(T*5'" J Y)) V o:i>~~0:5 ,,.)~
X;l.)~ yrl~rI woC~~dOod ~~ (10) OOr;1, (ST)*= T*S*,
ra¢ (lJd) e;t/,\C$, wo~ .!eo:1JOlF~~~e;S.

TOO,) ;j.)~~ T*~ ~~~lit} ~1l~ad~ ~02.)o;:;;1) e..O~.) ~adJ

t)o~ecrl.) e;t~C;~.c ~iletOJo)t\c'>;3
2...od.> ~o~c..r. 'JdO:::tS~ ~.r. oOC$. .~d.>
(1) ~~...; (2) d tSri.)0:5~ ~o~o~~ ~~~W!T\~ .. _ {X',X 2 ,: •• ,X D}
O~j.) V n'(..o~) ~o:)e;o~~OO) e;t~;;o.:r;Mt'J. A c:~) T oj.) ;;ID! {f
~
omf'lO().;$)!_1 {XI, X~, "'! X~}fI
Bo:l.).) T*d ,:;e.~etm/'\
~J<J:;.,jom,,'Ct), b'ri '
~
TXj·~·AII·¥'+A
. ,I
X2+···+A .X"'J'r~
Aj
 237

1,2, "" n rI;' ~:::le ~~~c:hd~ ~rt 3 d (8) ~dOo~ TXj=

(TXI,X1)XI + {TXi, X~)Xl+ ... +( TXI,Xft)xn,t ... t, :t,
... J n rI .:lootS. ~ciCod . ,

vrl twod.) ~~lUo~eoil ~~d~ {Xl X 2 , , •• , X n}

e.:;r\~,,}~ ~2..' A OO~
{ XI, X2, ,." Xn } rI
( 1 1) mtet;;:n,ci T oil oilOl~ ~c:m1\t:iQ d, urt i = I, 2, .. " n
;j.)~~ j = 1,2, .,., nrl ~dlli All = (TXI,Xi)

n
{Xl, X 2 , ... , xn} N"iltet~t:i T"'d o:m~~rj Bn ~~
(11) l"bd,. ~~.:l~~~e~. ~c:SOoC:: Bli o·~ (T* X I,X i) (X I, T X i) =
= ( TX i, X i) "" A),,; ~ot;Sd, Boo.).) A oj.) e;d l-We,mN~.) oj.)!;),
I IA d,.-
~e~;::;~e);)rt~~~ ~~e).)~.n::llli ~ru~t:ioot:i, A ~)O~ ~oc~.);)~~,
Boo.).) '(....o1Z.) ~~d~~ ~oo1:3. ~~r~~o:J.lT'l, A OlJ;) '(....ot:i.) In Xn
OJ~;r,Q.J'!1o:m~~O:,J.JT'I~e,
....:> 10 Q
e.:rrt B..=AIJ,i:;::.1,2"."n~.);!.)
I) , _.
J'~
I, :!, ... , 11 C-Jo~ :;:).,v~~~~~ n X In o:iJ<l~~ B o:J.)~~ A o:J:> ~~
~~tli\f .JO~~ ~::;03).)~}oS. iIs o:m~~ B o:J.)~~ A'~)OC:: ;r;otff.!;t;
r~K.)~C (' A- ~;:-J~~~;:-J' ~o1Z). Lc;le.Tc>rb~d), ~ ~d~~e~t:i~
O;:;()~ClO~~ 'fJ~f\~o!~,

'(....oru ~~.)~o'2.:Jeo~.) ~~drj-d ~.eet;;:n,T'I A 00.).) T o:h

( 12) ;:J;)~~~O:..r<lf\OQO' t1r1 A'o:J.).) ~~e mil~d~-d ~tet;;:n,f\
T"'OO.) ~~'!JolJ.lT'lz::5.

( f,) d ~~r ~ '!1 M~~ ~e;T'lclo!Q,

'b;1)eo:$~ 17· V cj.).) ~Or~, ~,$~e~')~T'lQ ~!~

(X, Y ) o:h.) V oo~ ;3.)eC~, t..oru o(:';C>!l.~ ~O'!1~.)rcir.lT'ld!l.
T oj.) M~~ ~;l')~~ ~'M ~1\dO' ~.)i~"" T"'d i.n'~~oj~'N
eMt>. ~rt M.1=N.
;rnQ~: ~ N:>Q~ojn tfa>oJ) ;S~~j)F'!i)rt~~d~ (5) d mQcSrI
~ ~'0t~f\1:3., y 1 OO~ M cl'k,CO ~.)~ T "'Y.- yt ut\d,)~o'W
o:l)~ 'N e:,~~'~~'Il~~I). M~~X.'~CC. ~rt TX .. O. ttod~
o-={O,Y) =(TX,Y) .::(x;r*Y)=(X,Y 1
). 'at:i.) M~~~,
, :1·1"
. • " 'I " .' i ,~
 238

N 'a~!.a13 wolZ.) isCIto:th!13. N - M l. o':)oO~ ~.QfO;tie).)

~~ 'I!~"~~(:$~ wi:l~~1\:clt.:al~~

V ell.) ~~.)eoo.) 17 ~d.)~o' 'ad(;). M I ;s.).~ M 2

rt~.) V 0.1.) fJ\)~~.)~o;m,r.oC. M I o.1.:l.) M '2 ~~ "'"'~
( 3) Mora!5 o':)od.:l 'a~"'~~Jil/~. ~rt M I ::F- M 2
~f\~~, M ,l. ~~,\'2 'a~~0' ~.):j~ X 2 ::F- 0 ~M.)
;:lo~ Ml(:$~ ",",00.) ~O!'1 X g
~~.

(13) ~~ mQxl?).) M ,~~ 'a~O~O:::, M 2~~

'ad.)O::: ",",or:::)
xlO~~ X ~MlO. M~ XlQi)) M ~~d)~~ ;:l)~ X 2 OO).) M ,.L
o~~~~ X;t:. 0 ~~.~ X = X' + Xli. ~~Oo~ X2 ~ 0
( re;)1'\~~!3
M I ~~ X 'ad tSf'etlru!,.!5 ) ~~...J> X 2 0.1).) M '2 ~~C$
(M2 ~~d);:l X~ = X - Xl ~1'\~~~Oo~). -ad.:l (13) ~~
;:;;'V41 :,;~~~.

N;t:. MJ. ~I'\0QO, Xl :F- 0 ~f\ru~O' ~):j~ N l. tZ~ XII

'a~O:::oi Ml. ~~ X2 ~~~ ~~~~caO. ~~OoO (X 2 T*Y) =0
v OO.)~~~ o':)~ yrt,,~. (X2,p' Y) =(TX2, Y) ~ru~OOoo,
( TXIl, y) "" 0., V OO.)~cbO::: o':)~ y rt,,~ ::>~e~~f\ (TX 2 , TX 2) ~ 0
~odo, TX 2 = O. M~ X!1 OO~~ N~~~. -ad.:l ",",od.:l OJi3Jij)fl?~xl
~~f\z3. ~1ZQ Ood N - M l. o':)oO~ .!f~f(.)xlmrt~d.:l.

~~.)t~) 17, .as 'If~I'\~~dd mQ~oj~~~ 'l!Jill"J.)~\3, 'ad~",

( 12) (:$.)", eru~~m'-ioj~ ~41:';:cltJal:l~.

(14) ~CI(:$ (T):::: ~4l~ (T*).

'a~Ood ~~)f~ 170 ~o~(:$;:l~J.. erulS~tl'\"', . m4>~ (T)-

dim V - dim M-dim MJ.-dim N='I:f;;CI~ (T·)·

Ut"rt~ :, J1t1cSah~, (12) =dF"~Wm" (8) t~o. ~Ii~

tr\)~od~~ml'\lS. '~M(Srt~" ~~ ~t.n4ilo'~ W~.fmf~ (8),
 239
l2) -!-,ioa wz:l~tl'\,;lt).) ~e)ftSml'\~. Iv;;» tJ'WO, ~~nSlmr. ~
:tlt3~!t®i>SCl" i>SCl~:et'l~~~d;)~n, (8) Oot:i T*t:i ,;lc~ ~;:$Cl'lrW~oI..
~r1<mz.J~til. wm~dt'i~ T em RII~~ t..otil ".nt~ 6 d~t "'oci.)
~~d5.t'a md ~~ir~o:mM!l. ~Ii T*~ (~~ t3oao'd ro~
t
V~9~~oI.. w;rl~~r.~) -6 "~e~lZ~ t..otil ~dtt'a '!_;;:$.)d ~;:$.F"~
amr.~ wot.:~d,j (8) Ooc:l ~tlftS~" ~~~t3. .as ~,;lond~ T*
Teo/, ~odd T*=T- 1 ,
T* "" T - I ~~o:!oi ~~o:! ?.ootil ~o'd~,jF' T®~~ ~o~to:»
JSO"~,. wod.) 'dd<mJ~d. ~d~~ ~~~0il4d~ ~9~0il~ ~.r.Hie.m'(,j
~t:!J. T* = T e;,r.rutSoi ~d;)O:! ?..o~ ;rlo'd~F' T ~.)~oI.. t..otil
~~~ol1 2S0"~,. wo~::b, T* a.'T ~l'\dJo:!o£ !..ood,) llO~~F'
-

T ~,j~d. :;)z$~~~~ol1 rhlolZ,j ~dem3C>..}". ~~ ~~e lld"~el'J~~-.

;:mt"Ii"'~ ~~~)~e~: At ~ A- I ~1'\t:!Q d A o:b> ~o~t~; At = A

~I'\c:l d A 0iJ.) ~i~oli; ~.)~.), At ~ - A e31'\1Z d A ~ :J.~

Q - Q

~~~on woQ ~(.;.)~e~. .;$Jaon 2$O~~"rI~~~ ~~t'I<m 31~

~9t'1~.)~ ~tam~til. ""r.dJ~ ~!l~o8lf~~~oo:inl'\~.

(15)

( ] 5) d mQ~o~~)d. ~~r)~1fi.l' ~timl'\c3.

~~t® 17d ~Q~~~d. ~£if"~til» (13) ~oI.. wllo1r.ler.~

m~&J. ~~t5cm 1, ~n 40 (28) m~ (12) ~oI.. et\)ll~(l'\~
( 14) t:$~ m b~t.:~m1\~~. tfn ~J;i)c~ 17 d m9~oj,)~oI.. @~r
4l
~ae).) (14) ~oI.. wa:j~eT\,;ltJ~m"~. [t1r1 ~Gl(S~, (I)) d
mQ~oo') ~'d~~03ilru~tJ.]

V ~ ~QF'~ t1O:ij·"OJ.)e~~l'\mQrI
(8) d i>SClt5m,~;S~)oI..
"n~~. V all.) ~t:$~~ t1~~eoj,)Q'li)l\dJ~rI, (7) ~~~o:bm1ied
~~~. ~~fl ~lIl.~d ~,:1onM!~, (7) ;lii)9it:l;GT\d~~~. ( 8)
~t)mm;So. ,P
o:b, ~~td ,,"o~ ~fm'&.W ~;~)F' r* 'adQ~' t1rt
T ~)l r.
wotJ s!1IfO~ t.:'oti1 m~FtJoQM)~~ UoOI3 wotil ~f~~
240

~f05. ~r.,Tcl~~n~.J e~oii~om;:i)d ."t)~ ~)~orlrl~ tJ\)ma50Rrl~~""

;f~ti.J~;!.

1. R$ ~~J eo~5~ rl.JCOleJ2J ;S~) ii!~oOolO. ~~r'lci);S <I:S,.!

~ Q "" . -
T <l:SO~~)Frl~~ T* e.;~)"" ~;s6,"o. t..~MorAd);S ~J:I
~;:$)::'&.lrl~~ et?drW~-. ~oS~ o:iI.Jti.J~lZOoC::, ~~)fOO) ] 7
'eJ\;lr'lruoj <I:S_)! ~O'd~.JFOO~ ~~t)~O)rl.J!.coO.J ~"
~~1:40.

(8) T (X,y,Z) = (X,X+ y,X+ y + z)

(b) T OO.J) Y - ~~~ ~)~ '17'/4 'eJ~e~dli~ t..od)
e~!F~~I'\r!l. .

(C) rOO)) xz :zl~).t)d ~t)~ ~~c.>ci);s .:J~ ~o~)

rltJ~~ ~!~~!.l!l.

(d} TOO)) Y = X ~;s)it)'eJ-d m~Lo:mr'l ~,t)c~~)!.c3,

(e) T (x,y,z) = (y+ 2z, - X+ Hz, - 2x - :{y)

2. R~ oj.;) (Xl' )'1)' (Xl' Yl)) = XIX 1 +

(XI + Yl)
(Xl + Yz) ~.JolZ W'il~~v~~~ tfo~~ ruCOle.n.)... ;scS~
~oOdC. ~.!~O~) T lJO'd~)F'rl~~ T • ~~"" ~ojO~O.
[?J~5g ~~o~ (8)0, tJ\)13~fr{ ~\oii ~eJZjS~I'\l!l.]

(a) T (x,y):= (X - y, y)
(b) T (x,y):= (O,x + y)

i3. V OO.J ~d s; 2d l.l~~rl~ ;C;:1~o:mM~. V .aj~

(I, g) = .I·~I (/)g(tldl ~o~ ~~~ tfQaof
ru~~;;1~.~~~ . ~l\~·_~rW ~~d
m~{t.loQrl':~... 'O~) ~A~O. . [U •• : ,pn (,4)0
 241

(a) (T,f)(t)=(d/dt).fU)
(b) (T2 !U)=t(d/dt)f(t)
(c) (Ta!)(t)=(d/dt)tf(f)
( d) (T4 j )( t) =f~ j (u)du

(e) (T,,,,j )(1)= f~(t+ uY f (u)du

... ?.o~) ~O::.)tlo~f(ri~ ~~d~ ;:w-tetOlClt\cb;So~ ~~.~:::: 2 d
~.J!o~ol:::b ~O'5~~F"o:h ::!Jd~ tfc:$)~~ ~~)'OJllrmo
(e;:;J.l~~ 2 o~ ~~~~/~;:J e"oiO'!f ru~tlt,).., ;:J~?,.
~tio3..r.Jtl'l"O). ej llO'l1~JFn~ m~..In.:o~n~AA
...
o:5.hJi, ~
'<)

~O~)~Il~~.

5. V, (f ,g) ~~~ Tl' T 2, T'J' T, 0:5)~2,. T.,) K~,) ~Zjl!J~;!j

a O~dJ;So' ~Ot>. tfeJl'lrh;:J ~!c3.rt>o~~~ :J;SOM
(a) T,"T2
(c) (T, T 2 )"
(e) ,Ta· + T,
fi. VOO,),) (A,B) = A1tBI\+Al'lBI2+A~IB11+A12B~2
cO,)o~ ~;SO~~~O,);:J t;oac'l! ru~V2J...&d~ 2 x :l
o:l.Id~tfn~ ;:S;:l,)~ ~I'IdO. ~\1I'1d,);:j ~!~odG m~{
uottrc:S)~JcI. 'l!oil,)ooll~O. [U.c:S: (8) ~.... wll~~el'l'"
~~Ii~~,).,. ii~~u~~. t..od.> ;:Sd~3d :Ji?~~, (A,B) =
tr( B I A) o"::l orZ.) 1i;:5,)~~,);;i~ ;:5.)32,. ~t?~ 0'3,): 1, ~Ii (i d
~r;r>~~ ;'f)~.... W~O~~T\~~~ tjl\l5.]
(a) T 1- = CA, ~~ C ohl t..odJ 2 x 2 ~~ ~~J7t\~.
, i

>'0,»), TA.b AC'-' CA, '&~'C~ '!»odJ2 x~ WJi)~"

olD~t1 " . : .,: .. " ..~
311
'242 "em;.~ eU.drlti_
(c) TA '"" A C + CA, ~~ C om t..oct 2 X 2 ~!i
oir.l"~.

7. V cO)) ~OF'~ ~~~ecO');nlt'\d(l ;:5)~,J T oj.).) Vem

~r£)~ 2.>oO-J de~<la rrj ~o~:J')F'cmM(I. "e~f!) T*Q'jJ,l
::>~~r~;I;I<l~~;nl/'\dQ; ~JC)~J T 00)) :J~e~.);:;w~~~I'\~
';)oCl ~ec~c. ["""ticS: ~~)t<rl) 17, (Ud) ~)'i?.
~~.)tah 10, ~~t~Co.ir.lf\~.]

8. (a) (Ub) m~1. (!:Ie) ~~~ ~Q"'c,

(b) (15)~i 7VUQJ"O. [~.c!: l~=(T+T")j2

~~ 7; - (T _, r fll )/2 iJocSJ ~fO.2JO.]

tl. ( a) e~?S~ J d 0':JJt>;:f 1S0'f!~F'rl\~~ ;;;:1.r;JorlO1t;noJ?

oij'~~~ :J~~ ~~orl~,,;J? om~~ f!)o~ecm
~7'lt3 ? ~.a~od~... t..o~ ~;::5Jf)oH ;j.);!~ :J~~.)
~~o~ ~o~:J)F'<rll ~~doj tJMtJM.

(b) ~~.I~ 2 d!J)OJ;$ ~,.!oir.>o~) ~O~:J.)F'o;i)~ ~e)

~ m ~ ~ ~

'!f.r.~OJ~
e1o'SO'fi m~f!)~~ ~~rt~/'\ f..od.)
~~o~ ~.)~~ f..od.) :J~~) ~;::ls;)o~ ~Orrj~')F(Ib
~~do' tJ~bJ"O.

10. V cO.).), (/, g) ... s: f (I )g(t)dt ~.)od . ;;n~~;ti~~

Uo~O~ 1tJ~f!)~ &d~ 0 < 1 < 1 ~ ;nl.JI~q;tiv ~ OJ;$
itl - - tlvOJf..j
~~:J=! .~j~!>l~1 ~~tdt,l~.... tJ\)~~oI,.rl~.) f ~ ;t;j~~
o::.!JtJ7'I~. T oj.).), K (t ,S) ~.) 0 .s t $.1 ~.)i3
, .j

0$ S $ 1 m7'l ~r3:l:)~;t;j~~ t..odJ ~~:J'fi-~l~ i$

, e::>tt~. . w~~...~/'\OJ;$~, (T I )(f):;: S:K(t,S) / (s)

ds G').)oC m~:tJt3~~ ~d,)~, V Qi) ;1)~!>~ dfm\_~
~o'lf~~;r o::!.n 7'I,Ct").
 243
,. 1
(a) r· ~ (7.'f)(t) -j oK(s,t)f(s)ds CXl.)ot:$

tl~O;4~~d, ~rl T*~ T oil mlJ.:tt.loQamf'lt'S

~oru tr.leo~o.

(b) "'(oro K(t,s'=K(s,t)U"tt O ~~ To:h:)

;4~orl~1'Ir! .,)o~,)" i!atO~O.

1 J. e5o~o'!l rum:ltJQ~ (f,g) = fl f (t)g(/)dt ~od tl~O

0
;4~~dl~~d t:J~ V ~ tJ~~OIi~ ;4~~f'ldtl.

(a) F (f):::: f (1) ~od tl;10;tj~~cb~ V oil ;!JeC~

0lfl~:J~ ~Ct5e~5 dem~~ JSo~aF'~~ F
~MO. F(f)=(f,g) Voil~~ ~~fn-:~
Ul'l~~oj, V ~~ g ;tlo~ "R .,)o~ ineo~~.
[MScS: V~~ F (f) = (f, g) ~r\dJ;1o~
t...o~ g 7ild d, ~rl f (1) :::: 0 u1'lcb~ w~ f lil?M
Q
l f,g)::::O. F (1) "# 0, g"# 0 u1'l~~aoot.i
( ( 1 - t)lg,g):::: 0 UOQ CoO (1 - t)g- OJ.
(b) (T I )(t) := (d/dt)f(t) o':JJod ~~O;tl~~dJ~
V ~ ;!Jeo~ dem~~ ~O~tlJF'~;) T uMO.
T~;) m!..ttJoQ~~ .~\d~ ea~ woc;i) ~eo
~O. [~.cS: 'P ~~~d~~d, un ~lin~
e5~~t)~oo~ 1 (rg):= 1 (1 )g( 1) - f (O)g(O)
=(/, Tg) womro!.tS. ~odd (I, (T+ T*)
g) = 1 (l)g(l) - 1 (0) g (0) v -cm~dJ~ w~1
;i)~ g rl~~. g(t).= t ~l'\dt> ~3I~ ~n (a)
~~4 ~~~ef'l~o.]

12 .. R2o.j~ ~t;cltl;4 2 cl Uo3lo'!l rut'Qt)tJQ~~"" ~ot:ldO ;1)3J_.

T o;h;) R2 ;!;>e~~ 2..otil deom\,~ ~O~:»FcmandO T*~
~~ "'o;b~4 ~ot$J&,~~;) ~otil .~o;:$~ t&~~~""
z.:~.
 244

~,~~ ttrtP."
A ~J~ B n~.) n x rl ~~ "l1l,*1'IOe:l, "~fld.)~~;:;;m
~q:iF'~IiIO~,,;3 .,:)o~ iJdeo,"o.
(a) A ;l)~2. B n~.) e..o~e ~~cij!;WV,) ;:;1oiJ'w,§"'~ AAem~
~t3o:l o:m~tl i~ ;:;1oi~et:~~at.l~~.

(b) A ill:!_;,. B Ii~,) f..o1!le e:l~me)~ ~olJ~~~~ c:trool:);3,

(c) A ~,)'i2. B n",~,) t..bl:Je t.,t;)(-:'~~;:j.)~cd.J~~ if.Roooj,

(d) P 0 oo~ ;)~eO::)~~~~f\OJ~~ A c-= Po B,

[":.r.~tart~\): (a) o::s.>~ (b) ~~~ t...~~.r.o~1:J OJoc3J i.r.eo;r;;m

~Cjj?600J 1 d ;..~11:1 d P6) ~~ f!f\)~~(I'\~, (b) oj).) (c) o:L~"",
t...e;'Mo~:::..:Jod.) i~eM~ AI ~):!~ 8' lieJ·H..ode tJetj~ej~ ~~:'..J
~~~ t€.r..oC);;S .,:)o'W ~oli~cm~~ ~~~e1'\~o. ~~o:!d <S;3Jeo~)
17 rl.)~~ 8 ~ ~,)eej~ ts~~K~~~ w~o~.R(I'\M, Ie') 00.>') (d),
Q'i)~~ t..~MOt.\z:3 o}o~ ~eo;xJ~ A (~.)~.::o B) 00') r.r.f'~ ~~)Z:/'l
t..o~.) ~t;l~d~ {X', X 2 , .,., Xli} ~~OJ~oj, Rn~ '2..0~ e.19<ld~
{X 1 ,X 2 , •• " Xk, X k ." ""xn} ~Mej. ~~... o:iJ<)~.j!o:lJ~~
A em ~OOO');:; ~O~:.J.)FO~').) S ~"c!l, ;§~"'- o:'J<i~ ~OO.)~~ B em
If,,RoOd.J~ l$:;~::J.)f~ T ~jM(), ~;3.)eo:j,) 8d m~~oo)~ nee
lTXk+l, TX kn , .'" tin} ~ t:io~vo~;OJO~ ~eo~mf\:!~.
J n f; ~o~.) e.1'1-~C~ {ZI, 2 2 , •• " 2 k , TXk+', ,." Txn}
e"Me:l. =
P bj),), PZi Z', i =,', 2, "', k e::5J~~ P(TXi) =
SXi, j =k+ l, .. ·,n ~od ~~£lv;xJ~~ de~.:!e,'! iO'd::J')fO~~l"Itej.
p o:!).) ::. ~emm~.t03'iJI"lz:3 o}ci:,',) l~(0i40 ~.)~~ P O}.),) P OOJ
l : I . 0
;:mt:&~'I'\z:::l.:;,e, e1T'1 A = P oB, (d) ~~ (a) oi>~~ 2...~~~o~t3
wod,) tr.~c;xJe.i"), es~-~oj) ., Z;;-eli II 0 ~~~xl (14 )~~ uu~~~mM.]

ptnri 6. ~df

e. ~;i~~~ ~F~;i~ ~~o&d ~;;t~M :lJcI~tj~f'f"'r5.

~Fd~~ tJ~~e"o:ird;l:ln~~ t..O~J ~~~t:~~o ~~'If wd
 245

'!ocg ~,)~ erutt-~~~,)n"'~ ?wod,) ,;t9~ ~jmQ0.l~ et\l~d~. 51

~d~~~" ~~rd'dd ru~Q~F"~~~ ~C-!~~dd~ n~~~~......
'!¥eoO.;e~O~t~. R 9 ;::1~~ tt~iP~ ~,)~ 2 X 2 ~Gl~f"CW~aN
~dd ~Oe.loQ~;::1~ '!,)o;i !.ooci) t!dF'~ti~ & :.:l~ol);:l~~ ~do~~
I!jtlru~d,). ~~F'd:ed ru~Q~')F'n~~.)~ ~d~,) m~:.:l.).!eoo,)m'"
Md-&~m;t:.~ru. ~~o;id ~ rb~Q;:l.:JFne:~~ m;:lF' ~ e'!o~eJ~ru~d.:J.

;i~~ e1~ ~od,);:l~J..(O,() o:b~ ~oOd.:J~ t...oru m~li~ ;=:lO.!;

~o:l.:J~cmoi R1. ,;j;:l.);i~O:::~~ ~M~~!J~t:$.); e5odd, R2~~~ !.oo~.)
?.!)od,) (a,b) 0:1),), ~~~od.:J~~~ (0,0) e1r\cm..s. ;:l,)I,)....., eso.!;::;.)?.!)O~t,
;:l~~ (a,b) e11'\~ ~oOd,)~ m~ X 1'( ~o~OO~~l'\e!I. ~~.)~~~
'II'~r\ X ~dtl.) X ';)oci) ~doo,)mru~d,) ~.:J~ (O,O)~~~ ;!~~ ~c:'~
~od.)~l'\oj~, (a,b) oo.)~~ ;i~J.. ~o.!;:l.) ~od.:J~M:l~ ~oOd,J~
~.i'~~~ X ->:Jod.) ~2J~0) X == (a,b) ,;)o~ ~.,_~ ZJl:lcme.,~ru~d.:J.

X r" (a,b) ;:l,)"!~ y"'"

(c,d ) rle:') Rl~~~;:l ~d;:l (.+e,lI+tO
tlo?.!);i ~O~Ii\'O)I'\dO; e:loCd,
(0,0), (a,h) ;:l~;il. (c,d)
1i11,,1.) ~,!dr.ltlro:bm>f'I~. e1n (4,.)

X O::::)'~~ Y 1ie:.:J t...od.)

~~o:id ~~.:J~F't:: P 00,) 0
.:ld~ \To)~r(~1'\ M~M';~
!,03, -ndd 8e)or(r(~,J ~ 0, 0), t.!~-1
(a,b), (c,d) ~~ (a+c.b+cJ) == X + y r(\1~f\03. po:b
ie~Oj:ltl;:l~~ J A J @od ~o'!¥e!;timru~~. X ~,J~ Y Ii~ ~G.J~t9
,j.Re~~ ~~d!~ ~;rl,)~~ e:l"'00.J~~ 0 e1f\d() (~~./ 1 ~~~).
'If~l'\cS ~o'!le:iTW~J.. e1oM~O~t£9.
;tio::ticJ~ojd t!~~')F'tt p em m4>t$~tr\ilCM~"~'L
llt!;'t!)~ ± IAI e1r\~.
'a~ 0 5, 0 $, 1r e1f\~ d 9~
(1) "~o:b~J.. ~~ 1r <(J< 211' , ~r\~d
:J:!~~ ~~OO.)~~
~~'M~~~;!. ({X,Y r~.) t...ot:h ~d;de;o~a r:~ <

mt\~~~oo~, U :-c 0, 1r ~~Olf) 2", xlottS:.:l~dd~.)

 246

~ ~.o~~, t..o~ m",ti ;J~r3~~~~ e~et~;j ~.)'tn~~5c!

tlmd ;j~~.)mn fJ1l!~ ~~c}'h~~t\~~ ~m>~~~r'! t~~~&S
t..oc;i) l$O~~~~ol ~~til!.,tS. P ~ ~",(:l~rr.~~M~~~~ tf~
iPvd p oj,) ;3Jee3 ~~;Sf e;:le>o?:).tJ~~O~~od.l ~~ X, y m~.)
r(~~ ~03.~ ;::Jdl)~;:: ~~.)~ ~.)et3Qj~ ~~!i ti~e>o~~!.dotin
K~.)~"O.

X ;j.):!~ Y r(~o~ ~tjWO;tf~~ ~o:irCl~o:!d m'P~~~~;tf

(2) M~;;l~~ te~~e>~ y ~.)~~ X r("od t:l~FO;;l~~
;r:j~~o~d td~~rt:n ~ ~~il;:JAA~;:J~~ te~fil2)~
~A*~mnd 'P w

A ~ m(fJ(:l~t5~M~;r:j~~ ~.~~~~(:l~ (a,b) ;:!)~2.0 (c,d)

oj,) ~~rt~!!)
m ~~Fo;tfmru~o.). 'A' p rm em
md x ~~_r:d~.)
_ ~

;;i)!~ > 0 ~ncho:J.lli sin 8 > '), I A I Qj.),) ~oM, A < ()

A
tH\C:,)~1i sin 8 < () wo~ ~~0t3Qf03. .8. (1, 0) ~:..~~
X 11~ ~ct,)o:1CCl {fJff~~MC ~J;~ (J2 (I) 0) ~.):i2- Y Ii~
~rl.l03~ ~~e(:lo:J.lMC- ~r\ 0 = O2 -.0. ;::.:l~2.0 (a, b) =
,/a9 + I/~ (cosO.' sin O.);«(',d)~v'cg+d2(cosO!; s;n82 )
(t5iJ I ~el):.

IXI ~c3,) X~ woQ ~MO ;:!.)~,) I YI ~J') yoo,) eNc3Q ~M().

~

t3/'1 A~, IXII YI sin 0 = va2+b2,/Cl + d 2 sin(8 2-6.)-

y'a!'+ b 2'\1'c 2
+ tTi""(sin 82 cos O.-Cosf1i sin8,) ... (\la2+ hi
cOSO,HV(·2+d 2 sin82)-(vti+b2 sinD,) (vc2+d2
cos 82 ) = ad - be· ~doo~n
(a, b) .:b~~ (c, d) Ii~o~ ~~Fo~i~ ~~~o~D
J~) a~~n~<:::l ;tWqI~:l~~~~~~~~ tf~~V~ ad - be
~f\~.
~.:...
c < 8 < 'It' ~M~11 atl- be 0:$;)') ~~,!W'O)/'\ail.r.I
4) . id~.~ 'It' < 0"< 2 'It'. ~M;);nn aj~m\,'!m/'\~
'Q~!.tS.
 247

(0, b) ~~ (c,.d) n~;:) ~;:1l)o~so:5i1\~d, t1ii e~ 0 ~.~~

~e;d 'l...odJ ~;m~o3d f4..,tt!lF"W~J.. ~9F"O;¢)~~ woc:1.)· ri~~~rl.)
~~. 'adJ, "e;:1v
ad=bc ~1\t:SQtl ~~ {ta,b), te,d)}~;:);:)
~;le;o~~~1\ro~dOor;S, (3) Mri~ ~oO"~1\z:S (~rjl'Ol~oj;:) 1,
~~ii 2 0 ~~~~ 7~"", ~t~).

~r\ TOO.);:) R2 ~eej~ t..odJ ae.m~e.~ ~o~:J;:)F"omt\dej del

,T) ~:lO~ Mt&~~~;5 T em ~t?F"O-e;5~~ ~ "~f\~oi m~~~~
mli.)~~),

del (T) 03:» (a,b) ;$)~~ (e,d) li~ot:S ~~F"O~~&~

~~~osd ~~~'lZcS Ntl~~~~~M"~~~ !.e~;:v
(5) ;l~;i~ T (a, h) ;l~~~ T(e, d) li~ocS ~~F"O~~~
~o~G ~~9)F"'lZC:: mql~~~~~M('~~~ ~~~~e;~
'a~d~ti ~~_ y;;bl:l_enr\d.

~efle ~;H'Iej, ~ ~~.:u~~~

{(a,b), (e,d) } oj.)) ~G~l!)o~~
mr\d~e~oC:::l ~~e!;!:h~t3. ~t;r.lFo~d 6t ~.~.j''il,,~ t..o~ ~!~
~1P~ m~~.!oj) ~~jli"~t:S t..ol:iJ fjo:ir;,m;:1~... ~n~~z:S: m~::.~
!eo:l:l~1\ del (T)~, (a, b) ;:::)ti~ (c,d) Ii~) ~d;:1vo~~mf\
w<IQIi ~d~, ~~lie; ~~.oO::> ~:>eeTelr(ej ~qSOjO) ~o~d ;l~;i~ ~ne~t5
~O~)~OO) 03:>emnej e.;o:Se)o~~d.l~o~;:Sot:SJ 'b~Olt)f\dt3e,;.). ~d~~
.at ~iid 'I¥~~oj)~ t3.J~~~1\ m<l>b~e::Iilru!r!,.

A "" [All
.All
All]
A22 .
ol).)

T oj) ~~ ~om1'lGC. fjr( T (a,b) == (Alia + A 12b, Alia +

Al~b) ~J.J....I T(c,d) ~ (Allc+A'ld, A 11 C+A21d)· M~
(H) ~~ tJ\)~~CM,j~"'~~ T(a,b) m~ T(c,d) Ii';ot$ ~QF"O
~~~. ~~)o.d ~SJ~~~ti~ ~"'~~t~r\ta\"~~ t.~~;P~~, (Aua
+ A l;b)(A21~ 't" Al2 d) - (Alia + Anb)\A~lC-+: Al~ ) = (A 1
A 21 - A 12 A 1 i)(ad-bc) ~,,~. ; .<~
 248

:.,o:SJ;! X 2 ;m~ fiJj) ~r?fd'd;S~". ~:o~':':V.) (6) ~-. e'~~

c:..r.f/j,:;!.;!. (;1. ~flf

A"" [AJ! A:z:

A~,
All]

, ~f"rz 0 tfl1A ail ~lPrdll~ del (A) ~.),otj J/otlfJ;i~ GJ! l3

~~~ ~o!t3:

(7) del (A) =AIIA;n - A,2A21'

& ;;::)o)v.zCl~~dr.lti~ A~;) rrm .mettfomr.d;)~~ deter) or.

del (A) .Jo~;) ~oo~e~. det (T) o:h~::". n tjo:m;5~ri~f1

;:J;)~r.yt!fO~)~~~,tl (7) d ru~Q~~F'rW(l~ :J~ ;i,7Jde,.,<JriJ~d,)
~),;~ ~~o'!O & riJtltjS~Fri~~~ m;::lF y'do~~ru~~. de! (A)
oj;)2 X 2 ;5J<)~'!fK~rIl ~:3:1J~~~}.~ ~o~ ;Jr)~~'d ~!l~ei;;t w~~",­
<r;)"~ .Jo~ '!~Ol:3};S. det (A) 2!loP..)~~ 'If~M~;:l ru~~;5~F'ri~~
"'-
~oOl:3,

(a) Aoo~ .JOll) ~ci ~~)ri~ t..o~ ~~~~ z.l~!>(S ;::h~eJ"d

~

A'cm~ A ~o~ &6';13 ~ri det (A') = - det(A)

(b) A OO~ 2a.ood~ ~~~t)(S~ wodJ ;:rii~~~ ~o~ p
( H) ~)O~ rucl~J~do ;5~~t)'lf A'til... A ~Jod MO-a
"d~, t1ri del (A') =]J~del(A)·

. (c) A em 2a.oo~ ~ti~ mvtil... t..o~ ~o~~od ru~~

~doot:l ~J~ 'a~".o~ eG..;Q;C~ ~JaI'A~dOod
A'~... A ct.»d ~~~, 6X del (-1') -det(A}·

~d) Jet (I) .." 1.

 (8) d ~tt~n1~~ .'J~JD\~ (1) tio~ ~)~tj$~1'\ .!.J0'-l~)~~'
I d ~I~odl ~)r;~;:$:)F"'~-d t..om t5~~~tad;) ~d~:lricx»~~
~~~~. ~d~"," ~~a~.cl'\ ~1i~rt)~tiI. (8) d~ "~~d;);::
~Q;S;)F"rl,",;) ~o$~F"mf\ det (A') ~ ~t.r..~;:h::h"," !~~)~~t (8) d
~i.;~~I'\~. ~"od~ d (A) em;) (R) d ro£9~~)rrl~.r.~ 2 X 2
ItirK! ~..o~ ~~~, ~~e't ~ w~~... wot:1) ~eJ~'!fR~pve~
~~, d (A') - - d (A), 'Glci> A' o~b.) (80) ~;)~o;):lo;l '&~Cl,
I!>; d (A') - Pd (A), ';~ A'~;);) (8b)o:j:)~d;)~oi ~t:Sw~ .m~;
A') "",d (A), 'ad:) A'~ (8c) em~d.>;lo. 'a~~ ~~; ~)~~
1)-= 1.
.Ii g (A) :::: d (A) - det (A) ~f\0t? w~JtS.... g OO:N
if\d.};l ru~~~,~~~~ ~oc)~:

(a) A'~ (8a) OO)~d,)~o' ~~d, ~i1 g(A') "-'g(A).

(b) A'Qi);) p:'b) o:j)~~~o! 'a~d, ~i1 g (A') =
pg(A).

(c) A/~ (8c) cri)~d.>;lo" 'a~ad, ~Ii g(A/):::: g(A).

(d) gel) -0.

w~ 2 X 2 M~" A T(~~ g(A)., 0 wo~ tt.eo~!~~. AoiJ)

~~e~;)m~!l~(\~d, ~rt (8)d~ ~~~~ ~O'd~n.;~~ w~
(Bb) ~~d.>;::! p~o Gir.ltl~, A
JtJel'\)\,"J'i)OQl, ~~~ I i\ ~ooe;)~~
5'.b~. (Oa, b, c)-rt~orj; g{A) oj)) g(J) ~ ?..o~ ~~J<I~ru~"
~M:S. (Ud) d);)OO g(A):::: 0 wo~ aeo:lJtlF"~~mrt;)~;:;). A o:j~;)
Mtdl am~ml\de,);) e1n
A em ~tI,..mt)~n~J e;lt)o~s;r.;l\~..
41 " Au) "'" a(AI!' Al2 ) e)'.)od) 'a\3~".B~.rVt"a m~~

. B-
-
[All
0
A
~
I2 J
H\ce. e1'( (Ot')~o. g'(A)= I (B,', ll#'odtJ \i~ A ~e·~
, 32)
 250

B_[A"
- 0.0 A'!l
0.0

eJI'ICJ~r;joor;j (!Jb) cO')or;j g(B) = 0 ~cc:b a!-noOr3Q~;!' ooe~

g(A)-=O. ~~2X2;;m~0'" An\'~ g(Aj"",O wod,) tneo~
t:iwe~. Mn ~~ 2 X 2 o:'~it)~ An~~ d (A) "",det (A) ~r.~t:l
cod (8) d mret;5~~F7Ne 2 X 2 ;;m~~n~ ~,)fO~ Cl9'i'Fd~~oI.
~ozy~F~f\ ~~Fo~~ol tiJd~~~.
( R) ~J.. ;me');rb;;::t 2.. o~e 2..0 oOJ '2 X ':! ;:m ~ f!rl~ oj,)e~
( 10) OJ~O~~~ ~iZZ ~:Te>e.,i~ ~~O~~ eN~i~J..~ (7) Ood
~~o~e:.,~ w~;::-'.A. ;:j;)f'\~ •

.e. rl~,de')
~~m
n X n ~~~rd~~~::.~ dw~z.;;;t~mFl~.)~ ~~~)~ ~r;j.)
(8) 0 r1.)~~~.)rli~~~ ii':~~,zj,)~~o~ ~eo,zj2J®~/'\~~. e.1d~
n)£'<lt;:l;j')fliq_;'~~ 2..0:!., ~e~.)~OJ ;;::t,);~~~ ~d~ ;~nfJc;
n~~ci.)~~ ~~. .s, "ClOI."Cl!1?t31'\ ~~F"d~~~cA. OJ.'~:Or3~e).) (8) d rl,)~
~;-;JF1i~~.)J.. eN~oirde/'\~~Clm~d.).

11 X n .ijd~1Il ~ri": ~eej~ 2..odoJ ~renF'd" w~~cA. A 00)) (8) ~

ilJrs~~')Fr.e;~~ m~;:j.)o:::l, det (A) ~od ~o~e.!~~~.)o:::l 2..odoJ ~~~
;i,'Ti)~~ ~oOi::i eJ\)~~oI.~I'\~. (8) d n,)~~o:::l:JFn~~ri~CJo:::l ero~~J..
2..'J::;C 2..oC:;) o:::lJ'<J~ ~C::: wodoJ !"'i:)t~}~. ~~e ~~,)OO,)r;j~, det (A)
C~)~, (8) d jbt'Cl:jS;j')Fn~~~ mej~.)~ n X n ;::m,~ 'l¥n~ ~,)eej~
om~iSe !!J·\)t~~I'\rej.

( 1)

1icnodd,
. .
A 00) I' ~e ~taa i1WV,) M~ii\"o~
-
e.11'\~ ~o~ -..eJ)
~

~~(.Rf/re; A'o:iJ) A ~~od i ~~ ~v~~ () ~~od m~~,)~doot:i

':.r,j~ O:JC~t)'!¥ e.1M~. un A' ... A ti;)!~ del (A') = 0, det
( A) =- 0, :-;lo) o~J~~;" ~r;~m~o. M~ det (A) =() e:tru~t::looc:$
 251

PI) 1J~L30li)~:l~. det (A) ~ 'a~.,.,o~ rt)t1'iji;::',)i'"~ 'If~T\

tlo!tS,

A (0);) ~~~e~ilWGi~T\~O~d, (Rb) o~:;r2 P:;t:. 0 ~;i:;~~

,S) d~ ~~~d.)~ ~o~~:;f"nt;l~~ ~~~m~'If~od) A o~~~
~~~ iiq,J, 'l...o~ e5~ mC~ 'Z..ot:b o::iJel~,'If
6.. Ct ....
B~ ~o~:;'IJ~~1:fl:;~.). ~rt
ief (A) det (B) ?,:l t.,o~:; ~~~~~1'(:l~~ ~:;~~ del (B) - (~
oj:;:;
~ru~r:lOo~ de! (A) c= o. ~~ (12) ~~ m~~Y~.~zi (11) ~.)~
12) d ~Q~n~:; (90, b, c) crl:loi~:;e ~ru~ (Ha, b, c) oj.)~.).,.,
iet (A) OJ.);) mC~:;~~ o)o~ ~on.!~ot::l~~ ~SOI~ W~oSJ·W\".
~~o~~. ~~oot:l 'If":I'\~ ~C~opJ~;) ~o~r'w~03

g(A) 00:;:; (!_la, h, c) ~~~ mC~o:l n x n oir.lt

~ii~
( 1iI ) t.,od:; ~~~ ;:l.:iT'ile.>8 ~o(!)d w:t~.,.,mi\dQ 0, ttii A 0:::..)
;)~~e~.)~~e'l ~f'I~OdQI5 g(A) ",,0.

~ii ( 1()) ~~ ~o:Sf" .y~o~m ( 13 )~.,., ~~oS..r.eT\;r,lt.)~t:l.).

~ 1-1) n x n om~t)~iit;l ~.)e~ ;);:!o~~~o:S ~~.og ~~odd
r..,o~ ~I?F'~ ~t~.,.,~1!l.

~e~odd, det (A) ~~ d (A) rt~drir.> (8) ~~ ~C~:;!.;3

;)o~.) ~eJ~'If~"'JV~' g(A) = del (A) - d (A) e;T\OC. e;n
g( A) 00.).) 9 ~~ mC~,)!,,~. . A 00:;:; ;JMt~,)m~amf'l~ot:lQ d e;K
,.n), g(A) =0 wo~~~~ bco~.)~~. A oj~,) ;J~t;:!.)~~&·
i::iilf'ldQ i3, e;rt A Q:h~~ J f{, (8b) c:h~ P:t= 0 e;f'\'O:l~~, (8) C)
;GO'tf;l:;rn~~~ wlSoSJae"~~~or,i) ;:;io'l1,j2§~~~. Mn
g( II) oj.).)
g (I) ~r..,ot::l.) ~M~~ ru~e'~t'lQ.)~rZoo~ g(A) =0. &eil w~
'I X n ~at)" A rt~M g(A) =
0 tSri,)~~oGt:) <;d) (14) ~~
1=S<l L~~~'»
'" ..-""'.
 252 ~tlP"." eucrtd..
det (A)~nx'n p,frW ~O~ t.o~ (t.I~F'c
\ lfl) ..
~t~ ~r\QQe, ..,rt ft~ A ~ :::a~t~mtji~~1\C!
~~~ detl...A):t." wo~""''')'d
. ~q.t~~~q.~~~

del ~A):f: () e1"'l~, e!~ A ~ ~e1R(;1.)~mlldd(t3~o

~ 11J~'fJ';jJF (13) IJ;rC1JJ!_,d. A '¢bJ :>~r~~~~f\l:l
tJII' ;J;~ A ~ / If, (So) a:fJ11' ~ 0 fJl'IlJJ;:Il (8) d lfa~;j~
{T~~c4. tI1Jl1o!RrlV.J 7/ofiJrJ~~. tz,rrf tiel (A) o:m del (I)i
t..o~ ~~~~~~, Q~ del (I) _1. ~t:il (15) ~4 m~~~r3

( 8) ;1)i~ (14) Ood ~~rd'd t..l~~rl ruca~;:$JFrl~~

~~~~z.:ci~~. 'Cl~rleJ~ t!~;l~cI.. J:!Jd~r~fCS. det (A) ~,
n Kn ~!t) ~lie;. '::::i~~ 2..cn~ ~rtJ.lFd=! ~~i~d..~M!). ~rt

(16) det (AB)~~det (A) det (B).

B ~ :>~R~;l.)~ij1~~rt~edQ~ ~rl A B crm :>dre~~J;:;Wt;'l~

~r.~. [~r;r.:6o:i:ll, ~rl 6 d (28) ~e~.J ~ ~~orln~ () 1;
ood del (A B) = 0 Q:j'.)~2. del (B) = 0 ~ru~dood (16) ~~~
;n~!..~. B ~.).) :>~.r.eol')i1iWQ~~rt~ 0, ~'" (15) Ood det (B)
-;to. d (A)oin, d(A) =det(AB)/det (B)~)od ;)olO~~d().
uri d (A) 0:$.).) (8) ~~ m()~~~. erom~d{'$~ A crl;) i ~lia
~~cl..p ~.)q? rud~~nooo ,4' ~doo)t').' ~rI A' B 00;).) AB
~)oC ABOO') ; ~,,~;:;wv~~ P ~Jod ~ti~)~Ood MdOO)~~r3.
+
tC "" AB 'aOO~, C iJ = AlIBI) AI2A~j + ... + AlnBn! ~rl~~d
o~d, pC Ii = (pAil) Bo + (pA12 )B~j + ... + (pAin)B nJ']O:le~ det
(A'B) =pOet(AB) til~~~IiOoo d(A')=pd(A), (8)d
'D~d ~rln~n d (A) ~ ~t3r~o:Je.rI,)~~~ ~~V~~f\ ~eMe.l~').
( 14) OQ~ d ( A) -= det (A), ~t:$~, det (AB)/det( B):. det(A)
oJ ,t:) !eo:mF~~;b!cf;:t '5~ (16) ~rt~.
 253
(
d~"," bto~~ (8) ~'2.. 14) ~"'" tJ\)Z~fl'\$.l~. -at:!Ood;
(8) A a:b wdti,) ~e\S~~n9~.. ~~ ~ ~ti:I~t1
·ood, A ~od A' s~~. &d~1-id~, ~n tiel (A')
= - del (A).
(b) A o:j:) 'l...om ~f~mt)~.. p ~od rutt~~dOod,
(17) A'e!~.. A~o'C$ ~d-!.tJd~, del{A'):::Jtp del(.A).
(c) A em 'l...od:l ~t~mt)~.. t..o~ ~o~~od ru~~
tloddQ~~ -a~-.om ~teJ~C~ ~~tl~~
ood, A ~or.;$ A' ~~-. I!s;d-a~dC, ~n det (A')
., det (A) womro~~.

(17) ~J.. ~q)~~:)~i)-dr'l 'l...od:) ~~~~~.. ~t&~~e~~ A

~.)od A'~, j ol')~ k ~ftJm~~r(~~J... edeJ.l ~:) ~r:tl~dOod
droldcmC. d (A) = - det (A') e1ndtj. Y ~~ S ~~~e.l<l
rI~~~J... ~t:I~:)t.:d~:) ;:!JO>tl,)-I\~od
~
B oiJ.) A ~:)od &dcme:> ~,}~~
.i ~~~~ k ~eeJ~~:)n~~.. e!d~tld~ ~~~dOoc$ B'~ B~or!J
~ocmC. ~n A'~ r ~,)~ s e!ti.:.~U)n~~... e'C$~ 2.ld~ ;5J;)~~
~tSt:lo'CS B'OO;):) A'~o'CS Md~~~. M~ det ~B')== - det
(A')· ~dQOod d (B)= -det (B')=det(A')- -dIA).
~d~ d'(A) o:hl (80) o:j:!~~ mC~~~otl.)d~J... ~tO~~~. d (A)
~ (8b) ~~ (8e) n~~.A. mt:)~~t5~.A.~ ~Gi~~ e~e ~eo
~f\l'!:. I 'o:j:):) I ~od i ;l:)~ j ~etJmt):!n~~.. eQ~ tld~ ;ir.)~
~dOod ~~emej. t1n I' ~od I o:j:)~~ i ~.)~~j .r:tm~n~~","
ede).) t..1d~:) ~~~dood Md-a~2.1~d:). &e~ Ii (I) - - del
(I') del (1)=1. e.1dQ Ood d(A) em:) 'l...om ~~r~ w~~..
=
~ro~dOod. d(A) ""del (..4); eodd del (A) = -del (A').
~r3e (17 a) ~r'I~.

(11 b) o:j:)~~ ;:WQ~t):) p ':j; 0 wod:) ~eJ~lf~~~/~ ~.)I~

d (A). o:j:)~:,., del (A')ip, 'Ol~ A' ~ (7b) Qi)~~O:::oa~, wod~
~~OAAt~ .. ejn d.(A) ~:).'l...o~ ~rd~ w~~",: eod~, d (A)
(8) ~~ mC~:)~dOod, (14) Ood, d(A) a.det (A) wod.> ~~O~~
'. " . . .
 254

~~;the)Ztl. Mnp det (A)=aet(A'). p.r o e.11"l~d"t1n tJt~

mrD(S Ni>.;,t'l (A') ~ (n-I) tf;i;)~dO.od, Nolq-,id (A') $; (n-l),
Mn A' oj);) ~~~f~~~i;jr;f)~. (12) Ood det (A')=O=det
(A)=p det (A) .>:)o~) !eoiJtlrtJ;rJJ!f~. ~~ (17b) oj~~~ ~~
~)~~, (lie) oo~t'l~ mQ~e.lJ A'O~J (l7e) cj~~\l);;::b~ ~crD
~~ d(A) =aet (A') tff)OO, ~)~ d (A) em) ~odJ ~~F"C~
tro~JrSJ.~,,~~Z;:;oo~ d (A) =del (A), ~~ (17 c) e.11'\t3.
( ] 7) d ~O~J ~om~J~
(18) del (A') = dct (A) .>:)oot5 -a;2 AI OOJ,) A oil Ntl~(S~~~
~l'\t.

(1 H)~~ ;:;O)~:::!),) di A) = del (AI) e1l'\dO. ~n A oj,) ;5,)(O~

f...odJ ~~ ;::;wO~ ~~'d;S')F;;j) AloJj ;5,)fO~ f...oC,) ;>f!.3~€J~ JSO'l!O:;:JP
;S~i f!.r.ri>~r:SOo~, (17) Oo~ d (A) oj)) ~od,) ~l:?Fd'd erv~;::'~
;;:WT\~. Mn d (_A) = det (A), 'O.~~ (18) ~T\i:).
(IG), (17) ;J)$~ (18) ~J. ~:_,;tje.l') w~c:~el\~Z;:; ~;;~~c:.)
~GJcl~~ &Jel\d: tuo~ W~')~J. d (A) oj)~~ OJ''~£i~;::S~li)~C:,)
~~~~ d (A) oj,).) ~o~ ~111eooJ'd Wt~J.' ~o~e, (8)~~ me:);::S)~~
.>:)oZ;:;.) MeMm1i.)~t3. [( It;) ~.)J. mQ.:::Se.J:) d (A) = del (A B )/
det(B)o'.:io~.) 'O.eJ~tf~~{>!e~; (18) ~~ ~Q.:::Se.l') d(A)~dct
(AI) .>:)O~.) ~eJ~tfJ<l~~~v~e;3; 'O.;§<: i::l] ~ m~too) ;:'~t,~;::;~~
13
eI\l~03~eM~ ;t;~tl~~.)tl~~Jl;:r;)d l:€~~ o?O;g;)o~1i~~: o~v~1i~~
od!~~t3. ~t'jJ;)fd~o ~~~;i D~ mWl~;::;')f;i~~~ ~ Of'!oj,);;? ;::S.)t);:;
O!OII'\ ~d-&;tj~a5J~.

~~I\~ ~O~o~~ tJ~fd'd;::;~~ dt&~J~~~.l ~;moo,)'d~"~,

A em:> t.od:> nXI1 olr.J~0~omMO. 15 ssn ~l\Cb;::;

s t.o~ ~d~mfo=eO!OlI\~. j::::: 1, ~, .. " n n A$J =
bSi + Csj ~o~ '(;lWa.l~.:.".rV~· B ;j~~.J C r(~~
(19) •
,'=-" I, 2, .. " n n 8 1 ' C"'I
I
=
A .. ~.)od ~~O~'1)\i3aJ
I) ~J

" X n olr.J~ ~1i,,'''MO; i =1= s I:jnm B. i :::: h,i' i =- 1, :.!,

... , n; ~~ C j "-eIP j ".1,2, ... , n, ~Ii det (.A)
,., det (. B) T dd (c).
 ";.'.'

~ ;pt'J~o~~~~ (8C)~oO~ ~(O~~~ A OO~ ~. .~~:~~

'"qld~1\mQrt Bet (A) ~~ s ~rl~N.lt'J~ 2..ot:$~ dem;~. w~.s an":· ...
":)oti> A\,OO~~~!S, (HI) ~i mQ~rn, Csl,·C.l' ',', :,.-,,1.'
. ,In
rt~~
~ d~Mw ~~~). s ~rl N.I~~ ~d~~1'\ B,
III - ~
A ~J~J_C'qil
.a
~~ m~~
Ii!!}) t..o!Se ~M~~~ d (B) = det (A) - det (C) ~1\dt'J; (I) ""
(.,j= 1,2, ... , n;A'J = Bj+C,pj=l, 2, , .. ,n, d(B)
oj,),) 'WoiZ~ tJ~Fd~ eJ'\)~\~ ~1'\t3 ":)ot:$ m~~crlJ~ ::':.,00.)0 ~r;:jQ ~I'\~
O.J ... a,,,,

;;jJ~;:'" ~r;:j~{ ~te:ret3~Ii~f\ ~rl~~I'\~, M~ d (B \ _- det (B), 'ClC::Ood

(l~I) ~RC~,).)~~,

~Ii n x 11 ~~Fd~;;StS~ d~~~C'O). 'a~~~ ~~Ii~t:l~~F'd

o::L-;)~r;:j~; e:lo~d, (n-l) x (n-· 1 ) (:JCjl"Fc1~t:loc::i nxn ~~Fd'd;j~i
c€J~n ~d-o-;::l~~~o~~dtS,)",- -!.r..to;::lmli.)~::~. wen 'i x 7 tJtiie,Fd'd~
Ii x f\ tJ~Fc-deo~ G x (i ~~Ft'5~ ~) >~ ;; Oor;:l cta~~~t!$.
[Ix i) c:l.:... 4 X 4 c:l~ ;; x:3 Dot::: ~,)~ ;; X 3 c:l~ 2 X 2 Oot::: d~~
!/;3. 'ad.) (i) Cod f1.r.il~~~. 'a~ ~~F'd~;j~~ ~ot:!"
;;j.wdrn 2...0~ o:J~~~~~ ~~d.)~:;:S ~.).!!.. ~2jj"t8;l;1Ii~~ eJ'\)~r;:j~;3~~
'i5!Jd~~~, :3 X a ~;::lolieor;:j ~~do~~'OCl~~~. A o:l.)~ 2...oc:b
iI x;) ;::mil!) 'i5!o:.mM\!). -&iii det (A) ~,)c:l~ Mfl mt3~e'l~,)~eo:S,

-&i o:r;e'l.We'e'ltS~ (8) t:l~ ~.,O~~t3 ":)OC:;.) i.MO~~r;:j.) ;::l~~ttS.

trut:l?~c~f\, (8) ~~~~li.)~i:3 wod,) ~tO~t'i, 5!li
 256

( l!I) ;r,,~ (Hb) rrf.'oc1

del [All - aAl! Al3 - aA23]

All .A3}

(8C) ~o~

det (A') = (All - aA ,l ) del AA21 AA13] - A21 det [AA I2 AA 13 ]

'1 32 33 n 33

7ilid erl~~t':l~ ~o'fi~~rnwt~ ~&Se o~.!o:b rI"~ e~td~~

~IDOoz:$ (8e) ~mro~~

(14) OoQ ax3 $~'1W ;brt?i$ ~,.~ W~;lok;1ta"",f (20)

 257

I:! . ) J(A)~" - All det[~~: ~;:J + A12 de! [~:: ~::l

- A3~ dd r~~: ~~:J

~ ;j~~oj)~ ~;jF ~}'5G(Q)AA~,)~~. A 0:)),) z..o~) 11 X 11

;jM~1<l 'ffo:iJ<)1'\de), 1) X (n - ]) ;;~F;j~~ Z3~ ~~f\~ .:Joe:)
(11 -
'<Ae.l~'!5!~9~.}£'2I. A (1", j) o:l)), A oj,) .i ~e ;:;eWme;~J". ~,)~2. i;,e
0C;;;", ~e)~~ ;::ir'i\F;::~~deod c::.r.o-C~d (11 - 1) X (n - 1) o:m~ :&03)
;.J~FG~;:;~~ ~o'ffe~~t). A (i, J) ~d~~ A oj,) ~~J i.i .:Jot.:::)
"5to::l),)3"';:_,e. .i 0:3)) ~ dor;ncO. oil iq,>r\d)~~oo~ ~;::iO~~J~~;:;
W~)~.... det (A) oj),)

(:!~~) del (A) = (-1 )i" lAIiA( I ,j) + (-1 ),i-t2A 2j A(2,j) + ...
+ (-1 )j1 n AniA(n, j) oj),)

nXn ;:;J'c)~0 "'7i~ d)etltS ~tjJOJF'd'5o:Jt1i\r::J. (:2;3) Ood :J~O~~~~/~:;;:1

t"J~~J".~ (H)tS~ ~O,1j,)!.z;3 oJo2J,)~d m~~ (2Q), ~~,) (o)~i
~tl~)!.~ .:Jo'W mrji~oj)oio3,)e 'at:') ~~2.. ~dtSl ~~~~~,31'\ ~~
E:Jvi\~.
(23) d~ 'ff~ii~~tb;:; ~Q:j)~,)~tS~ j'i$~ ;a\3i1n~rl.)oU
~Q'iFdwd C&l~~~ ~~dH oJot::b 'OQ:j,))3!}~. j OO~ ~)e~ (2n)
3::]
 258

~o:l~o~~:;~c~oeo'Z.:~dt:!~ 1i;::l,J~'" ; ~o~a, o:iR~rZle 'i cl j OO-J,),

J s,j S, n, ~.r.de:J~ ~~o~,J~,JJ.. tfm;~:;!.~. ~d.) (14) d t..od,)
;:3Cm;::lJ~I'\.:l.

~oj,)Oj'J (23), Ii~~~ ~O'itJ ~~~~O~I'\~. Ii~~c:b~ (8),

.:J~c.J~ ~aiJ et\)ti~ef\O:.J,)l'\il. ~d~J.. ~;R~~ 4 d~ ;i~~o~
mli.J~d).

(::!4) det (A) <"" (-1 )i-' IAiIAU, 1) + (-1 )i-t2Ai2A(i,~) + .. ,

+ (-1 y+n A1nA(i,n).
(:?::)d~ N~~~~~M~~ (IH)~.~ et\)~oir.eMb~do~~ ~:;:;.)
~O ~,J~~ •
..;., ~

(14) d Ml~c!OOJ~ i'l'O)~ O!Cl~o:l~~f\ 'I1'1o~M.)~d~.)J.. ~:.,I~

(25) ~Qf~. g(A) 00,)) (8) ~~ ~.,(J~.)~ 11 X 11 ~~~Ii\~
2..o~ ~~.~~ O::~rD.~e'B\ ~ w~)~~ ~(\~ 13 tjli,.';)~ AIi~~
- V f!.) 0. P\o M ~,

g(A)= O.

~ or:O~o~Oj'~~ t..o~ ~J<l~ tfcj.) o:Je3.r.e;::l')'I1-d 2..od.) w~o::l.).)~

~.r.~ o:$~.) ;::w ~~e)J ml~c~~el'\~z.;ei:.t::t. AO:iJ.) 3 X 3 ~I'\C::O ~.)~.)...;
'-> J.. ~

g(A)::: -AI1A(I,2)+A2IA(2,2)-A31A(3,2)~l'\dO. ~ii

go:j),) (\I)~~ mle:J~~dood ,.';)~ Aii~~ g(A)=O. Mlo:lF'~~
ve:J~o~~ ~o.!~,

A 0:3,).) n x n ~.)~~ k~j (~~;Ji) i~r) ~I'\~O, tjrl

(::!fi) g(A)::::(-l)k-llAJiA(I,k) + (-1)k,zA2JA(2,k) +

(-I)rf~AI:A(r,2( + ... + (-l)r+nA(r,n) ~od o:J;::lC

~~ g (A) ml~(S...~

(\j) d ~~oQc!r<~~J.. mO~,)~doc~,.';)~ Aii~n g(A) "",·0 (213)0

~Q~OOJ') '&~oj.)~ ~~Jo",nQ ~~l"I~ o:l),!~ ~w'~~ ~Q~~\ln ~~
 259

s +- -+ t ~1\r::l')~"el1i ); t = 0 ~~J. b =- 1 ~1\r;l d, ~Ii

~ -" Q

(-J)k;nA.jA(I,k) + (-1)k'2A~jA(:?,k) + ... +

(~7) (-1 )lI.lnAnjA'r.,k),,_ ~jk dc (A) ~:,~~ (-l)r4lAilA
Cr, J) + (_l)'i 2Ai~A(r,2) + .. , + (-1 Y' n A ln X A(r,n)
::::: kir del (A) ~omli:'!~.

BOj)) 1 ~ s :'S n, 1 ~ I :'S 17 ~ B.t==(-l)s+tA(t,s) t,lcd

'3!J',;~~}~/~·)o:lll xn o:iJt)~~~'\dMe). B ~~~ A~,) ~",.e'll't)i
~~r2.)OZj) ~od,) ~d~,)~}~. (B c.»J ~Ii 5d Q:j"el!J{z.:ctll~ oj.,,;";Jo:i
;!io'Z.)o~;j~~ ~cD~.) (:17 W~ ~~i'I~o;l ~~g tJdr.J~J;l:jz.::rl,)d,),

(28) AB= BA ~ (det (A)) J.

Mn ~e;:5~ det (A):;t-O ~:'i'I~~e ~3t.J A ~),) :J~~e;:;)fflJtj5:!3ii:RI'\~

[~~td t If,)], ;:;,)~~

(2!1) def (A);t:O ~hd",e, ~Ii A-l_(l/det (A» B, .... ~

Boo'):, A 00:. o:i1\r-~~:it ~~rt.loQolri>l"I1:S.

( lG) ~):it~ (Hd) tJ~~rtJ,'lod, 1 - del (T) = det (AA~')

=det (A) det (A-- J
). B== det (A) )...r-r' ~M,)~dOod

(i10) del (A-')== l/det (A),

(31) del (B)=det(A)n--', ~~ B0'3~ A oj,) ;1t\ntti

z.:oQoml"l~.

(32) A oj,)) 11 X n ~T'I~ d, ~rl det (aA) == aDdet(.A).

(32) 0 itWiii(S~:l~", {8b) oj,) n ~~~~od t~a ~t:t.mCM

2.!~od.» ilzi~!(;!.
 ££0

oSin dim V:::: n ~M,)O::~,

M
V o::b ~,)f~~ 2."or,i) oe~eoo.)
;r!IY6O:J,)F03.),) T P3[\C(). ~n det (T) OJ')~~ V rt 2."c~.) ~G1'lCtf.c
;::w£et~~ T OJ') O::JO)~0 ~oo) 2."o~ ~tjBFd'5 o:lc~,) 03~o~v~f:.J<ljb~~,j.
~r:b ~rjj~u~ ~~~oo,) O:;.)erCi ~03tlo~~~ ~fno~e A roj,j 2."o~.)
~~dtf,
'T'~"
;:::wie'C'C5<f\
',.J,
T 03j O::J;J~Ii.) ~om[\Q O::.)~.).
-
B ro.).) 03.)i.r..~ o~:;
~l:jj<Jd1S'-d ;::;;i:e~.03<Jf\ T o:b O::JO)~0 ~O~..R[\~ o:lO~.) ~eJ~:&.r.."J'~}('O). ~i"\
B~· P APfJ -1 efIC')O:c:3 2.,,::>~) ;';),2~~f03.);:;;~Y.Q 11 X 11 03.J,J~ 'is! P {)
(I V 0
e:;~~ '5oc;i')&;&d,)2,.;u5.)j,). (E:Q"bOO.) I, (; d (rJb) ~e~.] det (B)
1
=det(P oAP 0- ) = det (P,,)det (A) de/(P 0- 1 ):::: det(P v) X def
i,Po-l)de/(A)=dct(A). ";Q~o~.) ~o~03.) ~03.)ioo,).) (2~1)~~
<:r\l~c:':; U\;'v:&"f~o ~c:.

(.J) c; ;::;?;:r ~ '5 c:..s~~ ;:;;;o~~o.:lr;3. Too.):) Rn ;3)etJ~ 2."oj)

ee'=':fOOJ ~[;'5;.;:;r:O;3?;Tlr;j
:......
C ;::.;,~).
-
f XI,
t
X 2, •• ', XnlJ oj,),) R n l1
'wcr.;.) z;r.:~c;;:;<Jhc-'Le, CO:b ~~.A.i~e e:;S~tl~~ Xi ~f\ ~..soCJd,)O::
1/ X IJ ,me, "O::;JO)(\vV
...J .J':>.) e oJ'
OJ,)~).
"';.J D ~
0.;.).) TX'I e..<:>-l,),
,,-' 1== . 1 , -'), •.. , 11,
III - ""
~~ i t,;e e5~ ;:::W~'2I"1 ~~oCJG);j 11 X n oi..<l~\TYo:.ir;)f\C:e) A oj.).)
<A c! . ""'
T oj,) o::iJO)~0:&omf\C:(). tjrl CAt = D. (0 rtRij 00') I, Zjj<:rI I; G
(:!O) ~ete.)

( .,.) )
"") det (T) :::: det (l!),
det (C)

del (T) = dct (A) = del (A )

det (C) det(A ' ) _ det-( CAl) _. def (D)
". -i{(;7 CC) - - dei (C) -- det(C)'
 261

11 - e;,o:mo::l,)~ ;:::loir.lo~oe~~~ m..jlc:! ~c:rc>t3;:::lM~;:::l~~ 11 - eOOJOi~')~

ii"~~ e5c:!,)m!o::J<lf'\r;'3. ";),~,) det (T)c:j,),) ~l:jr.lo {XI, X 2 , ... , xn}i=3
e;,o:bJ~o~ ~~~O~o::J<l1'lr;'3 ~om Meo;:::l')!_.r;'3.

o::l,),)o[J~ 2jl";;~eJ 11 =::l e;,f\m Ii, C c:j,) ~l:jr.lFd'!f~ Coo') e5l:i

~ Q ~

;::wmli'l1O~ ~r;::FO;:::l~}'ij ;:::lo::lJOiO~oe~0 ~~ ii"~o::l~.).l.. ~o~~t:j.,f'\ ~JOi~.)

~r;'3o~) ~J.ieo;:::l~.:r;)Ii)~~). ";),~) 03)e~ '1f\)~o3J.ief\;!.,~ 'm~' ~d~
~Ol~~J);b~,) ;:::lo::l.)QF;:::l.)~ c5.
tJ- cJ... ~

J. (a) (7)~.).l.. '1f\)0.5oir.:el\~ 2x2 CJt?Fd'!f'lfJ (8)oli.)rn~~)FIi~)

;:::l;;::~~;i)~;;:5o~.) MeDNO.

(b) A= [ae ( ] ~I'\d_, 13,

hi

~Ii det (A) 03.)) (a,b) ~.)~~ (c,d) Ii~oo tJ~FO;:::l~~

;:::loir.l~o!d ut~)2jS,)F'It~ ::w..jl ~ ~c:rc>.q;:::lM~;:::l~\~
I:i
'f3!e~~!U
..., ii 0-,),;::; I

o::J<ll'\c5. tJtj:i(JFd~~ ~ tJM~~c:j,)~).. '1f\)~~m~, (8) 0

~~OOJ.io~.) li.)rn~o::l')FIi~c:!~ mt3~,)!eOO,)mf'\ ~~OM.
[WwOla;o!'M, (8d) 00.).) (1, 0) ~.)~.:?. (0, I) Ii~o~
t:l~FO;:::l~~ ;:::loir.l~o~d ~~.)2jS)F~~ N~c:!~(\r.lr3;:::l
M%,,;:::l~~ te~;?~~ I ~f'\r;'3 ~o~ ~et},)~r;'3.J

(c) 1ll),(12) o::lY~.:?. (1[»~).l..2 X 2 ,oir.l~'fl!nt'n, R2

03)eCc:! oe~....,~&~ ~o~~')FIi~n, (4) ~).. '1f\)~o3J.Ief'\;!".
t:ldJ.iL;!.,.

(d) S ~.)~2., T rlt}) R! ;3.)eej~ de:o~~/>,~ ~OW~,)F'rl'l?O!MC;

d~t (S) ~.)!.:?. de! (~) rl~.) (4) d~ o::J<l~:tl~;:::l~~dJo:io~
~dC. S ~:>~ T n~~ (I ~3) ~~ "m~:J.)!ecrnmJl'\
'~d.silLM.
262

(e) :? X 2 ~~ ~rl~~ (1 ~I) ~J.... md~!eooJ;nf\ ~M:JM.

2. (i) ~~ ~~~ (23) ~~~ ~~~m~, ~ oirCl~~nfOl

~~oS.ldOCO ~tjJelro~;:l~~ ~otlJ?x.:rA~JO. [rid,)1)~: (d),
(e) 03J~~ (I) ~o~n~~ Q:.l~cr!~ ~e~~t»)n~~~ .:J~o~
~)oC ~o.:i);;J)ti) ~d~!d i1C'Q)~n mo ;j'~~J!.zZ. J.

(a) [2 1]
Ii 0
(b) fi\
2 ,,/2
-~J

(c) [-1-2 1 0]
-1 ~ 1 ] -1:2J
()
1 2 1 o 1

3. A emJ t..O~J ~~.l ~~~f~eem 11 x n ~:!e):d!o::mf\~,;;)e,

ttli det (A) = AIlAn ... Ann .:JotiJ Meo~o. (~~iS:
(2;{) ~~ wtS~ef\:tJO].

4. (~a) ;j'J~~ (8e) i1~~ ~Jd~d:l;:l Of.!C3:> '/Sd"m~~ ~o

~Q:.lJFn~~~ ~~oir~m~, 'WoCJ n X n ~~ ~OOJ~~
~)em ~~J',)(~e~J M~-d .:io'dJtd.:itlQ5JCJ ~~~ ~~o~d
~l.jWFO~;j'~~ ~ot~.:i~J ~~~~ :.i ~J... ~~cSnfh~t.:~tiJ.
~die oe.!OO)~ eij~~;l:j (2) o~ (c) ~o15n~o~(1 ).~olJ
;i";~OM, ~d,)~ ~.!~otiJ CJ~~rd~;S(d~ (:Iot~~·
I (Sa) oj) ~"'V;j03Mn~ tJ~n~ t..oCJ tJc:lm~l'i~:l~J.
~Jd~;;»cSo~ ~~ZJtao. ]

5. eQil~~ 3~.... ~~e~ c~a1'(~~ m~f~;C~O~~~. "'o~

m~F' ~}~dti~~~ ~JdG~ro~t3. A ~ n X n ut\d~,
 263

B ~ k x k ~f\'d(), C ~ n x k ~f\'dl!> ~:>~ 0 0:;)')-

k X n M~;ir.)'trd' ~M() ~~~

D= [~ ~} ~MI!>,

All Au'" Aln ell c 12 ... elk

A2l A z2 '" A2n C 11 C 22 ... C 2k

Ani An! ... Ann C n1 C n2 .. , C nk

D= 0 0 0 B 12 ... Blk
BlI

0 0 0 B21 B 2! ... B 2k

0 0 0 Bkl Bk~ ... Bkk

det (D) -=det(A)det (B) wo~ iJ·HOM. (Md~:

A c:l~:> OJ~eo:!:>m~v~~OoQ 0, ~~ D c:l:>~ OJ~~e~,)~~1.l
o:J.)j\~ woo:> ~eo~ ~J~.!. (12) ~~ w~oiner.:l.lo. AOO))
OJ~~e~:>m~vO:SOlr.~ooQO' A ~:>~ C ~~:> ~<ildo:J.)M())
~~ ~)~~ d (B) = det (D)/det (A) wo~ OJ~o:tJ.
d (B) (0)') (8) ~.... m()~~C wo~ MeOM. ~~o~d
(14) ~:>.. W~~ej\~o.]

Ii _ "'~j\~~otl ~GU>F'd'lf~~..... ~ot!i~~,) ~tjr.)~:rl 5~.... eru~

~ej\"o,

0 (b) -4 1 7 I ?, 2
[~
1
(a) 1
0
0
1
3
:! I] 2 1
0
0
0
6
2
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
1

-1
1
1
1 -1
1
3
2
0
0 0 0 1 ;,
 264 demi. ~ ?!J~t:!r(~~

j • (15) cS~-.. ~!\)~~mN ~"~M~j o::!JfJ~ 'fJ,;~~ :J~Jf;ej~r;j~~

~f\Cb~~ cm~~ .::>o~ tltjifOM. o::isd~j 'lYe:!:
mlj:l~~f\~Q 13, ~rjc o:$:B~o:$cS~-.. ~ori~ool'Ao:$~t)~ (28)cS
wjj~e1\.:!.Jo.

(a) [ ;;
_.j
J
:!
"
-i'
-'i] (b) F tJ
2
0
1
-1
1

(e)h 0

~J
1
1 2
0 1 1 .
1 0 ..
'J

(b) r5fd0J'2Tl r1~FJ ~d:J~deod, (7 )~~ eJU:::joJ.M{\~, (20),

(21) 03.)~~ (:!2) r.,o~e ~~oj.)(:l~ ~~~.):!,~or;::;;
MetlNc.

!I. (a) (l!J)'/frSi!, ~~~S~~j~d.)~ deB) ~"J~rSJ..~ r.,o~.)

~QClF"d'!5 w~~-..o:l~rH;3o:l~ot::b Meo;!:j:J~cld ;:!~...71e)~ (1!J) d
mlj:l~oj~~~ ~f'Q)FM~.:!.JO.

(b) (2:1), (S)~~ ~Ol!>;!:j:J~Q ohlot:l~ m~M.

(c) g(A)~:J U))d rtf'Q)lj:lmFrI~~~ ~~OLJt7J ohloclJ Meo~

~t:lOocl (21) (S~ m'\l~M.

: O. del (A) ~ () e"T\~~o;i A o;S~~ t"ot:l~ n X n ;:!J<l~~

tmd!l. ~~iJ....
 265

c j ~~
A ~ j~t ~e131t.JV~~ y ~~oO ~)!~ :~~~o
Ood A O)~od dm:la~e.rtl&i ;m~ 'lfo:ilu1'l~. A X "" Y
~:,)Ji)'G~ XI = det(Cj/det (A),j == 1,2, .. ,,11
~oc:l 'lfJila~~ t..oO~ ~'lfJ'! ~omd X e~~ ~o~~ woci)
~fO~O. (~~"" t~~dClS :,>o;SI)~ ~oci) 'll'doo:>;)~!.d,
~e~~t1'(S ~OO.)~~~~... , miPb~~ tf~1'I~o' ~~OO:ll):l (2U)
~.).I.. EI\I~~et'\~o.

Xj ~ (dei(A))
X ( (_7)1+1 A( 1,j)Yl + (-1 )J+2A(2,j)Yi + ,.. +
(-1 )1+nA(n,j)Yn)

oi)lI~ j ~e, ~et3ml);)n:lotJ mt,Me1f' :J~~O~')~JJ" W~

~enM del( C I) = (-1 )1 +lA(l ,j)YI + (-1 )i I 2A( 2,j)
Yl + ,,' + (-1 )i+n A(n,j)Yn' J
1L ~e0:5)~ ~oj~~;j~... wJ:$~eI'\~~dooc:l (~ZiJe'.~ J 0
~M14).

(a) ax- 2y= 1 (b) x+2y-z= 1

x+y-3 3x- 2y+z=O
2x+y+z=2
(c) Hx-y-Z=l
~+y .,,1
y-z+ 1
12, A~.) t..o~ nx n o::~t'lfom1\dC. A~ t.o~~ r-yet
Qe»ri~,)~ "crbQ"tiliai A ~~oc:l n-r tjti. ;tW~~ri~~...
34}
266 "tA.o-:~. ~ ~¢I!dr(£t_

;j:,~~ n-r C-lfe.3~~rI~~J-. o:i~n:b~t::oo~ tUc d~ t,o~.)

o:1.w~;toil tJ~F"d'6o::1~J-. ~nd';~.R~~,~~Ood ~doj.Je;'tllil
~~. A oj;) oJ~ k-~~itWt);)rl~.)~) e;~~~rl~~ z>r r.
es~!le1o:sd~:)~mdo o::l:)~.:?: ~d0~~03OIrtd 'd~~e 't..ow,<;cSM
A O~;) r-~tt ~!!)(S ~~~~~ ~r'~ e A ~ ~z;nF'tl~
~~i1jd.)~ r .:lod,; ~"?il£;v~;)~}.s· A oj,J;) 3 X ;;
e,jf\~ e, ~rI ~ ~ A ~,,'Jt~ A o~ ;"tj:.F"O'!f ,.~ ~ t."o~~
~f\03 oJom Mf::';'. [A ~J) 11 X n ~f\C.)~rI~ t5!
o;3e);g'2o~;;t; ;rj0;3~~j1')~~,]

1:3 . ~J~Fd~d 'l...om tiO::'JelFoJ:J Mrf;;;::f:;J. ~,~.)o$Re~;:j,1e;

'-'

rv om ~ I,;;.C1..1C ~ eN;do~JOU\,"
o'd-'-:s' ... e. tJJOCtr;r;o'(J'.)~:;
c:. """"' " , ' . n ;r;_,c1Z 'l...od)
r

,.< -',~"'~'~.!O"-i,, , T ( ) ",.....-'-- ".:; fV'r;',

.:::.:,C....l"'w . . ~.w~~v,J ..... UPlt J • 0'"1 O"".;".~ CTn \,...'''''elto\j(.J-O{· ....... • v~

I
• _,I
7"' ",-"",.,; J :::,.. (s
J• fV'~O" ,,:. I S
' t!V.j c-f
.
S 11
"".-,-'
~V.,;ovo~
~ ..-'.
~'" al

zy~-;Fo'5;Jc)T\tJ. a,,", ("'l'a 1""''''n) .:lod) ZJOo:;:;,)~};:5.

ad Mir~ri!,r.)ecuN ~de.l,) z.cd~lrt~ t,od) ~erco:J,)o~

n-tup/e (I, 2, ... , n) e:J(S~ ~G-&~~U;.JtJo'l.;~d) ~J~
ort:l"lcile'e'.). t.o~ d!. a~-d iJeC'~d e:de.;:; z,:r:e.;~r:e;
;:-;c~.;:C:').J o:J?03OIliv,r.) ~;j.)~nc,)~t;7l ~~O!;) ;.)~;j~iJ<;F\C.J
oj

~t;7l. e ~o~~.) :JoSo::l)O!<lI"lt:5 13 -1 .:lo~JO ~;j:'w;i\G ~

w
+ 1 .J~ at:5 2M Qj.)~: mN)~. ~~.
"" J-. -
(a) (],2, ... ,n) !!5~~ r:;JOdtr~m oli~Do:wt:5 a r.: ~~-:lF
?;~etali~ ~(je.l.J 'I.;(j~,)li1jl ~o~oj).) o:mW<lIi~~ ~;::~
mnt3 e.;~;Jc) ;J~;j,)~ni::3 .:lor.:.) ~~eo,"c. [;t$J;)uce:
E a~ ~f~ ~ol mV(3) I "r.: e.;d mmn
"'" i~e ~ J-.n c&
~oOtl~;::n X n ~~ ~oiRM:~. od ~ct 00))
det (E a)n ;r;;::~O:WI'\1:3 .:l od.) ;;!'.r; eOM. ]
 267

M:J~, sgn 0- ~~ rure~ (= 0-)0 ~~~ ;::!~~2.c~!

aM t..od:l ~d ~JC)G~~~ru. "acZ~J... :Meo;fjm, ~e;
~rl~ t..ocZ.) ~tjSdF'd:e ml~}''SJ...0:3~~ 0le'?5~6;::b!:~,
~cde (8) ~~ me)~~t3 wod.) MeO.1JO.]

14. V O~jj 2 X:J o:3J'¢)~~~n~ ",",od.) ;fj;::!j~oi;~Me). TA =

AB ~.:;:)OocZ o:J?~~il~~}~.,)0:3 V 03') ~.)eej~ ae.m~~

~e'11~jF T ~Cej. ~~ B 03jj ~i;) 02 X 2 o:3r<i~0'l10ml'\e.
det (T):~ (det (8) )Il .;)od.) MeOM. [M~~:

(a) ~~il;fj 4~..,.r~eje ~q3on (20)~....litDe mla::)~en;l.)

det (A) Q3..)~~ ';o~lxl~OOjeJj ~e~o rum~o
il-)~jli~ liO~CI;fjo~ 72 .:Jedj iMeOM. (rijrQH~,;l£'.)Q
abed 03")") ~;)~do) li:'ffil'ir.iOlie:od ~I\~.),

(b) ~ e0:3:loc:l ~c:3")0:3')c:l~ w~~er\~ ( ~ell ~~il~ 10),

AX = Y ~!l;fje;.) ~e",~d rnID~O ;::!.)~ ~mos<>o
t~.)Ii~ rtoo1C) ;fjo~Qi).) 364 .;)od.) tJileo.1Jo.

( c) ~~~oo.,) 1 dt;;0j;l ~~a me;) ~o';.)G~crl) ;)tjSd~0:3~....

w~~eI\NO AX = Y ~!l;fjm tS(~d ~ffil"t10
o:3:l~2.c ~rn05O>o t~~~ iiO;i$ ~o~~c:l~ 'dod.,)
~~~jO .. ~~~o~~ ~~~rt~~... ~ce~e).) ~}.s.)o~
~oj"o:h~ ~0:3')~F :J~c:lde ?
 268 ~UJ';)j.~ t:::lt~rl£t~

1 G. A 03)) n x n ~l'\dO ~~~.:?. t em ~~:>~~o~o:mMO.

det (t'I-A) 0.1:)) ~~~ ;t;Icrlru~'!1 IMti~ n ~d~
2.>0t:$) 2J~~ocrlJi>l'\~ Q:)ot:$) MtO:tJO. [~Jn'cS: ~~~;tJ
14~)J.. w~oir..eI'I:tJ ~q:l~ e~)rl~.)~ ~.)i.:?. (23)~...
w~oir.Jel'\"'O.

~ ;lCliid~ R2~ ~<~~)M~')~~ ~c.sa'l03,)~ ~Gmii,)~~.'). 7:l~;:::j

~::..; ;::;))~ w~'I1dreii~.) ~~FO'l1 ~.')~~'.
_ l.oii.')('QI~z,,) OJ rug
. . , Q:)od) 'I1doj.)~ ~.~
-&d) ~~~o2Joltl ~O'l1~~ ~I'\;;;. R3 ~;j)~oj.')c:i~ e1~~od,)ii~
(0, 0, 0) o~d.')~ 'W.Cilii~ £"o~.') ~O!:) ;::i;;:$)~eJ o;)o/Z.') ~Mrn~e;Clii.:.~d,).
~od~, R~;:s~d~o:i 2.>o~) ~OC::,) (Xl' X 2 , X3) ~ (0, 0, 0) ;;Sc:i~ e1~zS
;:Jod~o:wr\ o:iY~~ (Xl' -'"2' X 3 ) oj);:s~ ~o~o::i.')~O~.')Q:J;I'\OO.')~ mJ<loO
t:b~ 'W"<)ro X ~ ~:X:i\-;:~.')Omh;;;. e;:s)'I1J<ltl'!f~1'\ X 2.)~m X o;)o~)
'Woo:i~mK:l;;tr::~ 0:5)~~ (0, 0, O)~~J.. ~~J.. ~~~o~~~I'\C:b~ ;;:$);;2.,
\ Xl' X2' X3) ~;:S~ Ji;:SJ.. ~O~~.')~O~O:WI'\Qj~ ~oOd.')o::i mC'Ol;;t X
.;:.oc:b M'I.1~tl) X -:: .: (Xl' X 2' X3). Q:)O~ 'I1J<lti ~ooo.')eJClii.');;t(::b,
R:oj~ ~c'Se ~O~.')~ ~o~o'l1 ruro~~... ;;S;:S~ ~J<lOO~ Q:)oz::b ~OO~
7:ld;:s)d- ;:::'..R'I.1~'aj.) (X,
\
Y) 0o'l1~~;:S.')~~ w~oir.ler.~.');g.e03.
-
~015 wdi.il
o::L)~2. o:JC;::;) ~C,)zii~ ;:sa)0:5C'01 ~~e;:s~;:s~ ~ ~o~O'l1 ru('QI~~.;.~~~
f!N;o:;':)~_;;;n\~, r.~~~r').)~c:l.').

R~r. '1§~r\;:so~ £"00.') NClq.~ ;J(iS~~o::i;:S.'lJ.. tJ~Fe.!l~~/i3. X =

(XI' ),:"':' X)), Y = (YI' Y2' h), ;j.')~~ Z = (ZI' Zz, Z3) ~1'\0Qd,
e3ii ~o::i)~te~r;$ ~J;:;~ {X, y, Z} 00.'l.') =&1lj1i;:so'!~Q d ~JOi~ ~~
2.>ot:1~ Q(n~'" 1.;~IO~~I'\L7J 0;)00,) ~e.;.')!e;3,
 2(9

f X, y, Z} OO~~ ~~~e,~ .!_;~'a"o:mT\dc. e"r! {}"z, X}

( 1) ;;:;~~~ {Z, X, Y} ~~ ~~~e,~ ~~~r!%"Olf\~ ~~~~
{X, z, Y}, {Z, Y, X} ;;::i;)~~ {y, X, Z} r!~J
ro)M~~ ~~~r!'Ir.II'\03.

{X, Y, Z} r..o~J ~c;J.l~e,~ ~;;::i'a"o:m1\~O, ~ri

fX+aY,Y,Z}, {X+az, Y, Z}, {X, Y+ ax'
(!) Z}, {X, Y+aZ, Z}, {X, y, Z+ aX} oj-l:!:?,
{X, y, Z + a Y} li"'~~, a cm~ OlJ"il~C:;~ ~~G::l~
;:.lo~:5w;)M:J;;::i~, ~~~~ ~~'a"r!9~f\03.

a>O ~I\de') ;;::i:J~2..

{X, y, Z} OO~J ~~~e,~ ~;;::i%,
(:~) cml\je'). ~li {aX, y, Z}, {X, a y, Z;- ;;::iy~~
{X, y, aZ } li<'~~ ~~:!e,~ y~~liVe)f\03.

a<O e"MO o::lJ~ {X, y, Z} o:h:l 'Wc~J ~~~e~

(4) ~~'a"o:ir.Jf\de'). ~li {aX, Y, Z}, {X, a Y, Z} ;:iJ:!~
{X, y, aZ} li"'~~ ~)m!!>,~ ~~o."r!~f\~.

(5) { (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, I)} !);;::i";o:jJ) 'WedJ

~~\.'d !_;~'a"o:iJ.ll'\t:l.

~~ ;""illi () d (8) d ~e')3JOlo!$r(~f\~. ~li X = (x" X 2 ' Xl)

~~:?:, Y::: (yp Y2' )')) li~) wd1l,) ~d~l)o~! ;:.lO!$li~T\O\!). Z:.:::
(ZI' z~, Z3) ~).) ~~~oOd);:i ~~o9n~od G::l~O~~tiC.
 270

(a) IZI = IXIIY 1 sin 0, -a~ X ~~~ Y cS~~~

'ef~e~ O.

( () ) ( b) (Z, X) = (Z, Y ) "" o.

(c) {X, y, Z} O~JJ 'Wo~ ~~~e,~ ~o::~omi\~.

~ ;:h;;c) r()t'@i\<1.;~~~ te.2ot::lC;)~ ~Cl~~ ~t§!;;J.)i\ 'Wor:le ~15.

(tia) tJ2JFo1fl~ (:!;::;)11 Z(:! ~~~(:!~, (Gb) CJ2.:Fo~~ Z~ 'efeo:1e.l

oJd~e ~oo,)-dli~~~ tf~ci,)~~ jy~~ (He) ~eJF'o'il~ ~~li~~JdModc3~
;;j'03F;;i)~.15.
-
Z e5(3)_, X ~)~,) Y ri~ L~~rot:)t.lIi) .:JocS;) ~drrl:l)~_. e~
......J;

;5Y~~ Z "X X Y ~o~~ ~ecj))!e~ (t§~ I ~e14).

X t:l)~~ Y i\~) o;;jl?jo~~~r\~ e, ~i\ X X Y o~~ 0 .Jo~)

CJ??)1~'eJ~ro;;jJ;:J,). {.1~ Y} 0:5')') ~;jvo~~(jJ.)ll~ e0= 0 e:szp~ 'IT

eifldJ;;j;CDocS ~c:jJ (Ii(/) o:.r.loCllf ;:J,);:Joe.:~ ~f'li:l 7;;:JU ::JeJ.r;;(,;:j,)~

1(5006, 0 = 0 o~iiT.) 1T ~f\0w
;:i~VQTc)f'\i7J; 0, ~ri X ;j)~~. Y ri~)
. -
oo::SeJo'tJ~~l'l~. Mn, (uo) D:l)od,

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e:s~eJo~~;;J.)i\d 0
Q

= 1-'C1~1~} r
u i\i:~)~OCOO

I"') IXx YF:::IXF IYF-(X, Y)'

 271

~ ~~I'\ ~ ~\ ~~,!d~n~~.

(9) Xx Y = - YxX
(10) a(X x Y)""(aX)x Y=X+(ay)om~t3e ~~;)'!
~,o~i3 a ~.
(11) (X + a Y)+ Y = X + (Y + aX) = X X Y om~~(
~~:J'6 ~o~ a ~.

(lie) ;;:3':'~ (1) d t..ot:::.) ~ecl ~om~.)~ li~rn~~')F" (1I) ~I'\~.

a(Xx Y)"',(aX)xy~o~~eO~eYilru~t3. ZI ""'a(Xx Y)
;;:3')~~ Z2 = (aX) x Y ~I'\dej. Z 1 'dJ(.~ Z2 ~z.:Fo~1i~~J...e ~ej~
~i5 ~oi:::b ~J(.eo~mru~~. a= 0 ~1'\C::Qe,
Z 1= Z2 ~n =°
~oz.:.)~.) ~J~' a:;teO ~f\cte, ~1i IZ F laXI IYF-(aX, Y)2
2
=.C
2

-=a2 (IXFIYJ2-(X, yn= IZ J2. M" IZ II = IZ 2 1· X ;;:3'):!~

1

Y ~orj'6J(.-d Z 1 tlot,;;;::rilf\cb~t:::OoC::, Z 1 oj,),) a X ~,)~~ Y ri~M

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Z 1 'e',n,~
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-= X x (a Y) ;::j;:;,)~oo,)~~ ~~i:i ~Oqlt3e t..o~.) :J~~eod r;; :,J~
'/,.;~~ ~

(X + a Y) x Y"", X x Y ~od,) Meo~e~. ~1i ~~~o~

;:;~~~ (!I) Oo~ (11) d "'~J...~r::b ~~ ~:J..r.J'i!JC:t'S~ ~~;::j,)~i5 . .::Jd<:Z)
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o':::;;;",o-:'·,~~I'\G,)~deod, ~~ ~e03tl {X, Y} oj,).) o;:;~O",.:j~o::i~f\d.. e
;:',R ~{X + a Y, Y } 00,)) ~~(t)o~~OJ.)f\d,)~ t3 ~o~ '!~0rtP~· ~
~;;Jo1i~~ (X +aY)x Y~.)~~ X x Y1i"c~ O~1\~. {X, Y}
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 272

Y} OO:l) CJo;je.lO~~~T'\z:l. (H)(:l~ tS\)~er"~,)~dood I(X +

Y)x YF=-/X + aYP IYI 2 -(X + aY, Y }l= (IXP + ~
(X, Y)+ IfF) JY12- (X, y)2 2a(X, Y) JYP-a 2(y, y =
0.0IXFIY '~-(X, Yf ~cmr\J!.ts. (X + aY) X Y ~J XX
tSot/ w~.;;,;j(:l.)#.. ~J<lO~~. (X + aY) x Y~,) X + a Y ~~
y 11 e.loz.;03?M.)~r:5Co~ (X + a Y) x Y ~ X~ ~,)~~ yn Vc
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o)ot:iJ Jf/tJt!./;!. (2) ooti {X, Y, (%+ a Y) x Y} ~ 2.. or:
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~~~ol ~~ CJ~FOGSri~~~ m~~~!:S. (X+aY) x Y=Xx]'
~o~ ~eoir;):=-~~b~~~. ~~:l (11) d mQ~o:l,)~~ $CQ)Ff~~~~i!I,

t..,a i"i)f~e;z.;Y"'-""''_'
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ti
(60) ct:i.)oZ;:
IX x J'I oj)) X ;jJ$~ Y r{~od ;;ifJFC;!j~~ ;!j~~oid
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I
I
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I
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~ii {X, Y} crh') "",o~,) CJd;:ie.lO~~ ii~03<IT\d~ ;:iJ~~ aX +

°
h Y + c( X X Y) = 0 ~ I'\O!J. ~n = (0, X x Y) = a( X, X x Y)
+m(y. X x Y)+c(X X y, X X Y)=c IX x Y 12. ~'I5!~~oo,)
;Ijd)~oj).) (fib) o:j~~.)#.. et\)1.l03J<lel'\~.)~~. (Iia) ct:i.)od IX x Y f2
>0. &.~ c=O. e:1dQ Ood aX + bY=O. {X. y, Xx Y}
00)) ""o~) ~d~e.lo~~
.
nt'WWoiI"l-:: ;:i.)'!.) ~
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at'Oe). ~n W=aX+hY+c(Xx y). ~~ «(;b) ~~~
trUlto8.n {/'I1;,
...
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. ~~. ~~:$fU {X, y, c ( Xx yl) } cxh~' ~oc:i) ~~~'!' ~':!.:
: oml'\o d ~~, (X, y,
Q
w) ~o~~ Q~~W ~rl~Omf\~~tS .,;)O~~•
\ :2) Co~ !\?-et3. {X, y, Xx Y} OO:l~ ~och Q~~\~ ~;!~.
C"tr..lf\ii~~~Oo~, ~e~t> c> 0 ~f\~ d ;S~~ {X, y, C (XX Y)}~)
t..o~~ r;S~f)\.=d ~;S';c:ir.Jrl~:!.;:S. i5i ~O:JO)o~Ii~~J.. ;t;jo~e~~d~
'ao:g'iJIi)~c:3 :

cb~ W ~~~ Xx Y ~~tltJ "~~~~MI!:l. ,t:Jrf

0$ 4>< ",/2, 'lfe~v {X, y, W} ~ 'l..oti} ~~e-~;
\ Iii) ~~a."ojJO)f\~d 03Jd~ ~~'!~ ",/2<4>$1T 'lfe;se)
{X, y, W} oj);) 2..o~;) :>:;)m~~_~;s~aml'l0Qd o::m~)"

8~ X~;)~.?. y~d:)';s~ ~J"cle~~MI!:l. 8;tO ~tPm '" ;S~i.:..

4>:j:1Tj2 .,;)ot:::~ 'aeJ~~J"cl~J"clvet'Ol. em I (XX y, W) I = II A I
I Y I I W I sin 0 cos B I, ~~,) ~eO::::t> X, y, W Ii~ot:::
i!-l~FO~~}~ ~~Ji)O_oe'8!J ia m~~e tjl'\~ (t.!~ 3 AAe~.)

xxV
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.,;.

tA~-3

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~;:mo.Of't ~ m~, {X, y, W} o»J 2..0$ ~~~~
(14) ~;j~~l\~d ~~ 1a~.ti(S ;i)~r {X".r, W} oi>.>
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351
 {X, Y,U/}O:hl 'WoC:l ~~e.lO~~ n('{;o:::;.I'It:J.,c3, en X, Y
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o::i~ti)v~~~~~' ~C:l (14) e.Ro~rl ~J~O~~ ~f\il. ~~oc:e {X,
Y, W} cj-)J oo::i'~o~~OJc)I'I~ 0, ejii {X, Y} crlJ~ ~o::i'e.lo~~o:ulM2Be'5~.
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;!J'ooir:Jf~{3omMt3e'6.)(~ 5;::j'oKd~ 1V~ Xx y 71 e.loz.:03i)M.)~i:).)

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'iJ'fj2 ~ ~ C:f J'i.;-;fl<5Y;;j)dt:Jo;5
[~f&l( 1 )],

( l~)

x = (Xl' x:' .\3)' Y = (YI' Yz, )'3)' ~~~ w

(WI' li'z' H'~) !;j,\r':._ C, e5ii

([Ii)

;j)~~ d (A) = (Xx y, W) tji'o~lD. d (A) 'WoC:l t,li?~r"d~ w~~...

;;::;~r\o ..J?~ :!JdeD~~~1i.)~r;::;.)'. A o:iJ ~j:4) ~a" ;l;We.l.)ii~~~ ~oo.)
t:d?j) ;:J";Jc;)~doo~ A ~.)od A' ~eoj)o. ~~ ~~e.l~e ~;)~~
 275

.,:)c:~c3e ~j,,;lWmT'(~I'\~wl:3, '!.iT'( (U) Oo~ d (At) = -d (A)· ~~

;;ir.;~v~e o:5~.t~ <:hfOld~e ~~ mv~T'(mJl'\;S .,:)o~~ ~~?/~~"'.r::.,~~, ~Ti
~ ~ ~ ~

(Hi) ~J<i~ (\1) ;:3J.).. ml~OifW\~S~~eot;:;, d (A') = ( Wx Y, X)

(Yx x, W) '-: - (XX Y, W) "" (-d( 4) ~~O:l»)!.eoS .
.,:)da::~e ~)~2.: O:::).r.d~e ~~(b N:imj(~~~ et;:;v') ~c:;v) ;ir;)~dd, I!j/i
'C:,::l~~e 2...od) ';:j'?Jy~o:h) d (A') = -J (A) ;:)):~) ~~~n~:.~:3 ~::)
Q7.;-Ili c (>'oil) o~)) d CA) ~ ~DcjJ<)ii)'~,J~ ":)o::b i.'<lw~)~~.

a(Xx, YW) = (Xx Y,aW) = (a( Xx Y ),W)= (aX)

x y, }V)~.:: (Xx (a Y),W) '!.iM~~~Oo.:::l, (to) ~~ ;:l)~~\l!jo~O~
rU:-2~'I,.; d iiJ£()~~JF';i%J~) ml~O:Je ~i\~:J~dOod, Z;;';);i G c: (fih) O:l):J
"',.,1 ~
cl A) f\ ;::;~~OJ-;rt)~~ .,:)od) ~~~~}~. ~rt (lei (He) 03)~:;',
iI(A) C3:l') o;:;~ej;::;)~i:3 .,:)0::.,) ~ort&~,),) \ 11) ;:l,y~2.. (15) d ~omo::l')
05'2r\;:;;, e.::dd ~y(3o:l:~~ 2...od:J ~;;?il~do~ ~~~.

XI.c (), 0, 0), X~ = (0, I, 0) ~:J~~ X S = (0, 0, I)

di\-c:e. tlri (liW:.. eJ'Jrj~.JW\~ XI x X 2 = X 3 o':)o~,) ~oec:b
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=

~~Jo.:::l ~~);-I Ii d (8;/) oj;,') Nr;i:jri)dNcl!'lil ":)0t;:;:J ~ed,)~e;S. e~ Ood

diAl O~.) £UoC::)
~?~Fd~ w~~.J..o:Je)!'It5. :3 x:3 o::L~~~Ii~ ;3)ee3
~o'2J.:) ~o~e
'Wo:::.) ~'\)~}-:!.J.. o:lJ<)~ ~o)~d~od d(A) =: det (A)
~O~) ~ootl~e~e~J. ~~) (16) d m~iSc~;)~~ ~~FM~~~~.

~'D~o:;; ( 16) ~ile:e ~O~~;)rt9~~ a:~oot5. [~rl 6 0 (lU)

AAe~~.]

(X x y, W) 03J:J ~!d o':)OIZ~ ~-ll {J.)o'f1rl~~ol:;n ~ot::'.)

~Cl~o~d je:eec:iJ er..l~~.J..;Sf)rtt!3; ~ot:Sd, «aX'
t..o~)
+bXl)x y, W)=a(X1x y, W)+b(X 2 x Y,W)
Pi) (Xx(.1y 1 +bY2),W)-a(Xx YJ_,W)+b(XxY\
W); ':.)~~ (Xx y, aW'+ hW 2 )=a(Xx y, WI)
+ b (Xx Y, W2). {X', X~, X3} oj,);) ~oj,)s t!1?Cl
 276

(18) Xx Y=(Xx Y,X')X'+(Xx Y,XlI}Xl!+(XX y,

X 3 ) X S,

e:tri~~cSOoc::l, X=(X,,!X2' Xl) 0:5_)~ Y -=(YI' Y2' Y3) t1t\cSQ d,

un o:i.)Ji)d~e e~a me,)')T\)oe.l ~Cl£M e-;{' :J~drio:b~.A. el\)li~el'\~

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lle.,rl\i-l: ~~ilO~ (Hi), ;ej~oz;' (15) MOO~ ~o~~

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~ "-, ~ ~ ~
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 277
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(:!O) Ood

(21) iX j= k = - j xi; i X k = - j"" - k xi;

jX k= i= - k X j; i X i = j X j '"' k X k = 0
~tSam~e~.

~~rt~~~ (6) Ood ~edtl<ll\~ .iJC'lGl.iJ~~~U~~~.

'Z...o~ 0d!eo:h t..d rt~~e;~'il;:l~~ (6c) ~~~ .. ~uFoQOod

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~o~.) a~fO.iJC.

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te?~~~!eoo~ oem~'5 ~et::rt~~~ ~~e'5 ~~.::!~rt~;;2 ~eO:::~ fl~~~~

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~e1i. !>..d rl')~VZJ..;..d ~~t;:S e~o:S,)rlQrt. Kaplan (17] tir.le~o. Ld
rl-)(,@e.lZJ ~ i3-alO~ t3eo e;o:mO:::.)r\~e) E:.l~_~~e.l. e3~\C1' I'b~~ZJ ~o~
<OJ 'C. M Q"'''' <OJ
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! (I, I), (I; -I)} mte~~iSel~ T 00') ;m~~oo,),) B ~I'\t:; •
. tJJ;;e~O (0).]

, ',0)
PO .. 1(_~ -~]Po"'(~ ~}
::~;;:~ xj~(:Ji)l:PF''t1~"

, :) 1) 0Jp
4 0
_1

(n) Ced (6) d ~dT'l~ ~~;no~"~) B mt\ ~~t,xj~.)~~,

:3odt, e~d {( 1, 1), (I ,-I} ~ ~rl~~, p~es;:::lJd.. W~cf~eI'\M. ~
~!l:StJo;::;rt~~~ A 11.)1'\ ~~ttl.l05:fd~. w~wcrM, {(1, 0), (0, I)}
~~ilet~d T"oj) ;:::Ji'~~';o~)') AI< ~[\c:; ;:i)~~ HI.? 1), (1, --l)}~
:;~ileSo:l'Cld.;,~ Bk ~t\r;,;. M~ ~~v03) 1 d, 'l,)"~ Ii C (fl(i) ;:::l~
rJ~~et\~~i)
""
32)
( 3a
 298

k 00')') ~d,," t;Wf'\~,.}3, Ak OO,)(:l~ ~~co:J.)f'\ ru~~~~,) ~tlZjSo:J.)!

~e.l~~~. Bkoj,) 1i£'Q)~oj,),) t,)~o:;O)f'\~. Mn ~~ (33) OOi
rlr8(5oj,),) z.:i;L~ ~,)~n ~tio:;)~;i.)~~. ~C~O~rle,,~,) (4) oj)~)
~
•
t,) '"' '"
!'A'~J...
..!
uJO ...
~
A "'; ... ",,,
o~v,) ",",w' ,e; ~ _!; -'..........
tlJO ",,\:""u..,)w,). -

i 1;1; 0 -j 0 _'.,:, _, 71 -- 1
D ~ 0 41/l<. ':'.Jf'\wQu o.JJ~3.:. C= Poop 0 ~f'\~we,
I
- e11i Ck - A
A ojyg)~ B rI~J 11 X 11 e:'.J.J~V ;;'1i"'~f\~~C,
wOO
B::::. P AP -1 ~:H\C.
;;':;0<$ ""O~,) Q.J~J?~.;:i)m~_~v . n x 11 ~~\~
~
Bi P0 ~~Q e, A 0:),),)
~rl Z::O;)Olj\~ >;)r:! ~o,rI~;;t~J. ~ B ~ P ~P - I ~f'\~ 0; ~ri A ~~ P . 1
"'U J... .. 0-" 0 Q 11
BP () ~rb~c:Jeor::: B oj,)) A 11 ~~~;;:WF\~ >;)o~,) 1ioj,)~~e.) A oj)c
'1..o~,) ~rnFtetc~~3-'t1 o:iJ'iJ~v~~ ~:k:~e):::~f'\~Qc;, A oj,).) 'd£'o)F'd~,a).s ~f'\;::
>;)o~.J O:;e~e.;o,Ti~~C:::,). e.5~~o:b 1, t;rClT1 li ~ (5li) Oo~ ~rJ~ ~eo:i~
A 0::,) Rn O:::.)fe)O.')~ e.5~~ dim V-n ~M.)oj~, V 00.) ~)~Od);:::
'Z.uo~,) ~rnFl:le~~ a30~~,)F' T oj,) om~~e ~t;:r~c~-d m'£eJ&03e;~ oj.w~j:ij!
oml'\~d o::l.w~, A oj.).) ~('O)F'oe~o:J.)l'\~ O)O~ .!~o:lv,)~e~.

1. R3 oS.)f!l(:l a30~~F'1i~~ ~.!cir.o~~J,tl ~;J~.:J t..o~,)

;:;:;/~mo~ t3~ o::l.)~~ es~~-d ~oo:JO;lJom~ t..o~.) ~M
mo~ ;:lO~o::lc:iRci. ~o~Oota@o.

(a) T oj.).) X =Z ~e.);::: ~;:;.)!t>~~~ ~!~~(:lo:l~I'\~.

(b) 0 <0< 1(' ':'.J1'\d.)o::l;2, T oj.),) x = Y= z oe,roo;)

~~ (J 'I¥~e~tlO1il~. ~o::l~F~o:iJ.Jl'\ij.

(c) T o::!J.) Z= 0 ;::!o::l~!tI~-d ~~~2.Jo:mt:l ~~o~~o;)O)l'\r3.

 (d) T(x, y, z) ~,(4x-J" x-y+z, 3x-z)·

(e) T(x,y, z)=(3x+y+z, 2y+z, z)·

')
:&.;n ~~~ ~e:J~ ~;$.J6oleJ" V 00.) ~.Je~~ ~d~ ~D'I1g)~rri~.J
~!oj.r.o~ ~~F'de,~I'I;:l woru Meo;tJo.
\

(8) V = R 3; T(x,y,z) = (x, 2x+ 2y,3x + ;{y + 3=)

(b) V -= Rl; T(x,y,.:) = (3x-y,-x+ 3y, z)
(c) V::=:R3; TC,x,y,z, = (x + y + z,x + y +:,
x + y-l. z)
( d) V oL ::; 2 ~ de:: ~lt~e:Jri~ ~;::;.)~eJ O~MfH:l; (T f )
(t) ~ ( I It) ,r~ f (u)du.
(e) V o~.) 2 X 2 ;m~~ri~ ~o::!.)~oml'l~; TA = BA,
7).0
""
B = [()1 -;)OJ

(_f) v v~~.) 2 x 2 ;$Scl~~~1i~ ~;:.J~o:ml'l:5; TA = BA

~;2

B= [1 1].
o ~

:1. ~~f\d.);S R! ;:l.)~e)~ ~O~g)')Fri~~ 'I1~fde~rl\Tc)hd.)~~

~~~?

ta) T(x, y) .... (x-y, x+y)

(b) T oj.).) (0, 0) ~.)~ ~~~z.~ ~~.)~~ 8 'iJi~e~d~~

~~~F'~cir.Jl'ld, ~~ 0 < /} < 1T'

(c) T ~ y "'"·X O~~~ ~.)~ ~~~'U~O:;CI.r).s.

(d) T (x, y).", (x~y, x+4y).

300 ~~sr.~ f! t:ita$rltl6

4. (a) ~;"'"?Jv~ 2 d T ~Of1~FrTr,~ 5~~odf1.G-d k 2: ] If

Tko-jJ 2..o~J :J;jd~rmcS~ t!~tao.

(b) ~~~~ 2 0 om~ T cr30~:J~FT~e;n (12) o%id~~oi,

R2 = T ejt\~;:to~ t.oru <r:SO~~F' R ~~~ ~e~
t'otl.)Co~oj.)z.le)O ?
""
(c) ~2jj0l~~ ~ C:~C.)O:; T ~O~~~F1i~,) ~e~o~~~-d' ~.!
o~o~ y n TX"'" Y + ,\X 'Z.>o~) ~:5'.J~ ~Ooc;Jd X
~~~ ~~oCid:J;:: ,\ ~ ~e~rI{fI t..o~,J ;,'.)~d~0'3,JtS~
~JOl~D.

fi. ~ ~f1J.l~~~ 2 x 2 ~_)~oi\c t..c~.:. ~o~E:QlF ~~o~oj)tS~

~~G,J~~. T oj)) V oj) ;3)eej~ (dim J/ = :!) ';....oc:;)
~<j~ ~~~:J)F'o:1r.lMej. ~~d

€j~d'iJ-d ;l;j<Jile!~t\ Mi\C:S

(a) T f1 ~Mmo~ ~::>s.l~d~~ del (I /- T ) =- t~ -

~ a + d )1 + ad-be = 0 ~od,) MecM.
(b) (a-d)2 + 4bc <0 €jlil:J",O, crl T o:L)) OJ<;~o;;'C!
~Mmo~ ~e3rl~~~ it.r.,o~~ ..Jod.) Meo~o.
[~dcS; (a +d)2-4(ad-bc) = (a-d)l + 4bc:.)
(c) (a-d)l+ 4be>O ut\c:lQo, ~rI T oj).) :eI~F'ee~e'l
O'r.lt\~ ..Joc:l.J MeoM. [M2!~: ~~F"odt B ~~
w~~e/'\~o.]

(d) (a-d)2+ 4bc=O ,..Joc:l.J ~f.J~~.r.~~'V~· ~e~~

T=«a+d)/2) Iut\~d ~~ TO'S,)) ~~F'oe~~
o:J<t\~ ..Jod,) MeO.l.lo.

( e) h ,- c ~or;::) ~tJ~';JOl~J<i./(,;. T 0'i'J.J ~~F~~

;:;"0)(\0 ..Jod;) ~tO~o. [~.iS; (c) ~~t)o:r;rlJ!.~
 ~~ de.m3..'!1 ~ef~F'oj.) ~tj.)... old ~~e!i~ 301

c>:lo~~ ~qS~ a::::: d ;5~i~ h::: 0 ,,:)o~~ M~::lM. J

Ii_ Too.)') T (x, y, z) ::::: (ax+ by, cX-I-dy, =) d)~od

~;jO;:j~~d.J;5 R3 ~,)et?~ z..O~.) ~dq;l ~O~:.J.)1~~MO.
~e;5~ .as ~~~i\d.J;50.!1Zw 15 ;j~~ T~,) ~(Q)F'ee~~~,,~
.;)on.) ir.IeoM,

a h] 03~~
fl' d
~or:).) ~~Fee.m~e'd o::is.J::t ~OO.lo~O:b~ ~c:J. [~UcS :
T (0) ~o1Z.) ;:j.:lMOOC>O~ tS~oiJ.) I ~f\~ ;j~~~ "~~e,) T
(x, y, 0)=1 (x. yO) ~f\~wO ;:5J<)~.J

·B 0 )
Ar= I0 C.'

'ZleJ
~
B oj).) 11 x n e.:1fl:Z, cOO).) k X k ~f\~ o::J)~.)
~
~ d
~

c~or:)~ 0 00.)) ~'d~ i"G~~ z..o~~ 1:~~~ o:ffiJ~0 '(f00)~~ ~.!

;Jt;J;r;,;~,;;. '5f~eJ B ;$,)'~~ C ~~o~oCJ<J '6(Q)Fef.'-J~~ 'd
O::Jel~ir\~o~oS,)e ~~Q d ~~ A 00)) z..oc:b ~rnF~e.m~~:=J
om~~Qi)o'i 'ad.J!..~ ,,:)o~ MeQJ-,. ~~) ~;J?i};:j (i~~
;:;-,,;jF y~o;:j.)!, r;S.

>-i. A oj,),) ~oru eM~.l b:d!~~~eoj~ n X n ;i.<l~~~0l1'\C:'.

i if- j ~ Au -:t ij c>:lo~ ~~~~~~~~t'O). A O:~) "'O~)
'!1f'Q)F'~e.m\.~ ~'t~o:i)o'l()i)e ~tS wo~ ~W~,t.
[~~.iS: del (t 1- A) ... (I - All) (t - A g2 ) ...

(t - Ann) ":)odJ tJdf~"'O.]

302 e(m~ 'Il O~!Jllr<ti~
"
~d)~~ oi.ci~~? (~~~~: :=; Oot::: 8 d ~dl"l~ ~~~;rjli~J
;rji:C"i)o;b~o:),:lliz..;l:t,)c~. ]

(a)
(bT~
0 0 0

~l;~
0

f ()
0
0
()
0
:~

1
0]1
0

0
6
1
0
f)
J
1
0
0
4·
1
0

(dlU
(Cl~
q
1 0

~]
0
1 0 -1 0
.)
0 a 0 1
0 0 0 0

(e) F 0J0
0
0
J
~
0
(f) () 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 4 0 o 0
0 0 0 2 o 0 (I
0 0 0 0 ~ (I

0 (I o 0 0 1
0 o 0 0 o 0
.,
"
10. T ~~:l ~~F(3~~603eJf\~ 13, ~rI S~~, T ~f\Cb;:;o3 ~od)
~e~~')F S 'q~ .,Joc,) ~J()fO.lJO.

-1 :3
A = l [
:~ -1
1
2J22
J :? . '" o:l)) ~1::IF~ ~~~:::»ecrlJ03<>MO ;S)~2.r, lX. Y) crl~
V oj) ~Jee/~ e:;o~o'& l1)('6)vrJ o:wMID. T oj)J V oj) .;i
03JeO~ ~o~) ~o~ l)O~:;)~Fo:mMO.

(a) lYe;sv c oJJ) T"~ tuodl ~Mmo~ z.s~o.mf\1,e

~~.J c oj)) Tcrl) ~o~ 1sMmo~ t3~~I\t5
';:'o~,j' Meo~o. [~~UcS: (c/-T)* = cI-1"·
~)03,jfo:lJ 17 i'S).._ t'\)~oirHI'\M.]
 ~~ l:3ems,:.'!f ~O'!f~F"o:l.:l1,aClO>... Olt:! ~03e!llf 303

(b) cl:;t:cz. e;,f\tSG}~~~.:?.. T X 1 ::CC I X 1 o::J,)~.:?.. T"'X2

=Cz.X l e;,f\!41Qc, e;,r"<'(X 1 , X2) =0 o':)oc:b ~eo,,:
[(c 1 - C2)(XI, Xl) = 0 o':)o~,) MeOM.]

(C) T'" = -T ~nq_o ~.)~~ (' oj.),) T oj.) 'l..oLil

~~mo~ oz!l~c;mf\c;SQ13, e;,r( c:::: 0 o':)Oc;S,) tMOM.
[~~ca: TX;:::cx~nc;SQd, (T X,X)=O ~o~
tJdeOM.]

(d idt) Y (t) ~O~ ~O~e~~~er@. T oj,),) R" ;3.)eO~

~Or::!.) ~(,@Fee.weS Cl30~:J~Fc:SstlMO. i = 1, :i, ... , n ~
T Xi .o=CjX· ~f\(j.)o::Joi, Rnt. ~O~')~~OlC;;1), {X·, X2,
... , X n} ~MO. ~~f\d:;o::J ;t:l:J,.;~'!5dro~

~y(t)'-"T(Y(t») oj~)
dt

Y(O)-X==OIX 1 +O:zX:3+ .•. + ClnXo e:1f\r:bo::Jo;l

t..O~,) ~Oimld Y(t) cm~~ lMO/;)t] ~o~ MeCM. -6i
liOi:fWd~ yet) = ClleclIXI + aze c2t X!a+ ... + (/oe Cnt

Xn ~o~ 'If~r:i~~~rS ~O~ ~~OM). [Usca: {X 1,

X:z, .. ·,xn} ~~et~d ~~re~~rl~ ;rldr"<~~) (dldt) Y (t)
-= T (Y(t)) O:::,)~.?. Y(O) = X o:j,)~ Mmm~c:I:
(dldt) ZI(t)=c,ZM) ;l);!.?. Z.(O)=a.. l-s.isn,
~~ yU) = ZJ{t)Xl + Z2(t)X!!+ '" + Zn(t)X '.}
 304 ~t ~... Cftin1"'_

rW ~~ zrl\-~Tf :iC~~drKf~ :Je:fMJC.

_d}_) -.1 ~'1 - )', d.!_!_ =: _ )1, 0= 31'~

til . - tit /-
~~.1'1 (0) =~ 1,.)'1 (0) := .1.

o ~~; t S; 1 11 :J;dO~~~ ~:J~(i)'"" ;;y.>~:J~ ;L~Ol~)!

W~~,/~PJ f (I) oj,} :S~!1 ;r;J;3')~ 0'3.>,) V e:Jl'\df!:J.
i.l
T .( (t)
~I f
(t) c:J,):J~ ~;jO~~~d~;3 V~) o:S)~f!:J~ ~C~
;:3C~~)f03),) T tH\OO.

(a) c ~,),) 2...0<:j) ;w.,~.~~

~
~o.dOii')I'\C:: tl o:i)~). Tfc::
_Or} '" -
cf e.:H\~w~' ~r\ ~~! r\wtr.: f(1) ~ 0 .::l0C::;)
MfOM.

(b) () <; c ::; 1 ~mCi.J~o~ c 00)') 2...o~ ~~~'e' ~o~'"

. ~

ojiC)I"IC::_ 0, ~li c / - T oj)) ~~e;j,)N"~;.O:;'iih;;':

w ~

~o~) iMeo~D. [~IIil~te; It - C jl/2 ro)~ c[- T

03') ~13~ OO)%;~o:So~,) MeO:tJO. ]

(c) c < 0 eqSOYil c > 1 el'\C;:; e, I:jr\ c1- T O~))

~~e~)mi;S~~h~ ~o~,)
'" T)- 1 f\
(c/- t...OC::) ~(i
~C@F tJM:ti~oj,)~)cJ.. !f~~,)~~Ood Me~I!JC.

Hi. 2...00) 2 X 2 ~~ "00),) ~£'*"&~~"t3~)f ~O'l.))~~~

tJQFO~e,),) 2..00,) rSooZ~(iJ.) 2&~o:::i~,)... ~O. [~~rS :
~tjJel~~ 5 (::l~ wcd03JilmI!Jo.]

~Olrl 2. tl~)"'e, ~"o_

'!f~Fee, ~O~:')~F"ii~).... ;t'~d~mo-o~v,) 'l.)5:l,)~ii<;,~ ;!,)e"'~ ,,~

~v:!"o~ii';.) ~~~Ii,)~~. 7iI~ wcd~el'\~,)~ 'l.)~tieii~ ~)e"~
y'!)~oodlic;.~k ~ ~~;i~~ 'tfJCi~;!j.
\ , /=00+a1t+ ai~+ ... + all tn.
~!oSJ.o~ Oi~ 'i...orZ~ Q:r.)~~~ ~o~omr'l~~~ 51 w~Qi)~",-
2.,.olZ,) ~~~'It eJa5,)~O ..Jod,) 'ddojJe;i"~;i.J~~. [~"~od,) til crl~.)
2.,.o~.) ~:J.)e, ~~o~crlr.lr'l~ d, (1) tS~ 'i...od.) . ~:»..~ ~~~, ~!
~od,) a oo.).ft)
j
£Uo~ ~05,)fcm ;!;jo.z~oml\de;.) .0000to:b 8J~~w
o:Jo~ 'da03.).)!~.s.J ~ed Oe!03')~ :::>te~;!;j~}~OdQ~' ,~~~, wo~
~~~ 'Ol<)~:::>'d eJcrl,)~O' ..JoeJ ~~F~~d..f "A~~lS. ~aiJ~rI
o?~~tlo~K~.) ;;;;:J)e,~J ~1¥0l<) ~~::rlQrtQ,'ln ~d~il)J~i!lo~e ~K,)!..s.

( t) d~ an :;t:. 0 ~f'\dQo, ~rt n ~~~ f ~crl.)~o:b ~O wod~

~oojJJ!eed ;$,J;!~ '!ld~.)d.. deg f ~od ;rJofJM;!;j,J:!~~; c(" ~~~f ~
~1?~ ~crlru~~ ..JodJd 'dOo3J')! ed. f =0 ~F\~ d, e;jrt ~~ f ~
~ do:1~~ Ol<)~~~~,)~O~.

ff,)m~dtifif= 8 + 7t+ t S ~f\dQo, t11i deg f =3; ;$.)~

g'_' 4 ~F\~d, e31i deg g= O.

f ;j.)i~ g n~.) ~crlJ~ort~Clr'lmQrl, f + g crl,)~~ t 0;3.) ~~~

~:!Ii~ ;rJcrSli,)rn'drt~~d.. ~o~~;rJ.)~dOod ~d! ~CJ5,)~OIir:od)
~b~d~.)!.ed. wmo:ldr$fi f = ao+ alt + a2t~ + ... + anl n ~'!~
g=ho+hlt+b2t2+···+bktk, ';~ksn ~~~, e1r1/ + g=
(ao+bo)+(a,+b,)t+(a2+h2)t~ + ... + (at+bk)tk+ak+1
(HI + .,. + antn. a~,) 2."ocSJ ~~~'d ~oJ\omf\~d, t1rl
(aa o) + (aa,)t+ (00 2 )1"+ ·.·+(aan)tn eJ~')~®~J.. af ~od
~o~e,!;rJmro~t::b. e, ~~.m8~rtMd(S ,..")~ z.:CJ5,)~ClrtY ~o~a:~
?...orZJ ~1!l'Ei ~~.)~eJ0mf\Ci.

-G! 03?~.m'il~~Ii~ ~omO::.) ~o.!;; :

f + g -:;f:: 0 e3T\~15, t1rt deg (f + g) ::; f ~.)~~

(2) g Cd) ~dK~ ~O~;" deg f > deg g tt"~~d, ~ti
t/.eg.( f + g)= deg 1-
139
 306

::; n ~o~ t.:a:~~ort~.), w~ ~~~Orl~ ;!:j~,J~eJoj.) '2..o~ U\.l~

;::;;~~~o:S,JtS~ OJ'2t,J;t;i,J~o1 ~ot),JtZ.) (2) d '2..o~,J ~om~~t'\~.

f= a o+ a,t+ a 2t 2 + ... + aroln ~,J:!~ g ~ bo+ blt+ b 212 +

... + Dktk ~r.1d, ~rI fSC;~ (aobl)) + (aob l + (l1bo)t + (aob z + a.b.
+ u 2boW + ... + ai'k tn , IC z,,;~,Ji3~Oj,JtS~f ~.):!~ g rI\~ rbtQe;)~",
~O~,J ~dcrl~!. f03 ~,J;!!2.. ';),~tS~f g d),Jot:$ ;l:jo~e.!~~f~.

(H) I g -= gl' (al)g '" a( I g" I(g+ h)_~f g+ J /7.

(4) I 7:- 0 ~,J:!~
g 7:- 0 ~t'\1, 0, ~rt Jg T () ~)~2.. deg
(fg) ~deg / + deg g.

(:;) f g -I h ~.),!2.; J :;t: 0 e:11'1~", d, ~n g.,._ h·

'OC;;~~ ~~~ ;!:je; ~~F'~~~~,) ~o~.) ~ccrl,Jmru~~. f g

=/ h ~I\~}, ~n f (g - h) =-= 0 ~n,J~C;;ooo f =- 0 ~tPOj;) g~. II
~oO,J (4) Oo~. !~crl).):!_;r;'3.

'I.,)~Ji30n~tS~ ~7\~~t)~,J~J ~tPGSel .eaS ab;3.)eo;S.) woO)

'e'CCJ.)e,)~ ci:l~ ,j~f\~ ~ej~0I0~Oe)
M
';),~ '2..~Moee~ 1)
~
~ ~~"od~
oto'1J~ w~.,;; ~m~':SiH:~C;; :.J~:!t ~CJiJ3'.3~ o:m~~I\~.

g:;t: 0 ~'dt- f oj,J~2.. g rt~,J z,,;a5,J~~nV<lf\C;;,,}~, ejK r = {I

(Ii). E.:iq5GSel deg r <deg g ~I\dJ~;2, / ~ gq + ,. ~MJ~
~'I¥6 'lI z,,;~~n~) q ~J~~ r ;i~.), ';),oS.

~ij:r~era:'l"l'\ q e5~~ r.nrl~~ wo~ r ~cS~ ~eiJ ~or!JiJ

~ecrl')J~}~. (\)) 0 ~tj!~o:$,J) ~,!~C;;",~"~, ~~.)e~ wo~~m
~G;j~~ e;-'.d~J~.)!e~, t;oO~ f ~~~ g d))O~, o:m~~~ !i(~~~...
It..r.:o~o~ ~JiJen.)~~d~~ ~~~ g f\o:! ~~;;j.) ~do' t..oru 1!e~~cS~
 1!lts d~W~~,,'If z:!O'lf~F'~ "tlto~d ~~~!4 307

\t~0~~d~6n~ ~l\;l:b~ ~~eli~!e~. =0 ~~~ deg r,<deg

TI
1( ~l\d':J;::;i{J,f = gql + r 1 .;)O~~ 'II~rl ~~oO~ d, e.11i r 1:= r ~':J~

ql:__ q e.:H\d':JoSo~ ~eo;l:j~e~:J" ~~'IIe.l(dOOr:;$ () = gq.,. r - (gql

+ r,) =g(q - q,)+r- '," Mf(, -'r l =g(q, _- q). ql- q;t;O
~I'\d.. =
o, e.11i (4) Ood deg (r - r,) deg g + deg (ql- q) 2::
deg g ~':J~~ (2) Ood , ;5':J~~ " rI~ 03::.e~(:S tJ2.:FoQIi~oo , """1
~qS';::;<I dcg (r - r,) <deg g .,:)o~':J '!%'Oil,}~. q, q ;5::,~~ = _
"1 ~. r .:lod::. ~e~F'tJ~':J!e;3. ~O::. (G) tS:JJ.. mf1');l:j:~r::l.
,Ii) G wmJ5c'!'$Ii~oi

14+ 7t 3 - Ht (tl+ 1)(tll+ 71- 1)+ (1 - 13,),

~
(7) 13+at~ _4={t- 1)(t2+4t+4)+0,
12 + 7 = (14 + 7).0 + ([2 + 7). .

2.:~~el e.5~r3c:l~(do~ ~e~~oS::.eo:5:J~ '(.,o~ ~~c:h'll w~'IId~.

""o~':J 2.:®;:S~C::b(d~ ~:J~~...;odOot5 tjlCll\,. ~od~ ~~':J~Oci'l(di..,
~~ci'le.l::' mtitQ~liOd2.)a3,)tl::.. e.1tld ~Ii~ 2..0d::. r,w1it)z.);:S~
l:J 'fl do.
~.)~~ 2..0~ €e~;5~"" ~oii.)oo~~:Jw~r:;$':J •
. .
f (c) = 0 ~l'\dQi3, 2..00::. o:Jo)~;J'II ~o~ c ~r:;$(d':JJ..f 2.:U;;:J~c:l':J
""o~ ~~:ltJ! o:1rlF"~~~ (e5lP~ o:r.>~:>W ~ce~) ":)or:;$::. 'IId~
~o. ~'fdf(c) ~.),) ~oilvci;dl\r:3: f(C)-'Oc/+o,c+a2c2+
... + Oncn ~~ f oj.:.::. ( 1) Ood ~.rel:i~}~,)~CS. ~~I'\d;)oS o?~~Ol5~
~e~~03':Jeoo.)d ~o~,) ~O~Cl;::;':'o:Jo)l\Q ~,)~~ ~C15~ ;l:je.l ~m~iF';::$
~~ ~oS.)~,o:i) .,:)o~ ~ec:3.:.::.!ed. .

deg f >0 ~l\d. .}:S. ~1i ~e~~ f = (t - c)q e3l'\d~d

(~) ~~, ~o~c3, t- c oj.J,J f ~(d~ '~~I"I'-.I~e' ;i..d~ cOO.J.J
2..00,) ~~;J~ ~,)~~o:r.>M':J!.~. .

r ... O tfJ~w~'deg r<deg (r - C)::: 1 ~l\'d::.~ff.'f :::(t -c)

q + ,. .:lotU ~~o1ili~~ d cd.)::. ~od:J ~~::>~ ~O~~dl"l~~~,
 308

r=de;,..,~!tS. Mfl.f (c)=(c-c)q(c)+r(c)"",d. uz:tOod

lfeo:ll) d= 0 ttl'\~'-ld ;:m~, ~odd, ift:lll f ... {t - c)q o:.1l'\~,;}
~~ f{"C) = f) Ul'\~!.~. 1!~f (8) tt1\t3. (8) Qo~ Mr
2:!zI~~)~ e~

(I) deg f ""n t1t1~O, ttr'l f o:$J~ r'l~~<»;$odt3 n ~~~I1.)r'l~~~

~oOl:3.

(1' c 2' ... , Cm ii~,) f ~ ~,)~l1.)ii"'~M!D (~) ~,)J.. m ~~iF

~~..P~);:lw f =-- (/- ('1)(t - ('2) .. ·(1 - cm)g· (4)Ood deg f =deg
. (t-c,)+deg(t-c2)+ ... +deg(t-·cm)+degg ~m. Mn
deg f ~~ n o)~i.~a,) m ::; n o)~~~d~1... -i..~f'~oli~. ~~.1
(~I) ~~ mQ;:l)"~~~.

~ ~()a~ollii~~~ ::; (11-1 )~dt:l o)~ ~~~OiiCjjl ;:l~~~&Jfi 'WOc::kl

C,1iji2GOlil'l M~M~~~ (n - 1 ) ~dd eJ~~ii~ 2..od,) ~o~~~~).A
d~~S tJ\i~~el';:leJ~r'~d.I. Cp ('2' Cft ii~) n :J~\ OTcl~tl~
~o~n~<JI'\C(), co~e, ~::j:.j ttl'\~,"d, CjJ ~ Cr 0 i>J<Jel~§~

(10) p ",,(I-CI)(1-('2)"'(I-('j 1)(t-Cjo'I)"'(I -eM) 0

,
I (ci.-c,Hc j - ('2'" )(Ci-Ci-~lKCj - Cj~ d'''\Cj-Cn )

;=1,2, ''', n.

t3fd ~efd~, P t ~~~ o)~ t - Cj e5~~Y'~r'l~ ~~~~~~

oe!
/ - Cj e5~~~F~~~~ ~e.3~ eru~t:::~K~~J.. ifi~~~~t.~t1ColZ i!.M3o;i))
~~. t1~ PI c:b') (n - 1) ~od 'Wo~ ~~~Oo3.J.ll'\!:5. ;:$~~~

... , n·
f o)~.~~d,) $ (n - 1) ~dd t..oC') t.l!l,)~Q$JIndC ~~_,
g =-/- f (CI)P I -f (C 2 )P2 - ... - f (c.. )P" tH"IdCl. g:# ()
 t:.~ c~m~oi fJ zlOfJtl~F"o:l.:l "'tr.J", o.d ~~~U 309

!.H'tt 13, ~rI deg g :<.; (n - 1). . 'adOo~

glCt)
=/ (£'1) - f tCI )Pt(C t ) - f (C2)PZ(cI) - / (c 3)Pl ('I) - .. ,
- / (cn)Pn(cl)'
(1 1) ~~ W~O~ef\i'.J~~ P,(c,) = 1 .:-;~~~ P;(cl) ~ 0 'c;~
i> 1 ~I'\c:l,/$. Mn g (C 1) =. O. ~~m,Je g (C2) "'. g(C3) =: ••• :-:::
g(c n ) ~- O. g z..)~~~o:l)) 11 o:j:.r.e,)ri~t::!).... a:.r.oO~ o:S..i~2., g i ()
~1'Ir::l_o, del? g 5.: (n- 1 ). ~~~ (\I) '!"-t Q.JM~~or<Jl'\~. g c- 0
.>Jom ~eomF;:J~eJClrb~~~. .at :!Nl'\d~o:S ~~,)eoj');l~~ iJdeo~~<JfI~.

~ ;3.)eo$.) 18· e , (", •.• , l ri":,'l,) Q.J~~J or<J~.:;~ ;r;;o~

- l
-" "" - ~
r(\'Q)r,ofD. i ,- I, 2, ... , II 11, (10) :;;:;O~.);:;o~ P ~r(...
f ·0 ~M~;30~ ~q:)~ deg f 5.: (n - 1) ~f\'d)o:So~ f 'l...o1Z.)
0-

m~:;~ ~w,)~t:)omMO. ttn

PI ZJro)~~7i~~", ('I' eL , .:., Cn ~o~8n~~ ~n!1o.r e!)oiot'

~:JewtStol tl~~~nt".) woc:l.J ~dc:l))!e~. (12) d~dl~ ~~
;:;~~ ~iT!Jotr \!joitflt%~ewdtol woC:J lttC3))!e~. ~~)eo:l~
Ii; Ooc:l {PI' P2 , ••• , PA } oj~ s (n - I) ~dd t;~)~~1i~ ~o:S.)~
oj.)~).... tJ:;,')F'~,')!.~ wo.::b !~o.il,')~~. .at ~;l,'):"aJoj,')) n eJcxm;S)o:S~....
~oOd,')~t:lod {PI' Pz' ••• , Pr } ~ ~03"~~ eJ9'tld~l'\t!! woM
o::.)~ (1.2) Of;, f fI t:~ti~~~o:S ~e2Metoj.)) ~~.)'e1~T\tJ woM
_;~~CS e~.
Q

tleJl"Id)o$ I ~ ~~ ~~)f~ t;)'(~ ~ ;E$orlei QWrI 4 d~ wllcdJ,)!_.

W<lr\)~t:l.
n ,_: 2 ~I'\rt 0, t1n
t =' PI + P2 + ... + Pit
t=C 1P1 +ClP2+ ···+cnP,.
(13) 12 =('~PI +c~Pd' ... +C~ Po
 310

~~r1 1 ~8 ~e~:::lo~ 2..od.) ~O~;:)')F'C"3.) ;::l. . d~O'J~o'd ~~r1e;l~.)

~ w ~

~;;;F"O~~J ~dJ2mo~ ;:::j~~drn.:::l ;:5JJd~r1e;l~)~ ~odJ~~ojJJ~c:i.)

e;::l~el ~~I'I~. ~N,\d:>;:5 o?~~Clo1:!Ii~.) e, ;:5.)~~~ rurnlj$;:5)F"r1~~~
~oi:,b(,;;t;,oj')~J ;::l1mlC"3.)'d03<l1'l~.

f~ (2 + hI + c ~M~, ~;;; b ';:5.)~~ C Ii~J ~~OJ'd ;::lo~6

;i%,0l1'\d~. ~r1 ~e;:5~ 1}-4c 2.: 0 t9l'1d,}~ ;::lJOJ~ f 2..o~J
( 14) ;::;;;:::J,OJ'd ;:5)J2'?j;::l~.)
....... ~
~~o~dJ~,iS.
-
b-4£' -> U ~I'I~
w
e
~K f ~ ;::l.)JOl'Orl~,) ~~t\d.)~doo.:::l ~JOlfjo:h)~~

,;;(c3) ;::l)~o""~;:j<Jd ~.:i ~~d ~~~~1'1~. ~~d 2..od,:, mGS~

ojJ~i e;:;<'o oj) ::!, ;;;1"1 2 iJ, e:Jz;i"a;::l 1 0 ((J) ojJ~ ~JC)~(:;1'0I1'\~. (14)
Oo:::l 12+ 1 Cl';ll:l ~'6' o::JJ~~r\~;::::) aBJtlOel'l .:>o~.) ~eo:mF'!\;::l,)~.e~
.J .A.;;; <:'" - •

oet::rlriid ~~~Jtlit irb~eo:$l) ':>o~J cGotJ~03<l1'\d.Jo::J ~~1'\'d);:l

o?~:sC)o~~ ;:::j~~1'\iS

f .:>~~~m ?: 1 ~d~ 2..od,) 03Cl~;:)'d (e;I~~ ;:::jOJ.)e,~J)

( 1f) 2.JZl:l)~~ .~I'I~Q 0, ~rI f 2..0~) ;::lOJ~~) ;:l.)JC)~;::l~~ ~oo~;
oodd, f (a:) ~ 0 ~ 1'\dJ;::lo~ 2..od.) ;::lOJ.)e,~ ;::loih a: '&~.

( 1[) d ~~Q~oj)~~ ;::lOJ)e,~) ~~t5J,.Ii~ e;I~yd~~~ ~~ o'!o.1t5.)oI..

~~~.lilet\;J,; o~60~ ;::l)'?j~Q:j,,1'\ ~d0:5.)2.J(y;)')c:S.J. e;lo~ 2..0~.) ~m<;lo'!~
~eo mo i!~ A. ~.IiI od.lilojJ.)e3~dOod es~o m~~oj,:,~~. 2!ltiJ!, e~.
o~~o'! ~~o~ef\O:1<lI'\OJo::! (1;") d M~~ 'lfv,;ll'\~o!~

f 'Woc:i) ~dJC)~~ ;:j()~;:)'d 2.J~)~~oir;)A~QO, e;1i f = dq)

Q2' ... (IT ':>00') 2.Jtoj,:,2.Ji:l5:l0.). ~~ ~~~od.) qi C"3~
{. 16 ) ~Z'?~ ;:::j;;jrl,:,('O)'d 1 Ma~ 1 ~~~ 2 d ~dO 2..0zZJ
~~Jd~o ~~~~ 2.J~J~Oc:1<lT\tS 0.1)~~ d oj,:,.) 2..0~J
o:5C>:!_. OJ~ ;:::jo.il~ c;SJt) ;\0.
 ( 1f)) ~~ ;r.:w~;tj)~e;S. deg f :.: I) ~lirSQ el, ~rl ( 11i) ~~o
~rSQGJe)f\t.'S. degf >0 elirSQo, a =0+ ib o::!,)) f ~ ",",orS~ i!;J~)!~~...i
;::l.....s<l'U~r\O(). ~rif =, a (I +
+ a,t~ + ... + {I n t n ~t\':; 0,
alt _ Q

(/n+ ol(a+ib)+al(a+ih)2 + ... +- On(a+ ib." ". 0 ~Ii~.

nf'CI~oo')orS Go + a 1(G - ib) + Gl(a - ib)2 -I- ... + en ( ll- ih)1) , o.
~rSoorS

(17) f{a+ih)=O t:f\c::'l..,Cl O::':JeJ~f((J-'ih)=O ~~~~

( : FI) (t -- (a+ ih))(t -- (a - ih) ) ~- t~ "Jat + (/~ + h~.
Mfl a = a + ib oj).) .r ~ 'l.."orS) ~.)~t;os.;li~J e, eri h, 0
e:[\o,)!~. ~~.r ~qlql ejf\G.);;:;~degql~--1 ehd:,~o~ (/I 0:::],):'.:.,
gl rl~.)
e;;1:'.r;;r:'e o:w~~~ z.:~,)~[:)ri~elf\;3. (';;%i ql == t - a)· 1>7 f)
eTlrSw G, eri (I l ~ /2 - 2al-+ a 2 + /)2 eMm ~J~')~ r = 0 ~""o:iC' "f'I

degr<degql Cf\dJ;:j~f=41g1+r ~orS,) ~doo.)o. ,.""d

c.Sif>:iO) r = c(l - d) ei'\o);i%;, (' O::::J~~ d iiljl) o:ielS:l'd ;:b~~ri'\;'<I/\~.
(/t(c¥) 0 ;;::,:.~~.r (c¥) . 0 ~.:!M.)~rSool..~ r(cr.)- 0 ~od.) <Mlow~
~e~). t1rS,;;;Do~
re_' d ~f)dQe, ~Ji d cO ;i)~2. r c{·(t-d) eli~Qe
'dri r(cr.) c( (0 + jh) -d),,- ca-cd + ich:c o. (/, I;, c ;:jJ~.2., d
_;c

ri~.) o:r~~~~ ~o~vri'\Tclr\d,)~rSoorS, chee- 0 ~orS.), ~ode, c _ O.,JorSJ

~_n o!;)~~{'d.). ~~,...:.; 0 ~od.) Meo;tj)~c:l. q 1 ~1ti"~ ~roii.)~'d
I ~~ (fJdotld.);:j~ ;:5.)~~ deg ql-:C: 1 (h 0 ~h~.;}:l) ~~Ol~ deg 41
'2(b=l:0 ~Ii~-.;,O,) 'ejIiOJoSfJ"j c-:qlg1 ~od,) MrO~t:lQe~. deg
RI~' 0 'ejf\dQo, d= gl ~M(). OOOlf\~~dQo ~~ ~c:l~ ~OO:)F~9'l~
~~~ g ~ ~~d~.)~' q~oo:)J ~_)9"~ ;tja511,)C'W~ 1 ~~ ~o[:)c:boS~, 1 ,
':.5~o:it) 2 ~drivol(:S.)q. l:f~oed.)O::::~ ;:5:)~~ q2 ~,)~~ g2 ii~dM ~~~~
z.:~~eii~lid.)oS~ gl=q2gZ ~~~ ~du~~eid. deg g2 0
~.1I'\0Q 0, d '=_ g2 e"lice:l. ~~orSQ d ~c:le oe.!oo.)~ oS,J.)orSJ;:jC~.) i5'l
~o::!,)F~Q~~;S~~ (6) ~~OJ~o~ f ~~;:j~F"~M~~;::!;::!aJd
"~~.d~.)M.

d~m~e.~ ~f~ii~.c:l~ ZJaS.>~OI1~ ~,)Jdv~i ero~o1r~eJi~

~.)~oe~ ~o'd'U/~o:l,:)~
.., M
~~Moee~. T o::!J,) V 00') ~.:,ee:>d);::! ",",00)
 312

oem\~ ziO~:JJF~f\dC ~~ /=oo+a 1t+tl2f+ ... +

e"l'\dC. NCl~ aoI+a,T+a zT2+ •.. + aa Tn a:k),!:J~F'oj~~
(T) ~o/j ;:fo.Je~;:fJ!c (oS. ~ocSrj,

(10) I(T) = aal+ a1T+ azT2+ ... +anTn.

'a~ aD! + alT+ a2T 2 + ... anTo ~oi1l5 ziO~~Fri'
~o~O~e,):J 2..0~.) a3~~ ~t~c ~o'ff~o:::l~... ~~G,)~t:3. Wcrtl~C
1== 0 ~''1r;!Q 13, t1r. o:m~~e T f.. I (T) = 0, Met ~O'ff:>JFcdr;)1
.f::=te:I'I~O, f:Jr./(T) = T· 1== l+t+t3 f:J1"I~d, ~'"
(T) =1 + T+ T 3 • 6s e5o~C~O r.~(5r\ tJ~o:::l~r(~,.) ~m;j

(a) (j+g)T:'-=f(T)+g\T),
,20) (b) (a f )(T) c a f (1),

(c) (jg)(T) =j(T)g(T) ="g(T)f(T).

~ ~~~~.)ri~ NVr;5~r(~) :&~o:::le) dr.l~, t:;O!iru~~ ;5.)~_., 2JCf5.

rf~ ru~e,)~rf~ ~c5~<J?5~rf~J ;:1.);§2.. (l!J) d cf..n~ OJi)tJ~~rl~(=S~ ~
'.':)~ eNlJ~(/I.1JfI~frV,;~;!. &Jom e/I)~il5dl'iaJ.>J ~d~ ~~I
:::iJ~~. r =]?2 f:j/ld() ~1J~ T o:JJJ f1~fld:;~d()od ~':~r~'~~",
;:SC"t!::JJr ~ /ldftJ.

(21) T(x, y) = (2x- Y,X+ y)

f 2 + ilt O::.)~~ g ':""" t+ t 2 ~l"Idtj. T2 (x, y) T(T(x·

= =
y))= T (2x y, x+ y) = {Hx-3y, 3x) ~M~OOo~ oSY!~/(T)
= 2 I + 3 T O::J~2. g ( T) =
T + T 2 t1MJo;t~ooi::),
(22) f(T)(x,y)= 2(X,Y) + 3T (X,y) "" (HX· 3y,ilX+ 5y\
(2B) g( T)(x,y) <= T (X,y) + T 2 (x,y) = (5X.4y,4x + y).
g = t (1 + t) uMJ~oOo~, g (T) = T(l+ T) ~c~ ~~ti
a1,QoOt:3,}~. e5o~e, g (T)(:r,y) = T(I+T)(x,_tJ)=T«x,y)
+ (2x-y, x+ y)) < • T (;~x-y, X+ 2y) :=: (;;'X- 4 y, 4XX y)
~d) (20c) cb~o~ '&tlt~~~Cl;:jO~ (:!:l)"~ ~.);r.,I"I~.
 ~~ ~emi&'If 110f~F'~ J.1Z').oSd ~;!~&1f 313

A oilJ t..o~ n x n oll;)~~o:mndO ;lJ~~f '"' ao+cM+

12 + ... + ootD tff'lOO. f (A) ooJ~~ aof + alA + a2 A2 +' ...+
An wot:!:l ~~tl~~! e~. tfo,:;;, Oo~ A OOJ:l o:m,~r3e tftjr.ld'lf~
)~et~f'I Tei) ;:m~", tff'lz:td, t1rt f(A) crlJ:l er3e tft;Hld08"
l~e!~1"t f(T) OOJ o:m~"cm1"tr;3. B QjJJ 'CI~oI..0~ U~O~.o
l~ef~1"t Tei) oll;)~"'cmMO ;lJ~~ B=PO-IAPo tfnOJo:loi
)'CIdO. [~et4e~~ei) 1, ~rt6d(56)J. f(B)O"S:l:lwdll~e
~o'l5!" m~et~f'I f (T)~) ;:m!t)"'OmMJ~oOod, f (8) ..,
)-1 f (A}Po wo~ ~oOr;3,:;;,e~, eso~d,

~~ (24) {dJ,,_ {Seot:Jc)1"t (19) (dJoI.. w'JS~el'\~o:hr.l ~" ~ea

6)ru. (21) d~ 'I5!~f'I{doMO

A= [2-1J
1 l'

f\OJ~dOocS A OO:;:l T o:lJ ~~ioml\r;3. tfrt (22);lJ~ (23)

~

[») f (A) = 3 [8-3] 5' g(A) = 4 [5 -4J l'

g(A) ~; A + A- , [2 -1J +[2 -11

= 1 1 1 1
2

= [21 -1J1 + [3a -31

\
r5 -4J
OJ-l4 1
.

1:' o:l~J ~cwF'de~~~I'\~~Iil1i f (T) OOl rt~~~.J ~jeoi ~Qfbl

,-
 314

~nt3. D C~j 'T ::: ~~ ,Jamnt:!Q d V~ ,§~I'\~o!O~~ 2-

el?o~ {X', Xl, ... , Xn} ~Mf!).

(26)

1= a + a,l+ a212 + ... + anln ~Mf!). eKf (D) = Go I

O

aiD + a2 D2 + ... + anDn. 'Qt:loo~

-acSJ {X', Xl!, ... , X"} f( lW~e~;j";)f'l f( T) o:b ~~ f1:llJ~/,)

tlVis ~rl9.)
1. ~!~o~ 1 ~j!~ g t.l~~OK""~ f.::: gq + r ;3,)~:
r= 0 ~~~ deg r < deg g ef'\dJ;so~ q --;S.)~ r eJ~
CI:S~rl~r:S~ ~od.)ooeacXl,)O.

(a) 1= (5 + t 4 + t 3 - [2 - I - 1) g = ,3 - 1

(b) 1=17+3t6+5t'+1,g-t4+t2+ 1
(c) 1= 7t 6 + 3t3 + 7, g ... 6f + 1
(d) 1= (1 + i)t2 - (v'3 + 2;)1+ j, g=- it
(e) l-=t8-6;1+ (2+ 3;), g=it 4 - 7it i +(6+2{)
2. (l-t)(l+I+t2 + ... +tn )=(1-tn4l ),.)ot:!j i.s.eoM.
::1. aD, ap a2' ... , an' a ;s,)~ b rl~.) ~1.~~ ~o~K'Ir'~
I'\dJ~~, ao + al(a+ ib) + ai,a+ ib)2 + ... + a.(a+
\. ',' ib)n =0 ent:!Qd, en all + a I (a-ib) + a'}.(a-ib)l'+ ...
+ a,1>(a-ib)1I .. 0 ")ot:!J ~~ ~el4. [U"cS: c¥ =
 CI~ dt.m~..1f ZlO_~;o1) lil:r.>.,ojd ~;:!t.' 315

x+ iy e.1t'1oQ d, x ~J~:!. y T1~,) Glu~~-e!~M.)d~, x-iy

~c::~; ~JoO ~o;jt!~. (~) "" ~ + p, -;j = ;p
woOJ d,)!2_. 'tJtd~ <l: .., Q: e.1t'10Q " o:m~ (\\~ ;;:Sil_i~~~~
WoOJ ;a'i)~ ~e~. ~o~~ ao+ at(a+ ib, + alta + ib)2
+ ... + an(a+ ib)D ~~"" r((.';~ ~l'il~~J ero~o1r.la,\M.]
". f crl')') 'WoOJ tSj, ~oo ~~~~ 2.J~~~o:mt'l~ d, e.171
f (c) = 0 e.1I"\OJ0:5o~ 'WoO.) 0lCl~~'! ~0&3~ 'Cl~ woO.)
t.GfO~O. [~t$cS : f cS ~t?cS ~~ru~'! 0 e.1"oQe, >
lim a-+n f (a) == r:JJ ;:iJ~:!. lima-+r» 1 (a) = - ('J)

Wo~.J rOJ~ ~e~63if~ ~crl.J;:i,);:i~~ eroll~f1).7.1

iJCleoM. ~o;!O 'Cl~e,l;! o?!I~o~0:5~~ ~41L~~ ;:iJG1~o:S')
o:5j'il~ ~~.)ecrl.J;:i~"" ero~cMm~o.]

f). f 'WotS.) 0lCl~:J-e! 2.J~lloo:mM!I d,)!:!. c (X$,),) f ~ 'Wo~

~'i)~;J-e! ;S,)JClV~I"\O!I. c crl.~.) 1 c:: 'Wot$.) ~~cf' ~.!
~~;! ~v woO') ~ecJ.Ji e500t3, ;je~v (df/dt)(c)
= 0 ~~O}:l o:m~ o:m~rir.e k>l ~ (t-C)kcrlJJ f ~""
~"~.)!.oi:3.

6. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ~tl V'i)~o~ ~o~cf'~:le'!d~ r.J~

~t..r(~~~ 'tJJCl1ab.

(b) Cp C2 ••• , en ri~,) :J~~

~~:J,! ~o~T1~"z:lQ d
0:5~;!~ hi ,b2 , bn T1~.) cir.:I~~t ~~~'e' ~o~
••• ,

71~"r:::Qd, e.171 f (Ci) = b i 0:5.)~2., deg f ::; (n--l)

fjl"\O.);So;i ~t§il~" 'Wod:! 03'il~:J-e! 2.Ja;:')llo f 'ClzS
woo') iMOJ.JO. [~.cS: Cp e 2 , ••• , Cft r(\,,"
.f e~"" tJ'i)ii!J0~ ~o!cf'~~e~~~ 2.Jl't.)~OT1~ ~
ii~ ~o.s.LJ.JO.]

(c) /(1)-0, f(2)=3,/(3) = -1,/(4) ... 2,

f ([» = 0 e.1,,~;:io" s; 4 d ?1d~ Loot:$) 2.J~~~.)
316 c!cmi,'IJ ~Ctd ...~ti.­

Ie;~~ '6ori:~G~O.

7. C" C2' ... , Cn ri';~ ::l!~ ~~~~ ~o~~1i'l:"~M~.

~';"d,)~ ;m~ ~~

A=
[
/, c: ...::::.
ci c~ c~
n 1
( .n:_
1
I cn-I
2··· n
cn- t

tl~JC,~;;:$~~lji~03Cl"~ ~o~.) ~eo.iJo. [MU~: (1;1) c$~

;;:$~;!~ p, (,(2, ... , tn-I} ~::; (n-l )::!od~ ~~~~ii%'
~o:S.)~n t..ot::b ~~d03f)I'\i:3 ..JO'/.J ~o1i!oj)~~ ~r;
~eI'\M.]
\

~. TO'$.).) ~~"ro~t:Soo~. OJ.)~~~;tS~~d~;:; R\ ~)~O;::;

oe.m~e.~ ~O~:;'.)r e;,f'\Cf!J.

7'(x,y,z)=(3x-y,2x+ 7y+z,x+z)-

f =2(2 + 7t - J ~f'\C~; g _:: t - ( -7 + ,74i)/4,

h "'" t - ( - 7- V 41 ) /4k:::: i311 + fit ~f'\CO. 'tf~[\d.J~
~~J.... '!fo~.)O:JtallJ~O.

~a) f(T) (b) g( T )h ( T ) (c) (f(TW

(d) k( T) (e) (il f + 7k)(T)
~. f (t) "'" 6 t 4 + {I + Gt + 1 , g = ;) t~ + ), q = :!. (+ t;:~ -
~, r :::. P7( + 5)/il ~hdO. ~~~ ,;~~ruo:j A oj.)
~~\)~rllQ') ~.!cir.lo~';~~ f (A), g(A), q(A), r(A)
;:;);;~ (gq + r)( A) K~~~ ~oa~w~dJ~o. [MU~:
. ;:;WQ~~~o, A C"S.J.) 'd('Q)fe~,03C)1\~ ..JO~J i~ee.iJO.)
1 1]
(a) A = [0 1
 3 1 0]
A =
[ 0
()
2
0
0
]

~~~~ f = 116 + 7 t 2 + 1 ~rH~ej. f (A) ~::c:l~ ~od~

Mo~.)o.

11.

f{ A)=[f(B) 0 ]
o f (C)

12. V~.) 'Wo!::!') ~o!O~ ~~~2-:",~~).._ ~oCl~e ~~~~ f

t.oeil ~~;;;}~ t.l~llooml'\r;:!we, ~fI f IT)* ,= f (T,*
oJor;:!,) ~eoM.

1:3. (a) (20c) ~ t.or;:!,) m~c3o:l~~J.. t.le~~o.

(b) (24) ;rj~~~ru~tS oJor;:!,) ;r.,~ ~ec20 (MUc:3:

AP o)'~· = P u- I Akpo' -ar;:!.)
(PO~~I OOs.>~~e
@~CiFO~ k ~ 1 n, o.)or;:!,) ir.leo~o.]

~'e. vr.n.~

~ ~~~~d~d,)~ o.)~ tJ~130n~.r.J cDO~to:» 2J~1l1!)1i~1'\~

~~; e;o~e, q7- 0 t1nCl~d~.r.:oOn· p ~.)~ q 1i,,~) ~mFo=d1i\~
 318

M~o:1~, ~1ti"bt'OJ~I1e:~ p! q M~o:1~~ ~.fOIot;:);d,

'l.uoc::.) 2J:6J~e!loo')~,
~~d ~:tl~~ ~O::j\Jrotl~ 1 ~.:H\~c;.)e, ~f'I~ .;)or:S.) ~e~):!r.l.... a., ,,",oC.)
2JJ5~tit) I, g 0:1~~~ q 11<;;1) Qw'd-le,rrJ ~c~ t;~~~Or:~'''l'\dJo::i~,
iTI~) I = g(/ .;)O~J 2.le~z..;~M .::r;c::e ~c::~~ ~o".)~r::~~en. .>Jot::)
I

c:te%.1)~eoS. f oj) ~o'tl)zj~O~Jdel1t'l;:jClI'\~/;)cta, ~I1I o~~ ~o'8',,)'"

~V,) t!l1Il~i)'F" .>Jo~ ~Nt)Clnj~m. I ~rrj~!.do:ir.ll'\C::Q 0, ~O~)~~'U
cWcle~ o::i~~~ deg f ? 1 e51'\1~w 0, f ~i?~~ClI'\~ .;)o~ iileq}~~ eoS.

deg f ~ 1 ~1'\'Cbo::io~ f t..o~) ~'lt'j\ 2J~oo;;W tH\~QO, ~7\

j Ij o::i)~ ~.!ro..GO~J ill oj.) ""'O~) 5~Cl~ e"ct
o , Q;c:;t4J ~M)

;:j'iJ" f = PI PI" 'p~ ~OC::) i.r.:eo~, ~~~~, Pi 7: Pi ~"d.);:j~ ~

i :j: .i ;:j)~..?. ~!03JOo\:;:b Pi oj» 'l.uO~~ ~i:fCl~ eFlt:l'b' f = PI P2" 'Pk
~1'\10. ~rl k= r .>JO~ ;:jJ3$..?. NCl~ qi -Pi ~ru;:jO~ Pio:SJ~~ ~~O··
;:j23;:j'!~t"S~\"~~33J:':OC::) ~~OM, [~~~:
t..odv f ~ ~OqS
(!Jd~~~oj) ~~il.:j~ ~)e;?fS. ~~,)~~o:lJ~~ MeO~t» ~JOt:lt).),
pO'S.))
'l.uO~.) ~9t1~ e11'\~~ ;:j)~..?. P o:b gh ~~)"'- ~I'\~~O, ~rl P o:SJJ
g O'S~~~ ~,,~~~ ~~03C) p 03~) h e;~J.. 'tti~I'\~~~ .;)o~~ mql :;,.tl
iik o;SO~o!l;:j~. Ntlql tJ~e;J, P 03JJ g 03.)~~ ~1'\~t)~Q 0, ~rl 1 = pg I
+ gg2 ~r\~o::io~ g) ;:jJ~~ g~ 2J~rlOI1~~ ~odv MeOM. ~
;;Sej~o~;:j~J.. ~~;r;le,).) gl ;:j)~~ g2 rl~) ~dorrJJ~OJClT\dJo::i~, pgl +
gg! d.JOlrlr:S 2JlIDi!30rlpOl~ r 'l.uoC::') ~~~t!l ~d~ t.)lID~OOJdI'\~QO, ~r\
P o:SJ~~ r ;Joll'\:!:b!, is .;)or:S,) MeO~O.]

.g, ~11C::;R 'l.uo~) ;l:JdpOl rlO~;JJF~ ~<S ;r;lo'l..loQcm~ ,;)d~ 2.l~

~Orl~~~ ~;:jO~J~f~, 'a~~~ ~r:SV~Cl'ht3~ ~c1~mo'd fJ~~t:).

V~).J tlOF~ ~o3s.>;J~foo,);:jCl"dej o::i,)~~ D (I) =det(tI- T )
~I'\dej. ~rl D ~ V a:b ~atr.l;::lJ'i5!-d ;r;lo:lJ(V:iP ~dP t..oP.J 2.l(l5,)~{.;)
cildl'\1!). (~JOe~ ~Q~~oiI 2, ;1Clrt f1 d ~~t3~ 16) 6. O:::~~ T ~
1MJ:iO" &)~.)z$e o)cc:l.) ~dcd')J~f~, [~.M~~" 1, ~~
~ III,,) ~~'$d~;::l~::." ~M~t;O~ :::S:':'JfI'lt'd~ ,.)Qd;).'ddoon~f;!. '5t3e
~~~O~ 6 (c) == 0 ~1\z:S.] ~,d~mo~ 'W~,)~~rt'l,i ;j)~t)rI~o::$C:,
T 0:1') ;:j.JMmo~ ~e3r1~e
....
e.m:d. A 0:1,)) ~o~ n x n ~~I,) ~~<Jr\
o}, ~rt 6i 1) -det(tl- A) oj)~~ A c:l.:l 1P~~~o'l:i 'W~lJw
~O~) ~doo~,)!(~.

6 e.5~~ M('2I~ o::mr:;;,)~r.:~eJ-d1\ V t\ t.;oQ.} ~C?~p;j~~ Pj03~

~d~1il,)~. A o~~ -6! '1jY'lO~..j ~;Dile~~~ T c::b ~.hl~}~
omt'llD. ~rt 11- T O:l) o:3Je)~~~O::L) I}'- A o~,Je eJM,)~r.:ccr:..

(I) 6. = del (tl-A).

::jJ'>~ (1), t1~'C)d~ ~oo~oj,) ;3)e~ ~;::;tlo'I:JA.~. 'a~,)

B oL
z..oc:b ~8eo:l,) ~i1l~d~-d ;::wiJeE.~" T 00) ;:lJt);g.u'liio:}J.JI'\~c;}~' eli
11 -_ B oj),) ~ ~.!eo~ ~i1lCld~,J m£(~~1\ t 1- T oj,),) ~~ 'Iii
cm(\c:l .,.)0'1.) ;:jorl!~)O~ ~~<;l ~ri)~c:l. ~';~od) t AA del
(1/-T) 0:)) t1tjWc~ t100~® ;;3,)e~ ~;jt)o~;:j,)~e~. M~ det
(tI-A)::cdet (tl-B) "')od) ~ot:)dt3e~). B=Po-'Ap o
~1'\~~dOo~, ~t,,1I'\d);j ~~;:j~~d~rlt,,1) et ;:jorl.!n ""00,) ~o:}Jt)FO:lJ
mQ~c:b~,)J.. ~~d,)~03 :

del (If-B) "" del (tPS-IPIJ-P n 'APIJ)e.dtt (Po-I

(t/-A)[> 0)
= det (PO- I ) det (tJ -_ A) det(P 0) ~,det (rl-A).

;:j,dMmo~ e.l~,)~ooo,).) T oj~ ~~F'de~o:J.)I'\Cl~~, ~~~e

.,.)ot.ljdtl~ ~QFO;:jt») ~;jj~ ~~rtWOl ~~O'SkiI ;j~~!c:j,)tl1.. ~.r.,r:;:;)

~O~. [~rt 1 d (2t)ff;:!;,)~ (22) ~f~.J ~~ 6~ e1~

;:jot.loQomd, T 0:1) ~~F~e~~~OO)tl1.. ~t;:lFO;:jt),) ;:S;:l)e.~d.. ~~C~d..1\
;::j);:l twoti) t:>,d.!e® ~1l5,Jlleoi)~1.. :J;:le~,)~}03. 'N1\~;:l ~C~ot~
~~J.. ~
tNClQ e!)K~~ ~eo~,~OO.J~f\eJd~,
_ mQ ~ ~.;!e~ ?J~,)~Oc:j~~J._
~

~;:!;O~t),) ~~,)~ ~a5ioj.,) ~r;i)!.o~ :

(2)
 320

'ac::!tS~ '8"~e3 - Q5i),~~~ 1JJ;S.)eojy wo~.) ~~~!e;3.

(2) d tJ!!)~lic::!~d.)~ 0 won15 ~(5o.. ~~~')F" won.) e:5!fF". dim V = 2
uM.)~ ~~olir6-d (2)~o.. m~~e.:rClru~m ~.)~~ m;m~~ m~~0:5J~~
2..on.) ~ee~ e:5~~~~.l\ ~~eT.!ru~m. dim V:.:2 won.) "a~~
~J<)~.J<)/ECI ;j.)~

ClJOl~mndJ<) ejCji<ld~-d m~etO!f)l'\dJ;jo~ T 00.) ;;:{j,)~ r6 eM!). Boo~.)

tI- A 0;5.) e:5~m~ m~n,)o~ ei'ld!l. (~ece e:5G'J'<leoo') 2, ~li 6)
eli

(4) .6(t) 1-:.:: (tl-A)B.

(2[ - A2 = (t/ - A)(t/ + A) ~.)~ .6(t) = t 2 - (all + a22)

t + allan - a21a12' ef'\d.)~noon .6 (t)l - 6. (A) = (121- (al!
+ a22)tl+ (a11 a 22 - aZlall)I) - (A~ - (all + n)A+(alla22 -
a 2I a I 2)i) = (t 2 J- A2) - (all + a 22 )(t I - A) = (tl - A)(tl + A
.... (all + (122)1 ). ~neOt::l<>1'\

(5) I.:::. (t)/:- 6. (A)+ (11-- A)(tI+ A -(all + an)!)'

(3) ~.),I.. ~~~e1\lJ C =, () won.) ~er;i.)!e~. ~$ (2) ~o..

'ffJ<)~~lZ. ~oc3.) tJ~~O P 00,).), e:5c::!d ~~~ ~a:jliJwtf~ 1 ~h~~,
:,)'!f'~ ... ~oQ.) ~eoo.)~rlJ~rl wmreorM 6. ~ ef\i!l. ~;l~~:'ldJ~"
~~eo:h 2.:re.)~Oo;5.).) ~.).)O~ :6J<)~~~~.
 eta dt~""b~.~ ?$o.~F'O>i) )jC<l~o~d ~o!t!' 321

~;S)EcW 19. V o:3J:> tlOF'~ e1~:»too:>o:r<>Mt) ~:>i~

T ~) V o:3J ~~t)~ t...ot:l~ ~o~ aSo'd~F'o:ml'\dt!). e3li t..od~
~,;~'d ~'di~ t.)~~ po:3J) ';~f\~ r\}t'Q9~li~~1l~ rad:>~cS,

(7) (8) p(T) =°

lb) g(T) _0 e1f\~d,p~:> g OO)~~ ~l'\~)~f3.
ra~~t3, 1 $ deg p ~ dim V· p ~lfl.}~OO)~J.. T ci) .~\
fJl!b~a .;)o~ 'dd~m1t)~r3.

;lRQ~.glT) =0 e1M~~o'i, 'd~~C) t..o~ ~~'d ~dt:l

t.)~~Q g ratS. wmmdrl~,.6 ~ ~oq:l t..ot:l:> t.)~aSoo:mf\C3.
°
p~, p(T) = 0 e1t'1d.li:1ot d.llC~ g(T.) "" e1M:>ejoa~;:1 ~\.'d.~
~~ g ~~u.d t.)~dOrI~~ P ~ ~\o. 'dti;!l~ ~d;:1~.. ~oO~
;:10' t..o~ ~\.~ ~dd ~~u-= t.l~~cxm"d(). - e3~~~od,
P ~ (7a) ~~J.. m()~~e!. P ~ (7b) a1,)~J.. mC;¢)~e!
.;)~ ~~ (7a) ;:1~~ (7b)rI~~J.. m~ :a~=s;,~ ~'di~
t.)~~oi).) P e31"1zS .;)o~ btO~~N~d,).

°
g ~, geT) - e31"1cb;:1o' ~~zSt t.l~zfl!)a:bi1"ldt). g= °
e11"1dQ a, tji\ p ~ ~oQiw>1'\ g ~~~ t;n1"l~~IS. g:;to e11'\~~.
r "'" 0 ~q:lw> deg r<deg p e11"1cb~~, g -pq + r ~1"Idtl. g(T)
::: ° ol.)~_. p(T) ... 0 .6t\d,)~daod,

0_ geT) -= p(T)q(T)+ r(T)= r(T)·

r:;t0 "I\~~ e1n ~~~( i3i)~:l'i ~o~ c:;to~ cr ~ :a.~

U1"IIS. udd deg (.cr):::::deg r<deg p ~~ cr(T) -c(T(T))
=Q •... ~~ P.~ ~c&~~ ~(~1\r:S. !o~~ cr- o, r=o ~~
p ~g Oi>~.... ~"~~zS. 1Idl P ~ (1b) o»~.... mC~l~zS
wo~ U(O~~f3.
:\
(1l,~.... ~;¢;:1 ~....odl ~.....; ~ Pl eJ1"Idt).
. \ i u/'K~~~~IOS Pl'#O. P,(T).: fl ~1\~dOo~ p, ~p
'I ,
l4~
 322
,',-" ~.~",.,J,'.,/ .,),', '0""'.1)
0.v~J-;,., 'tI"'"~~~"'" .... v,l.? P =. plq ..." 0 ,...
J
't \•..}. t:CIII ({cg P' =
..... .;
h· ... .lPP..z,
"''' ....
'l_p_'

deg 1), + deg .li' Mi"i PI s deg p, P o:s.) W~:.J~~e~c (leg P,

,-, degl) d..r.:o::c::~e'e'.), ~:ttod a('g q =0. P oj,)~l, Plri~Cd.n
~~~!.:lii~J ~M.)~~Co~ ,/ -- t. "&d,j P ~ PI >:Jar'.,),) ~eu:::.:;.~~.

jI '~:;~ OJc)~m~~~ (;'~'g ::' ~ ,;.0f-'~ iJ<J~~i;~~~: . t. II cr)·

-;;j4:..:':) o'i).) b. cm~~. Q~I'\li:~~coc: de~ '" "" ffi'g l~' .,. d~~1 V
~or.;.) 6,"~CJ e~.
:.:>

.
m~jr.QlW?f\

-
:<:; t.~n:"'\.;€; 'iJ\)~oS.neK;;n.rI);:J
',:;~ ;tiO~~.)rn~.f(. p
p C}J K~~:)-;;.,) ~~ ~'Uy;:;;;;.
t..o::' ;;.. ;;;;:~;::!~)
o:h de!(So:lJJ 74d~O$()rtCl., r,:" I ~f\I:3Qd" dK,
. (:l~~ (ja:L7J~.)c:)
&. ~o.1f\ ~.J<,~:~ t~.
~

I' ~ ~.}~0Jelf\ 1-1 e3f\r!I. om~~~M k>()f.. T" =0 ~1'\i1t:}~,

!!jn g '= I" e;1f\~~~, g~ T ) = O. (7b} o'l.)o.~ (;l«~ p ~j:;.) gci:.~~
~/l~.)!:1:S ~o~.) '!<'O.q. e.d. ~er; I :< r $; k e1r.o..)~~, t' = t .. T = 0,
~f\t::lQ Cl, ~K P ~ ~~~f\ 1 e1f\C.. ~"~I\~o:t cp:l~OIo~~ P oj,) 'Wf\"
'CA~J. ~'~ 'o:$,J.) O:J!O~J~A t...~f\~~~~ ,

P @.) T a? ~~~$ \l,;zt.):seomf\~~. e3,J"'l 'iff;j-:; P(c')

(8'* ", (I t1"'~Qd ~~ (~).) I: ~ 2..ot::).) ~M~O~
r!~Q.twh~. I

p, (c),, (~ ~f\q_e,. ~n t, c 00:).) P ~<I;;l"", ~)1\~j~i$. P oj,).)

1\
L:"
~.)N)J... ~f\;:;.,)~;;:;Co::,
'
c;l~~ t- (' oj~.l Wt\ ;j~:;u..'"
?,'8I\~):i~ ~ "lo~}
.!e;/:)~c..p~ M~ L\ V) r. 0; e"ot::Cl"c ~. T cd.l' t...o~ ~M~O~
t!i~cmf\~. ;:)~~!o::i.)o:r;h,' (' Oi'll T ~ t..o,.d).' ;:;.;6.r.:~~o~ '~~,
" " , .' O\J

~t:'C'$ olO~ ~~~~.r.:'~Jt./r1), p ~ U .(.' )g+ ". ~~. r.._ U' ?;~~
dflg r< de!?(t·,·c)':::: 1. . ~n. t1 Qj~~ t...o~ ;:n~tl~ ~~~I\~ "
;:l'rD
~,.
r :;:,: d. ;
.
\ '"
J ~.' l

H p(T_) ""' \ T,c/)¥(_T )'t,d_/. ~~O,OC:! (T-·d:)g( T!·

,-", - dJ. d;f:1.i e"'~d, t1r\. g(T)/-d·c:j:N l'rdl/l, ~~r..'t;J.,)
~f\~" ~~ T o;~ ~'~t:S) ~d$O!l~O~ ~~P~t\~~Ii04i,. ..'r.rT"
l:
~~'')'~~\9~~~'' ~~ll~h?,t, WO~J ~cot}~, t;'.~wOo~ l';-cl ~
 :>&f;$.Jm~ e.1l\~zS 'a~~Oo~, d - O. ~r:~' p(C)';" o. wo~'
~ecX::l~CS ~3~ (8) d MiQ~OO:l(S~ $t;F~'I.·;:;l:l!.~.

'tJtJ/"d:)~ ~O~O~~. p cil~~~ ii~~;3~ et\H:~))to:J.)l'\i!l.

d~g q = 2 ~!\d~o:lo~, q ~ 6 ;3~~ ~1\;Q~o~ . ;3:)~~;
('H) q cd> ~~~~ ~t)ii.p~~ ~QOdoo:i q 2..00.) ~~::,~
~~l)Oc:ir.lMe7). e.1ii jJ OOJ~~ q ?;i~'I'\~~~~.

(H) d m~~ttb~~ 6 t:!. ~~~oMvii\i~J.: l::$o~e~~~oo~'

~J'ilrl'l.l®t:3.:.l. e.1t;l~ 'ar.:Soce:; tSeo ~iiF t!sd~o:SJC;::; ooe:; ~C;::;d m~~
. . ' Q
0:S)~:l... 'tJ0~amru~~. (8) ~,)~2.' (9)~... W~~t1'l~ P OO:l~:l.t
ii~~~t;l'lr.l,,1'1 ~~f\m~ :J~~~~J.. "'J'ilG?,,)~~. ~t;lm

(lO) 6 =::. Qlklq2k2"'Ql'tt,

ra=' 6 ~J$~F'~

~~ i '# j,k l ~ 1 e1rtzt~, q(# QJ ~~ ~.!~O~qi'oii.ti·

~d 1 d ~llS~ 1.0 2 0 2..o~ ;r.J~;)'!f ~'!f;i~ ?.)~~- e1l'\tl. deg
qi =: 2 ~f\C;::;Q~' ejii-'ql cdJ,) ;r.J~::l~ o:f.)J;)vl1~~..:: ~odf.l;So~;
.!~~,)~fo!;

(8) ~~ (9) Oo~

r (11) p_q,"Q2" 2"'QI",

ra~ ;'_1, '2, .•. ; I ttl IS;SI ski""
• . ' /. ." ~ 1 'i ...

,e,K g(T) =- (Y' e.1"r:l~j~ ~O~ 'AA~liejJ . g' == Qlt1q;"t2;"({ltl

@&fd t,J~:jOrl~,) ~.!~O~... 'il..l;2, .. ~,I~'l:s;; ti:s;; kl t11'1d,);;9"
a,~t~!(tf. ~~..... g (T);"O t11'1~oi ~~"t2,. .. ,t, 11~ ~~o~'
/~~ 2!I~rl9~... ~C~ OO~~~l;!.' ~~ P~~... 'If~Q,)!.~..
, ,A, ~ a.~.n.:x JJ,.~~\" ~'I\~Q:~~'tjn' ~~ ~~", ~~~O~_.·
g{A)-';"O ~r\t$.);:$o:l,· ~o!i~ &.l~m g ~~ ~~'o3i' o!il;!') ~dC:: ·
 324

::'Wi'., t.lz5)~ ~t\t:, e.1~Q Oo~ A crl~ T em om~ ~~t'\~Qd, ~

A a:;!) ~~~ t..:~~J$Ocrl~~
e
T o.j~ W~i\{ !.l~llO~( ~fI~.
~

o:!.)e!l~ ~v.3F"~~~"" ,*E..l~ tI\lm~dttli~~ ~~ee~o~~;:S,

~.)~ p~.) ISO~el)~~~cb~ ~J;I~ '6ttS.l·~M~~ood. ~.)~~ ~tJ;
- i.l~tlOrI~~.. ~o'lfe!~.

(jli 6 = (I - 2)(1 - 4) ei~dOo~ (8) Ood P - (t-·:!)(t- A )

un 6 = (1-1 )(t-2) e.1ru~~t>o~, ~.)! (8) ~.J... tI\l~o'..Io1O:er\~~l

p =(1-1 )(/-2). ;;:i)~

t1r1l:::,. = t2 + 1 t1ru~dOod, (9) Ood, p = f + 1. ~~

A= [~ !] .}ot:)dC

"Ii l:::,. = (/-1)2, es ~;ljo~ p::: t:":1 etp p ::: (t.1)5

.~.#.·It1I'\d.)~dOod, A~l:;t:O, ~o~.p:;t:~l. lot~p ::;{t_l)2

..4= [0'.~ 1 0 °0] .. "l...

.' 0 o 0
o 1 -2 wob~
o 1 -1
 A::::
o3 31
0 0
0
0
2
0]
0
J .>:loOd()
[ () 0 1 2

t1~ l:. :::: (1-3)3(1-1). M~p::-:: (1-3) (t- 1), ~~o:Jcl P ~- (/- 1)2
V-l) ~q$on p::: (t- 3 )3(1-1). riCQ~~~~ (A-a I) (A - /) ~i ()
';:)ot:lr.l ~~~ (A - 3 J )\A - J) ;::::, () ~o~ iJi)~O~~!.t:s. ~~.... :;o~
P = (t - 3)2(t_~J)·

T OOJJ ~~F"~e~e)mM,)~ii p oj) ii~~~~,)Ji) :j.)oZJ ~,)e-~.

{X I, X II, ••• , X·} 00')') v ~ t..o~ u1?o;swM~ ~'i~ ~ t3ttl'ld'lj!"

~~etml'l D 00'):' T 0:5.) ~iv TlOOv_MfO. D O~),) ~t'SF"d~m\.~

ml'\tS·~-o~ ~.r"A~tV~' ti~,

(12)
. . 0]
.•. 0

... dn

t1T1, /'). =(I-<lt ) (t-:d1 ) ... (/-4.)· d1 = d2 == ... ::: drt =

C,' d(rl+l) = d(r1+2) ::: ... ::::: C;z. .•• , d (tk-HI) = d (rk-I +Z) :c-
... =a g ::: Ck Ul'\cba:1o' ;i)a~ Ct ' c l ' ... ,Ck rk!.) ;)!~ml'\cba:1o'
{Xl, X", ... , X,c} -~~ }¥~e ~a~~tS ti)od,) ~Ul.s
tfJa.4J)~fm. t1n
(13) p= (t _:_ £'1)(' - Cz) .. ·{t -ck)(~h,) T oil ~~~. eJ~~
_ftd.

. c· ~ T ~ t..od,) ~d.samo~- ~~~~et~, un I:l (c) ... o.

• -traab,,~ i tt c ;dl -...,.. $~- j tl c::: Cl'
326 c!em". ee"nd.
A em 't~mow t.:l~t'iOainl'\dtl, ~1~ B~
\Mmo'lf t.:l~~Oo:il't>rI~ ~.)~2.t ~2 ~ C OO~
~Mmo'lf ~~~~dm>MC. p ~ A ® ~t.l~C:l t.:l~
~Ooim'ltl6, PI OO~ B cxi) ~t.l~6 t.l~~Gml\dC o::l.)~2..
P!I. OO~ C o;i) 'lft.l~~ 't.l~lIO~"'~. ~Ii
(a) b. - 6 1 6 2 ~o~ tr.tO~o.
(b) P ~ 1', P2 ~~ ~rI~!.r;!I wo~ ~tO~o.
(c) p~ PIP/l ;!j~.)~Mz!j ~r2J~::!o~,) ~eo;l:jm
t..od;) wm~dri ~.r.~o.

6. (a) o:ir.l~m~Mod;) k'?:. ~ T ~ r6~F"df~~I'\~Qd

I
03')~ '['k = 0 ~I'\~ 15, t51i T = 0 .;)o~ iRfO~O.
[Maf~:, T OOJ'~t.li&6 t.l~~cm~.... ~~!c~~o
~~ (18)~~wll~ff\~O.]
(b) TIc ... O;i)~ dim V =n ~rI~Qd, "n 1" =0
.;)o~.) 'lito,\O.

7. V ~.")~ Wil~~ t.l~llOIi~ ~;iJ~olnl'\d(). f ~

n~~ o:$.)~ g Oi),)'w ~~ ~mQIiC!~fg ~ w ~~0:l030'
w r:d» V cd.> Lood;) t!f\)ll~~~1\dC. "t~e) P o:i>.> h
e~4 9i~ ~~ w~~ h 'Il~o't.od,) ~\f~'! ~'!i~
t.l~ P 'IlzS ,;)od,) ~fOt\O" [~.CI ; p ~ w~~~
'!~e~d~ Lood;) ~'!.~ 2.)~ e11\dC. ~;S.>tcrl~ 19 d
~t;ltSa:h~d,)~o', It~ ~;S.)fcxbd Q~~~.tF>.I~ P./I)~
o1r.f~ .. ~~olJ~~.... 'J'I~~.] ,
8. #fh~ ~\~.) ~ateJaodd ~~z.~~~"'" '!o£i)
=1a~O:
(a) 1 1 1 0 1 0 (b) 2 1 0 0 o :'0
o
1 1 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
o0 r 0'
1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
000 1
1 0 0 o -2 1 0' 0
;',4)00:10, 0 0 0 4) 4
u -l·~'l
••
o ... 0 0 () " 4) 0 {I
 {C)[t -I 1 0]
2 ) 0 0
o0 1-1
002 1

~1. (a) A c:il~ 3 X 3 ~M~. ~~f\ch~)'c;$~~ MtO'-..O:

6. := t8 - (All + An + A33)[2

+(det[AAu B22
Anl+ det[AA31 A33
Il An] II

- det (A)

(b) A ~ n X n ~M!l. /),.... t D + OD_2ID-' + ... +

alt + 0 0 a»J A em ~Mmo~ f.)~~oinMt).
"e~t> 0 0 *0 ~l\dQd;ir.)~ A ~ tl&e~~~Gi
;'W\~ ,.)o~ A ~ tlMt~~Gi;)dt»
itiIto'-..o.
A-I = (Aa-l + o._aAD_!I+ ... + alA + 0,/)/- ~
wo~ ~tO~o. [~.cS: "f~t> 0 ~ 6. d
~o~ ~~t>ml'\ CI:IR\dd ~~ A a»J ;)d$;t~~
~Zi\Wf)l'\tS. & ~orc;;~~~.... nm" ~o~1l\! ~.)ttl
~~e~ ~ ~cMel'\~i'\)!.ri]

• (c) A ~~~ 6 ~~ (b) Qi)~Ol~O' "'tt", 0.- 1 =-

(All + Ale + ... + A".) ,;)~ ~fO.2.l0. [~.;S:
~!?~crl~ 2 d ~rI 6 d ~~;:;l13 ~... tt\)~o.\tiel'l~o.]

10. A ~ ~9"t ~"~ttJ(o:llml'\dQd', ~rI b.. .... (t-A Il )

(t-A 12 ) ... (t-A, .• ) w~ ~o~.
11. (2)~.... w~r&itl'\~cS A ~ nx n Ul'l~lS, uri q(A} - 0
'4M~~o' :s; nl ~dd t.,o~ tJ~Q q 'a~ wodj ~(o;t..,e.
1<1:.:
 330
[Uv.s: n x n ~Jd.i~~~ ~pj ~~~':J0;3)~, {I, A,Al,
... ,An2} ~ ~O~e.lo~iQ3Olndt.)~cSt?]
1'2. !.o6~ 3 X 3 ;js.)!'!)r80;3)~ o:'~~~~~, ~9i'~';: \)(b)tm
~~~~~ w~cMel'\:4 ~~,;:~ !.oo~ z:lo~$ Li!>~~04
t.)t5~O.

(2)~~ NilQM. [~V~:

~.e •. r.n.~

f ~;§0'1¥ ~l!lK:l~~~~~oi.. ~oO~

!.oo~ t,;l55~z:lOc:iJclf'lde:l; ~o~d, f = Ao + Alt + A2t2 + .. , + Aktk ,
~;;: A ' A"A 2 , ... ,Ak ~~.j 11 X n ;SJCl!v'!f~~I'\~· Ak:;rO ~I'\~QO,
o
Ak ~.j f ~ ~I?~ ,:ia5ru~~ ~I'\C:; wo~ ;S.j~ deg f:= k .;)o~Jd
~e~.j!ce~. deg f k ;S.j~~ deg g = I ~~ f ~ ~~~ ,:i~ru~'6~
0=

~ds;e~,jmQ~OlCl"cS, ~~. deg (fg) = deg f + deg g wo~

~eO:4O. A ~ n X n ~f'\O!l ~,j~ b. 0i1l A oj,j ~ru.mo'; ~a5~
z:loo::ir.l"OC. B ~ t 1-A oj~ ~~mi m~F't.)oQ tfM!l. B 0"3~
(n-l) ~od o:m~" ,:i~~,;rt~Jid~ !.oo~ ?)~~o~,,~ .;)o~.)
$;

~eoM. ~rt b. (I) 1 - v]-

A) B ~~~ ~.!~o~ ~mF ooe
k"2:.1~, tkJ-Ak.,. (t1-A)(t k- 1 1+ t k- II A+ .. , +tAk-2+
Ak - 1) .;)o?) ';:o~.!OO)~~ ero~oir.I(":4o. ~~ (6) ooa~~, .;)o~e,
Ll (A) ... (1 1- A) cmo.~ t..o~ ~tut~~~oi.. ,,~ru~r!l.
c
C:t;0 ~l'\dQt5, ~rt f,.le.l~~~ ;$.r.)~v'lf ~~ru~-e ~oOtZ t O"3JdI'\~Q
9~ ~d~~-. .~ood t .0;3) !.oO~ ?)~.)~oo:m"d.)~r! .,)d~"~ ~~
~tP~ '0 ~dtZ o:m~" ,:ic5ru~~ 'CtIiiIoOd t crl,) t..o~ ~~~
~,,~.]

rera rl 4. .carat.. ~O'::lo)F'rl~: II I.

~ f?~d~ '!1~F'dt~~"d.)~ l$C~~Frt~~~ Lood,) ,;~~. t.J~

~~ ~e!l~ ~d~~?')F'o9tZ ~~e.l'd :J~o,:i?')~Qo~ ~eC~tnrt.>';~.
~ ~~dl'i~od .t..o~· ;d;m-or( 'ZJtl3->'*~ ~Fdt~;n"cS· .;)o~
~(O~~ m~~~ru~cS; -', !.ootil ';£liIF'~t'1 ~&:»F'~ ~d\l~)
~Cl~dl'i~oO~ m}~o~~tt;$.
 tJ!) ~t'»il_." ilo,Um'otl "=~o~d ~;St)f 331

~i~or:h ~e~:s~~fA.X' Y :~tll,j~-3 e5o~, E(t, y, z)-

E (x, y, 0) ~ ~~Lo:!J;)r. tlO'WWdf\ ~tlo2!l~i3 RS ~tCc:b;:S
iJSord:J~F'o:j~~ E uMC. url E ~ ;:mt"cd,)~ ~~~~o!C3:

I 0

E o:j~ tB~"'t$.);:1
o
[o
1
0

6t ru~~~F'rl~,),
U
m~;).)!wm'" ~~~03i1\ ~4
c:!sc> ~ ~;!:

(a) E 2 =E·
(b) E ~ 'd~F'~e~mr\t't
(1) , (c) EX= X U"t$.);lo', E 0:$.) ;n~~~ ~~ X rl~od
tH,\tS.

(d) Eo:$.) ~~~~~ I-Eo:$.) ~~cd,)~ci)~

w~ X rl1r'od ~l'ItS. ..'

(lb) ru~9~F'~ ~tCci);:1 E cd,) ;m~" ~dJa~tt~ot:S ~QGl~

~rS, (Ie) oihl ~;),').!~mr\ ~~W<lr\~ ~~ (td) ~ (1- E)
(x, y, z)::::; (0, 0, z) .Jo'W ~orl~09 ~OGl~!o~' (lb, c, d)
rl~,) (10) o:j,) ~om;:1,)rlWf\;!. '

.. W ... E uf\d.:>~oi V o;i) 03.)elO~~ t..o~ de:eecd,) ~O'd;).)F~

E t"\~. t1rl E o;i)~~ V ~ ~ee")d,')~ t..o~ ~votJ~ woQ.)
'd"o;h)~t~. X ~ E oj.) o:Jol,,~O:»~dlO. t1rl crlr.l~tilat y"
X - EY. E ~~-.. ~~.d~~O ~,)~.£2 = E ~(!$>"" w1Jo1MI'I~O.
~e" EX - Ely "" EY = X, .;)odCJ, EX ... x· ;)~~~~m"
EX - X t11\~~, urt X ~ ~ta:!mf\ E oj.) o:Jol,~oi)~rS•
• ~ 6t oUl'\~~~"" ~Q;zi)~r.S:

~2) E t1"dQ d, url EX X . "M,)~o',

E1::::; = E ab
m.~~ w~. X ~~rl~od ~Q~.
 332

E Z = E e1f\t1, :~ ejr( ( / - E)2 =/- '),E + E:l =-1- '2 E + E

~·]-E·

(3) E O:;,J,J 2..o~,J ~t)C2J~~f\~

Q.
d, t1r1
~t)otl~03f)f\dl.

(2) Oo~ ~ ~~M:'~~~~ ~dro~~~~;:S:

(4) E oo~~ !.ood,) ~.Jt)otl~~I'\~d, t1ii (1- E)X = X ~,\Ci)

~o$. ]- E o,i) ~~~O~~ oJ;;: X ;:::O~ii'lio':::: ~f'\Q.

(1- E )X ~ X ~~~d~~ EX = 0 OJ~~ £..odl( ~h~. oo~t.

(4) Oor:l

(fi) E OO~~ t..o~:) ~t)Otl~~f'\~",O, e"ii E c:S::J t~(d~ ~;:;)~O:l":'

1- E c:S~ mi!l~o:mf'l~.
X~,J V o:iJ~d~. ~ii X "'" EX + X - EX:.:: EX +
(1 - E lX, t1ru~doo~, E olJ mt1olJ~~~ E..od,) ;:::t::l~~ ~~:!2..
J - E ~ ~~~o:iJ~d::J~ t..o~ ~O~d ~!.~ Xt1I'\!3. Y o:$~.
E c:h ~v~o:iJ~~~~ ;i')~ Z ~ 1- E cdu ~~~~~~~~,
X - Y + Z o}od,) t;~~~~J';)/~. ejrl (2) ~:!~ (4) OocS
X ... EY ~~:!~ Z = (1-' E )2- M~ X -= EY + (1- E)2-
E oil~,," e5~.:!~~~~Oo~ EX::::: E 2 Y + E (I - E)Z = EY +
EZ- ElZ = EY + EZ-EZ EY,.. Y. 1fW~®( Z = =
(1- E )X· t;d,) e. ~~I'\~~d~':',," "~tt,)~t3:
E~,) V oil ;:!~e~~~ !.oo~ ~VOtlc:l~I'\~" d, tjli
Y ~ E oil z ojJ.) J - E oil
~a~olJ~~~~ ;i}~
(6) OJ.;a~~~d->~,
V oil~~~ ~!~od,) X x$e~~ t..ocS->
~~0 ~ ~C~t~ X = y + Z 1!5~,," c:Mo~r.'I. t;~;;:!3,
Y "" EX ~~ Z'= (I ~ E )X·
etn D\::: {Xl,
Xl, ... , Xk} ~ E o:iJ ~~~" !.ooQ
"'~d;;n"dt) ~,J~ Dl "", {X k + l , X -".'12, ... , XII} o:i» 1- E o:iJ
~f~~ t..O~:) t1~dmM,!) .• (6) d~~~o;J, X ... Y + Z .e1t\~d,
e.1ri Y ~ D,~ lJcirl~~ t.o~ :>,,~~ ~ear.e~cm~~ ~~ot:H.~ ~~~2.
Z 00')') D2~ lJdrl~~ t.o~ :>,,~~ ~e~.r.'e~cm~", riVdOOi:l, Mti
X OO~~ {Xl, xg, "~, X k , X.,+I, Xk<Z. "" Xn} (=$ ~t:r\~~
t..od~ :>'lfe)~ ~eMet~~~ li~oot3, ~~ {XI, X2, , .. , X ,
k

X.,<I, XH2, .. " xn} O~~:J V ~ t.oci.) ~~d~f'\t; .:Jot::J ~~~f

~~!.e;3, T:::: c,E + C2(/ - E), ~K T X I .:c:. ('lEX 1+ ('1
(1- E )X 1 , X 100:J~ ~ OO~ o:i'e1~oo~~C:~~dOod, \~) (=$~ ~.J~
<Mer'l~~~o~~ XI c= EX', Mr'l (1- E)X 1;-: U - E)E>' I ,
(E- E 2 )XI=-(E- E)X I =0, Mn TX ' =(',X , ~1\cjJe
1

l$i$kf<,TXj=CIXi~:J~~(k+l) $;$11 '{I, TXI~('2Xi,

{Xl, X2, "" X k , X k +1 , X k !2, "" xn} O~~:J V fI ~:ld~
f!:t?d~I'\O:J~dOod 6t ~~M:J~d~~ ~dOr::lQ(.:l:

(7) Eom ~od~ ~vo~~~l'\dG}3 ~~~~ T=cIE+Cl(l-E)

e3l'\d(i)IS, e311 T OO:J') oe~F'd(~~r'lt3,

"I = 1 ~~~J C2:::: 0 e1M.)~ ~~O~ "~t\~d~", "~~!o;3:

(8) E ~ t..o~ ~vo~~~r'ldQd, e.111. E OO~ ~t'QFde~
mt\~.

(lb, c, d ) rl~~ (la) Q'1) ~OtG~,)I1~od.) ts.eo~mt\~, -

~OO,)F'~Q.~d~ ~vo'C.)~rl~ t.lM ~!.~il ~~~ o:m~!Q'1)~~ 1ir.d~
;xi Vi t\ Cl. ~ 7) d Ncl~F ~oe ~~ "~I'I~o!r;3,

'b~to$) 20. V ~ ~QF'~ ~c:m::»f~~I\d~, T cID.)

V·oi) ~t~~ t..o~ a(m\.~ ~o~::»failwl'\~. E" E2 ,
... , Er ~,) "~r'I~~ ro~9~F'rl.~G~ v 00,) ~t()~ ~~J'ii~~
~Vot.l~I1~r'ld~.

~ 8) 1= EI + £2 + .. , + Er'
(\() (b) EI£I=O' oatSl i#j Ur'ldQd
~c) ~T='C1EI +c1 E'1. + .. , + erE..
 334

ttn T oj),) ~'£'c)::-dt~~Ol'O)I'\~.

~Q~. i ~,~ ,E; ~ ~t~ ~~O(). ~n (2) Oo~, X eo

EIX,
,
i>' 1 ttl\~Q 0, ejn E,X= EjEIX 0, (!Jb)
"
~ ~£'c)Ooc, =
T ~~cA. ~~.:l~.1.I ~~ (tic) ~~~, et\)~~eT\.1.IO. ,t3n, '=c, tx
EI X+c 2E 2 X+ •. ·+ '~rX" EIX=X~~ i>1 ~ BjXe.O
t1l\d.)~~Ood~ TX = CtX. ~n~e, X~,) E jr:ti:J mt~c:!,')~dQtl)
t1"1;"._,2,3, ... ,TtI, TX::;;;c,X. M~;

x oj,;,) E, oj) m~~.oj.)e?d.);:j e..oOJ ~M~,J ~l.)~mll\cS

l v- tV') V Q
a,
( 10) ttl1 t = 1, 2, ...
,
, r ~ X oj),)
, I
c ~ ~eC1,'j,);:j e..o~,)
~Mmo~ ;:lO~~I'\~.

X~.) V ,X =EIX +
oj.)~1,'j,);:j ~~i3e ~~Ol'O)MC. t1n
EzX + ... + ErX· ~~~i3, i= 1, 2, ... , r ~ EjX~.) Ejoj,)
o:Jelt~~~tS. wO~.) (9a) Cod !~oi).)~tS. X ~ ~ ~e~e!~
~'tf~~0Je)r.i3. ~~ot:ld, = I,
2, ... , r ~ yioi).) Eioi) o:hlt~oj,)~
i
ru;:j~, X= yl + y2+ ... + yr wod.:> ~~~~~~"e£'Q). ttn (2)
cod 1 $ i $ r ~ Y i :; EjY' et~Q Ood EIX = E, Y' + E, y2 + ...
+ E, yr == EI yl+ Et(E1Y'A) +E J(E3 ys)+ .:. + EllEryr).
(!-Jb) ro(S~F'~O~ i> 1 tl E,B; = o. &lett E,X = E,yl =
yl. ~rtoi>t i = 2, 3, .. " r tt yl = B;X i:1.).)oO~ ;$()~o15
~~cA. £RfO~eJ~l\CS. '

V ~~ X ~t:t d, ttl1 i =- 1, 2, .. " r ~ Y l~ E. oi)

(11) ~t~oi);2 ~1,'j,);:j~, X ai).) X = Y' + y2.f_ .. ~. + yr
M~dr2 e..od:l :J~~ ~(~ttolJ~... ~oOCl. ~d~CI
i = 1, 2, .. " r~ y I = ElX, ' ,

~~ (6) d 1Wo:$F"!> ~ M~mr.CI. (6) Ood ( 7)~... ~~:!.~d

De aoj,)~..,t (II) Ood ~~,)ecrl.) 20~... ;i~~,st.)~~. i = 1, 2,
"" r ~ Ei~ ~~~fI D, = {X il , xr, "',
X~i } crlJ,) t.odol
tf~d~r.d(), D = {X h X~, ... , x~ 1" X~, X:' ... , X~! ,
 ~~ ~e~'.f JJOfl),)F"o:.:> ~~oJd ~;se." 335

••• , X:' X;, ... , X~r} ~l'\dO. yio:l~,) ErOO:J ~~~~~d.)~

~,).~ i = 1, 2, ... , r ~~ /)1 ~ ~rZrl';~ ~!~o~ y I ~ t..~
~,,~~ ~(t!r.t~OO:J~~ ~oOd,)~~, V o:l,)~d,);j ~"oinOCl X o:hr.
X = Y 1+' y2 + ... + Y t' ~~j 'iNolZ:i ~"tJ'd' ~~M(~OO:J~....
~oOt:S. r;~ D o:l» V n ~ot:5,) tit?0 .~t'I~ wo~ ~e~,)~~.
O?~~O~ (10) D oj:.~~~ ~J'~~ot::i,) ;tJOt. T oj.) t..ot::i') ~dr.l
~c>o' ;tJO~ tif\Q wot:,) ~e~~!.~. ~~Q Oot::i,.l ~~. ~t'ilf'd(~OjUI'\:I.
Q·E,D·
~JoS,)ecm 18 ~,)~~ ~;3,)ecm,):W~':" w~cMel\~~~ot:l,) ~r\
~~r\~ ~,~.)eoj.)~~,)
....,. __ ~'Il L;tJz.;~M ~. .... .

~~eo:$.) 21. V ~ ~QF'~ ~o:m~(oo,)Wf)I'\d~ ~,)~ T tm.:l

V ~.~t~d,)~ 'Wod:. de&J~\,~ ~O~~f' ~l'\dO.· P cd.» Trm
~~~(j ?.lr£.)~Ocrlr.Jl'\dO. ~rt ~t~e; P tm.:l :l!l~ ;n~~'d
de.m\,~ ~~;S~f'~n~n ~~~i1'"~~ocad oir.l~, etot:Sd, P =,
(t- Cl)(t- C2)- .. (t-C r)' r;~ Cl' C2, .•. , Cr n~.) :l!~ ~:S:J~
;tJ0"trt~I'\~, tQtl'\t:SQ"d ~~iJ T OO:J.) ~t'CIF'de~Wf)f\~.

mz;S'iS. ~rt 3 cft 13) d~ T~.) ~t'il1'"de~~Mt).) ~~e~

21 cl~ "n~~~d:.~ M~~~~ P ~oc:l,)!.c3 ~oCl 'MO~c3~.
~~.)e~ 21~"", ~Q;tJw p em.) ~~eOO:.t::i~ ~"_~d.>;$ dn~;$~"",
• lttioOt:S~ T 00.).) ~t'ilF'de~~f\~ wod" ;i..Qfo~r.3e~f\~. r;d~o/...
I jlijf)Q;tj.)~di.o ~dw, ~~t~ J 1 cl ~!~ ~de.i~ ~Fclo~rt~
~~~t'il ;tJo!.loQ~~~ rt~~~et'il. ~rt j cl (22) d~ !::. (T 00:.
~Mmo~ !.l~~) ~ dim V "'" n ~1\C:l;S~, n ;)'at
,o:hl:S:::>'If
;s~vMl~__ ~oot:SQ d,. ~\( T a:$,).) ~t\lF'de~;'li)I'\CS o}ot:S.> Meo~
trCld).)~. ~ Zbi11clid~ 9iri 3 0 (8) d ~dt'tOot5 p::.:. 6.. .9in
1 0 ~~.;tJrt~~ dim V ~ 2 ~1'\d:.;S ~~on~-c! ~)~.)(oj,J 2 1 ~~

mQ) b~~. '. . ',.: .. '

CI' C2' ... , Cr ~ PI~o~~:l" ~0"1r\\lot\~~~, p .. (I_OCt)

(t-Ct)'" (t-C,) ~I'\d(). ,p ~ T ~ ~~" t.l~llC)o:b;)r\dC.
 336
50$.)(01) 20 d ~~F"oGlrW.) ;I1~VOlurut;! wod.> UfO~,)teo:! lof
(!J ) n~'!)~ruo:1o' Et, /hI ... , Er ~'!)o~rW~~ ~::>')'~'l..lcrl,)~! f;

~ ~~ot.l~~ d~cS~)~ elZjWom()i.,.t v .), (9) ~~V~/

0:10', 6~~~~ ~t)o~n~.) E" E2 , •••• Er n~~~ ~o0r.t e
.,)oO~"~M/m. ~,)fcrl,) 20 d ~9cS~~ dt.!;1$~~ e.1tjlicrll
D 1, D 2 , ••• , Dr o::S.)~ D n~MO. A oi>J D f( ~i!etm
T cd.) ~~ ~o:bCJ1'Id". t1n

CI 0 ... 0 0 0 ... o
o ('I

o 0 ('I
o 0 '" 0 c. 0 ... 0
(12) A = 0 c~ ... 0

o 0 '" C1

Cr 0 .•.
o Cr
. ...
o 0 ... o 0 •• : C r

(13) ~p~ ~f"'~d~~ tf~_~r\ ~tI,Ow!U:!., (13) 00

('p C2' .... Cr 1'1~~ PI' P21 ... , Pr rYt.) m~o."tio.~~.)~f"~
 ee. ~~mi.';.I!O"~F'~ ~&r.I4>0~d ~~tU 337

~~;j?:en~T\dQ~ " [~rl 2 d (IO) ~e~O,] t1rl

14) Qi =' P.(A)' i "C" 1, 2, ''', ,.
~~~
15) Ei ::::: Pj(T), i = 1, 2, ... , r.

er( Cp c2 ' ••• , Cr r!';~ tl&~! QlC)~tl~ ~o~~rl\?~f'Iti:l~~ p= _

1-'C, )(t-('2 )· .. (t-c r ) ~ T ~ 'd~z.;:~ u~~Oo:mf\tS woci) 'a~t
!~~~/~. ,"~:: 1 ~T\rt,~, un T=c t /, 7ilci) '1ztinT\ 'd~rdf~ .
Iclf\~. r> 1 ~T\dQi3, ~~~e~ 20 0 ~~ou~rl';~"" dtA~~ ""ot:$.)
ii>~~~~d.. (15) ~tA~~~t3. C, Cl' ... , c r rl~~ PI' P2 , ... , Pr .
:~.) ~~~o'lB ~o'iO"Q~~e'dd~ u~lSOrl\"i)Mt':l. ~ri [~ri 2 d
13) ~~tile.]

1 =p.+PZ+'''+Pr
t ... et pt + C2P2 + ... + CrPr'

i ~ 1, 2, "', r ~ Ploj~ t-CI t.m~.... ?:}~e..1 P oj.) ~.!~oti>

s~;;::(~F"~;:!~~ i.>~i\nJo~~dOod

In .... J:f-j ~t'I~Qd, ~n p.o:m ~Pj' o:»~... ~t'I;t;I,)!.~.

Ei=:~(T), 7ilti).i= J, 2, ... , r rt . ~r('(16) ~3~ (17)
~~dtiOot$ :

(a~ l,:.E,+Ez+ .. ·+Er,

. ,
18) (b). T~CIE.+C2El+· .. +Cr.etl
(C' i··. Ei'Ej ~ 0, ~ti> i -:j: j ~~IS, .
~

(JSa) ~~o~ £ .. = Ell ... E~(EI+ El +·· . . + E,) - EI + E,

~2 + E.E3 + ... + E.Er; (H!e) ~,)od ~~ ~oo~~ E,E2 =
~. E,-='" =E,Er:':: o. .~t", Et - E~~ .' t..o~· ·~tt~ ~~oo~
=
> 1; ~,. Ei' Ej • wo~ bto~~aSj ,~~ . ~!~oti) .Ei crhs;
".43
 3S8 dU...., ce..tt...
!..oeil ~t)ot..l~;n"tS. am~lZidan;, I ~ i ~,. rt, 0 eft\~~, e ..
un ~(T) _0. paj~ p'~,)~~ ~";¢)~O~m~Ood, '»eil
~t'\oVJ Ni9~~~. E •• E 2 , • '" Er ~ ~;!,)t03.) 20 0 ~e.:F'orJ
nw~oI.. mCl~!.tS wo~ a(;:~.r.)I:'~:r.ltlilil~ab •.

~e"rl~. CI' e2' .•• , l'r n~,) ~~~;nT\~~m~", u~ (9;0

~t..lF"orJn~od ~~,)e~ 20 Ood 'If!~ti~~~~ ~voeJ~ ~'If.}~mt\
~9F'O;r!~r.il~~o~ (If» ~eo~!,tS. T aj,),) ~t'iF'~e~~t'\~Qd,
tfn p ~ ~~')fQ'j.) 210 ~eJF'o;n~~oI.. mt':l~~tS. tfn T aj~l
~03.)tcrlJ 200 ~eJF'O~n~~oI..' mCl:r.l~~o' (lQj. (17) ~,)~ (18)
O~(3,i~~oI.. e~.d~~tl~eil. E,~ ~vot.:~rw,) \ V) 0 ~e.:fo~n".otS
~"'~~o:r.:t\ (JQF'O~~~dOod. Cp ('2' " ' , Cr n~.) :;,~~o:r.:t\ru~
~1Sond~, ~~n~~.,. T 00') ~, 'he,)OrJ~nv.) .:lotS,) ~o~.Jmnl
~d). ~t)ot..l~n~~oE:lr' n~~M') mte!Q:j'C)1'\ ;r!c~~t'\cb~tSOotS,
(!J) d~ 'If~~~~ d..Q~ 'WlJoir.Jfi\;rjV) ..J~~ ~E:j~~t'\~ ..Jodd,
..J~) :r.leJ T r' !..oCSJ troF"~em!!!..~ ~s.)~'If ~M~riojJ~~ ~odl
l:ol'.Oaj)Vl vz.~~faj,)~iliil~r!St ~~.

Ep ·E~,·.t:;· Er·rW~(9)d$/~o:1o' ,»~d, un i 'I, 2, ... , r

',~ ~e~~o:1 T o:1l ~~mo~ tNi1;::f~':Jo:1l~ ~aiJ. m~~o»> ""~
1~6d1!' woii> (10) d~ bto;::f~~"'. "~fldlo:1 ;;1ClJi>o~rl~,)
.d'lftl ;::foeJo9~03:

T <IDl (9) d~~~o' I;~d, tfn "ez1v am~tTel~

i, 1 $. i'5. r ~ c _; C; tfr\dQjd ;:I.n~ C cd)) T o:j,) ""o~
I U) ~Mmo~ ~"p:m"~.' C I; e~, ... , Cr lW.) :la~mt'\dQ d,
tfn EI~ ma~<IDl ~fJ~" i= 1, 2, ... , r~, Cj "

.~eod.}=:f T ~ ~.;Mmo'd w~~~':J~hl5. ' .

. " ;

(12) ~ o:1.n\"
M~ 1 ~ is r " k i ~ A .~,~(,;F'''(I3~
...
~ ~o o:ml\d.);:1~ del. (cl...... ;4) -(c - Cl)tl(C-C2)1I~
JfCld.);$ Cj
.(c~Cr)kr tf"~~~oQ, am~~~~ i, 1 $. i Sar ~ c=C.
U1\~a;::$.n~ c.
ca cSU:,._•.,;l1o>t=r=o ~=IiI.~d !!>o!t..

.e.n c=c, UI\dC ~~. kl'~ A ~; "at"~

;Ejo~cxinl'ldt>.
t.,o~ ~ei tS~.l\zS~otb ht~~rS.
139

;i)f()d,)~Cl'~
uri, tJre:1v X ~ k, ~li~m(); lf~I'Id,)~ rn~t1W'~
a
~cS... ul'Irt ;$.n~, ~e\3mt» ;m~" X ~ c,l-A ~ ~~"
~~~oi:I~. QI ~ (13) t!~ oadt»' ~~ Q,X_O ,;)ot.l
~t.lFo9do.c&f fits. 'a~ i_l~(19)~... m~1h!.r!. 1>1
'add ~9cS~ ;S~t()~oirme '&tS. ' , .' ,

1 t..o~ t.J~ast)~ ;3.:l~ T ... o~ afmie.~ a:$O~~F~ 1 (T)

c:3~~... m,,~t1.ltSQ ti:S. i:t: j Ul'ld,);3~
EIEj - 0 ~~ i - 1, 2, ... ,
r ~ E/ ia
"'" E; Ul'ld,);3~, T= c,EI + c2E2 + ... + crEr ~I'\de':). un

(20)~... ;rwqlL~, f-=ao+o,t+a1P+ ... +oDt· Ul'ldt>.

~rl1 sk sn r'l, Tk=C~EI + c;E2 + .... + c~ Er ~I'\ttd, ~m~
'!i~od ~~ (20) ~~~!.tS. i:t: j ~f\dQd EiEj = 0 m~
1 $, is r nE Ei ~1'\d.:l~dOod Tl == (c,E, + C~l + ... + crEr)
2
j -

(clE, +(:1£1+ ... +c,E,)::: C~El + C~E2+ ... + c~ Er • . ""O~

i'I:l~!l ~~oi:I.:l k>2 ~ T"=c~E, +C~El+'" +~ E, ,;)~
~41~~!.z;S. ,11~ (20) ~" "~~!.zS.

(20) ~" fJ~~Orl~~d fJ\J~~...rl"n ;)~O;(ft.)~d>. f (C,) o:h)

IsiSr ~ ~~i'I:l~~d.);3oi f am~~r.;!M m~;)~ ~6rt.
w!,~"ml'ld(). ~rlf l T tm~~ f (CI )E, + 1 {c1)E2 + ... +1
(cr)Er O)olZ.) ili.:Dt~~(i:S, t.J~~iSQ ~i'I:lorld~d,);3o", 'a~ m~;3
ml'l ~i'I:ltSt~ "~'f(T) tA~~ol:J,)f(c"EI+f(c1)El+ ... +
r (Cr)Er ~ ifdv t..o~ e!~~~t)'!d ~~~~4~d tAcS~cxin1'lcS. •
f.!tS(tJ ~ "~r.~~r.;!~" mt>i'I:l~~~, .

t,) (j+g)(T)-/(T)+g(T),
(21) (lit) (a/)(1:') -aj(T~,
.'
(c) (jg)(T)-j(T)g(T)-g(T)/(T).
 .., rbte~r.rtw f( T) a:b ~m~~od~" ~e,," ~~~.
;1 :s; is.,. ~ Ci :;C-I·'QdQ.,'.~~Ja".9",~t9. f
{t} ~il /(1-1) ol>~
gft) ... hoot ~I'\~. I!f~
i I I ' 1
1- c E 1 + I-C £1+ ... + 1- c.. Er
f(T)=
. .' !l •.

iili,:. geT) - (l -CI)C, + (1 - (''- )E2 + ... + (1 - cr)Er• r\)~

t;$iilF' ( 21 c) 'adOod f (f)g(T):::: I womro~l3. E j 2 == Ei'
1 S i ::; r ;:1~~ ; :t: j 61'1t:SQ~ EiEj .. 0 wotJ X:otJ09rl~~~ ~r'
~m," 'ad~~ ~f~1'\ ~~ ~fatJl$)~.

T ~ ~e;otJtSrl9~... (15) ~... tro~~fr".j rl~~ om 1Zt.:~r3~.

?..o~ ~tijiZlidl!iofu~~ '!fJdd~~t"i. T ~ ~M~~ :m.~, ~c:lJ~.)
... ~J A
~oc)d~o:l RS ~.)ec~ ~Otf:J.)F'OOnl'\dt).

(~2) A =
1 01 _IJO.
[() 0 3
0

'adOod Ll == (1_1 )2(1... 3). P c:Q,).) T ", '6c.>~ .~ e.md!>.

rl~~Od (A-/)(A";'3]) .,,0· ~o~~~olZ p= ('1-1"(t-3).
MI1 T'$ tft9F'''r~ii»I'\z.S.·' PI i:1J~ Pz rl9.) . 1 iil~ 3~
m1lcl)ot! e~crr?):Jtt1d~ tJ~~c)rlWr.dt). $, = PI (T ),E2 ::= P 2
(T) t11'\d() • .~ ~ El~ ~~fdinMC;:i)~ Qz ~ e;_ oj.)
~~0 fcinr.dtJ ..

t·- 3 t- 1
PJ= -
Pz == T' ...
- ~:
. .
t1/\d-J~c:!Ood, QI::= (A-31)/(";'2), Q2'= (A-/)/2. &le~ A = 01
-I 3Q:z iil~ ,

(23) Q, = [i ! !} '(2) =(g ~ ',-U \ .~

" .i ~ ,
 ItQ ~f __. ; I$ef~,r~\) ,-r:r;>~o.~ ~;!~.. 3."
~(I"o!ln~~~ rO~f()Mff:q), T oj~ ~F~;J eiom~t1 ;di$.j~__ I
V 00;) ;!~f(l~ ~o~ ;rjd~ :jO'd~F"~1\d!>, A Qi T ~ ~c:.r.molf
r.l~:jOo-mf\dC ~&.? P ~ T 00;) 'd~~e t.lm~~f\dl!'), A ~
>l'C)~~'; ~~t)~~~~ ~oC) ~nF e~iF"~ q ~~d. : ;~oQd>wwK
!it~) t9d~""e ~oOd>~tS, [~n 3 d 19) ~tt)O:] ~(.)Ood~T<l$l)
!t'aF'd(~ ~f\$<' kl ~ J, i=: I, 2, "" r UI'\j,);,1~;$)~ Cit C'Z.'
'", Cr~) tl!~~~t)w;rjo~n~I'\d>~~ D "'(I-CI)~1{t-c4)"'Z.~"
[t-Cr)kt ~f\d(.)d, ~I"( 1 ::;;s, ::;;k" i ..,. 1, 2, .. ".r ~.f\~, p;;::;:
t-Cl)81(t-C2),z, .. (t-Cr)·r [~~ 3 d (H) ~(a.O'J . t1n ~t~t)
r= 1,2, ,." r~Sj= 1 e31'\c::!(.)d ~~ T~ ~taF'd(~;an4 :

p ~ ~tt~ ·M~~~:.. ~oO~cmf ~~o:Se ~o'WJ~~~ (.)IPO~;:1

~o:i,)~oj~ ~t?dCQ:~h '/..l~~ ~~ml'\~, e)~~;:1~~ p ~ <;'tl
ir.!s;::;~~ ~oO~ wo'/..l~~~J.. ~c::!E3( .!t;oo.)~ i..cC) ~;rjonQ~,
~~~~ ;.j'~cO~ ~~:l~~~~~ '1!1~am~~~.

z-,~e~ 22, V~:l (.)CF~ u~~~ecd,)~·l'\tS ~~

(X, y ) ~~ V cd,) ;!:lec~ r..o~.)·e1030'd rbr;e;~ ~,,,,~ wotll
<;~eJ'If~~~/~, T ~ V ~ ;!:l(c~ t..o~ ;t:l~.r;·ol"( ~t:l'<1
!SO~Q')F t1Mtl; ~olZt5, P'~ (X, Y) ~~~ ~~~(t'\.t.
rl~.lJ~~, T- T*. ~rl T am '5rnr~~~vOJr)I'\1:!,

"oaqi$ . . et ~~~ecm;:1tS.)J.. mQ;rjt>:l ~~ ;mnFI"(~;!.. ~~

! '- tjain~d ~~on~ ~~o~ ~v~~1'\ mt5f-" y~d('Q~~~.~~ wdl'i~
i~r.1 t..~l ;tWQ~~~ eztn~~ 4 o~ ~iJ;,....oo~ NfJ9~~~-.
i~tt1l!td ';.iS~ ~ ~na 4J01~Edl~ 2wddl ~~f~ e:;fjjt!;X:~~ ~~o~
,o:m~n~~ m~r,~}~d~~~.),,~ ~M ~d.siImo'd ~~rt~~ rlm~
~dv~ ~o~ Q~~~~J.. ~.n~~ 2wotll (W1t1~ojJ~~ de~~~eo1.
 342
~dOod
Q ,

'(24) - b]
b."~.det[t- -ba 1- = (2 - (a+ ~)t+ac' ~ b",
. • ' ,,. '-
C ' ,1 • ~

. iJ.' ii' m!.~'d ~ca;:fiF"~"\"~ ~~~iF";~~~~rs ;lO~ ~fO~

~f;!. ,8}~4" ~ 0 ~ndQ~' 12 + fJt+ y ~~:l'd" 6lf~jF"~"\,,"
~~;~9,)oJ~~ .;:,O~ !~0ct~;!· ~m~iF"~~ fJ2 -.t. Y >0
~nttd, ~it~n fJ'1. - 4 y _ 0 ~n~ d ~~mn~ t;;! [~" 2 d
(14) ~~&O.) & ~~ond~ fJ = (a+ c) ~~ v -ac-b'J· Mf!
fJ2 - 4"...; (a+ c)2-.t(ac-b2)., (a - C)2'+ 4b2' '~I%!Qood fJ'1. -
4{';?:: 0 t1rlJ~dOod tJ. ~ m~:l'd ~fS;s$F:~Ii\"" dfS~iF';M~{I!,r3.
fJ2 -41'>0 "ndQ~' ~"

(25) tJ. == (t - d)(t - e), d 7: e·

p ~ T I'( '!f~ZS:~ t.l~~~O~1\dQ d, tili ~;S~(o;!.) 2 I Ood p-
(t:.... d)(t - c) ~~ T ~ '!f~F~(~;n1\~. fJ2 - 4),- == 0
tind~, ~Ii
Q
a == c ~~.
-
b :7 O. tidQ ood ,

.,
tiru~dOod e. ;r$odVd~ollJi T o;i).) '!f~F'df~.,.,nl!.

&Ii dim V ~ ~o'd~~ndt? ;s.)i~ p ~ T fI '!f~,\. t.l~

~amnd(). p o;i).) ~'11 m~~w ~o~ ~iJ:l~i$rl\"~ ~~.F'~
M~~!,r:S .;:,od.:l ~(O~tTW~. p Qh) ~I'( ~~iF"~91;~~
~o~ 'aU~"JatboJftl. un .;)cr,t, ~~oril19,) ~~;Q~d,)•.
~dt)tSaillAl\

(26) p :::: (t - a)"q, .

~odd, luoQ, ~~ctF'1.Id ~t)03ir.d,)~r:S, .,}dli~~ml'\

(21) ,:: f+Pl+'Y ~~ fJ l -4,,<o ~n~~ p =gq, .

 ea ~~~~•., a'lC"~F'~ "=""o_d ~;S~.. 343
~od~, m~~~ ~vrl~~d t..odJ ;$nF' ~~~IF'~:: [~rl2 d (II)
~tl.\o.)

. (26);i)~ (27) wd~ ~Mt~ftiel':!iiC~ wzS~~"~~!.tS.

wOli> ~fO~eTclroi\!}c$J. (26) ":~l)~ru~i:3 wod" 1,&:l,imMC.
h -= (/-a)q ;:f.)~ S - h(T) ~M~. ~n p cxj.).) h' pJ~~ ~t\~
O~~dQ Ood S 7: O. SX -:t:. 0 ~7'I~~o;J, X aj~ V cxj.)~dO.
SX -:t:. 0 ~1'IdJo1dOod (S X,SX ) > 0 wo~ .a~e~Q e:5. , .t1dQ Oc>t$

O«SX, SX)
::::: «T- Cll)q{T 'X,(T- anq(T)X.)
== «T-aI)2 q(T)X,q(T)X) =(PlT)X,.q(T)X) =0,
~t{':t!
~m t..od,) ~~~f~ftiel,;i;s~I\d,)~deod (:':6) ,;S~v~.,r(v.) il\j"~~~.

(27) ;q~v~ru!.t:3 wod~ 'a~.s~~~~/~. S= g(T) 61\00

~~ Wo:i).) S ~ U~~~.)l>I.!oml\d~.
P ,(lj~ q ~~~ ~t\~t1
o;d,)i:idOod, q( T):;t: 0 wo~ !.O~ e;!. ~~ Ood .q( T)X:;t: 0 "t\d)
:$o'Xo:i).) vo:l~~de? ~n Sq(T}X-g(T)q(T)X-p(T)
X ... O. 6~OGd q(T)Xo:i).) W ~~~; ~od~, TJ (d.).). W ~~~
xrt T,X - TX ~od ;)i)~:O~,:S~'itdJ~ W ;!.)ft>~ ~em3e.'If ~o'd~F'
om1'lCC. T, ~ m~~~t\ W ;!.)(e:l~ . t..o~ 1SO'f~F" wod"
u~Oll~~w.) (t5Q~, W ~od V~ d~" ~~ddA W~,:S~~
'lfe;$u t..od,) 1t.Q\.' lkl;$iF~ ;m~ .~ wo~). "d~ "'~t>
g(T)X= 0 6t\dQd ~~ Xai» W~~i -&,~ X a:b) ~~dQ~'
tfii,g(T)TX-Tg(T)X=O; .~odd, 1X ~" W~~IS.
tf~ Ood T, ai» W a.1.lfC~ t..o~ ~~ ~O~~;'o:1Telt\tS. . X ~~ Y
neoi.) W~· 'Id.a, tf"
(T,X,Y) = frX~Y) =Tl';TY) -(x,
T, Y ) ; uodd, W a.1.l(~ ,Nlt&~~'Ltb;:1'~;»F' Tl~" ~~o"
inl'\~. g{T.)X- g{T)X - sx
= ~<; fJ1'Iru~dOed, X ~
W~~rt~, g(T.) Qi),) W, ~C()~ . ~~~ ~ooe'~f"oml'\rS ~:.d~
~t~C;!. 6~Ood T,~ ~;)•• t.)~~O~.) g cxj.)~... ftlil\~!..~.
 341·
~~g ~ ~~:l~ ~~o::i~F'~rl~~.... ~oQ~. Mr'l T,r'l '!f~~
'l.J~~Ooj~ g t.fl'\d~f~.). .a. ~1I}1\~~~~1. utMml\~,
(2?) ~Mo~~) T1 .:::: T. * ~f\d,)~oi,oj).~ g oj.);
(28) .
Ttf. ~~~
• 'A
'l.J~~t::lcrls<>f\~~oi
.
V ~ .t..oti) w~~~.)~ ~

W es~J.. ~~ W o:!Jec~ t..od,) ~~ ~O~:lJf TI ~~~

~G,)&l)OOJ'l.JlrlJ~.

~~Ood1w~ W~Jec~ m~.)~~ ~e~~')F'oir.lt\~~~ T~ +fJ

T, + ')'1. -= O. t1ztOod W~~d.)~ ,.)~ X"~~ T ~ X + {3 T,X +
I'X"" O. 'lIlod t1oalO'!f n.)nvt)~~~.. X ~~~ i~d')~Ji~O. 'lIl~Oo1:i

(2!1) (T~X,X)+ {3(T,X,X) + r(X,X) =0, W~~d,)~

,.)~ X ""It
fi( T,X,X) mf'l (29)~J, ~ta~ ;:S.)~~ ~OtlRl -eri ~r.f';lve.

CW) {3i(TIX,X)2 :It: «Til X,X) + y(X, X)y·

, (T,X,X)l$ITtXFIXF (;tW.J~~F' ~~~~) ~.)i~ (1'1
XX) + (J(T.X,X) == (T1X,T1 X) = I TIXr! Qo)ot.) ;t!oKarl._-f~)J.
trUi1aiJilef\.tJo;. (X,X) '= IX p. -;dQod

(11) (ITtXr+/,IXFFs; p21r,XFIXI2•

g:/:.I t1l\d.J~POoQ, T, -f.: O. t1~ 000 Tl X :;t: 0 ~ 1\d.J~o~
W~~, X.~~ :eo.ll.>Jotac&z.l~d.). t1r.t0o~ fTrXI>O ~.~.
IX,>O. ~O\$)." ,X· e~~ (:n) d~ (~1) d ,BWy<O Qof.)
~tJF'.oi;;~a~ W~~tf\4Jaf". 'adO~. .
, '. ~. '.
(il2) (fT1Xfl+ rtX'Z)2<4rl T1XrIlIXIIl.
t ," :., ,', .,' . • • I',

. (32)~~ I~"~";~ .1)d~ t..c~ j;)ot.)~d~~. ri~~,

(33) {lTlirH~· v'XJ2~<6.

~~~ •.
-ach e!~Clt.l\m"d.·
"
'aot~ (27) ,",old) ~~A!t?'~~4~ Q~O
 ll~.rtw: 22 ~~ G~l~03.J~ (t:ii»~t\ ~ ~~~~~ ~~~o~
;ie5~;!~"d ~\;!J~oj.)~t\~. ~chr(~ ~ m~~oll. a5~') Ii~(l
. J ~ U
~o" t5r.t~~
~
;;:5s.ld2.3e'dlocJ ~~2.!~i~ t03. ~~odd 'ad~ 'a~~.j
A ~
m~l;:$ ~"~o~li~n mo ~JI,ti~o::$ ~(3e~ ~O~;:i~n~~ t..~~o"~.
~ ~

i.d,)~~) 3 X 3 ~~or(~.e ~ed MlQ~~~J.. ~~d~ ~ cm&J..~~mcd

Ueli:tr(Jo::$ t~~,,(IP,;l(l~ 'Ifill"WtJ~d:l. NdQ~oll a:SOtmd~: (27) Ood
(28) d ~~~ojJ~o3J~ 'Cl~. t..~e.. \~8)~J.. "\"~otio, mQ~~,)
w~t:I ~~ N?~.:i~F e5~~~~ o::$J!~ 0::$ffi)F'\:~ ~03Jecmd t..od) ~c~
e$~.:ioj) o::$Je,~ ~T\tZ.

(28) d (J't~~ ~ol!)d~o::$ ~M~~ ~O~o::$~K~J M~;3. T oj:),)

V oj,) ;3.)elO~ 'Wo~ ~d~ a:SO~~;>F"ojs.;,l'\dQ ~ o::$;>!)-A W (l0cbo:! w~ X
M M

r(~~ TX oj.).) W ~~d.)~o~ W;;l) 'Wod.) U\)a:S,;j~.)~amf\~d, ejr(

W~ T~ 'Wod.) ~<t..d wZ~~~.3 ~f\~ ,;:)~J..mru~d,). W~
T ~ 'Wod;) tJ~d W~~~)~ojJ;)1\~e, ttli To3J~J.. W ~ ~~~M~~
2.)~d,) ~J~ W ;3.jeo~ 'Wod) ~o~ ~O'ef~FC»~J.. Md~~2.)~dJ;
eode, T,X= TX, X o::b,) W(l~, wOO) ~~~~~~~d.)~ ~d~
a:SOo::$~F~ TI oj,) W ;3Jeo~ 'WoOJ ~d~ ~O~~;>F~I'I~. (28) d
NCl~~03')tS~ ~~f\tS ~O~ol:J=e-d ~~~~I\~tl~dJ) -

g oj,)) 'WodJ o::$7i<lF;e."; e;~o::$!F"~~7'ldQt5, ~~~~ ;::1~e)

n~~,)J.. ~~o~~d T ~~ ::oW~F"o:::h ~(,)~111 2.)~~c1J
(34) %uod,) o::$mF"\~ e5::o:!'!F~~t\~ d,
ttn T~ 'Wotil tJ~d
wa:S~;:i.)~oj)~~ ~ w~~o:!,)~n T 0$) ~2.)F'o~~ g crl~~J..
~ ~tJ~ e.laiJ ~oj)~., 1\ dlJOloc)d.l;::loj lfolZ.)~fAcm
-.. ~ <A. .
2.)a5,)~.

~-d ~e:>Ii~~ 'l1otiJOO~~;:i ffll~F'~~ ~~~o$).) t.l55eol

6
~~~~r\tZ. T c1J,) ~o:mor<~l\dJ~ ~~oli~~ Tf. ~.dMmo~ t3~
~~J.. ~ ~tio$).j~t:!~.cT\ e:>~e'15 ~9"el~r<~.) t3~;!. ~ ~~l'IdJo::$
:l~~ e~~ eo~a:l t..o~,') ~ttl~~d~<A. ~t.!IIt~to!.

[44
 346

T am ~o::mort~Mej 03~~.!., p~~ T~ 'ti~~(oJ t.l®~cml'\dej

e:1n C" C:2' C3 rl~~ ~~~ ~~~:::~ X:e~~I"(~~7\cb~~p=(t_('t)(i-(,
... (t-·c r ) woti) .!~oo~lnT'\t5.
Etl E2 ... , E, n<::. T 00":) ~~
<Se.)ot.l~I"(VClMC. ~n E; om, (J 5) Oo~, T ~~d,)~ 2...oC::
o:it)~~'; eJ~~crlJ;)"ro~dco~, £;* ... £;. (~~~ ~"r. ~ ~
~~v~ 12). P = E = E* ~7\ro;lo<l t..oti) ~d~ ~O';~F" E OOJ~~,j
2...o~ t)o~eo:$.) ilbt)oZJid wo~ 'd~~~~e~. .as ~d~~~~~
:&~7\ro~dood w~~.,.o:Jc)"~,

E ~ t..o~ tlo~~~ ~~oz..:~o:Jc)f\~~, ~r. E ro~

~~~ E oj.) ~..G~~ ~~~oo:; tlO~~oj.) ~d"f}~f't:Z.

E ~ o:Jc)v~~~ X ~~~~ E OOJ ~.r.;~. ~;::;~~~~ y 7iOe:J.

~rl (2) Ood, X = EX ~rl:l~dCod (X, Y).:.: (EX, Y) (X,EY) 0=

=. o. dim V = Nel~~ (E) + 1j'Jtl(\)'~~ (E) ;::;:l~ dim V ~~~~~ =

(E) + E ~ M~~ ~~:l~oj.) tlo~~Qi) ~d~d ~o:m~:l ~f\~~dOo~
(35) ;:d~tl~rl:l~r;3 o')oti) .!e~F'~;l:j~ro~r;3.

(a) T -= c,E, + C2El + ... + crE" 'Qj~ C.,C2'''· ,crr...;"

:;,!~ ;jt)~~~ ~o~rl~7\;j.
( 36) (b) 1== E t + E2 + ... + Er •
(e) EIEJ = 0, ~d:l i7:-j tt"~d.
(d) EI2 = £1* = £17:- 0 womru!.lZ.
~t)o~ £i~ ~v~~ ~l!i~1\ CI ~ ~fOIiJ~, 1 $.i$.r,
;:l.l~mo~ tJ\)~~.)~~f\r;3. 7i~ (36a) ;i)~ (19) Oed ,"O",;r;t)
~r!I. tH1\"&~ ~C~o!~ 'Cldd ~.)~ (36c) ;i)~ (36d) ~
;nom~WC>1\r3. &1"( t..o~ {Sed ~Q~OO')~.,. '!¥~~!.e;3.

T= T* o:SJ~ C 7:- d ttl'\ru~~ TX=c}{, T Y=dY

""de;)d, ttl"( (X, Y) = o. ~td ~~I"(~~, c~ ~fOcJ.)~
eli") ~~mo~ w~~~.)~od,):l c 7:- d tff\~d, dfi ~(Od.);s
~c..r.~o" ~t:~:l~f( tJot.lOSC\1\;;,
 'S'doot::: (c-d) (X, y) =(cX,y)-(X,dy)-,TX,}')-
~,TY)=o. T= T* rhlO~ ~oli!~od "~~o:j~ ~~~dt'Ql~
'3~rI~, c-d# 0 ~r'c,)~~oo~ (X, Y) = 0 ")otil ~oOd~e
~~,).

~J.!~otil ~~~ ~eJo~~ E;o:s:. ~e8:~~ 'l..otil e.lo~e~ ~~~

~~ ~03~ ~tZt.)~til ~.J~~ ~03.Je~ 20 d~d~~o~ 'a;!d"'~~-..
d~~, T fI. ~~...d~m~~ ~O!!iri~od ~rI~~ t.o~ ~i?d~.J . -..
Vii
r.C-&~~®~. (37) Oot:$, ~ ~~d~ ~~o t.o~ eJo~~~ ~1?d
r.~. !Uo?:leo:j~ ~QCldli~.nJtl~ 1i(C)(-1~ ~e.l'Zjl!d~rld.J~t:$Oot:$,
~o~.) !.Jo~ w~~.:,~~d ~Offi;~.J~rI~. ~ ~om~.J;:;(iJ-..
)d.)~~~.r.~~~m~~, "a~.J ~;3~e® 22 d ~o!~ ~~o:ri)rlt:3.

:H) T = T'" ~rI~c:.tJ,l(:1ri V~, Tf<. ~~~O~ ~~Ii4lio~

~M.J~ 'l..otil ~~~e.lO~ec3.J ~i?O~~-.. ~oO~.

lle06rl4&!;) : {XI' Xl, ... , X o} OO.J.) V fI. t.O~ ~;:S,)e,)ot:leoiJ

~itWd~l\dO. A ®.) T m~ ~~j;5!~rlce? (3ri) ~~~;::b;:;o~
r~~ T* rhlO~ ~eJiJ~.r.~"" {yl, y2, ... , yo} Tfi ~M~O~
~O~ri~o~ drl, V n 'l..o~ ~~.)e.;oz.:le<ID ~i?d~f\15 ;:;~~~ Boo.).)
yl, yg, ... , yn} fI. Ntl~ft~rI T em ;m~~o:mrlc ":)olZ.)
'~~~Jd~J'tI/C'Cl. ~ri B ~ t.o~ 'dC'Cln~e.'lJel~W ~!0lfo:ml\~.

P OO').J i·· 1, :!, ... n fl PX i -= Y I ~o~ :J~O~~~ V oil

S.)eOd,)O::: ~d~ ~OW:J.JF amMO O:::.)~~ p uo:S:N {X I, X 2, ... ,X n ~ r'i
wte!~r\ P 00') o'.;Sil~~~amhdO. ~C?~OO.) 1, ~Ii 60 (5;:')
~.)~.... (56) ~-.. w~o~ef\~~~
:Hq B:' PotAPo'

{XI, X2, ... , xn} ~.)~_, {yl, y~, ... , yn} n<tdri.r.l
::;;:l.Je,)ot:leOO.JOll)l\~ wOW ~wFo(jl~ P ~~ P/'~ e.)~\ ?l~-..~~ ;m~a
~~~.)d.. >8~ti,)~t3.
 348

x= X,X' + X2X~ + ••• + \'nX n •

di'i(X,p*yi) (P.\"Yi)=(XIPX'+X~PX~+ .. , -i-X,,)

Y')._::_(Xfyli-X~Y~+ ... +Xny",yl) = rj(Y',}/')

(X, Xi), 'ad,) Olr<J~~~ X ffi~d.r. ~~tl~rI~~cS~?c:i

. \,2, .. " nil p lY, 'ds;.~ Xi

',\ '::low:&l ~M':j~ti;~)~ 1:.~~~'~,:;':,_l\-e.

(-/ } )

\ 14..)

- P 1 el'lct}~ 2..o~ Of"::l'fl1_tI if)O'f5::J:r p o:j,)eS~ f.)()t:)eoj.)

p~
;;:r~I\l5 won) ilie~,)~e~. P:, =PII-l ~l'Izt0 2..odJ olJfl~f! PI) 00.);;
~ot)eo$) {Xl, X", ... , xn} b~J.. Rn~~m0:5 ~O:::J~ ~lj:l'ilOo:J.>rb
~d'i'l'e:)h
'0

A o:j,).) itiolroOrl n X 11 ;jJ';)~j~o:inf\~r; e~ P:, 'Af> c

(44) o:j.;.; 2..o~.) ,!£!i)F'd~~~~:e ;:SJ~)i('''o:mi\C:~;:;o~ ~~
~ '-.)

~o~eo:j,) ~~'dl Po '<:i~.

~rI 2..0~.) erum~dtio:j,)~.. ~fzlRet'i :

4.
a V'2/6 _~/6~6 ]
A- [ V 2/6 7
Ii -V 3 j 6 .
-'\1'6/6 -.y'3/fi a
2
 del (1/- A) =. t3 - 4(.1+ 5f - 2 '" (t _. l)2(t - 2) .•

II oiJ~ ;%,jomoliOlVI'\Cb~~Oo~ , ~~.) 15~F'de.m~, '!103Ol/'\Oeje~e15j.

~ .
:,~d ~tJ;:;I® ~~~IlOoiJ.) \l - 1)(1 ... ::!) ~Mte~-e,). (1- A) 00.)
~~ o:b~ t V 2", I, \ :1), h/:7, - 2, O}, (:! I - A) o:l J
~~.)~oil) {(2, ,,2,2, _. 2\/11) } ctl,)o~ tJ:J.)F;!j~J~::3.
~~li~~ l:t:J~O e.Jo~e~~f\~· ~~w 00;$ {(] / Vi :1. I \ I;,
) ) 11 .~ 0) ,\-/\i"'~ I'~
. ' \ I\/')'_~/\" ~J~.)
i .) I . (-. I')' ;;_) 9/ "e;- .), /.-,-) ,
Vl),--:V'" i
A ~ ~Mmo'll ~o~Mo~ ~:md:.;:;, ?..o~ ~~~O-:,JeO:l)
0lV1'\::3.

p(l==[~!~;/')
1 \ ':i
-2,/l;
1/ v- o

• ~r(d ~;3.)eo:l.)n~ ~~~ e.:l~03m)rI~~... ~ ~~ 'dd ~~~~O

~~ ~~oiJt:l omG~ru~~.

vnll!rl~

1. ~~ ~o:l.)~ voiJ ~e~ 0lV18~;%,j~~d.J~ ,J~l'\cboi Oem~~':f

~O":J~Fn~ E n~~ ~})o'lJt:ln~.) o:m~~?

(a) V=R2; E(x, y)=(y,O)

(b) V = R3; E (x, y, z) = CiX + Y i :=, - :~x-y-.::·

- :Ix -y _·z)
350

(c) v = R 3;. E(x, y, z) = (6X+ 10y+ 5z,-x-y ;

- 4X- By -3z)

(d) V = R~; E (x, y, z, w) = (x + 3w.y-z,O,O)

(e) V -= R4; E (x, y, z. w) = (y,z,w,O)
(f) V a:iJ,) 2 X 2 ;j~~~rl~ ~;j,J~omf\~. £4
BA· ~~

(h) V ~ ~d $ 2 d.~.r~.)~on~ ~~~clr.>h~; Ef

f (O)g, ';;~ g(O) = 1 ~I'\d.)oio' g o::5.J.) 2.,0.;.)...
'l.JZ13.:lJ:iOo:mh~.

(i) V Qi).) ~o S 2 0 'l.JCJi>l:I~n~ ~;j.)~omn~; J::;}

=f (O)g +f (I )h, ';;~ g oS.);!.),j h n(j.) g(O)
h(O) = g(l) -= h( 1) = 1 ~nd;);so~ 'l.J~.)~on%'~h~.

( j) V ~.), 0 S t:;; 1 ~ OTeIrS£I~~~~ .,;)~ ~~:>~

oi)'d~l't" e:I:;'zt~ .. ts\)~~./~~.) f ~ ~oS:>~ omnj;
t
Ef = f (O)e·- •

2. ~!. ~oS')~ v oj,) ~.)e~ ;S~er;'j~~~~,C::.)oS "~f\d,);:$ df£Jeoo)

llOfi~F' En~.) ~!~o~ t..o~.) ~e;o~W'i!h~ .,;)0:;).)

~eOM. E o,l) ~~~~~.... ;:$.)~ E d.} ~t$t3 ~;S.)~I

oj,)~.... :JoSO"'o. -'

(a) V = R2; E(x,y) = (x, x)

(b) V = R8; E(x, y, z) ;::: (x, y, y)
 t!I~ d~.mie 0; zOO;::::lf"oil ~m(il olld ~o!t~~ 35'

(c) V= RB; E(x, y, z) =(-y,y,x+y+Z)

(d) V oj~) 2 X 2 o:m:t~M~ ~~~~aiJd1\1:3; Bl "" B
~1\d~~~ EA = BA B
(e) V o.ID 2 X 2 ~i~rl~ ~~~Joir.>l'\t3; EA·,
(A + At)j2

(f) V OO~~ ,.)~ ~~~~O7'(~ ~;:-,;)~om1\~; f'(O)"=

(d f /dt)(O) ~l'\~~~ E/ =flO) +1'(0)'
( g) () $ t 5, I n ~~~~~}t ,.)~ ~~:Jt5 ~f!)l~0 ~
Q:J~;sJ,.1 erut~J,.rl~ ~~;)~em;) v ~I\r:l; £1(1) =
/(1)00;;) Os t $ p~ ;:i;)!~ Ej(t) =I (n, '&'CN
~ 5 t s I~.

i). t:$~ ;:;l~~ V Ii;) ;;3;)f~ 2...ot:$;) ~e,)o~~ E em~;)J,.) erut:

;:;l~,)~cJ M ~od ;:l~tcm1\d:J~o~ ~od:Joo1A~O [MU~
M ;\ 2...o~ ~1jWd~cl~ MiMo/ld;)~ 2...o~ e:1GJ.ld~~~ V~
e..~~~~Jt)(.aO] .

(a) V = R2; M ~o.:, (1, 2) ~oo ~:J;)F"~~}~~;:i

tI\l~~~;)~eJ 0'$Jt)1\r:l.

(b) V = R\ M "ad;) {( I, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0) } ~o~

~~F"~~~d:J~ erui!S~~~eJ ~I'\~.

(c) V em.) ~d :s; 2 d ~~i!SOrl~ ~~~O'$Jt)l\d ;:i;)~~

{I + 1+ t2 , 1 + t + 2t2 } ~oo ~:J;)F"~~~d:J~
waS~~~~ M ~1\t:S.

(d) vem.'l2 x 2 ;m~'!!!n~ ~~~cmT\t'l ~~ A-f

'!!!~l'\d,')~dOod ~:J')F"~~ ~ erui!S~~,)~ 00Jtl r\i~
352

-L d~ ;:;l;::).)~ J/ oj.) ~.)f~, ~o~.~Vo2.)~ E OJ);i)J...' e5z::5d

~£~~a::i.).) d~ ;:;l0:5')~~ M t~T\rb0:5o;l 0:5.)~~ ~z::5d z.u~,
~;;5)~eJOO,).) z::5!, ~~)~ N eM.)0:5o~ ~o::;.)o_,tatt»o.
[~zjcl! : M;5.)~ N" e.,o~ ~Z?d0:5~~ ~~).o ~~o:;
o:S:>~e;;~ V ~ 2..om ~~003~.... t1~-d ~~o.]

(a) V = R2; M 7}(';".) y = 2x df~oiJ.:lT\~ ~.)~ N

-:;:0) y ~.C: ~x de~o:mT\~.

(b) V R3 ; M ~z::5.) x = - :? Z f.;::).)~e;Q:R,T\~

,co_- o:S.)~~

N '<i~ X = Y = z oe~o:mT\~.
V R2 e;11C(). Q:R,~~~oj).) X --
-;0' ~~~d,);::) .:ld~ 2Zfe
Z,3f0 ~po~~n';:;::;~. ~o::;.)OO~ro.)o.

Ii. E 00.).) J/ oj,) O:;.)fOO.);:: 2...o~ ~e;o~~~M() ;::):.~~ Tojc)

VOO.) ~,)eOG.);;5 ~ot:S.) oe.AJ<l~~ aSO'6:J.)F'OirC> MO. T~­
ET+(/-E)T = TE+ T (I-E) = ETE+ tT(l-J:')
+ (l-E}TE+ U-E)T~J-E) wo~ MfO;!')O.

I . E o::i.)~!..o F Ii~.) V oj.) ~.)e()~ a:i_)e;02.)~IiVclM(). E+F

0:;.).), ~~;::)e; £F = FE = 0 emdQ d ;::)J;)~I'
. V oj,) o!*'~
J

t ... oru ~pO!:.J~i;l;lI'\~ wO~ isdeo~o. [M~cS : (E + F f

~~~ IirnM.]

'i. E 00.).), £2:::: E ~Tyd.)o:So" !..o~ nXn o:SJ;)~'i¥oiJ.ll'\d().

Ir (E) "" ;tr.l<ll~ (E) wo~ ~fO~O. [~2IcS: E
oj,)~.... '!t"ilF'ce~~\,~ MJjd~ ~doj,)e;.) (tl)c:$.).... w~
~tT'l~o. E2:::: E ~1\d.>~eoz::l ~'~wF'de~!e,~
zzr:,~~.!Ii~.) cb~MY.Se~.)? ~o~c ~Z?~oj,) 1, ~n 6 c
~~;:;! 1f> ~.).... waS~tT'l,.O. ]

~. (a) E~O, E;t. 1 ;::).)11, E2::::: E '~I'\t:SQO, ~li E r.

fi,llil. ~~~~J') V- 1) t e;,Me~~~otj.) ~ ~eOM.
 [~diS: £2 = E ;:bl~ £1 - E = 0 wd~
y.,o~f ~I\;!. J
(b) £1 ... E ~I\~Q d, ~rl n = dim V, n - k = m ~
~
(E) ;i).~ k =~~~~~ (E) e;,1\d,);l~, E~ 1;M
~o'd 2J~~/!)~ tk( 1 - t)n-k. e3T\~ woti)
~eOM. [~dcS: (R) ~4 eru~~~I'\~o.J

{c) E;t. 1 ;l~I~ C .. E e3T\~Q15, e:trl E cxj~~ :"ooe;l~

~~~~T\~ woti) itcleo~o.

10. A cm~ 'iJ~T\~;l ru~~~~F'rl~~li(S y.,o~ n x n o:m.I!)~

e3Me), Ai (i+I)'" 1, i - I , 2, ...• , (n- 1); i:t:n
;l~I~ j;t. i + 1 e3Mt15 All - 0 t:, ti1> A ~~ 1JMmo~
2Ja::.)~/!)olJd1'lde). t:, ... tn-Anotn- 1 - Ao(n_l)tn- 1 - ...
- Ang t - AnI wo~::. ir.Ieo~o. [l¢,r.)dcS : t I - A ~~ n(Se
elia me.>::.ruoU mil"" e'ff' ;)~m~o~~4 eru~Mt\~O.]

11. '!¥~I\~;l ~~~'l¥rl~~ ~!~o~ 'd~F'l5e~D3ClI\~ wo~

MeOM. & o:m It)"~ ~~a ~~02J~I1~~... eo~d (14)
Oo~ ~d~~ ~e)o2J~I1~~.... ~o~~~~o~

(b) [~ ~
6 -11
J
061

(c) -2[0 I J
000
3 00 :OI..
1
3
o
1
1
0
o 0-3 o -3

U~. ! !] (f)[ll :1 ~ 1 1]-

:; :.
8l
(
(45
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! ~ gj 1 3 1J
402
o
o J 2 I 2
o 2 1 021

12. A. <Xi» 2 X 2 ~rlOC. A ~ edc:Jmv.)rt~~A eiZv.)t"l~v.)

;:m~~co~' A' ~~ A ~ woti(St etia mV~A a
d))od rntt'" ;:$.)~ r.lo~~ ~A edo ~~v~ ~tia mCr'!
~la~~dood A" ~do:bC.

(a) A'~ ~t'9F'dt~~M~~o.s. A ~ t1Mt.l~tSot"l

&..o~ et\)md~r! ~~~.

(b) A"~ ~t'9F'af~~MO~Q~ A ~ t1Mr.l~tSot.l

2.o0~ et\)m~or! 'If~~.

13. ~~rI~;:$ R 8 ~ec~ ~vo&J~rl~~ ~oj,). t1o.ofJ rut'9Vt"lQ 'If-o

m~e~~~ 2.oo~ vo~foj,) ~Vor.l~ o:m~~? ( (Xl' yp
Zt)(Xl' Yl' Z2)-X 1X2+(X'+YI) (Xg+Yz)+ (X 1 +
" + ZI)(XZ + Y2 + Z2) ~o~ ~~~:r:l~~~;:$ t1o~O~
roL'tVr.l ~-d m~(!.~d 2.ooru vo~(~ ~ VOf..)~ o:i1d~C$.) ?
Q

X+ y+ Z x +y+ z X+y + Z)
( a) E( X, y,z ) - ( 3 '-:- 3 ' 3

(b) E(x,y,z) = (x,x,O)

(c) E(x,y,z) = (x,-x,O)

14. ""l\~;S~, A. ;:$.r.)i"nf"

Po-tAPo ~ ~m;af.m\.'8
03irld-l~Q. tvoQ.) vor:f~ om\"
p. ~~A ~o~
&~.

(b) [~
-1
-I-{ -1]j
 (c) [4 6 '0 0]
{j 1 0 0
o 0 1-1
o 0 -1 0

15. ~o~O~ li:!t"Glt)e,)Q ( (Xl' YI' ZI)' (\'2' Y2, Zl) ) = XI Xl

+(:~I+Yl)(X2+Y2) + (XI+y,+Z,)(Xl+Yl+Z2)
t!l~" R3 ~oOtl~, T ~~ T (X,y,Z) "" (X, X + 2y,
X+ Y+ 3z) ~otS ~.,~~;:i~~d~;:$ ;:io~ ~eoe~F'o:ir.lMt).
tS!. ~o~05 li:!~t)e,)",t¥-d mte~OlflI'\ T crl~ ;:i~~orl'mr'l~
wotS~ i.QeoM ;:$~~ T ~ ~~ijSa ~t)Ot.l~rI~~" oeo~
!o~~)O; .e. ~)t)Oe,)~rl~~ O~ e.1oiooe r\)cgt)~iOl mtet "t!
~I'\ 'd~d. ;:i~orl5o:s<ll'\0:3 wotS,) ~4 ~eca,

)Ii, (a) A ;.1,)5~ Porl~~ nxn ~r'ltSQd, ~rl (P~APoY=

P I,
I
AlP() .::l0~ \lr.l~OM,

(b) Po~ ;:i;:$,)~~(~e~;nr'l ;;:$,)~ A ~ ~~oirl;3i)r'l

'lIItSQ~ UI~ P~AP 0 ~ ;:i~orli;3i)r'l~ wot$,)
~tO~O.

(c) Po~ ;r:1;;:$~"~e~tQi)mr'ltSQ~ ~~ P~APo ~ oecgF'

~e£)e\rl,);nr'lo d, uri A cd» ;:i;:inoirlmr'l~ wot$.)
Q

ltieo~o. [1It$,) ;:io:l,)5'crl~ oe~rJ, (44) ~~t);3i)rI

~e~~d t..ot$,) e;~~~oe ~e,)F'oQ wod,) lraeo~~~.J

17, (X, Y) ~ V Qi) o:3.)et)~ t..ot$,) t1oiO~ rb~QmM().

E ~ (X, Y)~ mtet;nr'l t..ot$.) ~~"~t~t= ~t)ot.)~
~r'ld(). P-2E-I t1r'l~~ Url pai» ~rI'~
ttr'lt$.);;:$ t..ot$.) ;r:1~~e~e\rl,) ~o;;:$iF't! t1r'l~ wot$.)
£j;tO~O.

'18. mlll~ (T) -1 t1ndQ~' 6rl'lll~;!t T OO~ ~c;F'dt~;3i)r'l~

e5'~ T k _ o. 'lilt$.) oo.n~Qi)tS~ $mF'Ow k> 1~,
t1d~ Wdti.A ~I'\~ mQ6:l~ wot$.) beo~o.
 19. q;;S} :J!~ m~:J~ ~~e)7i~nci~ ~odl t,nrl:tioo:ml'ld~,
~o~d,

q=a(/-Ct)(/-C2)'" (/-ttJ

'C1~ i:-F- j o:i,)~ a ~,) e5M~~ 0l0)~:J~ ~o~o:m"~Q d,

Ci j; Cr q( T ) - 0 O)oC:J 'C1e3b-eJC)~~,,~{.'Q)· T~
'd~F'd~~~f\il wOC:J ;i~ro.2.Jo. [~~i$: T em ~~~.
ZJ~~OOOJJ c:m~ dJC)~~~J.. 1.M>oOd'lS~~~ ?]

20. T ~ RD 03JftldJ~ ~oC:J ;Lid~ .~O~:JJF'o:mM~. D ~

T~ x&Mmo~ ZJoSJ~o:ir.JM~ ~.);j~ P oj.),) ~;l~~
ZJlfJ~Ocrlr.lf\~. T c::b ~.J.l~tl~c:bJ e5~~~ 1rc:~c~;;jo;g
'OIoe':l. p= 6. wo~.) ~f().2.JO. I ~~~c5 : X = ( I, (h
o .,0) e:tMtl. {X, TX, T2X, ... , T"X} oo~.)
k ~ (n - 1) TI Rn ~~dJ03 twoc:b ~d03~o~~ 1iro;i';r\~
wad) ;!r.,rO.2.Jo. '010000 deg p 2:: n ..Jod) ~~!,M. ]

21. T c3JJ :e'{.'Q)F'de~mMe:l ;;j~;j~ f OO')J oj."d~~e 0l0)~:J~

~!!:l~e~;j w~~....mM!!:l, f (c) c3JJ T oil crlr.l~cse
x&Mma'd t3~ C ~ :J~O.xS~~OJ~o' f (I) oi'J 1l~mo~
il~rt~e~,) ?

22. f (t) = et e5t\Otl. V om ~a;jO~ 1iJ~e>tJ<;l (X, Y)e5~~

~oOd(). T = T'If. ~l'\d(). 'If~MJ~O~.... it6~O.2.JO,
",
.' ", ... (TaX.:.!)
fl'( nx; Y) = (X, Y) + 'j---;;J .' .
a=,
[U.': lV) == I~ ~ : V~ In !), O)o~ ~or1!cm~....
wal~eMO ;i)~~ T" ~~m~'d ':sOlfr\~o~ fjf\OJ03
""o~ ~~Jif~'ah 'fj~~ . X ~~' .Y .~~ ~fOci'l~
~~olidlQ lSOtD~~~~ m4>lJ~o.]
23. (a) T ~ '!.oo~ ;::l.....M.~i'=!Ooe tS~~.) C ur\dQ ~ ~.)'i,)~
P~.) ;)~~e~.)mlj!~mr\dQd t1rl c ~ P-'TP
~ '!.ood.) ~Mmo'd tS~o:iJ.lf'lt.'$ wo~ MtOM.

(b) E~.) '!.ood.) ~t)o'Z.J~ ~.),!~ P cID.) ;)~e~.)mlj!a

mr\dQd, m~ p-I EP ojJ') '!.oo~ ~t)o'Z.J~~r\r!I
wod.) Meo,"o.
(c) T oj,)') ';£o)Foe~;:stIf'ldQd ~.)~2.: P ~ ;)~t~
;:WQ~;;r<ll'\dQ d, t1rl P -I TPoj,),) 'eI~FC;t~~f'lr!I wotil
MeoM.
(d) T oj,).) ';£o)Fce~ml\dQ d, P 00.),) ::l~~e~.)mlj!~
;;r;Jl'\~Q d ~.)~~ f 00.).) f (T) 00.).) ~v~~e~}~lQ.)
~o~ o:iJ.l~r!le w~.)~'"~f'ldQ e, '1.'-1'\ f (P -'TP)oo')')
;;r;J~~~~~~r!I ;s.)'i,~ f (p I TP) - P--' f(T)P
wo~ !r.ec,"o.
(e) T'~ ';~f'dt~~r\0Q d, uri cdl ~!
'lfeo:ru T
~o~ ~qSa ~t)Ot.l~'d~~ SE - ES ur\0Q d ;:$J;)~,
ST = TS wod.) l.r.Ieo,""o. [ut'fcS: ;).)tPa ~t)Ot.l~
rI~.) T oj,)~Q.)~ t.l~~Orl~r\~.]

(f) T oj.).) mf'de~t3OJc)"dQ d ~~ 1 (T) cdl.)

~a:Oa;::l~~d.)~o~ f o:iJ.l~~e w!"~J..mf'ldQd, uri
'a~ ST - TS Uf'ld.)~o£ o:iJ.l~r!le ~o'd~F' Sf.
f(T)S-Sf(T) .:)o~ ~eo~o. [~dcS:
(e) oo.)~~ w~~(,..,""o.]

24. I(t) -log t, t>o ~.)~ g(t) _t5/2 uMC. 1 (A)

~~ g( A) ~~J.. ,joti,)zgQ~O, '19~

A-[i i i]
358

[~~r3: Po-'APo o:S~ 'd~F'de£~~~~C1T\tbOJo' Pu

~~4 ~od.)~~cmo ~~~ ~~6~ 23(d) em~tI.. ~~
~~f\.tJO.]

25. (X, Y) ~ ~OF'~ ~om~.)eo:j.) ;l:j~.)~ V 0:3,) c;S.)e~~

,""ot$.) t3o~Ofi ru~V?JQ~M(). T = T* uM() ;d.)~.?.
c em.) T O~~ ~\o~ ~d_. ~MO:j'"ofi t.5~omM().
TX 1 =cXl ~did
(X 1 ,XI)= I ~Mt!l. (X,X):$ 1
~1\~,}3, uli (TX,X) s c wod,} MeOM. [";..r;,~iS:
{Xl, -X2, ... , X"} ~ T em ~Mmofi ~O~ri~o~
esf\~,) V ~ t..oru ~{jj~dOJOlf\d,)~o:i X 2 , X 3, ... , X k
Q

rl~~tI.. ~~~ oiJ-;;{.eO. X~~tI.. {XI, X 2, ••. , Xn}~

li~rl';~ ~MLM.J

~(J. TO"$,)' T (x, y, z) = (._ 2x + y+ 2:-, -4x + 3y + 2.:,

__ f)x + y + i)z) ~or.:S ~6~~;l:j~~j.);$ RS id~e~t:$
oeJm>~~ ~Cfi:J.)Fc::ir;)M(). Mo:S')') {( I, ',1,),(1,2,1)}
~o~ ~~F~~~d.l;j fJi)~~~~olr.>t'ld().

(a) T~ M ~~dm"!S wO~ t~eo~o.

(b) X ~ M ~~r.:SQd Tlo:S~ T1X= TX~od m~~~

;l:j~ ~~~ M ~.)e()d.l;:: ;r)o~~F'Oin"d(). {( 1, 1,1 ),
(1,2,1)} ~ mtetm" Tl~ ~~"ail~~ fioQ.)
19ta~O.

27. (a) Ttrl» "~t'ld,)~ o:m~tJ~~~ r.MoOd Rl ;!.)e()d.l~

dem~~ ;r)o~~f'crlnlM()

[-! _no
Mom T ""'o~ ~td. W;r):4~~cM"de>.), uri
M 1ld.> R' ~t\zS ~~~ M - { (0, O)} ~o~
ir.ItO~o.
 (b) (0<0< 1T/ 2 ~1\~~;2) Tcm;) R2 ~;)t~~~ (O,O)~
;t!~~ 8 1f~e~~~~ ~~V~o:mM~,

(c) T o:h:) X - e:!:tz::l~ R2 03,)f!l~o:S ~.!~~~~hO!l.

R2~ oircr~ W~~~;)~rt.;:) T" ~~dorC>l\~?

2H. D cj;);) D f = (dldt) f ~o~ orC>~~~';!~~d:)~ o':)~

orC>~::>'6 t.)~llon.; ,;!~~~ o:h;) ~;)e!ld:)o:S dem~'d llO'5:J:>F"
o::lJuM~. M ~ ~d ~ n ~ w~ t.l~Jll:)n"o~ (:ff\~ol
w~;t!~':J~MC. M~ D~ ~1.dorC>I\J ~od.l
~eoM .
.2~. T= T$ ~I\~d ~~ M ~ T o:h M. ~~dorC>l\z::IQd,
~ii M.L ';~ll T ~ ~f.tdml\~ wo~ ~ec~o. [~s~:
X ~ M J.~ ~eOd:)ol ~t.lF"oQ~e~ 1]
30. (34 ) ~~ mQ~. [U.~ : p ~ T cm ';~~tj t.l~~
amMC. g ~ (34) d~~~oj 'a~;)~~, P -= gq ~oeil
-;~a.i;f~~~/I'.'@. W~ q(T) o:h ~tt ';!~~o:l:r.lf\dC].

31. c o»l T oi) ""oeil ~~mo'd ~~l\dC.

c ~ ~tO~~ ~Mmo'd w~~~~~M!l.
Tf, ~~dmf\!3 ~o~ beo:4o.
32. dim V> 2 ~"l~ T cm:> V rm ~f!l~ol t..o~ dfm!e,'d
Z::o'd::>;)F'o:ml\~ wo~ -;tJ,).J"~~~"f~. dim M<dim
V ~;)~~M~;);) T~ ~td~I\~~o. t..o~ e5~~~ Wll
~ M -;Cj ~o~ beo~o. [U2liS: ~n 2 d
(16)~.", ~;)~ 30 ~~ 31r!t e5~~rI~~oI" wca
o!t.e,,~c. ]
3·~. If as» t..o~ 2 x 2 ~i'iii>orl ~iI ~o~ -;~.s
t.a·.rV~
 360

(a) 4. oo~ ,~l¥~ ~e,)o~~1if,jl~~ '!oruCo~OO:>e,):> !.uod:>

JSo;:!Cf5~ t&~;:!~~ ~d~o.

(b) Po-lAPu~ ~c;Fde.m'i~~Wc>f'\~;:!o~ !.uo~ G:)d~t~

~l;!~ ~~~ ~ p 0 ~~J.. '!o~Co~~~ !.uot:l.l
JSo~~~ t&~~~~ ~d~o.

:;)'~aC "r.n.'"
v o,i).) ~OF~ e1~.r.>:J.)e~')o:sif'\(;3 ~~~ (X, Y) 00).) V c:h
;S.)t~~;:! !.uo~ e1o;iO~ ruC;e,)~i;lWrlf'\(;3 ~o~ ~eJ~"~"~vtc;. TOO')')
V ~ ;3,)e~d.J;:! !.uo~ ~o:mo1i de:oe~ JSO~~Fo:lJ't)f'\dO ;:!:>i:l.....o
s- 1"- ~MO.
(a) (IXI::; 1 ~f'\~.}3) IT X 1$ k ~M.)~ot !.uo~.) ~o~
k ;::: 0 ~(;3 ~o~~ MeoM. [M'lfcS: t9~~';:
25~~ ~~~o.J
~rl (a) ~~~~ ~o~rl~.) K c:h e!3~o2 ~c;GO ,,~
~t;:1r.H3e~ Ko 6f'\dO.
(b) IXI s 1 tff'\t:lQd ITXI s;Ko ~o~ ;:!.)~ IX'I s
1 ;:$.)i,).....o ITX IJ .. Ko ~f'\~;:!oi !.uo~ ~O!l X'
'01(;3 ~od,) i.r.leo'?')o. [~~cS: c~.) T oi>
~~o. M~ ~o0'3e~ ~dOO~ ~~mo~ ~~~MO.
~~~~ 25 o~~oi ~od.);:!o~o.]

(a) ;:1.)~ (b) :;,~nrl~~..,; (!ed~l'\, ~odd, ~;S.)eoi> 22 ~""

truJS~el;\~eS, zl'il.)" 'dt)~~~d tl~~n~~J.. wJS~el'\.ll, ~Q~
~~ti:l. ,& ~~,~d' ,w~d t?rI~ (a) ~.~ (h) ~~M~~J..
tru~ciI~el'\.ll,J~o~ ;~r~ 22 d !.uo~ ~rr~~~4 "~ItJ~tS.

(c) "X,s;!;:1,)~ ISXII-K~ tfl'\r:t d, ISXlsK~

~o~ beo.llo. [U~~: ISX'I-ITlX11-K.
IT(TXljKO)1 ~K~ _',fXl I2 - (riXI, Xl) s
ITlXII -ISX11l ' .
 - IUln~..~ J5e>~'~r~ IItllir.lt;>.lId ~;!t~~ ~6J

(d) (SX1,XI): .. K~ woci) U~~~O. fuucS:

(SXl,Xl) - (rx 1., TX1).)
(8) SX l • KgXI ~Q~ b~o~~. tuwtS: Z.. _
SX'- K~X' tt~d ~~ IZl 8~,,_ ~t1~ 2

(C) ~~ (d) tw~~,,_ w~tN,io.• )

(,) K. ~q1~ - Ko ahl T oj,) !..od,) ~~~ .~ I.

$t\~ wO~ ~eo~9. [~uiS : S- K U ...

(T-Kol) ( T +Kol) ~~ S-K:la!N~
~Mf~il:D~ml'l~.J

(g) (' o;S~~ T ~. t..od~ on~:l~ ~Mmo~ ~d$.1\4

w9~ 'a~~~n~~~t~. It;.lrl (I) ~ T ~
'If~~ t..o~m~~'If ~~mo'd~d~~~~~;S.)
rZ~ =cZ1,IZ'1 = 1 ~t\~. M,¢Ns {Z'}
~od ~~~F'~~~ Wal~~~ ~~ . •01
ml'ldJO. M, ~ T ~ ~Ldml'l13 ~~ ~t~~~~
(h) ~~.~ 2~d ~9~~~ T~~ M;~ ~j
M~''''''~doCJd
... ........., ~~J ~ ""(.~'(g ). ~...
'C'aJ~ . rl
"'" 'P.
Vo'l'~
1f~~ & :);)i~ ~~~l';'" .~~ ~~~C~9'
~~F'~~~o.

t;1ill~
~I), 21 ~.:?. 22 ~ ~~e~rls1;) ~o~ ~~~ A~ ~'$»F
~~ ?,..od,) ~~)~Jf)t'il ~~~ ~~~~~. 'If~F'd~JOi)\'d ~~
~tSe' ~'ckK~~,,_ t.l~bor.>t\ ~~~,~~~~. Hoffman ~~~ /Wt.ze
~~ [l4, ~~I6a!N~] ~;)I~ Jacobson [15, ~~.Qi) 3J ~rf!
~flDF'c:f ~l$ ~od.) ~iS~~J1,)~ t..o~ ~Q' '~;# ~ 'don,t'S
t1a~~__ "~tI~~~. t..o~
~~~ ~o:btl~e~ ~~~
~Ccb~ ~'~9~ IS~~F~ floalm t..o~ ~~~~~ ~9l!)~
,~." t,lifJ>"cS.•
(41
362
t.l~O ~m'il oad t."od,) !O~e~ tai!F"o:Sl~-. "ee? 'rJS;JfJ~~~
~~~ecrlJd N~9~~oO~ Hoffman ;i)~ Kunze tt3~~ i~d~"'tS
[14, 4 ~~ 6~e ~tjU),~~~~). ~~~~~.d ~~v~" ~~;)eol>r:$
'Wod,) m9~clJ~~ Churchill~~ ~t'at.l~)~ [4, ~ !J6]. t.l~)~O
r(~ ~t)r(~~4 ~I~ ~l!d..Amo'd tS~r(~~4 'doti,)~ta(lj;).l~di.c ~~('d
~om~ ~~ecm ~tjU)~r(~~4 Lanczos ~~ 'lfit1t.l~d,) [l\J, 1 ~~a!...
2 c!t ~9C>~ O})r(~~]-

.e. e5tjU)aol>d ~~o~rt~~4 t.l~lJ: ~v9~,.,~e ,s~ort

~rH'~F"o'6 ;rJ~'ddt1rt~ t."od,) ~~-t ~r(F'~.e ~~o,st.l~)d,) [e:l ftIrlt3cm
2 d ~rt 5 d ~t;r.lt3,s 10 ~etaJ. ~o~ t."od,) ~~dt'Jcm~~ Lovitt~~
~t1t.l~d;) [20, ~~.cm 5] ~;);)oO~ 'l!dF' ~~-' dem!~ -e ~tjU)~rt~
" ""
';(J~3d ~~f" tS~l!cmrt~~"" Coruant ~~~ Hilhert ~~ !Jil~
t.l~r:$;) [5}

~rt 4 d ;')~t~ Q~i!~ {a) ~;)~ (b) ~rtK~~, ~;,)tt~4

wt~-.n~;) ;i):i~ r(o~. r,3~rt~~~ 'd,)OI 2..or:$,) m~F~'d ~;!;)tol>d
~Om~;)r(VCl"';S. oar:$,) Rudin ~~ "'~d~~tS [23, ~ 30 ~~
67]. Rudin"[23, e~~Qi)9] ~tm\.-e ~ttsrldad IO~~~"" wJ$
~("'1v ~9"'~oi)~ ~v~ ~ ~~(Qi)~~4 'd.A1i ~~~~~tS.
 e~cQjJ 4
~o~e~t ~~~o~n~" ej,,~~ ~~"•.~ ~~on

~li 1· ~~~'tt) 1S&_:»F"ri~

~~o:h 3d~ ~~Fde~~O~~fo:h ~O~~o:h~... ~Ct!~d

~~~. T ~ ,",or::$.) ~~F"~fm~~ ;m~, ~M~o:h~...
~oQt$Q!5, T o:h t.l~(') ~~...n~~... ~~~ ~t)~mt\ tru!:O~t.l~~
~o~t$~... istlto).j~ e;!. dem~~ ~t~rI~it$ ,f~ ~~.d~~~
.;)d~ ~qSon ~2!~ ~O~~fn.; ~~~~ ~Ot.lO~~~... ~~oi ~~n~~...
w!,o~ f.Jo:h;ri)!.e;!. S ~~ T n~.. V ~ ;S.)e~d.ld ck.m~~
i'lo~~F"rt\i'i)t\;! ~oQ~~'If~~JV~' V ~ t..o~ e;,~~~ mtftOSit\
A~S ~ iir.I~ "CIirt>M~ ~~i~ B ~ T o:h ~~ 'lfClirt>t\d~ •
.us e;,~dd~... A ~i1 B e)I1CitoJa ~~F"~em'"~~t\d,);:1o' t1c&.
~~~m"~do. CIirt>~mt$M :iGlil~;:1~... !~QdQtl, tJrt S ~~
T ~~ ~dd~... t..~AAoa t.:~.e~ ~~oI.ri~~oI. ;ri)t)fiSmt'l wto~t.l~
mt\i1. A ~~ B rI~da.r. 7ilt$~.Jf'l 'dtW"df~onMr.5f"o~
~~Qr;S. & 9irid~ A ~i,)~ B ri~d~ ~~F"!5em\~~" 'a~do.
V ~ t..od;) tJ9'>dd~. ~o~acce~~~lZo~ ~ti ftid;:1~ 'tf~~
t..od.) ,,~ ~mF"o:b~:(~~ ".nri.)~f;d.

A d.l~ B r1~~ ~F"dtm\~ n x n ~~tfr1~l\tt~, fin A

...
;:f~~ B rW ~(Se~ ri~t&'<".) t.l~ ~t)~ml'\;!. wm~~,
,,'

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+ J"'"' [,/2/4
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~ ~r,m; {,xli X2, '~'i X'.J _fPI\ A abl St$ =~l
~M;~ d)~ B cih) r til, ~~'~I\do;lot ';c:'Qd 05,l'uty '
8rl S'~,~ ~ ¥)~I\, ".,.It~:st1\;S w~<A.~r.!; t1rl
A 'i!~~ B ~_ ••r::~t..,\." ~~~ S =t""";!· ',"
~ .t
r+f rlH~.) 'a!.)f$~ tlU~~.) b,a~iZcx4 'toW'
~U.M·
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, S',~~ t~. ~~tj'!~~ ~~f'a03i,r\C~)~~ ~~~~.

ft~: $ ~~, T ~d~ ~~.9~ ~~C)d ~1'i~" iFod.Y
~~~' f ~ ~e. ~!t s~~ TK~U ~MCWP;>~ tJ~r
~~ ~~~ !l~i.t~~~. {X'; XII, ... ; oi»~nc» K"l
~.' l' ~ t->,~ t1~d~"d&; , " \ , "

.... '(fl'
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~rl d~ "rp~~ m~t~" A ~ S ~ an'" &~ B ~ T Gb

>m,3.>.,~ntS. 'Bd,0od
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~ti. TS·

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(4)
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~t'I~ .
S ~~~. t ~'J~ ~'IHr~t>'dont'l mfdUl~;nl"ldQd; ~rt ST
(i) ~~ as+bT ~~ 'dfifdt~mt'ld'; ',',
, ~.
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aR !iOa:!,).)~" ~tJf:"oQ (.) ~J~~ ~t'Q)~~F~t'I~~' ~t""

1'8 ""dQd S ~~ T ~dti.) ~o'd~F'~~ ~~0l»~'i'S, .l~mrl;)
;3d,); .. do~~~o:h~oA. '8~J.:a6~ ~~=tl $&.ttl ;

S ~~ T nw ~O~b~d ~~~ ! t..~ ~1fC

(6) Mn"dQd "rt s ~~I(T1 ~'~~~.t
, '

~ SP: .. (ST.)t ... (TS)t .... T(St) -1tTS)'-

T1S. ' , ~ .~~ S'F~ .. T'S~ iQ.)' ~
iSJat'RF'oli k 2'; 1 ,,; !Ot~ f - c, ,t cti + ~ltl + ;~. ,:t c.t ""tt~~
n

~,rl s f(T)=S(Col+c.T+C~t'+; .. +c~T·tJlcoSJ +c •.

ST+CiS T1 +'.;. + C.st a:_tol$+Ci'FS+ (',1'8fl.:. +co'tn
=f(t)S· "
'" '. ~;:IfJ"~ :*,,~~tasa dft~_JI)~odJa
~*l,l ~a:.. $ ~ tJ~n91"dli)d,
"rl [~rl 2 d (20) **1'
 (7) !(T)g(T)=g(T)!(T) .

.;)or;i) n~~~;Ii)!~. E ~.)~ F n~.) ~l)Ot.lc:1n~or;i) 1IliJ~

~~<'~/c;,

(8) EF-FEt1T\dQ d, ~rt EF'tNor;i) ~l)Ot.lc:1~T\r!.

, 1Ilr;i) tEF)" -(EF)( EF) - E (FE) F- E(EF)F - W

Fi = EF o':)o~dOod "'I!)~~!.~. ~~~~rtw (8) d :JMe~~
~)~v~or;i) lJ'itO~.)~ 'tNod,) tl\)ml:5d~cd.)~.", "Uoi~~~.

'2iI~~~:JM ~da~d ,sCa"o!lrt~~J.. tf~T\c:1 ~oS.)toj.)~c:1~

NCl9~l)~ ~~t.l~~,

~;S)eo:$.) 23· V ~~ ~l!)n'!J t1~:J.)eoj.);:nl1\C. S ;i)~_"

T ~~ "c;F'dt~;r<)1\dI!}. ST =- TS .;)o~ '2iI~~'If~~~vt~.
~n S ~.)~..!. T ~.) ~~C"~il1\ ';~F"t3e~~1\~.

m~cS: c" c", "" Cr rt~.) :J~~ m~:J'; ~o~rt~1\dC

~.).!.. E" E 1, E r n~.) ~M.)~ot ~Mc:1~ ~l)ot.lc:1nw1\dt':) ~;S~t~
:lO ~.)~ (~~tcd) 2 I d ~.)eCc:1 fJt'lfn~~... ~eQo).

(a) I=E.+ E 1 +· .. + Er~

(H) =
( b) E1Ej 0, i;t: j e11\d d, Q

(c) S= c,E. + c1E1 + ... + crEr •

is''~.)t d" de' ... , d" ~~ :Ja~ 0TtI~:J" :r$o,,\l'WlT\dt':)
~-.:.. F1, F , ... FII TW.) 'I1~T\~ot ~!!.tac:11& ~t)o&Jc:1nWT\d().
"
(8) I=F1 +F2 + .. ,FII ,
=
(b) F,Fj 0 'a~ i;t:j tjT\dCOl d,. ,.
(c) T= dlF, + tl"F'1. + ... +dIlF".
(9a)~... (IOe) ab~ ~' (lOa) =c:b41
(a) S= c1E,F1 + c,EIF! + ... + c,E,F,,+ c2 E2F, + c2E~F2
+ ... + C2E1F,,+ ... + crE)",
) + (',E)"2+ 00' + erE)"",
.::lo~ 'lfJilm~~.
lb) T=d,F,Ed- d I F,E 2 + ... + dtF\Er + d1FlE, +d2F1 E!
+ ... + d2F2 Er + ... + d"£.,,,E,
+ d"F",E 2 + ... + d",F",E,·
, ~o~~~~~_ ~o~('d:)~~) CI j -:: EF 1
J ~f\d!) ~;)~
;;.J) - FE,
D 11- 1'1

) t ~ i:o;; r, ':o;;j:O;; k ,n i'SCl~ 1 ::; i <~ r, I :o;;j:o;; k ~ S ~~ EI

00;) Fi TOO;)~O;);:l t..o~ 'W~)~~air.>f\t5 4i)oM rt;:!')~~~tj
00;);)
~rt 4 d ( If)) ~H~C. J Mn «(j) d .::lcid') ~;'~~rt~otS EI ~~~
rl..!g~)~!.;3.
rttJ,) Dai - ~otSl3, C l = r'j .::lo~:l ~oO~Q
I -,
e~.; ; ;II; ~
~otS,) C ~ ~otS,) ~t)o~~ .::lo[;$.) t 8) Oo~ Im:~Ji)F~~!~~'
li

~) CilClt = 0 'a~ it: I ~f\tSCii)d ~qlOlCl j:;ts ~r'ldlZd.

C C =E (Fj EI)F. -EiE,FjF., ud",Ood (9b) ~~m

i
Ob) ~~~ wll~CM.dd i:;tl ~~0lCl jt:s ur'ltSQd, '&~ o.
II Is

(9a)~~ (lOa) ex» ~;)~ (lOa)OO;)~ (90) '&dd ~amqlll~

)od
tal 1= E,F, + E,F1 + ... + E,F", + ElF, + E1Fl
+ + E2F", + ... + ErE, + ErEl
00'

,S) + ... + ErF""

(b) 1=F,E,+F,E2+···+p,Er+Fl£,+F1El
+ ... + FIEr + ... + FkE, + FkEl
+ ... + FkE,.
(11), ( j 2) ~1~ (13 )d~ 0 rl~r'ld:l~ ~ ell M'~~ ~~f'~dd
Ila), (12) ~~... (13a) rltJ;) S ~ ~~;)f~ ~O o~ '&dl~ ~t.lf'o~
:fe ("o'lf~ t.lduad.rlf~Q~) ~r'I~ .-:)o~ !1(~~t~. (Ub),
12) ~~.... (lSb)~ T ft ~&e~ 20 t1~d.);$~t '~r'I;!. ~~~
o d ~Q't! ~~, C ;':i: 0 ~r'ld~~O~ ll)!~~ u a;i) a~iI e
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~~mow ~lJrl~od ~I'\~;:$o' woct>!o.o»tJ~d.> t}o~ ~tO~13~~
~j -D,j t11'\~dOorZ, ~~ Ni)Q(S~ .u~~ T ~ ~Mmo~
~O!Ii~od Ul\~ wo~ ~'O~!tS .
., ~;!.)fo:h ~~fJI ~~edrl~ ~cmo~~ir.Jt\tS. A
~~ B~:J n~n ~~fJlli~I'\OC. ~~~~ ~!~o~ 2..Q~
'!~F""fm\'! ~~fJln ~~fJ~I";~.

'4B=BA t11'\~~, t1ril'o-'APo ;:»~ Po - Bfo rl~dri{W

(14) ~£Wdt.m~~OJr)l't~;jql r.,~ ~d.,atw.)~~ .m~~
Po~z1

...~'?~ 1iW~t!~fI A o:1J~ S d ( 14 ) til'J~ mQ~w RDrf -&dJ;j

.m~ ~"dvJ ~~ B ~ T 9'lJ ;:m~ floml'tdC. ~o~Q
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~~ ~S, ,,~~ ~~~~c. 'a~ ~~Qn ~~orWn~ ~~t4

~~O~!,c!, ,

S~S",T- T· ~i.l,j ST",. TS ~~. t1IiS ~~":l

(l5) T ~daw.,.~ ~Mmo'15 ~!Ii~od U"~~ ,,"od) ~~ ~
t}Gl*o:h ~~di$ 'V ~ ~~ .

S . . S· ~~..,p T ... T· ~I'\~~ ~~olirW~ E,;»~ Fj rt~~

(~) ~.)'i.)~ (lQ) O~ ,,~~~~~ i _1,2, ..•. , r, j -1, 2, ... ,
k r'..It,-Et .. ~ ,Ej ... .Fj. wod.)· a~C)~Q~;!' ~;!..(Q'i) 23 d
i'ftl~tS~~dJ~C?4 e,E~ - ~& ;»"1. (E,f;Y ... E,Fj !o(~~(E,Fj)* ...
F.~ E,~ ... fjR, ... £,Fj • .. ~~ Elfj CXSJ.) ~!o1saod.> i ;»i;.. f f,
~od.>' V~tl($ ~~q~i ~~~ ~t~!.~. 'q;rt 4 9 ~38J d ~9~
ai)~d~o't _n(ll),~ (J~) ~'t. '(liJ) ~~ "'n#' ~o4
ISRri~' ~fO~ (15)'~.... 'f~f"~~2J~,
. " l "t
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• . ~~... {14 ) ~~ !~tt'iid M~" :>~O~ V\)~~tl\;:;lt.)~~

•
A ~-~ B r{~:; ~on n x 1'1. ~~ ~n\'i)T\~Q d ~~ A. B =
BA, ~n
Po-I AP0 m~ PO-I BP 0 rt~d~ _F'dt~'\~0lUT\~
(11) ~oi t.oC» vo~to;l) o:m~ 'If Po oatS,
~rt 4 d~ (38/ Ood (44) ~OQ~d ~~t&e (15) Oo~ (11) d
ilWQ~d~ .1J0Q ;:;l:;!..tS.

P 0 ~ d~~d:;~~ ( 1 1) ~... tJ\)1$~eM.j ~&!;:;lt.)aSJ~. ~"

~o~ i ~:;;§lo j f( Eli d::. OlU~~n t..o~ e1~d~~... e1~~ .mea
~~J oa~n~~~ 2..U~l~~~ RaT'. t...o~ e1~d~~:;... ~dcb)o. es
e1~d~. {yl, yl, "., yo} e1T\tS wt:l..., t1n r = 1,2, ••• , n~'
Po ;!~... r~e t:ltUme)~~ yr e:tT\ ~oOd.)~ ~~;!t}~d~T\I3. [~eeao
~rtl~~OO::' 1 ~n 6 d (55).] {yl, yi, "., yo} ~ ~~Vo~C~
~t'I~Q~' e:tn P (I vot:lecilwC)T\C!.

Y~JSrl~

1. ~~ ;:;lm~.s v 0:$.) ~,)ee3 ~~~~;:;l~~d,)~ ~1QT\d::.~ ~O~~

r{1Q::' S'-~~ T ~!~od~.r.l~, S ~~ T ~l ~~~
;:;l:;~~t&t i)Ot.)::.~~... t:lltiF"O.1JO.

(8) V"" _R2; S tx, y) ... (2X + y, X - y) ~::.~

T (X, y)=(X - 3y, y)
(b) V." R2; S (X, y) (x+ 2y, ,y) ~i2,
=

T(x, y) ... (x+4y, y)

(c) V ... R8; S(x,y,z)=(3x-y, z, 2x+y) ~~
T(x,,y, z)= (3x- 7y-z, 2x + y-
2z,2x- 4Y+ZJ
(d) Y_Ra~ S(x,y, z)_(3x, 2y, z) ~tl...
" T(x,y,z)-(x,x+y, X+y+z)
(47
, 370

(e) V _R8; S (x, y, z) -(x, y, x+ y+z) ~i;.

T (x, y, z)-x+ y,x+ y, 6x - y +2 z)
(f) V~, ~d 5; 2 ~ f.)~ ~o;:U;H\~.

Sf- ;f~3~ Tf - ~ S:f(u)Ju.

(g) V O~~,;:)~ ~~:>~ f.)~'zSorl~ ~~':JcxiT.>l\~; Sf
(1)-1/(/) ~I~ Tf(t) -(dld/)f·

(h) V ®.l 0 5 I 5 1~
~t1~~~e:.,~dJ;1 ~~~~
~fi~l~:4 ~:>r.tri ero~~rl\l'.) / (1) (]jJ ~~
cm-I\Q; 5/(/)-1/(1) ;l'j~ Tf(I)-v'~i~
/(1)·
(i) V cID.l 0 s; t s; 1 ~ ~~~~;t1~~cj.)~ ~~:>~
@c~e~(!)i ~:>~t,l~J.. W~~J..K~.) J(t} OO~ ~~~~
omf\~; Sf (t) - f~e-IUf(u)du ~!J.... Tf(t) =
tf(t).'

2. t$!. ~~.)~eJ v <lb, ;!.)(~ ~~=o~~~ ~cbd ~~l\OJ~ S ~~

T ~O~~rrl';!.) ~!<MClt$~~~ S ~~ T n9') ~mC~
~I\ ~t'ird(~;;ra,,;! ,.}o~ ~~O~. f~.iS: ~;!.)eoll
23 ~J.. W~~(l\1.iO.]

(8) V= R 2 ;S{x,y) = (x+2y,2x- y) ;i)i.l....

T(x,y) = (- y, - x+ y)
(b) V=R 2;S(xy)=(13x- 2y,-3x+;Jy) ;1,)~
T(x,y) == (5x- 4y, - 6x - 5y)
(e) V=R';S(x,y,z)== (-2x+ y+ 2z,- 4x+By+
2z, - ox+ y+ Qz:~;i}~
T{xtY,z)=( 7- 2 x+ 2y,-4x + 4y,
-2x+ 2y)
 (d) V= R',S(x,y,i)-=(x+ 2y + z, 2x+ 6y-z)x-y)
~~ 1\x,y,z)=(-6x+y- 7 z,x-y
+2z, -1x+ 2y-4:z)

, (e) V ~l ~tl ~2 at.llf$~~M ~~~~cxm7\r!I.

Sflt)=~(if) .:3~~ T/(t)= ~J:f(.)du-

3> R3;i)e~ ~~x1~ ~d~~ HI\~~ S ~~~ T ~~~F'
~ ~!~o~~J''.e t..~ ~Qf>O R 3 e.;~~, ~ ~9ld",j
~ftorud S ol;)~ T rl~ ;in~ ~rltJ;) ~~rdfm"~
m/\O:lolQ' 'tfo~&:l~~~O.

(a) S(x,y,z) = (- 2x+ y+ 2z, -4x+ 3y+ 2z,

-5x+ y+5z)
T(x,y,z)=(-2x+ 2y, -4X + 4y, -2x+2y)
(b) S(x,y,z) = (x+ 2y,2x-y,z)
T(x,y,z)=( -y, -x+y,z)
". A= 0 [1 21] ~~~ B =[30 -1]4 tfndt).
f(t) =el~M;)~~ (A + B)IO,(AB)'6;$~~f(A+ B)
n~~~ ~ottl~ta~;)O> [~~~~: Po-lAP 0 ~~~ P (I_I
BP 0",,3 .fdem~~ml'ld,)~o. P oe~~ 'rJottl~llcO)O].
6. (a) S d.)~ T n~ow. mrde~~MO> f(t) -=et
tfMC. ST = TS tfl'\ctd ttn f (S+ T) = f
(S)/( T) .i)o~ beo~o> [uutS: S ~~ T
~~... ( 1 1) d~~;$o' ~l.l~o.]

(b)
A+ B.:c [50] u~oi A::: [2 0]~-.:. B=. IS> oJ
8 2 2 1 1 1 UI'\OO.
37~ ,

A, B ~~ A+ B rW.l ~~F'deaJ~r(ve~ .;)o~, tt~d.R

I(t) =e ttf'\~d Ur( 1(.11+ B)#-/(A)/(B) wo~
l

e\o.~~~~J.
B 11~ :»,
beo.1JO. [uMc8 :!,A) ~~.jf(B) r(~~~ n~~~
A;:$J~ ~~Qt.l~r(~~", ~od.lZxltao:$~~G,)

6. (a) S ~~~ T~:> ~~~t\ctd, ur( ~e~v S ~i)~

T r(~,) ~\CO-J.t.Idd ~~.) ST ~ ~o~1\1!l
wo~ UfO)'o~

(b) E i1).~ F n~J t)oO~<xh ~t)ot.l~~Mti. i(o:1e.>

EF = FE U1\~Qd ;ir.)~. EF clJ~ t...od..) tl,,~eQi)
~VOtJ~WolI\~ woC:::J iA(OM.
7. (8)
A = [~ ~J ;:)~~ B::= [ _: ~] eMe.
A~ "" A,1J2 ... B, (ABf = A B,( BAr = BA;:J::.a~
AB#- hA wad,) ~(O~O.
(b)
A= 6 [0 1] 1 ~J~ B= 0[1 01] _ ttl\ ... tJ.

AI-A, B2_B, (AB)l ... .tIB ~~ (BA)2;t:

BA w~ tr.(O~O.
(c)
A- [~ ~J ;i)~_, B= [t t]~·
.N=A, BZ= B, (AB)2#-AB ~~ (B.4)2#
BAw~b(O~o.

~d) E ~_, F lW~ ~ ~tt>~ ~~ot.l~l1wMt>,

tt~rW :m3~frW:> ~~l'\~~~oci "d)o:$:)W()T
"Ra~~;!.

A= [~ .g] ~.~ ~=[_: g} "

 E ~~~ Fr\~ l'J~~~ ,;I~:'./,\~-.. ~,)~..b ~~~tm~-..
~t.a~~ !.oo~,) t.a~~~~ t.l~C). (x,y) ~o~ E
(x,y)~, F(x,y)~, EF (xy) ~ ~,)~..b FE
(x,y) n
at~rl~~A w~d):o. ~~1'I~o!~~rl~~
d(,pjrl~~A~~~O.

A= [00 ~.l ~,):!i~ B; [~ 01J

~,)3~

A = l~ OJ
oJ ~,)~:!.. B= r! tl
8. dim V = n ~Mej ;:bi2_a S ~~i2a T~ V c;d) ;!,,~ej~;::
;::!~~~~,);::l ~~Fte~ a:SO"';';.:lrli~1'Idt'). S ~~ T "".)
~Ll~ n ;J~~~ ~c.ro~~o~ ~~il~~~ ~oQ~ Wo~.)
'C<~~~~';fV~' ~t;:;t) X OO~ TOO') !.ood.:! ~Mmo~
;:lOI!i0Jt)1'I~d ~~ X~,) S~ !.oo~.) ~Mmo~ ,;10::::
0Jt)1'I~~CS wod.:! :MeOM. [M~cS: S ~,)~..b T Ii~)
wOG~~~ ~Mmo~ ,;IO!$rl~ot:l e1'lO~~ t..ot:l,) ~tjl<IO~~~
e~-d ~rAO. X ~~~ .es ~tjr.ld~~ mt(t~" ~tSrel!ioer\<
~rt~~ ~ML~O.] .

9. (a) E ~ V em ~(()cj,);::l y.,od.:l5e)Or.:~~M() ;::l,)3~

M-ad.:l E ~ 0l~~oin1'lOC ~t) TE= ETE
et\iS,}~ oinl~, T ~ Moo')') t..od.:l ~td tNld~~':J'
ainl:\t:S wod.:l btO~o. (utllil: ~e~t) X- EX
. el\ci"d· ~~ X 0:»') .M ~~t31

(b) E cd.» V em~~;s t)o~e~ ~t)01.lc:l~1'It3 wQd.:l

'aiJ~"~4Jl_,tW. M ~ E o:1.l OJ.~.~omM(i
~~ N 7I1d.:l E 0:$,) M~~ ;4o:i.:l~o:ir.>"d().
N = M 1 woc-> £sa~OM. [U..cS: EX - 0
et\c$Qd, t1r\ (X,E Y) :':. 0.]
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(c) E o:jlJ V <rl,)~~;l t..o~ l)O~ecm ~l)o'l..)~ wo~

'a~~~~~~",e~. ~"tfe;le) E c:S) ~t5~ ~);i~
~~ ~;l.)Z:l~~.) T f, ~~o;sw"~d om.) T c:S.).)

E o1nrl~ ~~~.)~.)~}3.

~rl 2· cS..t~ til\.~ ZO":»F"rl~

2uod.) ~t:)~ ~o:S.)~J e~e~ ~O'!O~ ru~l)'I..) rl~~) ~oOd.)~r;S.
... ~ J.. •
o:lo~ e. ~"d~ !9<rl.)~"tS.2uOi;:h ~Ol!i ~O:::)l::ol,j<rl.).) ~.)eej~ ~o~o~
ri)~~.n~rl~~~ lSd~d ~O'l..)o~rl~~~ ~.)O • .) ~~F"~.)!.e03. t..od.)
wm1:5dt'$03Ji1rj~ ~~}~O~~.)t e~.

R2 ;3.)f!)~~ ~0:3,),! ~O'!C~ rl.)~l)'I..) o:S~

...,
X, y ~.)od ~o"t!
.I..

~.)~eo!. edood X - (x" X2) o:::,)'!~ y = (y" Y2) ~"dQd, uri,

(1) X·Y==XIY.+X2YZ'
(X, Y) 'ad~"" tf~T'I~~dOod mJ~£l~~dd

"a~ X= (Xl' xi) ;i)_,!. Y=(Y"Y2)' ~rl (X; Y) ~ R2 ~eC~

'Wo~ Uo'iO'!! ru~l)'I..)'il;SWT'lr;S.
~Mf~ (2), ~~;SWT'l (X, Y) ...
(Y,X) wo~ ~a:.. \0 ytl X ~~ (X,Y) Qi).) dem'ie..:e!~T'lt3
o:lO~ ;.i)~ ~d X tI"Y ~~ d(m~'!1;swt'lCl wo~ MeO~.)!.~.
X:;t:O i:S~~ X = (XI' Xl) UT'ldQd, ,uK (X,X) =4x~ - 2x 1x;z
+2x: =2(X:-X,Xl+2xn =2(X~-X,Xl+txi+ixn =2
«X2- }X,)2+ ~xn.· .e, eo.J~ ~M(t.ob i:Sl1Fn~.) t.o~ ~~
;;nT'l~~dOod ~d.) ~ 0 t1ntS. 2( (X2 - iXl)2+ ixn == 0 t1ndGi)d
~~ Xl ~tS.,.o:1nM~U.s~~n~~dOod Xz td~ti ~(5...~1\d~U.setd~.
'U~ (2), R2 ~e~rh;$ t..oQ.) t10~~ n.)~vt.)~O:::~.)... m>a:e~~~z:!
~O~ beo~~IS.

(X, y);i)~ x. Y MI ~~ "'ot.)o~~"" '!!oti)~Q~

 XI= (1,0) ~,J.~ X 2 = (0,1) ~M(). "~I\~ o:m:it)"c;i)~ ..
~b~O.

A tm~d,. ({XI, X2} ~ m~e!~~I'\) I~.... ....

;:m,~~c;i)~ f'\
~~oOd,)o:S P 00;)') R1 ~,)eoc:S oe~:rCl~~~ ~o'!i~rcrlr.JI\d(). ~K
( 4 ) ~.... ~~f'\c:lo;! ~~~ ~M ~~t.l~,)t:S,).

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;:m,~. X == (xpx 2 ) ;j,J:i~ z = tZ ,Z2) 1

A [~~J -[~~} ~!;)~ Z· Y= (YtYz) [~:J

( 5) d~d,);jo' z$o'd~F" P iJi)~.... ~q1m (4) d~d,)~q' o:m:t"
A Qi)~J.. W~~(I\~"Jaor£) e;,o.o'd ~tWt.lQ (X,.Y) Qi)~J.. X· Y~
~dr(~e')
M
tlM2.l~eJl5l~od.J ~eo~~Q (;S. Rh &~~~;1 z$\!~od.J
...,
~oao'd rot'aVt.l ~ (0) ~~v~ro~o;i t..o~ 1$O'!~r~~J.. V\)~~
Q
~~~. .. ~C~O!~~J.. .,~~~ ~dw, P a:b rut99;:i,Fn~~J..
met~eiS. •
A = At "1\d,)~~Ood, p:::: P* o)o~ &fo:h,)!eiS (1a~ p.
~ X. Y ~~.... Wli~(I\M'Jior;i) Ii~~~r!;)' ud ood P ~ Q

X· Y ~ .Niltt!D3i)1\ ,;lomorlWclI'\t3. l5) ood ~~ (X, Y) ahl

t:.od.l 'uo.011 ru~VfJ ~I\~ e'lot.:) ~on'!~.)6·d
"', ." Ci). ,," ,
L • ': /

(6) PX·X>9 'I~ X:;t:O ~1\t:SQO~t •

.'. 'ad.l·K¢ °u"dQ~ .>0 tI)~;PX·X~~X}~ lI$oliJ

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'Ciidd~ ~o~Ii~JOt >0 ~~. ~ Ii) ~~ w~~e1'l"'oo~ 'Cid~
;::;;)iil L~e.l~~~. c oj~ P em t..od.:J ~Mmo~ ~~~Me') 03~e
X ~O ~d(3 PX = cX~f'ldO. t1ri (X,X»O ~~~:... X·X)
~);I~ (X.X) == PX'X =cX·X· (' > 0 ~o~ .!e~JdF~~~e
eodd,

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,;~t'I~o~ !e~F"tJ~~~ (2), (fl) ~rp~ (7) ~~ W~~f

t.;~~~.

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~~~em 3 0, ?;C>ri c: (136) til.., ~~ro~eM.I~.r. od~,

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(b) 1- E, + E1.'
(iI) (c) £'£1=£1£1 =0,
(d) E;2 == E/f. = E,;t:O, i = I, 2. (£1*
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d,:}~ ;:i,)S~ X#O ~I\~d PX'X>O P~~tS~ Q~~'! ~t! d(m~~
~()~~,)f" .;)o~ ~~oi)i;.nli)!.;:::. 'Q~:ie.~ ;:,Jt:i te~.e." l$O'd:»F"fl
2.)d~~1'\ c~~~ ~O~;j)F' Wot.) ~ot~ ~~o:It:i)J. t.:~~!f~. (7)Ood
(10) c;:idl'\t:i ~oli~~~ m;:if~~ ~xlon".p ~~O~~.

p oj.).) V ;3,)(~c:i 2."olZ,) ~NOI\,~ ~C~~)F" ,.:)o~ ;S,)~~ C c'$.).)

P ~ ~o;:;:S,) ~.JMmO~ tSe3 ")od), PX eX o)o~) X:t. n 'DO~~
... Co'

'a~~'IJ~~JV~' e.1li PX'X'" (X·X· p,~ ·X>O ~l2.: X'X,>(J

ttl\~~dood c> 0 wot:,) ~ol.:)ce.5t~,): -a~Cod ~~M,)~ ~'!l:JVo!!~
"" o~l1,)~ lS.
378 ~tl)'t •• ~ t:ltlllrlll_

P ~ em ~~tC~~ t...oti) ~~e,'; lSO';~~fo:iiCl1'\0Qd,

V
(12)
~n P cj.) .,:)~ ~~mo'; ~~n~~ > 0 e;,f'I~.

~ ~O~o~~ ~~= t...oO~ ~~.GIt;:1~;:1~... ~oO~. ~d~~

~eo~f'I, V ~ t...o~ ~~t)o~ec:h esGr.Hj~~~ (;~~ ;:tr.,a)~t::$OOo
~~11. X· yc~~.;,.._ ~~rer;,;nfDllSdr:fDl~ ~C~L~.)~dCo~ ~Q~t.:~~.
e;,dd t.)ct).) (1-0) d ~~7.!\';
...,'
M~o:S~) ~~! ~e~ ;j.:.~:; Oii::l~)
.. OJ~ -" ...
( 12) d ~~Mo:S,)o:ltl~ 'mlQ~~ V\)~~eI"lMe~.

p >= P* O::,)1~, P 00) ~M~flO~ t.5~nfDl.) Gl~\,~~I"I~ wo~'

... t.3~'If~"'J'V~' p= P* tlI"lO);;?)dOoi::l, ~~~o:b 3 0 ~n 4 0 (BG)
Clod 'If~1\~ ~O;g~o~n~~~ aJdo:h.>~ e~,

(a) P= c,E, +. CZE2 + .,. + ('rE"

(b) 1- E, + E2 + .. , + Er,
(13) (c) Ei~ ... 0, i:;t:j,
(d) E;2=Ei,*=E;;t.O, .;=- 1,:2, .•. ".

Cj ~o~rt~.) p em ~Mmo'; ~~n~l'Iru~dooi::l, i = 1, ~, ... ,

r ~ CI>O. Ilt):.:: Vi ;::;.);;~ Q I(P) tlMC. esfl Q ;:;.:\ (.1
- -'
=
£1+ V C2E2 + ... + VerE" Q = Q* o:l)1~ Ql p. c~~ v:~; l1
-
=::
\

VCl'"'' VCr ~0"1n~,) Q o;h ~ciJoI~Clo'; t.5e3nIlO'Cll'l~.[ ~'9Clt~ 30

\

~rl4d (19) ~e~o.] i:;:: 1,2, ... ".~ Cr>O o:l~~ '/Ci>O wo~
.!CO~Q t"..
~t" 0 oj,)~ p oj,) t..od.) %!
.~
ciJoIOtr.)o'; ""~o:ml"l~ ~.l;i,)~,
Q~ t...od.) ~Mm>o~ ~~~ ,;~ci tfl"l~. tf0QOo~.

( 14 ) P ~~ Q rt~ ~~f;:$,.)m~rt~t\~.
. . .
X#-O ~.I"Idt). ~rl PX·X = Q X·X = QX'QX';; '0.
2

QX QX>O wot.) ~ort.lo.j,)J QX¢O woCJ ~orl'~~oQ "'~Q~,)'!..~'

p ~ "'od~ 9(il'Cl"'' ' ~O".~.~F" .... ct.:.:ld~~ tr.eo~ct};S, eQ~t:;"
( \ ' ,I
 p =P~ Uf'lCQ~' ,~Ii. ~t~v P oo~ ~MmO~ y,S~liq)
~~~~~f'l0Qd ;m~ P oj,'),') 'l..0~ Q~\.~ ~~::.J)F'
( If»
o:mf'l~~r3, .

Q 'l..O~ ~~~e.~ ~O~::>,')Fc:mI'\d,')~~, '!Je~'!) p= QW,

~f'\CQd ;ir.>~ poo,'),') '1..00,') ~~\.-e ~o~::>;)Foinf'\~.

~"ooCl 'a~ ~.)e~ ;;::s~:.e~~oo!oQd, ~;i, Q "" Q*,

Q2 P ~~ Q ~ ~CJti~O~ ~~rl~,') Qi'i~~e..-e;;::s~t'I~. ( 1 fl) 000
0=

Q '1..00,') ~~\,-e ~O~::.J,')fomf'\t3 .,;)00;) !e~FtJ~,')~e~., ;:)~JtI(~

~I'\ Q t..0~ ~~\.~ ~O~~JFo:mf'\0QO ~J~.... P _: Q2 Uf'\IZQC!, uK
p=p*. Q t..o~ Q~\.~ ~O-e:JJf ~f'\Q;j~t:iOot:l Q ::>~.Qe~Jm~~
~f\r3. UOQOOO X-:f_(} ~f'\O",Cl QX./ () ~KJ~OOoO PX'X "" Q2
X.X"'" QX.QX >(). 'aCJ 0 6 ) ~~ J:;~:,)~~t3.
( 16) 0 Q ~OJ P ctJ,')oO ~,,~~;;::S.f'\ ~G$FO~~ ~C!. 'a0t:S~
;tWQ~VJ P 00,'),') (13) d~dJ~o~ ~ML;:;l~a!l .. ~~e~ (13) d~,
; # j ~1'\dQd, Ci:,i:Cj ";)oCJ ~eJ~~~~.}';~,')O,'). 'Q, t..o~ 9~!~~
~O-e~F~f'\~~~ P ~ Qi ";)oru 'a~~"Jti~JV~' e;K, .

(a) Q, =d,F, + d1F7+ " . + dkFk,

. ,(b) [-=F,+F2 + ... +Fk ,
(17) (c) FIF10=0, i #j.
(d). F} -Fj • _Fj#O, i_1,2, ,··,k.
~t~ (17 )dr2 i :,i:') U1'\~d d # dj .:l:ortl 'a~~"JtI~t.)~.
j

~I'<Qi ::diF,+'d~F2+ .. ·+d:Fk=P. ~~i ... l,2, ... ,k ~

die"> 0 ,.":)o~ a~o~~dOoC i # j t1,f'lCQd d F# d f· . ~~qia ~votJ~- -
.~~~~;;::s~t'Id;)~~Od . k ... r ,.":)oCJ' ~to:mF"~~!. (~ ~,')~ ~C~A.
i:" ,.~~ "', rf<(J~ =('j' P'j ... E j t1f'1~~oi ~,')~ utcUi~ti
t.:®~.' !o~" Q .. Qt' 'a~ 'lNf'ldJ~~~~ ~Q,j,')!or;S,
i " '" •• 1

P.·. ~ Q~:4 ~ ~O~~F'o.ir.lf'l0Qa•.",1'< Ql - P ~/'IdJ;:$ot

( 8)' i..oc$.) IQ"_We.~~~~ ZO~~F" Q 'a~. ",
 380
.Q ~cS~"... pcx:~ 9 cn a. ~-a.r~:.r..Cl .:c~,) ~tC-:.:.~~!...d. FO:':.,)
V ~ ~.:J~Od.:J~ t..oC.:J 9~~~ zSO~~F wom ~~!I~~~~.}£'O)' dr(
p ~ W~~ oiI~ri,);S ;s.:J~...A0m e3oI0'd ro~~tJQ;:$~~ ~~ (X, Y)
~.)oc:S ,::jo~e!,::j~~c~. (X, Y) '&cS~... (X, Y) ... PX' Y ~o~
mt~~,::j.:J~f;3. PX·y-X·py~py·X ~T\d.:J~c:SOod (X,y)=
( Y,X) ~~. X Y o:b.j .;, K)t:S;i~~... It.r.oOd,)~dOod ;:$.'l~~ poj.),)
~~£'eoj.'l~t'ld)~c:Sood (X, y.) oj),) ~'" Cl y nX ~~ o~ :.c~oi)o:r.ll'\e3
o.::.:J~~ ~ d Xny ~~ d(~eoo:onl'\~ ..:lot.:.'l~') ~~~I'\~. X -;f:. 0
~I'\~d; ~r«X,X)::::PX'X>O e3m~dOod (X,>') oj~ Voj.)
;3~(Od,);S t..om i'(~~e,)t.: Q.nl'\ct
y
e. ~O;gt>O:5~ t...,~, ;:d~eo1~;S~)
~

~~o~t3.

(X, Y) oj).) V oj,) ;3.'l(()~ t..~ru e3o~O~ rb~v~.;.~l'\o woru

~eJ~ ~Je ~'p.}Cii:. X~.t d~T\et'j ':d:_. f (Y) oj)~~ f ( }')"'" X, Y
oo.'lod ;:,(a;!!;f;'J.j, e31i f C~.'l V ~ o:~~Od:;S 2..od.:l m~::>'d ;:i~()ve
~t)1 ~e.m~~ zSo~aF'~a:is.lru~dOod ~~,)e® 16 Ooa "V cm~d.'l~
w~ y ,r(~n f (Y ) - X'· Y e31'\m;:s0' t..oOJ ~~~~.~; X~ ~ri
P X ~ X' ..:lo~ ~~~~x:~~~, ~r( P ~ v ~,<.;_f.'~ t.ooru
zSe~~F'~Mru;soj X jQi),) X tJo~ ~"tl'd;;J.)1'\ tJQi:-O;::l~ti.'l!.c3.
'ac$Ooc$

( 19) (X, Y) - P X· Y i~ V ~.'l;;;dJ;S w~ X ;:i,)~ }' Ii~rt

• I

(l\J)Oom(aXl+ bXiI, Y) ~ P(aX 1+ bX2). a(X t,Y) r.;..

+ I {XiI,y) -aPXI. Y+ bPX2. y. ~t:Ooc:! (PI.QX· + hX2)-
(aPX' + bPX1». y -~. V o:j)~::b~ w~ y "'.;~ ~c$d~
Y _ P(aX' + bX2 ) - aPX 1 - bPX'! . ~I'\~~, 'a~,)
p(aX' + bX2) - aPX 1_ bPXiI:: 0 ~cr;i) bfO;¢}i.lS. P aj,),)
~fm\.~elil'\~ ~oc$.'l .. t=-F~~t~. (X,Y) .. <Y·X) t41'\d.:J~d
tbrZ PX. Y - py. X ==X· P Y. tfcSQ OorZ P oj,),) x. Y" ~ttml'\
~~o~I'\~. X;t:O eft\cSQ d (XX»O .
;sli:_. (X,X) =PX'X
wotJ ';:oi'(!o:j,),) p~) V~· ~:.~~.~ !o.orZ.) ~.t..~ -m~FZRt\lS
":'0:'-,) i.r.eo~~i!.
 PI~ (.XiY)=P\X-Y ~I'\~~oi V o:b ~.)tt':)d.)~ ~.)~....oot:$.}
O"d~F~l'\dQd, tJn V ~~~~,.)~ x ~.)~~ yn\'~ (PX-P1X)·
=
r-= 0. M'" ~PX-PIX )(PX-P1X ) o,f.:e~d JI o:!.:.~o.:~,.)~ X
;~'" PX= PIX-
X' y ~.)a~ '{X, y) rt~.) JI ~ ~.)e~~O:: ,.)d~ tJ\tao~
ro~t)~COlnVill'\d d tJrt V ~e)~~ ,.)e.J X ~.)~)....0 Yrt\'~
Q M ""

(X, Y) ... PX. Y tJl'\d,)~o' 'I,., 0 t:$.) ~~~~ d~m~e.~

~O~:l.)F P ~.).) V~.) ~.)eej:;:S. ~d~d P crl).) X, Yffilt:.iM
l20) eqSO!Cl (.XY )ffildM m~~tO!ClI'\ ij$~~:eonll'\C1. :l~eO::.)
0lCl1'\ X. y~ V~.) ~.)eej~ 'l,.,od.) tJo~o~ rut'Wt)t.l O!Cll'\d d
'" COl
~.)~ P ~.).) X· Y nm~~t~1'\ 'l,.,ot:.i.) ~~I!,~ ~O~:J.)F'
00scl1'\t:$~}:J, tJn (X, Y) -= PX· y 00,),) V 00.) ~.)~t':)d.lO::
t..ot:$.) t"o~O~ rut'ilt)tJ",O::~)~ ~ea~~:b~tl.

,(X, y') fI m~~t~1'\ ~~\,~onll'\c3 wod.) 'a~

P oW"
beo~~. , ! ~ x· y n m~etO!ClI'\ ij$~\,~O!ClI'\d.l~dOod, (.14')
P o:h.) ~~~~,~rti~I'\CS wod) ~(G.)~(~. ~(~ X '# °tJl'\QQd
pxi o ~~boci (.PX,X)=P1X·X-PX·PX>o.
P ~ (.X' y) ~ m~et~1'\ ~~ort~~I'\~ wotJ ilW9ta~ (10)

ff ~~~o.
\3t.ri~: . ' ij1~~o~rt~~~ "~I'\~o. ~~~" Mmf,f
Mmo.O~~~ X. y ~ R" ;3.)eej~ ~~, tJoio~ ru~t)~COl;:!~.)...
< e.l

,;Io08~!,;I~. R t!I~~ ~f\Jmt).) ;:m.~08rt~o' ~on~~dd, x· Y ..;,;

y X. X =I:. 0 n AX X>o tJ'l'\QQo, ~oQd X =f:. 0 ~, X'AX >9
~I'\d ~, 'l,.,odJ ,:1;:!.r.lo~ n X n ;m.~" A~~~ t..od.) QCIn-~" ~\-
t

$.~~ ,.")$$l "d~*!.d.

Q

g
" tX, Y) ~3~ x- yn~.) (16) cl~d.)O::o' 'ad!>. {XI, X ,
... , xn} ~).) X. Y '" m~~t~" V ~ t..o~ ~;:!.)t)o~~cm ~~d
~. (. X,l') :: PX. y ~ot:$.} 'atJ,)tJ~Ja.oJVt'il ~J~ A ~
382
{Xl, Xii, ___ , xnl ~ ~~et~1'\ P em ;:m~r8~I'\CO. P 00))
X- Y 1'1 ~~e~~1'\ ~~orl~I'\O':'~~oocS A::: A~ wot:l,.) !(Ot3(.P~·
'a:t~~, i = 1,2,' •• _, n ~,),!~ j - ,I, 7, ---,i n ~ A ,(::: pXi}(i
[~tt;e~O~') 2 d 'ZjJ.lrl5d (11) ~et.eo-] PXl.X _(XI,X')~I'\Ch~cS
O,ot:: ;:=1,2, .--,n~,)~2..j~ ,2, .. _,n~AiI··,(XI,Xi" ~
~~C~Oo~ ~tjiflC~~1'\ 'A OO);:::~ X- y 1'1 ~,)~~ ~;$)~ot)eo:S.:>
~cpd {Xl, Xl, _"; X"} t\ 1t~a'3e!;n" (X,Y)" ~nle)"
;)Ot$.) _~o»l~e;S (X- yti ;::;;;i.eE.~t\ ~~)e)o~ecrl))
XC' ~IX1+X!X2 + -__ + ~f\dO. ~rt PX= XIPX
1
\n yn +
X,PX 2 + ___ +X PX ~l\d,)~~Co~ n

. '., ~H. (-"X, ··x.l A OJ

PX-X> 0 ~1'\O,)~coo~, A crl')') t..o~ ~~~L~
... • ~~l!
t.7 ~J<)~tl ~
~.f\~. wot:l,.) !.;em.;)!e~ ,::>~c~~f\ A ~ . ~od,) Q(:iil~,~~
.:~~:1t ~~tl=bo:mT\~,}~ ~,)~_.Q p~ ~~e)o~eem ~tjifld"~ {XI,XII,
.", Xnl ~(X- y ~ ~te!.~1'\ ~,)e)o~eem) ~~C!.~ A ~~tl~
crl,)~)~ ~oOd.J~, Vcrl') ~,)eOc)~ t..o~) de:eecrl) ~O~~Fo:ml'\~~d
~~ p 0:$.)) V ~ 03.;)eOd)~ t..o~ Q~1e,~, l$O';::»Fo:mf\~.
(X,.y)::: PX- Y ~l'\cSQd, ~rl A~ x- y ~,)~_.Q {XI,X2,.~.,XII p~
~~,c~1'\ 0¥'Y)~ ~1.>"crlJo)I'\Q- 'acS~~ ~Q~e)) X -
l
XiX +
xa '1+ ... + xlIxn ~~~ ;::$,J.~ "~T\d.J~~~~~~'
X

PX~X-lX'X":'X') Al!.} ,.,: " ...

~rt.J~cSOo~ X:;t:OUl'\cSQd PX·X>O- ' A ~'~,.ort~

,
~~ooi:::r''acS) P$ ~6cS:l ~~e.'; '~~&},JF'o:mNt3 wo~· ~~!;l!
~~cS ~ono!S~.;) "\II'\d.J~dood ~oQ~!.~' '' i.' ; ," "
 ~~,; ~O~~~Ii~;) ;i)~~' t;1~\.~ ~t ~ ;m~\) "Ii~ ~:.eej(S ~
;;:eJ~o~71~~.)... ~Jdota ztta~ ;:::W;lF~~ ~O~~~o5J;lodt¥~ ~~O;%jr.l~d.) .
.;)~ X 71~~ p"" p * ~~.. p X· X:2: 0 t1f'1~ CJ P 00.).) c;Sm>31..'If vCjS,.
~\~o:!CIf'I~ ~q:S~ iiT.l~.>R.~..W~~f'I~. .:lodJ (fe';.)!.e'::. (l!'i),
( 16 )~.)~~( 18) ~ej~o~~~ wdQ 'i!1.r.,'tl 't;1m...t~~'mr.',)d~..l~ '.t\l0lr"''!) J'·f~..t~~,
,;:)o~ ~.!m<j) L"dd ~t;1t5oo.)~ omod t.;~en;$~~· 'S~e7l ;l.).)odJ;lo
ro,).)~~. n xn ;:m~'!) ~ A c:l)) .4 =A t1f'1r'~ ~ ;$,;,:;2.:.:l~ nX 1
;SJt)!0~ X n~n X tAX;:: 0 e5f\~Qo, e:'cj~~ 1il~i&,~ e:CiSF'~~~ ,.:)o~
~e~,)!e~ ..

;lJt)~"n~~ (15), (If) o:l)~~ (18) ~ mO::f.!,''If d~~n~.)

~~M.)~oOoo "Jtlti~}a)!.;3.

A = At wod.) ,;;e3~~.Je~J'vre. t1;1 ~fo:l'!.l A 0:.)

~M.mo~ ~~;i~.) > () L:: 0) ~./'\d:;)d ~~ A 00.).)
(2)) Q~~~ ~t~ (~t;1F~t~) ~f'I~. '!Jr;st) A = 82 t1f'1O.)'
;soi t..oo.) t;1m.~~ ~t~ (~QF~ti) ;jJt)~~ B 'S~Qd.
;ir.)~.) A Q3.).) ~~~., ~~J~ (~t;1F~t~) t1f'1~. ~~~.
B 0:.).) A ~.)o~ cb~J~~'il1\ t:-lj3FO~~~~.

& ~eja'ilo~71~~,)... (8eomf'l e:Glt'~o::l,) n o~;i 4 0,: ~eja<io~ri09 .'

~:iu ~ M ~~~~ wllo3Jdef'l~ m4) :"~f.,JItl~ ~zpm 6t QCl71d!Q
~:)~~ol511~ .m~tl ~ dJC)~71~o;l mQ~r.l!:5.)~.

-r.n."'rlVI)
1. X. Y Clj.),) R2 ~rej~ ~o::l,)i ~o;jo~ ri.)~t)~;S~4 ~o,J~ ..
~ej: 'tJ~f'lcj,);$ W~~41i~.) (X, Y) ~!~Od~R.c (X, Y)
~.) Ri ;3.)ttj~ t..oti) ~o!O~ ~~t)~1fI wOO) iMO~lO.
;i)~(X, Y) -= PX·y ~M~~oi ~o~~ ~ ..!!o~ ~o,j::nr p
(d)~4 ~o~~~~;)O. X - (X1,'Xl) ~~I~ }';= (YI,yJ
_c~ ~~~'lfJil.~~~~t~. .
, ,~ .
(8) (X, y ) .. XIY. + (Xl + X2)(Yl + Yl)
384

(b) (X, Y) -3XIYI - X2Y.- XIYlI + 2x1 yz

(c) (X, Y) - 100X 1 Yl + X 1Y2 + xzYt

2. e~~~ 10 ~o¥O~ rut';t)tJQ~';~ ~!~oti) X' y~ ~~~

{(I/'\I'2, 1/'\1'2), (1/v'2,-1/v'2)} t1r;n~-d
m~e~~t\ (X, Y) ~ ;iT;)~ 'If~~~ ~Oa)~rA~~o.

3. A ~ t..oti) ~~o~ 2 X 2 ~\'lf ~M~. 'lfe~l) All

>0 ~~ det (A»o ~t\dQd;m~ A 0»> ~~\.~
t:lt~ .")o~ ~~OM. 'lJe~l) All ~ 0 ~~ det(A) 2 0
~t\dQ~ ;m~. A 0»> Zj5~\.~ ~~F"~~~ .")oti) bfO~O.
[~uiS: AIJ<O d~~ det (A)<O t1t\~d X'AX
<0 t1MtJ~tS~ wotS;) MfOM.]

4. (a) p OO~ ~~~ ~~F"~t!~M~';oi. po»> V 00;)

~(~~~ t..o~ i3em\~ lSO~tl~F"O':i:r.JMe"). ~e~e,)
p cj~ tl~e~)N:>rtS~ t1t\q,~ ;m~ P 00,») ~t)~~
~t\C! wo~ iMO.llO. [~U~: ( (0) ~~ WlS
~ft\).jO.]

(b). T OO~) V (0) ~;)(C~~ tvo~ ~.m~~ ~Cl'd:»F"

am,t\0(). T·T ~;).~ TT* r:~e~ ~;'t)m\,"
~O~:l~F11~ot$.) "'-eo~o.

(c) it~t) T ~ tl~~t;:h~Zj5~~t\dQd ~~ T*r

~ tvo~ ~~3e.~ 3$o~~F"o.:UC>t\~ wot$.) bt&~o.

:5. P ~ V eth ~~Cd,)~ 'tvot:b ~r:1.Jm~~ lSO~~F"om

t\~. k ~ . t.o~ iWi~F'o~ 2 ~t\~. Qk;:: P
~,,~~o. t..o~ ~'lf.3~ ~(Stlm\.~ 3$o~:l~'" Q ,;d .")od.)
beo",o. ["".cS: p ~ (J3)d~li>~ot ~~b~~
~ctd, ~rt i _1,2, .. ·,r ~ 'I ~ O.. Q .. ct/kEl +Cl /k
El + ... +c:'kEr ~t\~.' 'Q ~ . ~"t3~'~.) ;;;,9~C:).)
,
, 1.$) d mQ~~ ~~
. ~ !i'~iT'l~. ]
 6. ~ro;5 A ~~~·~!~ed',$t! A oi) ~M~~o~
~~Ii~~,)"," ~oti,)?D1dcdJ;)~t:SOoti'A~ 1fi~,\~ ~t~~"l'\tS
,;)o~ irelQlIc. .

(tJ) [~
l
.~
~
-
-1
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, -1 -I 3

7. l\f1\do~ A ~~~~ ~!oircJot:~j';)-d 81. -= A ~I'\CN030~

tuo~ ~~~ 'l1 ~~F~~,~ o:m~ '6 8 o:S,)~,) ~od,)?D/A~,)o.
~ w ~ ~
, [UItiS : P 1 APo o:h) 'l1~F"dt~~cdJOJ.lt\cJ,)~o;i tuodJ
VO~eo:S,) ;m ~ t8 Po cdJ(:l~ ~~~OO~~,)O.]

(a) [ ,~.
,,/3
\1'3]
4
8.
A- [~ ~] ~~~ B- [~ '~] ~ol:)O~
A ~ Zjl~~'! .~t~OlOII'\t: ~o~, 8 2 ... A .,.')o~ ~;)~
. Ii o;i>; A· 00:; ~'! ~~;)~~ .f:l ~od~ ~eo~o.
C:/=·C' ~_ cl- A '!.il\~oi t..O~,) o::m.~~ C o:S,)(:l~
'doz;1)!o/Aoi)t),) ~~~~e ?

~. ~a) w~ 2 X 1 ~~"Ii~ X=#O,~XtAX>O ~"dl

~o', ~odJI A ~ t..,o·~ ~~'d ~~. ;:m\"
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,w~~ f.nta. .
(h) .~~'d ~tJ. "~I:S; ~~0Ji .~o( w.~ ~G9mo'd ~~
'_, >0 ~,,~ Iioori.) 2 X 2 _f'de~ ~~ i
:Acm~~_/AC.

10. ( a)' p ~.~ Q ~~~ m\,'If ~O~~IiVCl"dQ d, t.1n

8~0 ~a~ b?!O ~ aP+bQ ~~ ~~~m ....'d
(49
~86

~1\tS .)o~ utO.l.lO. [uulS ~ aP + bQ ~

~on~1\tSJ.

(b) P~~ Q ~~e)m\.~onl'\ct' ~~.~ PQ=QP

~1\dQd, ~n PQ Q'j,).) ~~e)l'Ii3~~~r.z;3 e)od.:l
~eo,.o. [~21c3 ; ~~tQ'j,) 23 c:!~ u\)l3~t1\~
~~~ ~td~r. PQ ~~on~1\zS ~oo,) ~,)~ P
Q K~ ~Iif'~~~n~~ ~~~~~~ wod.:l i.r.l~o~O.]

(C) A ~~ B wO~ 2 X 2 ~~ ~K~~J..' worLrfl

Q~~A!.-~o:Jc)M,)~o' ~,)~ A B Q'j,),) Q~~~~r.~
C)d,)~o' ~ottl!oI2~O.

11. (a) T ~ V o:iJ ~,)e~d~~ t..od.:l ~;:mon dt:Deo:iJ

ziO~~F"crlJdMt!:). T., P-Q,T,P ~~~ Q
~\~~,)~o' ..s,;i_?. PQ ""',0 t3r.~~ot v o:.!J
~.)t~ ~c:!tlm~~ ee~~Q'j,) ~O';~F"n~.) 'p ~~l.. Q
~;$ wot'S.:! ~eo~o. :.w d~~
[U~~: ~~(~
, ~o' T=CtEt+C1E1+ .. · +crEr tr1\ttd c;>o
~1\tho:1 tr ('jEi n. ;!."a~~ p t3r.~ ;1.)~ - Q~
cj>O ~1\th~ tr ('jEj ~ .s.s.~~1\~.J

(_b) T,p.;1.)~ Q~.) l a) Q'j,)~dJo:1o' ~~ ~ ~.)~

T'p. ~~ .Qn~.) ~\~~~O~ ~~ P1Q • ... 0
~1\th~o'~, ~'I.?. Ql '"'~ (itW~m\,~ ziO~~F"
,",\'il'\~~~ T - P J _: Q 1 ~I'\ct ~ ~n p., PI ~.)~
Q _ Q. wod.:l '~tO"'C. [U.c3:. (a) oj.)
C,' c:t;····, C~ n~.) . :',)t~~I'\r.t0 ~n"Pt ~~ QI
;:!')fC; '~t.)f'09n~, CI >'0 ~t\d;)~o' ~ CiEi ~
;!n~;j. 'PI al'\dde&5f"o~~.;., ~tJoQ~zS . wot'S.:!
~:tO.l.lO. 'a~~4 t:»ltiw. ~~,)~~i ~o ;r$~:o:1.)'
o:Jc)n~~ .J .
 & tjrWncl w~cI e~!;tjn~,) "o30~ rotwt.lQ~.o0a ~.not! ~t!;.
f1n;:iFt~ ~o~e~i~olltlcl 0.dd(m~~ M~ ~O~~~o!saoO~ ;tjot.loQ
~;!. 4M ~ft1i>!;tj~ V ~ X· Y ~ocl ~o"'(!,;l~~ t.oQ.) "o30~
~£9~t.lQ~d~ t..oQ.) ~Of~ Uo:m~,)eoo,) ~O~ ~~~&lo1nI"lCl .)oQ.)
njO:l~t::I.
V q.~e.n-.oaI M~~ V ~)~d,)~ x
ah ~,)t()d,);:i t..oQ.)
~~..... Y rl..t~ ~:Ca~~~d,)~ ~,)~~ h(aXI + hX2, Y) - ah(X I,
y)+bh(Xi,y) ~,)~.... h(X,aY'+bP)" ah(X,YI)+hh
(X,yZ) ~~-. mC;tj~ t..OQ.) o:/o)~:J~~o~e~a .nl~~-.~ h(X,Y)
tfl"lCl.
1~. h(X;Y) ~ V em ~,)e()d:l~ t..oQ.) ~d(m\.~ Mil
ml"lcl,}:l, "n h(X, Y) = TX, Y UI"ld.);5oi, V (1) ~(~
t..oc5:l ~~J '!! ~O~~f T 'eli!) ~ocl,) ~(OM. [U.~ ;
( 8) t1 ~Q~o:l,)~d,)~o" ~~eo:$,) 1() (::l~ W~~(I"I~.
t..oQ.) ~o.iJo>F"~ :J'QCl(::l~ V nt..oQ.) ,;l;5,)~o'/.!)eo:$,) U~d~
{Xi Xl, ... , X·} tfM~ '/.!)~~~, A o:$,)~~AIJ'::
h(Xl.Xi)~:locl ~:c~~~~~~nxn ;ms~"cm.Mt»
~~~cI,) T o:$,)~~ I~-. ;mi~ ~ A em~-.
;5')3.:?..
{XI, Xl, •.. , xn} ~ m~et~1"I ~oOd,)~ vem
~;l('t)~~ ~O~~F"o:mM~ '/.!)d.)~m.tft\!3. ;m3~~ ,Ao:$»
{Xl, X 2 , , •• , Xn} ~ ~t(t~I"I~O. h~ aa~"
.)OQy ~d,~~d.)!.,t'S·)

13. . ,h( X, Y)' -, T X· Y "f'ld,);:i~, "e~t) T = 1'* Ul'\ctC

~.j -V Qi)~~;:i tI)~ X ~~~ Y n~n h~ X, Y) h =
tl',X) .)oQ.) ~(O~O. [U.': ~9\~ 12 d~tb;$
" ,
~.~" A oj,).) • ~;tjoncl~ ~~on ,,"Cll

14. V ~~~~ ~~ X ;:i,)~ fn..tn h(X,Y)=h(Y, X)

u .,)~t:Sl
7iI~~"~~J«ivU'og. • :x-
~IX 1+ X l X2 +' ... + x.
, i ,Xf::' ~J!\~d, un 'h(X,X)=C1X~+ ClX: + ... +c.
388 d~~.io'_ Q~IIII1~.

X~ e:tl\~d, ~ ...'d ~-!~~ CI,C>2' ... , eft o:i,)~~

{XI, X 2 , ••• , Xn} ~ ~
t..o~,) ~.)e)O~';)'l.) tf~
~c"o. [UU~: ~~. 13 ~.... ~~ ~c;d) 22.~....
W~~fl'\7.l0.) .

If). (d) R" ~.)e!ld.)~ ~O~ ~m,.~.. w MiI:l~ 'l..olZ.:l

~~:J~ ~()~f~tJ~"" eruttS.... g(X"X2""'X n ) = all

X~ + 022Xi + .~. +a.px~ + Q1"xIXZ+ OIlX,XJ
+ ... + alnx1Xn + anXzXs+ a2,X2X4 + .,. + a2n
X2 X o+ ... +a(n_l)nXn 'Xn ~"t3. h(X, }') ""It
( Y,X) ~,)~2.t h(X, X) = g( X) e;jl\cb~o~ Rn
~,Jf~ ~o~ ~df::r;;~'d ~;;:j h(X, Y) 7:ii:i ~o;:;:j.)
tneOM. [~u~: i ",,·1,:!, ... , n ~,)~~ j.>i
~I\r:Qc: 4 . = A· = (/ '2 n A . ~. a . ~oC:: WJ_I~_~:.C'QJ
"" II Jl I.J' u VII II I)

~ C.)~ n x n o:iJfl~\f5! A ~l\C~. T ~.).) ~~

~ ~ ....
~~t)~c:m,,, A o:l.)~... ~oO\i);;::j' R" ~.)(ejG,)o.i
~o'd~F'~M() ;i)~1. h(X, y ) .., TX· r cd.).) Rn
~.)t!l~ ~oti)ro£'Q)Vt.) ~~.]
.., .
(b) k eJ.J,) ~Of~~os)l\~~, k(X, Y)= k(Y,X)
;:t)3~
k(X,X) - g(X) tfl\oQ~' tfn ...' O':b~d.)~
~ X ;,1,)-2,. Y ~~ k( X, Y) = h(X, Y) wo~
"~. r--iS: k( X,Y) - ig(X + Y)-ig
(X - Y)=h(X, Y) we~ 1Af00~O.]

l~. ("8) #fwa>o ~ lP-ac>'Q f#~I1,*~ ax~

+abxl~+c~2 _1 aM,) toot$) ~ -t~d
~.~ wo;j) "'teAII. fUlfeS: g(xtx1 )
-'a.xo'f+ 9bx rX2 + ex: tIfI\dt; ~Itlrt~ 14
~~ 15 ~4 ~~~~~o.]
-
(b) "'~1)1I>' ~ /r.- <lC>e ~ lKo;i)~
l/r -.«<0 tt~" ,~ a:r~+"jbxjXl+ cx;
 _ 1 0:$;)') t..o~ ~! ~cl~tl~ ~:JJd'l5~r2'~I'\~
.,}o~ ~eOl..lo.

,.,.re 3. e;)o~eo:» J$t>~~f"n~

~t?~cm 3 cl ~rt 4 cl~ tlo~e~ ~O~~,)f~ ~O~~o~,)~::b...
.!~"t5~. 6t Qt!rto~ ~o!~ ~o~~FIi._l ro~'il~')F'rt~~~ ~o~~el'tll:j,)
~t;3. es(:!oio et ~~;§~o~rt~~~ ~dll) ~);j.:.. ;:!~Ij,) ~o:ir.lO::::~"
~.)~olili~n es~.:l~~~i~};3. ~~~~ e.; <X JO;:;: t:l ~~or\t::"!l!! ted1="
o:$.J~.. es~~~K9') t..e;l~o~;3. &l o?O~oz;Ii~~... t:lt)G' ~tl~MM
es~~~~!.e~.
V~,) (, X, y) ~oio~ rb~~?J...~~~ t..od.) ~O~ ;::!~.)~is .,:)oc,i)
~~~'If.n~,JV~' p. = p--I tj~dQ 0 V 0:$') ~~C~ de=oeo:$') ~O~:J,)F'
p ~C~)<A. 'W.,~ e;)Oeeo;S.) ~O~~f" ~O~ -dd~,)~d~.)... ISO!'lr L:I-I
~~~)' t..oC,) n X n ~iOl)~ p o:::{~~ Po' -Po- 1 tfl'\d,;;,tS t..ot:l,)
E.)O~tO:» ~a\. w.oC,) -ddC:h)a!..C!. [~~~~~;) d ~rt 4 0 (4.1)

ff ~etao.]
Po = (P il) ~,) t..oC') t)oo:;)ecrl~ ~.t) ~ o)o~ 7ileJ~~~~oS<l,,~~.

em P'J'e-['
(1) PtjPIJ+P2IP2j+"'+PnjPnl~1, j_l,2, ... ,n,
;i5i~

(2)

,''+j
..,_
~,)~~ boO11-
- 1 ttt\d d ~ 'I.. = 0 .lotJ ~o~~m~~....
Q
WG
cM~t\~"~O~ ~~ '&d~~ "~f\~oi ~: ~ML;::!tJ~~:
Po::;; lRLr) w\t»~~ Potpo= J O)otJ Q:ltJF'.c~ i -1,2,
~3) •.•.• , ",~ j= 1,2, ... ~n ~ PUP\i+ P'1.J PZI+·" +
P. P. "" b. .)~ ~~ ?..ot5e t1f\;!. .
nt aj .'1 ....

"~~t) PoPO' - J ~M~Qd ~~ PoPo - I et'\d~~~

(~~fab 10 Ood) ~oO~o!t3,
 390 ~tm~." f!)(tllrili.

~!.:F'oQr(~.)
i-= 1,2, ... ,n ~.)3~ j= 1 ,2, ... ,n ~ ~IPJI
(4) +Pi!PJl+···+~nXI ... :::hii ~~~~~ ~.)~~ Po=
(P;j) ~l'\d,)~~ Po'P 0 =: I ~~~~~ ~d~ t..oc3e ~t\~.

(3) d~ ~~~dl~ ~tJF'oQ~ P o~ ~e~mv)r(~.) "~vot:l~o.j)

~t\~, .;)otJ.)~1"It:SQd (4)d~ "Ji~d,)~ ~2JF"oQ~ Po~ ~ll,,~f?).)r!~.)
,_ ~,)vot:leoo.)~r'I~ ~()tJ.:l~r'lC!. 'alii) ~'!~oCj.) ~~Orl~~ Ra
a:»te'Jo')~ ~oi>;j ~O~O~ rn~tl2J~ ",3 ~te!~t\t3.
p (0)) t:1~~o'd ~catl2J... (X, Y) ~ mt~~mt\ V ® ~)(()ru;d
t..od.) vo~t® ~t:et® ~oo::laF~o:ml'lC! ~o~tJ.) ,tfJd"'-P.,tcg. P 0 0:.).)
tJ ...
V ~ ~~o~eo,i) eJ~d {XI, X2, .. ~, Xn} n~iiC!~~ Fa$.)
~~i ~MO. ~rI Po 00).) ~ ~~di" mtet~1" P*~ om~~
~r'lt3 • ~lZQ Ood p. P =- I ,.)ol.l ~?')F"or<!-<"
~~. t..oC!t eJr'l03. udQ Oo~
-..... pO'i:,.) ~o::l.)tlo~eoj.)~t\6)~(;i) itolo e;do ;:ir.d ia$.).)
. ~
oin~~dM ~o::l)VO~eCli'l ~~'d~ m~t!~r'I vot:lf®
~l'\1 0 ilril~.

dtlnV_2 ~ot$.)
;1)3:. {Xl,X\J}~ t:1o.0~ rn£9VtJ
(X, Y ) ~ ;::wiiet~l'\ V ~ t..oz::l.) ~~vo~eoi> ~lticld03ir'lc! ~od~
w~1J!drtn ~~;,.~~~.r-"tGQ. po:..).) {X I,Xl} ~ ::;wte!~d 3~
~~ ~oi>~.) ~~M.)o::lo:l zt~o~d,)ol, V em dle()~ t..otll dem:lt 'I!
tl. "" e.
~o'd;))F~MO,
I I

J/V2]
l/V'i .'
~r! (H ) o::l.)!~
(4) Ood P 0 ~ t..od.l t)o~eoo.) ~it) I ~l'\tS e;)~d
!trln~~~~dtlotj,
.
(5) Oot::l p" ~ Uo!o'I!J
, .
n;~t.lQ ' (X,Y) i
.,
~tt~m1\ V·o:s" .,.)¢O~~ t."oti)· t)o~bi> ~O;lif'(So:iTcll\tS~
""" \ ' . "

X- XiXl + X l Xl ~~.l, Y- YiX I + yl X2' .;)od,) ~~,

"~~Ay~t'a. f:frl /
 PX=YI-+-~~ XI+ ~1.+!,2X2_
v'2 ,/2
(PX,PY) ... (XI + X2~(YI + Y2_) + tXI + X )(-:Y, + Y_2_}
2
- X'Yl + x2Yz - (X, Y).
& ~;:1,Jt5 '!f~~,J {X 1, X 2J OO.J.:l (X, Y) ~ N'iI~etmt\ ;r:$;S,Jt)O~(
o:l,Jmt\'~ood ~~t)~'ilru!.,~.

(6) . ~PX,PY) =(.:t:', Y) V OO_)~ru;j ~~ X ~31. YK~~.

t)!5e~mt\ ~~ (PX, PX) = (X,X) ~o~~~~,)~zS ~tP-_

~TiF~~t)T1~~-.. i~t:$.)~m~~~dOod;

(7) IPX! =IX)-

~ci) P ol~ wct;1t1~ ~od!~"~~~!.~ .lot:$.) ~~eh!.~.
X 7: 0 ~~ Y:;t: 0 ~t\~~, ~T1 (6) ~~.,;.. (7) 0 1Joo;$,J,)~Ood 6t
~().'tlO~ wobru!.l3, '

(fodd;
P ol.),) ~dtC.l ~!n~ (d!l,)o:j~ "Ja~~ "Ji~lJ~d~....
(8)
~od!~"J,)~-;'!.z:S_

, '-" ~(l3~O.~T1~~~ p" -;:: P-:' wotJ ,(;)tJroQ t..o~...t ~t:~e~~

tStdm~ ~~~~tJ~t:$.)_ V ~ .U~~ ~Q tk.tX) ~d(S_
"'o~ ~os ~oir.>~to:b ~ll ~ wo~ ~Ii. p ~ V cd.)
;S~~~ ~o~ ~r~e,~ ~~~f w!)dJi ,~~.tMtbJtt;.._ ~~QO~~
~~~JSF"~~~ ., "~.' . , '. _'" , ,-: ' _
 (a) 1'* == p-I.
{bl P"'P =/.
(9) (c) PP'" = /.
(d) (P x,py) = V (xb~~~ o":I~ X'~ y rl~~.

(e) IPXI = I Xl V cm~o~~.)~ X Ii~n.

(!,ja,b,c) crl~ ~®~ZPFf!;JOO~ ~03~t(rlJ
10 d~ f1Jd~r3.
P"P~/OJo~ 1I~~"Jil~JV~' ~li (PX,Py)-(p·PX,Y)
= (X,Y) tjru~t;SOoc (lJb) OO~ (IJd) ~~~ t.lt.)oQ'"~. OJ~ X
~~~~ yli"'~ (PX,P y) :::: (X, Y) o:Jo~~ ~ll~"Jil~~/t'O). ~rl
P*P(X, Y) =(X, Y) e1ru~dOor;:l V '1h~d~~ w~ X ~J~ yn~~
«p*p- J)X,Y) = O. ;)~ta~1'\ y= (P~P-/)X e:mdv;>
V,cm~dJ~ o":I?i X (p* P - 1 )X = o. M~ p. P =1.
rl~r; ~tt.
(9b) 0:3~~ (9d) oj~ ;:i;:ls;l~Olrpr''dicrl~~"" ~:_j~!"t!. ,,'

(\)d) ;:i;:v~t;Sd, ~rl ;)~fatn)", (PX,PX) =- (X,X) ~m

~~OorZ V crl:)~~~ w~ X rl~~ IPX 1= IXj. OJ~ X n~~ jXPl
= IXI ~I'\d.:i.ld ~rl V~~~~ ~~ XK<'rt IPX)2 = IXI2. etn
Gl~::>e~det 1W~,)~~~~~ eru~C~JW'''~')~f~. l ~e(A ~i?ciJ :2, QC.r\
2 d P 3)]

IPX,PYI ='l tPX+ Py!l_ llPX - PY_l2

= lIP( X + y)j2 - i I P(X - Y) j2
.... lIX+YF - ,.tK- Yf
-(X, y).

~~ (ge) ~ia.~1'\t;SQI5 tJr( (9d) ~mn~ ~~ ·t'r.I~;ri)tlS ;i)~

(9) 0 'm~~~"" .ltrl\ti\'~t~. .
tiooC» cot)~~~t!~ (~) d m~~t~uc9rtv ddrN~
::>~O~':JtI?.l~C~C:So.c&t l £» 0 ~K~~ 'dRQ =:to~~
oJo~z::I(l.>.... bto~tS,};S, 'a~....o~ w~~!o ~r...:F'O~~ "~"d.)~~
Ood ~l5o:hl!otS,
"fOO P ail~ ;::!oil~o~~~ rtt'ir(~~J.. xl;s~l(.)o~e~ rt~rt~~
lSo;:1ar~z::Id ;:m,~,
PO"!N:l t..o~ ~o~erm ~O~:;)roir.lt\tS;
(10) ~odd {PX', PX 2 , ••• , PXk} ~~.) {Xl, X 2 , ••• ,
Xk} Clil~ ;::!~,)()O~eo:h;;:r.,I'o~N,,;i~~ ~~ ;::!~.)~o'Z!lfc:b
~"tS.

PC;')') eJO'Z!leO:bOldt\zS ~,),!.!. {Xl, X 2 , ... , XI<} 00:>.) ;::!;:$.)

~o~e~03ilt\1S .Jod.) 'a&3~l~~~/CQ. ~rt (9d) ~.)~ 1 s i:s; k
~,)~!.., l:s;j:s;k~ (PXI, PX})=(X', Xj)::;::~i)' t.S~d ~l,)
~:Q, {PX', PX PXk} a:b) ;::!oillOo~eo:i.')~t\iS. 6trt po;~~
2 , ••• ,

xl~o~eo:$) rtCQrt~~J.. xl~,)vo~ecj:, KCQrt~~ ~O;S.lFxl.')~~ oJO~

'a&3;,~.s.~JV£i. {Xl, X 2 , ... , Xk} rm.> V n t..O~ xl~,)t)o'Z!l~~
UrruOO3ilt\1! ~or;:i) 'OI~a3'!f~"~veCQ. ~rt ~!~o~ i ~• .:?:. j r:
(p"PXI, Xi) =
(PXI, PXi) = ~iJ=(XiXi)::: (}X"XI).
ee~eClili~,)od V ~~ro~ oJ~ X ~a.!. y rt~r: ( r PX~y ) =
(lx,y). ~9fl~o:$,)2t\~rt5d,(lO)OodP"P-I. (~b)~,)o~
P oj,),) ~O~eo:$,)mt\~ wo~ ..~otte.;3. 'Old,) (10) ~J.. ~Q~t~·

~t\fri~: (9b) ;:1,)i~ (9c) e;,~~~rt~,) e5~oi t1o:iJd~toil

~~olid~ t..otSe tft\d,)~O~ oJo~d~~ beo;!i)~ "'O~ wm~~
o:i~(l.>.... t..~~otad,)!.~. 'OI~ (9d) ~,)~ (ge) ~~:.. m~;!f'
e.!tio. :~ ~eJAf ~.)(" t>~f* l:io~~ _ tlo~d~....
~JUi ircto~""
~
'.
 394

o;)~X id~~~ Y r(~~ 1PX,PY f -~ (X,Y) ~M~~o~ W~ m~L

...J_ ~ 2j
WJtJlj Vo:h t..otil ~.!~oeJ~ ~l'\dCO}d, ~r( P ~~~ W ~ ~~:..om~

Vo:h t..om ~oeeo:S.l ~oid~F'~cdr;;r.~ .;)odv ~e~.)!f~. (9) d

mr;!~Ql)~ wa:S~el'\~do~~t3~ oe.!~~ IPXI1 - 1PX,PX: id~~~
}X12 -IX·X~ ~I'\~id~, {PX,py } "'" (X, Y)..Jot.) ~t.)F'or;!~ ~~.~
PX -IX1 ,,:)oeJ t:leJF'or;!~ t..ol:3f ~r.~. ~ lr.ld~'If"-:l1'\ t..o~
t)o~~~ a:SO~~F"cSOO)(5~ iuo~ ~~.Te)tiSidC;:$Jit;t$' ~~Ji(\l'81"e) a a;,
~~i:T.l ~~Ji)~iI:$C~J'i)tQ~ 0.':)00,.. ~t)~ mo ~do:.b~!e~.

dim V ... dim W = n ~1'\t:SQ a,- ~r( w~ on~~o:mt:S V ~

2."om ~~~ ~D~JC)~~.:l~~~ ;i.).)o[!)~o~ dt!~e.:11.l)t:S.). { X J, X~,
... , xn} o:b~ V ~ iuo~ ~;:S.)t)o'2:le~ ~t;l~donI\Q ~~~~ {y I, yz,
... , y n} ~:) W n t..oO) ;:J~~t)o'2:leoj) - ~i~j;;:j'~I'\~ o;)~O) 'aU~
W~~JiI/~. p~) i .. 1, 2, ... , n r: py i <= Y i t.,loO ~e'l£.b;J:l~
~roid W ~ ~e'lLomo V~) oe.w~:l\~ :io~~F'~ ~I'ld~. ejK
~~e~ 11 CoO P 00).) t..or;:$) ~~?!lO'IJ~ ~r\CS. X == XIX I +- X:L
X2+ ... + Xnxn el'\~d, ~ii PX = x. }" + Xl}' '.1+ ... + xnyn.
1ge~ IPXI2={PX,PX}""x~+xi+ .. '+x~ "'- (X,X)r-IX/2
~1\)~t$Ood P ~ !.ootS.) ~~(S iDO~~ •.:l t"..!3.

;);); ~~~r(9 ~.}eC~ t)o~e~ lSO'lf~rr(~~.... ::l~O~.)~d~.or.

"~r.~~ .;)O~ ~03tlo~r(9 ~~t6~;i~z3, ,;
p ~ V a:$.} ~.}tCO~ t."o~ t)o~eQl.} lSO~::l,')F'o:ir.l"dQ 1.5
( 1 I) ;:i)~.j C ah) P o.j,) iuoC,) ~.:lM liWO~ tSd~r.dQ d, u r(
lcl- 1.
(12) P ~ t)o~(~~I\~I5, (11'( deJ.( P) - c 1

c;t f) ~ritS PX = eX .;)ol:)U~l~~~.. fC9· (1r( (PX,PX)

-cl(X,X), C:t~;;'dOod c'l _1. 'a~ (11)~.,. mQ;¢)~~. (12)
MQ~r.; det (P):t dei (P*) ;:$~.~ 1== det(!) - (iel(P'P):'"
del (P*) del (P) e)otJ ::lo".!~.)od ~~Q~~'
 e.rI 2 ~.)~~ 3 ~~~.)Mn vo?:le<m ~O:e;.:).)rrl~~.... ~~O:l:l,)
.It;!. dim V - 2 worj.) ~,)~~ V o:b,) (X, r) ~o~o~ rI,)£'aVt.l<.;>
I~"" ~oO~ wod,) 'at.3~~~~J'iJ/~. P o:!,),) V 0:$.) ~~t?d.J~ t..o~
)o?:le<m ~O~;.:)~F"~Mt? ~~~ {X I, X 2} 00,),) V ~ t..od,) ~~.)
)oi:leOO) tJtjRO ~r\dC.

Po :.- I~ ~J 'ad,)

[X 1, X2} nmoilet;)o)r\ P OO.J ;iJ.J~v~~MC. ~rI

P _I
o
== _._!_ __ . [ d -b
ad - be -c (/
j,
~rI.J~OOoO ~t.lfo~rI~.) Potpo -= /. (0) ~):1~ ( I) Ood ~~ det
(P) ~ ad - be ~ ± I, (l:l) Oo~,

Po = [ -b(1 b] det I'0

P ):. I ~1'\~ 0;
(13 ) (I ..
Po -:: [b _:] det (PI)) c:-, 1 ~f\oQe;
rI)~~~.)f ( I), a 2 = b~ "" 1 ..Jo~.) ~e~J!,~ ~dQ Ood 05.05. 2,"
~r\~~o~ t..oOl ~~~~ ~o~ 0 'a~ ~.)!;?.

(
14) P _[COSfJ
0- sin ° -sin
cos
OJ d,t(P)= 1 ~T\d~
f) £ 0 Q '

t 15)
COS 8 sin 8J det I P 0) := .J"u.
1 ~T\w

°
Po': [ sin 8 -COS' Q

~~, del (Po\ = 1 ~I'I0Q~' ~rI P 00,),) ~~t~ 8 d~~ ~~iF'(S ~,,~
..JO~~ ~~~~ det (P) "0 -1 ~T\OQ d, ~rI P aj,),) Od~~ ~i3.r(ScO.)oC
~ot..~O:::::t)~~
~ X t t:I~~~~.
~ w~
~\!;;Sv(So:mT\CI ..Jor:$.) ~e:o;Ei)i~ ~.

dim V' :3 ~T\dQ d ;::!.)!-l_, P ~ V <m. ;!.lt~~ t..ot:$.) t)o~eOO.J

~O.;):)Fo:iltlT\dQel, ~.rI P OO.J ~dQmo~ t.l~zfO~ 3 \~d~Qt\rS.
 396
wen :r:. .Mimlo"li t.:~~Ooi'l;) t..oti} ~~~-..
tl"li ~;).R~~~" ~o!l~
(~et), ~tjRt\oi'l3, tjl~li 2, ~tjr.>~~ 4.) 'ad;) P"om t..oti} ':!.d~
OJ

mood ~~ c oi'l~~, ~~oo!3 .;)o-d:! ~eqJ)'!o!3. (i1) ood c=

± 1 ~o~ ~~oodt3ee~. X :;t 0 6T\~~~, PX = c X .;)o~ 'a~~
~~~s;;_,e~. ~li X 1 -IX/IX I ~"dQIS,
PXI = eX I ~~~~ (XI, XI)= 1.

{XI, X2, X~} Vn t..o~ ~~~o~eoi'l ~i¥~d~T\~oJ X

2
00;);)

• ;j~~~ X3li~cS;).J tic&~~t). Po oj;)~ ~ ~t;:f!C~-d Nf!~et.Ojf!r'I P oj,)

~~~.u ~~M!).

(1) Ood ('2 + Pf2 + Pia:= 1 ~o~ ~~C)~Qe;3. C=- d:: 1 t11\0;)
~COot:$ PI!::: P
1l
=0 .;)o~ ~oodt3ee;). (1) ood .IIf';Mb~dcS~
~~oocQe;3;
P~21+ Pln-P2l2+P9a3-1 ~.)3Jj Pl2 P23+ P32 P33=-O.

tvocl,) ~o~toi'l ;:m~t)"'~T\tS. ( 14) ;:b~ (15) d ~~~oi'l~

, ~o-J, 0::;; B:s;2 tr ~ti~ t..oti} ~"'~e ~~ 8 'aQ j)o~ '!C~F'~
~~e;3.

fPll

(1'1) ..-
lPll

(~~ )~t-{~;~· ~~~ ~J

 ~ ~~AO!rW~","'~1I0~Qr.!'1f~I'\~:

(18) det (P) ... 1 ;:$~~...D C _1 ~I'\0Q~' m~

1 00 0]8 .
Po =
[ 0
ocos 0
cos
sin (J
-sin

-1 0 0 ]
'Po == 0 cos 0 sin 0 .
[ ° sin 8 -cos 8

(20) det (P) - - 1 ~~.2.. c =- 1 ~1'\0Qa, ~li

Po ::: (~cosOo Si~ oJ.

° sin 0 -cos 8

(21) det (P) .. - 1 ~~ c"" - 1 ~1'\0Qd, e1li

P u = -1 ° ° °]
cos 8 -sin 8 .
[ ° sin 8 cos D ,
'a~rt~~ ~!~o~ ~om ~~ ~a~!e~ ::l;:$drkPl~","
~,ocS. det (P) 1 ~1'\0Qd, ~li (18) Oor.:S P ~ X'- esl
0=

~(iS~ ~~cS wo~ !~~~C'. eeod, 0 ~~ Xl ~t)~ Deli»Q

~~~ ~eJ3~ ~~ omT\Q ~~.2.. • ~tr;S ~l!.. 0 ~~.(Sd~.~
e1i3aF"cMl\cS. tNt ( H}) .~;:$~ P td~ X ~-~!d~ ~!~~~~
;:$~~ ~~o~ X 1_ ~!d ~t~ 8 ',$(o'dG~ e1~aF~cS "ctcQ
a'Se~~~~. .tiet (P) __ ·.l·t1"~~ ~rt (2()~ ~"P~'Xl­
~~~ X!-:,' ~!.~. ~~~ .~t)~~.;();¢~~ w~ ~~~
X'- ~td ~~ 8 "~e~o~il e1;:$!F'~~Q .,:)o~ .~~, (21)
t$;:;j~
.
P o,i).) XII ~~j;.s XB-
'.
e:9trt~
". '
~~.e)d~. ~.!;;10~.
. . . ~.
~ wotila ,
. e~o~'d'X t _' e~~ ~*~ 8 'It.r;t~r;S ~t)~ C1;:$.!~~ IS w~tila
N ....

eS~~~.
 P ~:l:l V em ~:le~d.l~ 2..oeil t)o~eOOl ~O~~F' wod,)
(:22) ~i3~~~~JV~' M ~ p~ t..oeil ~~d W~:tl;3"~eJ
.:Jo~ ~i3~~~<t~/t'Ol. X ~ M ~~0l~1i~~ PXQ'j"~
M~~~. ~T'lM =6nd p.f, 2..0~ ~~j tN;r.l;lj~J::.somM.

p, V ~.)~2.. M Kt;,) (22)

. d!,.O~;:$o~
~
~~ .:Jo~ ~~~
"~<tn"et'Ol. PI ®,) M n P 00') ~!c~Sell'\dej; e!lodd
(~a) PI ®,)M~~d.l~ X"P\X=px~or:.,ma.:;':~;tl~~>j)~
M ~,)eej~oe:.o~® ~O~~,)F' t1r'1~. Ql ®,) M n P*~
~.!a-m"CO, e1r: P, oj,),) M 05:;(OES 2.o0~,) e.io~eoj,)
:sord::;~F' ~,,~ ;$~!~ P," "" Q,.
(~2) ;$l!~ (i3) ~i ~<p~;:jt)l {X', X', ''', Xk}criJl Mf(
2..or:.,:l ~;:l:l'!)O~e® ti9"d~Mej. M Ol),) P n ~~d~1\dl~dOo~
i 1,2, ... , k f., PX I ~ M ~~CS .:Jomr'l~.
e= (10) Oo~
) PX 1, PX·J , PXk} ~~ ~nti M f, 2..0~ ;Ij~vo~ec:h ~Gl·d
... ,

~(\~ .JO~~ .;e;:ls.l~;Ij,)~.e~.

_ X ~ M ~e)m 'adQ d, tfli X= a I
PX' + {l~PX2 + ... + OkP XI; tiro~dood p. X = a,P· PX +
I

(]zP.PX 2 + ... + akP.PX"'-a,X'+a:X'A+ ... -akXIt,-;dl

M ~~~. ~~ ~~ p • .. P-' ,.)otJ ;ljoli!tm~~ tN33~tM.j~.
'ac:l,) (22) ~~ ~Q~~~' X ;i}32" .y rl~l M ~~OQO, ~Ii P,X
= PX ;S.)32,. P, Y - P Y rl~;)·M ~~~. ~9d) 'aOOoo (P,X,p,Y)

:::(P\',PY)~(X, Y) uro~oood PI cID;) M~leC~~ t..oeil

vo~e<rl) ~o~~,)F" ,.)o~ (9) ~e~;)~tS. M ~~d.l~ Y ~ Q,Y =
P" Y ~r'I'P~dOod, M ~~oo~ .:J~ X ;i}3~ Y Ii"" (PI X, Y) ==
(P){, y) "" (X,p·, y) '"" (X,Q, )) ")odl ~o~~Qe;!. 'adl
( 2~) ~~ NtlQ~~Cl.
~ i?t03;QpJli~~~ P ~ ~'.>"oZ')c::!:l~ ~d"e~olllvl W~~(r'I~
t.l~dl {Xl, Xl, ... , XIt, Xk- 1 , ... , X"} em~ M ~ t..Qd,)
x!~ot!'lt~ ~~~ {Xl, X2, ... , XII} ~,,~;:iol) V~ t..o~
X!;:iJVO~e~ et~dGr.ll'\dC. t1rt ~~tcm 15 0 mQ~cm~aj,)o.
Ml.(i. {XkH, XII+II, ... , X"}o:lJ,) t..o~ ;z;l;:i~eJo~fcm etl?oml'\~.
Po -(Plj ) ·cmJ {XI, Xl, .•. , Xnl (i. m~~t~/'\ P ~J ~!~i
o:m1\d!l. etl1 i,j-= 1, 2, ... , n n, P'j_(PXi, XI). M~
P aj,) ~~n ~t,Oe:J.lI'\~ woO') 'OeJ~~~~.P,}~. etrt 1 5,j $. k T\
PXj~M~fJ,~. Mf..j=::;k ;:SJ~~ i>k~l'\dQ~'Pij-(PXJ,
X I) - 0 P ot~ ~ ~9ild';-d ~~ftGr.l1'\ p.~ ;irtJ~ ~oir.>l'\~~c:lOod
j>k ;:iJ'!~ j 5, k ~1'\c:lQa,Pjj=(p·XI,Xi)=(Xj,PXI)::::O
.Jomro~r:S. 'is c:lO oc:l

IIPIl",P1k 0 {) 0
(l
P21 P'},2··· P2k 0 0

Pk~",Pkk 0 0 0
(4) Po= Pkl
0 0 ... 0 P"'+hk" Pk , 1,It.'l "'PIt. t I ,n
0 {I (I
Pkt2 ,k< I PII + 2 ..... cl ···p.... 2 •

. =[A0 B'
Po
0]
'iSeJ
• M
A o:j~ k x k ~"l3, B ~. (n-k) x (n-k) ~l'\~' ~~ 0 ~
' .

•~.o m~c:l t..oc:lJ ~~a

;:m,-i~~~ ~!~9;z;lJ!.!5· A aj,)J . ~~
~l'\ {Xl, Xl ... , Xk}~ m~etml'\ (23)0 GO~::»F PI~ oir.l~w
~l'\rS. ( 1) ~'" w~oinel'\~, ~~ A ~~ B li~o~ vot!'lt~
M.w\fliYi"~ o)o~ ~e~!,e;!.
• '1\"rC~
1. R~ ~~. ~oiO'l! rutW~9~~'" ~oOtS wod,) '»~~
400 4cm~•• ~tflarlsU

'lfJ;M"tt9. ~I'\~~ R' o!~(tl~ t$o~~lin~~. ~~

f)o~fcm ~~;Walrn\tS?

X+Y+Z X+y - 2Z
(a) P (x,YtZ) == ( ~a-' --.Ja--··' x - y )
(b) P (x,y,z)-
X+ y_+2z, x+ 3y- 2z, :- 4X+2y+z)
( y'6 y'14 y-21

(c) P(x,y,z) = (~~~,x~~=-~,X+Jz?~)

2. ~td! e;,o~O~ ru~e;e..l ~~otl~ t$ .!~~orn :::lO~ ):j;l~~J
~
n~;) v em t;>
;d;)t~ ~"!-.J. ~O~~F P o:S:» tlo'l!)tci)~f\~
""

wO~,J irtJeo.2.Jo.
(a) V -= R', ~~ ~o~O~ ro~tlt.:... , p (x, y, z, w) =,

( - y, x, w, - z)
(b) V o:j)~ 2 x 2 olr.J:t~I1~ ;d~~~omf\t3; (A,B) ...
AIIBII + AI2B12 + AllBll + A g2 B 111' PA coo C'
AC, 'B~
. 0 IJ
C={_l O'

(c) V == Rl; «XI,Xl)' (Y"Yl)) = XIY, + (XI +Xl)

()II +)'2)'
P (X"Xl) == {Y'2~+ (V~/2 )X1 ,-.y2XI}·

3. V o»J ~o.o~ ro~t>fJ9 .(08:,+0.t+4.t,+ .~..' .-t.~~,

bo+b 1tl+b2tl+ ... +bJlF)=aobo+albl+allt~ =
... +a",b. ~a(t~ ~~~~~f\0t"); e;,~~ '~~i
~~ ~~£e'dn~. ~~f ~t~I~~~d.>f~(~o,
.. ...
 ~ ~o~crd 1i)rntlz.;..,0:5tS~ (f,g) ~)o~ ~o~~.!~!.e;i
p 00» Pf \ I) c- if (i) ~o~ Nc'~y~~~~~~0:5 V 00)
oS:,e(J~ ~Ord~)Fojs.)M(J~~~ Q (0») Qf (t):-c: (IJt)
(f(l) - f (0)) ~)o~ Nc'~~:)~~}~}~)~ V ® ;t;)e(J~
~tl~:J)F"oos;,M(J. P" <= Q .;)o~, PQ:f-: I m~~
QP= 1 .;)o~ ~~etJ;t.,o. [~d) (H) d~O)~ ilWo~
~o:3s.>OJ)ecmiOO) ~20~c:b ~0:5Z~:e030(;j) MeC~)~~. Ptk
"" {,.d ~:md.)~dood p oj)) z.J1i~ ~~ ~~ (inOiO:r$.)o;
~O=e:J)F ';)ol::::b '11eoo)~~.)~~. J '"
4. P -;Jyif,~ Q 1i~) (X, Y) fl mt;ez.~t\ V :J~) ~)e(Jd)~
tJo~e<ID riO'1f~)F1i"~t\d",d, ~ri PQ crl,)) (X, Y)11 ,;e;~t~
;:)olt\ V crl:l ~)f(Jd)-;J '/.,,0;:'::,) tJo~f® i!30'1fOJ,)r~t\C

.;)o~) MeOM.
5. ~~~ ~o~Otf r'1)~e;e.)c;:/,~~Jil~(3, iY~t\~~ ;t:lOz:i ;::j;l~~l141j!
'ZMe~ V ~)~2., W ~.!oir.lodrd.r,j' V ~o~ W tl d~
~00:5~F(3 P crl)) tJo~eOO.Jo:rilt\~03~e ~oe.l)d~~ ~ljifO~O.

ta) V = R2; ~®~ ~o'!Otf ru~e;e.l""

W - Rl; «X" X2 ), (Y1' Y2) ) - X'YI +
(X, + Xl) (y, + Yl)'
P(Xp X 2) =(XI, Xl-Xl)'
(b) V = R3; ~<ID. ~o!ord ru~e;e.l(jl'
W <ID) s; 2 ~dd 2.l~~Oli4lj! ~o:5.J~<rlr.lt\tS; (f,g)
=f~f(t)i(t)dt, P(X,j,Z)=X+y'+zt2 •
(C) V oj) ~d ~~Ii~ ;::j~~~t\rS; (f,g)-
$;2
f~f{t)g(t)dt, W = R3; ~~ ~o.o,; ruE'a~,
P (a o+ a1t+ a;zt 2) ==
a ql.+a:Z,QI+Q:z, a, .).
( o t.~ '1f' ?y'iJ .q.r>
{51
402

6. V ~ ~OF"~ ~o:ird~ecd>~I'1~ wo~ ~~ (X,Y)

(Xi).) v ~ ~fOrh;:$ t..o~ ~o~O'6 ru~t)t..l ~1"It3 O)o~
'i}
o;eJif'tf~9~!f;!. V~ ;!:,eoo:,~ t..oc:$:, ~qfdel~o:S.»
1f9I\Cb;:$oi t..o~ ~o~~fiS P (d(~(cd>G.'lClM,)~~ e~~~'6
;:$~) ~1'It3,

IPX- PYI = IX- Yl'

(a) P OJ,).;) t..oc:::b vo~eo:S:' ~oo::S~F'~o:irtJI\CQ d, ~Ii P oj)~
,""oc') ~tP~t)~o:irtJl"lt3 O)o~ ~eo>vo.

(b) Z2..oC':l ~d ;:jo~G.'lClI"ld);:$~, PX == X+ ztmcQd,

~rl p ~ l5e~eo:S,) ~t\E!) ;:$),,') P c;rl.).) t..oC') ~ tP
o;t.... t)

~t)~o:irtJl"I~ O)o~ 'lfHO'->O.

(c) po = 0 e31\O':l;:$o$ P oj.),) 2..or:S.:> ~tP2!t)~aml"l~

WoC.)' o;eJ~"Jil~~}ern IP XI = )XI O)ot:5~
!.r.IeoM.
(d) po"" 0 e31"1d);:)oi P o:S.).) 'i.."C) ~tP~t)~o:m7\~
woC') ~fJ~~Jil~JV~.IPX + prj-IX + Y! woe:$.)
~eo>vo. [uEl~: wo!i) '6zS ~I"IF''' ;:$)~
IPX+PYj2 e~.... IPX - PY!2, IPXI2 ;:$,)~
IP YFrl9'~dli~~ ~CJilL;:jt),) ~o$rilo~d t&~~F''t:c
~cd>~~~.... w~~erv.jo.]

(8) po =0 ~1'Id.);:)oi P ~ I

2..o~ tt~ GV~olli>l\~

wod.J ~~"~~~v(t'6l. (PX,PY) - (X, Y) wodJ
~ro,.o. [ueliS : (d) ol:l~.... ;j.)~ ~2>:Jt!ld£S
m~6~;:)~"" tS\)1$~tl'l"'o.]

(1) po _0 lil'lrh~o. P ~ t..od.J ~~ tW~~~t5

wodJ O;~e.f"~~J3vfm. P(X+ Y) - PX+ PY
wocil "-eo,.o. [l(~.#: jP(X + y)._ PX-
 PYf ~~J.. ~oio~ ro~~~Q~ ~drl~~ ~MbM
~~~j (e) ~~"" w~~~,,~o.]

(g)
po=o ~1'I~~o' P o:h.) tvo~ ~-vr.'t!~~omM:J
.;)o~ ra\.3~~JiJ~~.}~· om~13e 0ji)~:J,! ~o,,\
a ~ P(aX)= aPX wo~ 'Mto,"o. [~U~:
W(aX) - aPX11 rad~~ ~o~o'!! rut'Ol~tJ.;ld iJl~
~~ ~ML:tl ~~~ (e) ~~.)"" ~~o..~e":tlo.)

P ~~ t..o~ d-vr.''I.!tI~oir.>l'I<:3
. wo~ ra\J~.~~~Jd
.... \I et'9.
(h)
QX = PX - P 0 ~l'\dO. Q~ V ~ ~.)eo~~
~o~ tlo~e~ dem~e,'!! ~O;;:S~FtSomI'H.~ .;)o~
~eo,"o. ra~ tvod.) 0v C;;'I.!~~crl~ .;)otiJ z:!O;:!~F~
li~ o:3Jd!..~"t3 wod.), ~~r{~~..,o~ arm,,'!!
;:!.)~.)_. ~o~e~~"dC
dO ;:!.)~
)-
,o~.) t..o~ Mmo~o
~I"IC wod.) -;;wql L:40.
.
7_ dim V = 4 ~.)~_. p~.) (X, Y) ~ ~~e!OJil\ V oi>
~.)eOd.);:! t.o~ t)o~ecrl.) ~O,!!:J')F"omT\t5 wo~ 'Ci~i1 -

:8JG)(!Jdve~. ~tjlcla~ 3 ~ii 4 ~~~~ 32 ood, dim

M"" l, 2 ~q$~ . :-} ~f'\~;:!o£ 'l..o~ ~~o w~;:!.:'!.
M ~ P f, rat5.
(a) '&~,)J..~,)~~(22), (23) ;:!,)'i:l (24)~~ wz:!
j

~ef'\"; P ~ ;i.0l"!t)~OO),) ~~l'\tS M~~tS~ uoO

~~o' V ~ t..o~ ~;:!,)~o~t~ ~9Wd 'a~ .;)od,)
~~o~o.

'a~ A ~ k x k ~"t3, B ~ (4 - k) X
(4 _ k) ~:9"~~ O<k<4 ;:!,)~ i'!~ miJd ,",od,)
!l.9~6 ;:$.nit)"'~J.. ~~~ ~!~Q~!'~.
 (b) (8a) ftlflrld~ A ~~~ B <m ~til~ ru~Q~jf"d t:r'~
t...od~ ~o~~f" ~~dr§cm~~4.. ~JOI~O. 'Old~~ P 00.)
~t;el~d t...o~ mlB~~~~ :l~dF.<m~4.. ~..Rci~
eru~~.MI'\,"O.

(c) dim V = f) ~I'\~~ ~~oKd~, 'ac:se ee.!cm t...ot31

:J~dN03_)~'1. ~~I:eO.

s;. P (x" X2' ... , Xn) = (Y"Yl' "" Yn) ~od~ 'Ol~j
'i¥JOI~J#/~. 'Ol~

)'n-I -
X, + Xl + ." + Xn- 1- (n - 1 )Xn
--- - - - - - ,
V in - l)n

Yo. _XI+X 2 +",+Xn

-_. - -_. ---;.;.;.- - •
V'n

(a) p~ RP ~.)e~~~ ~cm~ ~o;!O~ n.)~e,)f.).., ff-d ;rw~e!

03icS t...o~ vo~e~ ilSO~~F"~I'\t3 ~o~ "-tI!lM.

(b) xi + X~+ ... + X~ =Yi

+ + .,. + y~. Y;
~o~ ~fo~o.[~elc3; (Be)cm~4.. ~~~el'\~o.]

(c) ;; -(l!n)(Xt,+X1-l- .. ·+Xn ) ~~

.2 _ (Xl - ;)2+ (Xll - ;)2+ ... +'(XII -;)2
S -. -- n-----.---------.
t,hdC.
ns 2 =)'~ + y: + ... + y,2 I ~o~ ~~O~I). •
~'~~o~~ #ts~~~ ~i.t~I'\t3·
 es ~rttS w<ltS ~~a;tlrte:~ 'a~e ~iid ~~~ ~GiOl~Ii~~~,
~mF'~~ Mtlli~ e5Q~OO~~tI~ ~~.d~;tl~~c1. l ~rnF"~}~ M~ilQ,,~
~~e~ ~~m~~rt~~ ~~'i~ ~~;§f)o!!$rt~rnf\ ~rt :2 d 12 Oo~ 1fie ;:j:f\~
e5~~~rt~~~ ~etlo.) o)~ ~~~c>~rte;.,) X· }' ~od ~o.c;:e~~);:j tJ~'!
~o'!O'!J ru('Q)~'WQ~~ RnTiOlf'"l ~M:J;tl~ti~~~. g(X) o:h) Rn
c1~e~m;:j ~od) ;:jrnF'~~ MtlO'l"ilf'lt;:)Q0 ;:j)'i~ T o::b,) ~o~,) ee~:r~~~
tlo~~~F' OOs.l1\dQd, Rn ~~m;:j .J~ X rt%'~ g( T X) =-: gl X) ~'''\~Q 0,
T ~ g c:h~~ ~od5.'"~~~~~~' wotS,) ~N.)~_e~.
I}, g(x , X2' .•• , Xn) =- xi + x~ + .. , + ,,~ .Jod,) '&~iJ
1
"~(!~/('Q). .Je~\!.) T 00")') \!.)o~ec:bO'lOlf\dQ d ~~) T oj,),)
g oj.,)~~ ~od5.M~~~~~!'!J .Jod.) MeOM. (~U~:
'a~ "e~\!.) (\.Ie) ~ ;:j.)ir.J.... o~) ~Mtl~c.tr.Jf\:l]

10. g(X) oj,)) R' ;3)et?o);:j ;:jmF~1:,~ d~tlO'lOlf'\d~ ;:j,):;~

X =t 0 ~f\dQe, g(X)::;:'· 0 .Jod) ~~~"~~fl/('Q). T oj))
g oj)~~ ~ocs.~~~od.o ~rt T oj)) ~e3~e;:j:>m~~O'lC:1\i$
;:j)~~ T- 1 oj)) g OO)~~ ~~d. ~od5.~,)~r.3 wc~
l.r.l~o'"O. S ;:j,)~~ T li~,) g oj)~~ ;tl~d!.;!..)~~Olla, ttrl
ST oj')') g oj,)~)"," ;::lo0:t;tl,)!.~ .:Jot:::)) i~eo;t;O.

11. g(x l , X2' x:1' x 4 ) = xi + x~ + X5 - x! ~f'\I:l~. TOO))

g oj)~~ ;::lods.,"do ~rt del (T) = :d:: 1 .::Iod.) ineOM.
[~dcS :. ~rt 2 0 1 ~ Ood 1 f)d;:j~f\~ ~2ti?t!!;::lrt~~~
~~~ef\~".r.6t:h g< X) = PX· X .Jo~ 'We~,)o. del
(P) = _ 1 o)o~ ;3~~j 'tfe;:j~ T* PT = 1 ~f\~15 ~J"i):I
T crlJ.,) g crlJ~~ ;::lodt'"'tf~~~~!'!J .Jod.,) MeO,.o. ~
~irl~~~ ~ods.~"~~~~ !.ooCS") ~~~~F'o:h~~ dtleo\r
~O~$F~ ·.Jo~ ~crl,).,)t_,)r.3.] ,...

".,'Ii 4. "~"..; 'b<orl

'itsd~ ~~qe~ ;d,)~ o)~ ~rtn<~ ~!l~o~n~~~ ~tl:~~,
,st)"t'(f~ C)~o~~tos. ~()A~~~ $~~ ~t1i~tt~~. ~
406
r.;O::.)i:Jtii~~r;:I;;' t5~~-e ~~:J.)!e~ ~~O~li~~.)... ~~~dmru~tS.
w~ ~~~f!)~e;~ oeW<l~&,~ t:9~~~F~li~~ ~ll~~F~r\r.:~~!.;3 wot.)
W~~eli~~... lld~.)~~;3· t:9QCla~ 2 0 ~~e:e ~~~05
;::loli.;oo.)
rl~~:' a:;O~!F~ ~~ ~r;.~~ 3 0 e;~e~ o?e':l;r.Jo!lli~~... ~e,)ll~~
...
~~:.r;:I.) ~:.~~ ;rwQ~rl~t5.)._ ;::lot~rUil~;::lt.)~.)r;:I.)·
a + ih Mllo ;::lo~rl.:e ;::l:J)s.~ ;::lo~rl~.). ~~ a ~.)~~ b rl~.)
~'1:J~~I'\03 05-'l~~ P == - 1. wo~ ~:J-'le, ~ ;::lo~a"~~ ;3J<1~ 05.)~
ru~e,)~,",rl~ 0'Je8~ ~o!t!I :
(a + ib) + (c+ id) = (a+ c)+ i(b+ d)

(a+ib)(C+id) == (at - hd)+ ;(ad+ be)·

QSil~.P5 ;::loro~rlo,;l ~o:ee,)~ ~:.;i~ ruffi'tr~c~.1 ~~.::SctJ:.;::l.);:; ~ ~ ::'I;lli~(

~ llO~:J-'lFrl~M t:9t5.dctJ.)~~;3. a + ib;t: 0 tj 1'\0,;;)d,
1 a-ib a2 · b
a+ ih== (Ci+Tb)(a-=ib-) - a + b -I a 1 2 + If'

mQClo~QSilT\ t...or;:l.) ,s:J:e, ~ ;::lo,,\OO~~... t...or;:l.) ~~ ~05.)._ I'\}~

t:9t (¥ QotS ;::lor8(!~~e;3. a 05.)~~ b rl~.) QSil~:;'~QSilI'\O:Jd~,
o
IS ... a + ib ~T\tS,;;)d, ~rl a o:»iib.\ IS d ;n~~'; Qrri wo~ ~.)~~
b o:»~ (¥ liS eNia$a rpri wo~ ~d~~ru~tl.
~ ~~~~rt~~tl~ et;iC'a~ 10 cl w~ ~caClo!lrl~Ja ~~
.na.,.;I!WJ> ~td" • "'~ ,,~' 0>0" ,;ddolo.. ·." \,'!,' O>ot.) zlc!QoQ
z$ !~ b~dOor;:l ~o~~o~!.;3. ~ tJOt)CI~ri~ti~ ,s~
edtO
o 41' ;i);,,':rlIl~' ,,~~ ;::,CO ;;,t"~ I ;l,"", 2 ~t ..,row ;lIllAol
~, ~:;,)&, ~ ~~~dtlrW ~~~~~ eood, ,s~ ru~rd~Ji. ~al.
'toa>o'lHlAA >I:>'b ") >Io~rl9and:>d ~.:rtt~ ~dOaj>o~".
• ~~;)'! xfo~' cm~ xl;))e, ~ xl0"1' ~,o
~~~1f~ 03~.m~~~ e::Jt5e ~I'I~.

""o~ m~~"d xlo~r:m rt:>ffi'lr.>dO ~C"d~~c:S)~~ 'tucO.) ~~)e, rJ)

xlo~~ot:S ~amqll,""oo, xlol:! ;tj;:;.)~&.ir:m m~~~~ WOli.)m~r!I.
'mlc;r('; xfol!J xl~.)~oil.) WlScm.)~ ~~)e ~ ~q,Ij'~~~ ~oo~.
~t:SQ Oot:S ~cS~~ ~0~Mec;. xl~~e, ~ n-tuples ;:3 xl;:!)~e.l Cn e~.,_
~OI~~~ xlo.ro~i1~n ~cSmf\ ;:j~~ ~ ;:jos~6i1'1;l~~ wtio~.r.el'lxl)~doocS"
~~!~I'I e1?~o::l:l I, ~i1 :} d Rn ~%::d.);:!o~o~.)e *~:D~;tlf:J~m~d.l.
~~e oe.!OO~~~)f w~xl~)~eJ' ~o:3s.l;:!.) ~f.ml~~ ;tjooirdf~~,
e.5~~o2.l~, ~:J')F;tj.):J", ~~d, ~ri ~ej~ ~~~l!J, ~ell~t?~ e;,~'Ir.>~
- a
~.)~~ ~JiJ~6 xl~.)~i~'Ii O3OIiI.m~t5~r(';.) ;:$.;)cd~~Ocm.)!.o:S. 1 ~.)!2., 2
~;:$FlStr(';.) ;:$.)!~ 5 ;:$.)~~ 6~e ~o::;.)eo~:r(~), ~t!le mrjS~r(':JiJll~~e
'030I~:J~ xlo~'i1~n 2.lcSml'l ';tj:J~~ ~o~~'i1';~~ ~amcpf,);tj.)~d
ood, o:5.))ocS.)~O~~~. Cn xl~.)~oil.) ~.)~ '0\
(i>~;d~~rZ)
~Q'id .:lecS.) 'l5ecm~tiJ~ {(1,0, ... ,0) (0,1,0 ... ,0)(0,0,1,0,
... ,0), ... ,(0,0, ... ,0,1) } t.od.l ~1?O~~~, ;:j~.)e,~ ~cm;,~.) n
e!I~~ ~oor;3. (2.l0e ;n~:J'f ;tjo~rt'liot:S~e ro~xl~ ~~'Ifi>~:Jdt),')
Cn 00.).) ~od) 030I~:J'15 ~~ l;);:$.)~tmo!c::S~ 'lfJiJIl ~M~;:j~lZ2.lre.)
tS02.l.)d~.,_ rt;:S.)~". e. ~xfortt:S~ Cn oil O3OI~tl'l! ~~~~ 2n
~l'\tS. xl~ ~ xlo~t5i1~ot:S rum'lfi>d&ll~ n-tuples ~ xl,tl\_ ~
xl~.)~ml'\ 'Cn' ~~~ tm~", wlS~tl'l~~ xlo~~oil;:$~... dOI\e'!O
;si)~f~.) t:I~~cm 1, ~ii 3 d 'aBO ~Cawol'Jr(~.) '!~ridt
;)~o;si)~~.

dem~'15 lSO~~F~o:j.) m~m~~ ~~:J'I1 xl~~ii~ mt5.mt5~

n~~ xlttl'J~I'I~. ~od.l xl;).)&.~ xl~ W TI ""o~ ~~ xl~~
V ~ ~o~ ~O;:S~F"~. T ci).) V o;3.)~t:\.)~ wf;rl X o.i.)~ Y rlt~"
;:1~~ w~ xl:J.)e.~ itJo~rl<~ a ;:s,;g~ fJ r(~" T laX + fJ y) ... a
TX +,8 YTul'\dQ~ ;m~ 6elOf)~~_WclI'\d,)~~. V = W <jl'l~~,
T cd» .. o~ ~.m~e ~o"lj~f"~f\~wo~ ~~~.l!e~. t:!'0clo3.) 1,
fjM 'd t$t'l"i>o5r\q.l ;si)t)9~t\ ~od,)dOtm.l~;!. 0 ;::)':._. I
 408
K~o~a5 ~~e~ ;r5o'd~.)F'n~o~~~ T ~ ~;iv~0:3.).) ,;Idv~T\c&e
03<JP3~~~~Il.)~d>. 7, 8 ~:>:!t~ !}~e ~~,)eo;3.)n~,) ~.)~ ~e~f) ~~n~
N?!Qc3n~~........:.;
'03<J~ ~'d'Ood ,~~)e;~"'.e::J
~:::l ,~~ ~deJil~~OO,)~.').. ~~e-a:~~~
M ~
~~)e. ~ ~~ortt¥-d ~~o~.')~e~. ~~t),;l rum~od~d,)~oi,
il30~~Fm> rum~d~~.r,... ~r::Si~T\ ~~~e')~mru~d.). ~z3f(l'J~Ii~.),
~~z:lcz.:~, ~~J'ile~.')'N~Q8 il30'd~')F ~~0!C.l ;diO)~i' ~.do;3.)ot:loz.:~.
r ~il~' ~£'O)Foe£'eOO) ~S<l!v~rt~)'Wot:$,) ~~v'l!!o;3.) "6£'O)FOe~, ~QF(~'drt~
2J~m~{'$ ~.')~2. ~~.l .!j~ r.;e~eo;3,) ~~Q) 'lfrt~.) ~:J.')e.~) ~dv~rt~tS)",-
rf.re oOoS.
~9CJn~~d ~?!e'i.w-;~~ o::;):!t~ ~5't1doo:>.) ~t?ilo;3.) 2 ~rt 6 d ~~
o;)O~o~1i~~ot)n ~~\. ~ ~:t:lo1i'lf!,j ;!:be;~~1'\ ~~e;:;:.)~Q. ~t?ilo::l.J
2.~.,1i 7 d ~O;S?!o1'J1i~) "6.')~J<>~e;~~~ oe.3)~m)~ :t:l~.)e. ~ ~Oi~~. .
~oO~. ~r;w~o;3.) 2 d ~1i 1 Ood [) d ~Ol'\~ ;?O;§';)o~n~tS.).._ ~e;~
;::;S<l~ilFiiJr\V:J'ilIl~ ~~o~~irl)d>. ~~~~.e,rt ~e~e£'O).

(t = a + ih ~I'\dej. ~~.)e.~ :t:loroe') a - ih' c::)~)... (t ~ :t:loo:S~f\...

.;.o~ ~OOO.),)tf0:5 ~)~~ ~~~... ; Oo~ ~o:pjt~~~e;3. ( ~~e'd~v
'(t _ .~~eJ~' e!tPO!C.l '(t - ~o~l\.' ~od> ~~!.eoS. ) ~o~l\i®
1i.')roQ~.)FIi~.) ~el'\oS:

(a) (t == (t,
(b) (l¥ + ;. )/2 ~ ~O ~~:Joe! t?n~I'\t5; ((t_;)/2 i
~ l¥ 0 eM~~rl~I'\~, ' '

(1) (.c) (.~+f3)=~+#'

(d) \ l¥P) ,c: ;p,
(e) l¥ ~'''t..w (1-; l:J~dQd ~~ ~tP.;~~:.
(f) q.~ =if t IT, 'a~ l¥ - q+ i~,"l'IdQd,
.'
'a;$~t- ~l)~~1'1 i1Wo\)l.l~~~~. ( 1 f ) ~~JfOP;~O~
H~F~~ - I(\)~. l(tl ~ozZ ~e.~tt1.)o$ ~ _CJ
"'~~, te=a+ib ~7'\d,}~, 1~!--t:la1.+d2 ~oo ~~~:::l~~/,;,
tlotf! ~~OO~ ri~Q~F'n~~ ~f7"l~:

(a) I~I >0, "at:!,) te:;tO, :oi""o t17"10Q d,

(b) l~r + ~ii,
(2) (c) la,81 = 'lk' ],8 ,
(d) l~ + pI s; Ill! + 1,8\·
(2 d) Ql),') ;rjo~~F'~7"I t~~ ~T'ldeZ:SQ M 'a~~... ~2j$;:s&l"
jl',j"'llL:::lt.}~. -6!ri ~~ f'~T'lm~ ru~Q~F'rI~~... m()~;s, (X,Y)
o)oru :::lO1!l 'l.&OC)o~rI\'ot:! :::lo~f"~~, t..o~ ~o.C'l!i rbt$~~ ~~~
COl ...
t..o~ :::l:J~e, ~ :::lO!!$ :::l~~ V OO~ 03~e~ t..ot:!,) ~::».:J ~~e'l!i. at
w~~...t:!o. ;:s&l~~~!f~:

(8) (X,Y) (Y,i-),

=

(b) (~X + ,8Z,Y) = Q:(X. Y) - ,8(Z, Y) a. ;S~~

,8 :::l~~~~,
(3) (c) (X,teY+,8Z)+;(X,Y)+P(X,Z) a. ~~
,8 :::l~ ~'I¥-d'
(d) (X,X»o, X;t=0 t1"~~.
(3c) ~~~ (30) ~ (3b) o.tJ 'Wo~ ~cm;l.)~,,~. (X,X)
-(X,X) e"~dOod (aa). (X,X) o:m "~~rS ~.
~~~~... "... ~!.~~~ ~c. (X,X)1/2 ~"" IXI' ~m
~'ltt!~~~ ~ es ~.)m\.~ ~~ ~~~~ X ~ wet
~'lhcr" ~ ~~~(;!. ed~ '~~4)d ~ ml.m~itI
4R~ eq;~ 1 0, 1 Oo~ 8 {Sf fft3rt~~7"1~ i1'C.o~, ~.. ~
JlDrJ ~rt~~ ~~;1. .Qo~d .~tj)"C$d ao;so."
~ . . . . .~ 1R~oad tw· 'trl~ t»**. f)()10
. . . ~. ~'o1)o~ ~~~.. '5~ ~~ ~~~~
~ ~~. ~EnVt$>"" ~o(!)~~ '&~CIA wJ;j~~r~.
162
 410
wm!5Sc~tl, (X, y) 0 esr\~to, X ~~3~ Y r<~~ e.;)o2.);nf\;5
=0

~~~ e.;)o~eo$.);r.1\c3 .Jo~,) 1i~~.)! eo1. o1~~~~o:!o3,)~ ~ ~O~2..IoJ rJ

nvj~ ~!03~orS~ ~~1, to
~~;)~ V 00') oS.)ee':l~ 2..0~ d!. eso~D~
11')~eJ~tf-d ~:b2.Jor;S~~r\ tf~~~~r;L r;S~~~~r'~ m~;)t3~~ [:;19~oj)
!:!, r;:r~rl 2 d (1.1)] ~~o25 ;:5.r.JmF1:a~'"., e.50'3e!~~~. ~~~)tI..
e.5ztl~;!jri~~ :aRd~rl)~rS).

eJo~e03,) o:i,)~2.: ~o:iJeJo:Je03') t:1tjj.,dlio;,~.) ;!W-d.::l'le*'F e.5~~.)~ 0:5.)~2,

~;::>:t" -~'C e.te~ ~e.~F'~tjj~~I1fl,,< ~O~~~I1~'), ;t;i~~~r<e;~ '~~~'5~-d'
'~~)e. ~/~~.)J" ~.!m~ L~.)~~Dod ~.)~~ ~0~.)1'\e,i~ ru~~~')F'ri~~~
W~oisOl(I\~~dOod ~.).)od.)~003,),)~ 03.
. ;;..Jl

en ~~,)~03')%<ru~ ~o:joJ3 e:90i6~ rll)£Qe.;)~o:i~~ 'ff';t\c.)~d

Ood ~~~p)~.)~e~.

«Xl' Xl ,"" Xn), (Yl'J'~""'Yn))=Xliil+X:Y2+

(4 )
." + xnYn'
.~.,o:J.).m~~~ (3) ~~ ~~ej~~Oo~, 6\ ru~It)2.Jc;.~ t.o~
ru~lt)z..: ~t\il .
...
e.5~~~ 2, ~Ii 4 d ~e':lTclol!i1i~.); ~~eliio:Jo)t\ ~.)~tol W~03')')~
~~eo3J 16, ~ati~e t)~O~.)~~. t.c~ 3:l0~:J.)f~ mli.ltoloQOOJ
~~.w"!6~~ (~OF'~ ~OOJ';).;).)ecm ~:::io1i~~, e.5~~.oj~) ~tro ;)~~~.)
~~. m~.::lF'toloQ'OOJ ;5s;)~Il)" ;)oSdriOOJ') t..o~ :::i~~ ;5s;)mF'd~~
~~(t.~.)~~. ~X, Y) Q'h) ~t))e,~ ~~.)~ vo:j,) ;3.)(C(S t..od.)
:f:'p'iO~.~~eJtolQo:Jo)r.d(), T ~ V oj.) ~,)eC~~ t..o~ :::i~~ ir.So~~F"
.~OO!> ~~. {X', Xi, ~ .. , X n} ~ V tl t.io~ ,:$;i}t)o~eo.1J
~~T\~L ....~. ~'T em ~~t)~oir.lr.o() .~.)~ ~ ~ T*~
'~'t')'lfo:lJt>l\\~... i ~n ~1j-t'TXj,~') [~t~, e.59ii~ 2 1 , ~n
.:,~».(f 1:)]: ~~;.·BiJ={T·fJ'Xt, XI}' emd tTX:,j".X~)f(iIa·
,(X:~.,,;'T"Xj.) t:1n.)~r;$o~d Bn -.;:: Ai;. ~ ~d~l' B ~~~ A:~
1&o~1\. ~~~~\l~ .Jot:.) ~6O:JJ~e~ ;Z~32.. B O:~~~~ All< {.)or;;l
 411

;:.1o~e!;th!e~. A~;) ~~~~~e.3~;3~~ A ~~o~ ~o~~!~)~~~~

~))o::::y;::o~)!.~~.

t..o~ ~~,)~o~eoo) ~l?O~-o 'Nil~e~\ml'\ T em ~~)~em)

.) A ~l'\t:SQd, ~1i tl! tHiJ.ld'!f-o m.ee~Ol~l'\ T·~ ~~,f A·
~l'\~.

~ ;js.)~FIl~~~, m~~n..:oCjlo::$~ ~,)e()~ ~ej~o:::n~~ '.r.,G~'

~:)()~:O:::M~y~.e~ . t..orn a30-5~,)F T ~)), T* = T '~l'\d~ c,
-
;~ ;::-::,c~;:-2.)O~ o~~ rrl;J')f"~~;);r· o:loCJ;l ;:$)~.2.: T* = T ~l'\dQd
g;,~c;;1) L~;J.t'i="~O~ ~~;J;) ;J~;:$,) a$~r~o$)~ o:lo~, ~:J~~1.!iJ
;j.j;)~ ~rI~~~ ~CJe ce!o::$.) OJi'.Q.ro'.Q~n~od '6co::$,:,)j e~. A em.) ~
~) • J,. v u :.J) ::l
e.;~)'l..:of'l ~F\d e A 00) ~~Fee.~.),)~!. ~ ~:J"i~m!n~.) ~~.:J~Ol~M
'"r ~, ~ -
z3'~ )~..:)q~ -. ,<O(,;:;~~' 0 ~~ i = 1,2,. ~. ,/1 ~ AIi -= A;j o)o~ ~or:.!
o':l)od ~e ~)~it
'"
e.;mjloo.)
T"t)
3C ~O)n 1 Ood a d o::lef\~ or; "_~'~Q~r:~.)
Z) ~
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o::l).)o~)o::iDoj))~~. eQ)o~) i1, 2jr.lli 4 C r.;)~ eoo) 20 ~);!~ :2 1
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o::tJ')F~OO:l~ iOO-5:J)Frlt;r' mQ~rI~.) ~)t;~id~f\ :J~o;:j.)~0:3. ~dd
'!101d~~ ~~~Mt5e'd:l. ~).:;.)e~ 22 d ~Q~~ 'dl:l~~~ ;:$.),)~e'l~f\
'B~P.~Ol'ilf\t:l)Q d~ ~~:J'd ;:$)J'e)e)rI~~d ;:5r1F ~~o:$~F~ri~ ~oe!e'l ~~ ~
~~~ T n 'd~~e> 'l..:-,3)~~o:$)~ ;:jo~o;tb,;:$ ~~~~'t. ~ ~~i1~)
~:J)e, ~ ~~orlt=lr2 w~:J;(b~e~. ~~ot:ld" oi;".~t:::~ ;:j:J)e, ~ ~~ -
~eo~) ~:J)L~~
~ ;t1d~ ~~o::l~FtSr:eifl e;~o:$!F~f.lj;~,~e).)t:S.).
. v M

,
~~,~o,i)
Ii
4, ~rI I,d ~~~~o!irt~,) '~Je)~~~l'\ .~~-\(~, ~ xioTi,j~
~'J:;:;
~j.,e;ti)~~.· tNt:lOl~C:AfI .J . ,

ST= TS ~M)o:$o~ ~OJ)e. ~ ~OF~ ~o:iJ;)o:$.)d ~~ZIi

(Ii) .y·O:»:~:>t~~ ~~F~f~ ts~~;F"rl~v S o:$.)~~ T~F\rjQ~
~rI S o:$~~~ T rI~d~~.R~ ~.d~~O!:l~otf ~e1.!irleioO t1l\~~
!..od) ~~d {X~ ,l?, ... , X n}. ~ V ~ ~t:3.
 412

(6) d ~9~crl~,) o)oQtSo' '~::>~ ;r;o~l~ I;r;~~~~ ;r;0"2'oi;,

~.!mq, ~~oitiltit(3 ~~eoj,) 23 d mtj:l~~e tfr.z:!.

eftSil"Qlj 4 C! 2 ;l.)3~ 3~ ~rW ~3Ao!~.) 9in 6 d~

~~e, ~ ~~n~-d :>~o;r;1)~~.

~r,ng"'rlv"

1. ~a i c:~ + 7 i) + 6)-2i)( V 2 - j) tS m~~~ ;i,)~

ef\.Jd~ ifl~n71~~~ 'I1ozl.)oolicmO.

(b) I(
1 2 + 3 i)~ m~::>'11 ~,)~~ eNd, ~7V(~~~ 'I1oTl,)
2oli~O.

(c) (2-i)i(3-7i)(:6-2i)+(l+i))~' m~~'11

03,)~2: ef\.Jdre?3 ~~nli~~J~ 'I1ow!otA~,)o.

(d) l£¥j "" l~r.~d ~n ~ = I/£¥ O)o~ ~fOM~

(e) £¥ =(3 - 6i)/( 2 - i) tf1\rj,)03~, IlXj 03~~ ~o~

ooec~.)O.

(f) (2d) crl,).) ,;l~mro!.~ O)od.) M~OM. (~tI~:

=
£¥ at + ia1 ~!~ fJ = b l + ib 2 tfr.dQd, (If)
~~~ 1!N~cdr.~T\" [IX + I.B? ~~~ lit';tS ~l)O.
~~o~d 201b l + 2a1b1 $. 2 (anJJ1(b~ + b~)lJ2
~~~ r!'~d~ Nt>.codtSt'F' e~~o;i)~~ tro~
~~1\"O.)

(g) .;(~~ p2~'4"1 eMlZQd ~~ f.J~~lti+,8t+)'

~ ~O~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~t)~~~ ~oOl3 ~odJ
b~o~o.

(h) ~~~dd ~t'A tSdcd)~~ ~oli.>~a~o.

iTl
det [ _ 1,
 ,(i) IIa~"" Q~~ en~ f.)~ml;$}dOod II d ·.~rlF'
~l)~~l~... ~o~!Ot1~?J~~· II - atib ~,,~Q'
a ~~,j b ~;)'!rlvw"dQ13, ~rI = a2 + b1 ,2
=
~~81,j 8 tan-l(b/a) ~M~;::S~, a = r cos 8,
b=r sinD- fJl=r l/2 [cos (Dj2)+isin(8j2)]
~l"td d ;::Sl~~ 'lN1'\~o!~ d,
Q - Q

fJ2 = rl/2 [ cos (~72 2'IT) + i sin (8 +2 1T)}

2

t!rI II - fJ~ - fJi ~o~ ~eeM.

2. ~f\t»;::S ~~)~ ~J om:t~r<~ :l)!~~o~d mQl~' Mt:i"

;::S,)3!~ ~~~~c/... e;~ ~~~:!~~t:lQt'l, ~o!l,)!o~~,)O_

~a) [i 2
1
i
i+1
o
11

~ 2~
i]i (b) [~
2
i 01

1 IJ
1 !

1 + 3; 1- i
3; o
1+
-i
i 1- i
o -1]
3. ~"~o!d,)~ w~~~~ M ~ t..~ t3ljTild~~~ ... ,
~~~~ C 3~ t..od,) ~~d~~~ ~o~!o~~)O :

(a) M~ {(I, 1, 1), (1, i, 1), (0, i+1, O)}

~od ~~r~~~W-=~crlm\C!.j

( b) II + fJ = y 0 t3"~~oi N~
eo (II' fJ, y) rI~ nl'a~
M t31'\13.

(c) II -fJ ;:S~~ ,,=0 ~o' .}~·(II' fJ, ,,) I1W

rt~;$} M tfl\lS.
 414

4. T O'b;) fNl"ldJ~t:$Ood ~t3~~;:;j'~~r:~ C) ~~f!J~

de~e0'5) '!3~'fj;)JF'~"'C().

T( (l,j3, y) -= (i (X + fJ + jli"l,iy)·
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(i, 2;, Bn }
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G. C 3 n 2..."O~J ~<;:<c:;;i) { (), i, I,) (-;, 1, 0), ('.!j + I,

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~tS~~t3~ ~or6,)roflc;O.)O. ..

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f(O) ~oO ~~~~~~~ vem
. ~flld.lo:1 ~J~'~ 03'~ll~~~ ~ w~~d..~~f\Oll. Kf ""
(f,g) er1'ld~~o' V ~~ t.:.om ?i~iI30 g ~~...
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~t~ftoj,)~d.. ~oG.Jro~., . .J'
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..... - <A. - 1':\
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.
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v'e.)~OJolMej. G'I~~ed~ Nil03.)?3~ (X, Y) HX + Y, =
X + Y) - t (X - y, x - Y) + (ij4)(X + i Y,X + iY)
- (i14 )(X - i y, X - i Y) ~~.)<A. i1W,;;L,",O.

}O T ~ T (rx,P)'" (;~P) ~,)o~ m~~~;:;j~~ Cl ~,)ee)~

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dfm~'d et~ wo~ ~eoM.
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[ 1 2]
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d~.... Ir.ltO~o.

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o:mt\dO. T c:b ~~Olite ~.,,~o.;;)~J. p ~o~ ~o~e.!,"e.

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= ""'tt
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(t ) (b} /- £, + £1 + ... + Er,
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tI~rie).) ~~-!..~r~.
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~"odO, .

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. 2

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2 --

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e3t'\~Qd, ~n A -a1. "a~;m:1a Ct ~~ C2 n~.) (4) cl t:l~a ~t)
nVil'\OC •. !X t \ _lXlj = 1 ~t'\cl.);$~ TXt"" CtX· ~~ TX2-
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~O~ !~o:h.)~d.
V~.).) e3o~O~ rul:'at)t.lQ (X, Y) ~il~ ~o~ ~CF'Z::U
tt~~(cm ~:»b ~ ~;:!):"i!.l ~oo~~.j~~~,,(~. T a$).)
(f» V ~ ~)ee?o~;:1 ..O~) de~eoo.) ~O~:J.)F" ~o~ ~~.j
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t:O';~F" wo~ "aeJ~"'~~~/~'
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,
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2

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(to)
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"n (Xl, X2) .. 0 . · .
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= 16T\~~ zyS~ndr2 T ah M,.t(rl) m~m!~~~ w~tt\"
~~ r<tt~~ m~~.j"d!l'9~"tS. lU) ~~ (10) ~o!lHblif~
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w!.cl~~~ t!'r~cl~~~~ T*T= TT* tJt.)ro~~ 6~t~;!o~~....
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( 14)
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( 15) S*S == 0 t1t'1~~,

COl
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Vet.)mt'lcS' wed.) ~(~.)!.oc:l ;s~ • .?, ( 14) ~.... ~.~!.~.

(15)~..... ~Q~~ S·SX - 0 .}oci) 'a~tJ~R~{!! ~~. ~ii

(S.SX;X).:..O. (S·SX,X}-(SX,SX) ~1\~~®o~. '5'X
 424
.. 0 wod,) ~t;mF'~~~td. 9'S - 0 wof.) ~.r;~ ~SX .. 0
w~JJ ~eJF"ottl~ w$( x rl.,,, t..o~f fJ,..".
(13) d ~9r!~ ~oOd.lI'\, e
-P" T) e11'1~Oq~ ~,~o~
E. ~ T =~ t..oQ.) eJa5..lz$ocxiIil",., ~o~ ~~~£t~. M~
E; ~ t)oeJw;f\tS. ( 13 ) d i'ijio1F ~ 'd d.r.~ "~I\~o"tS:
E o:h~ t..o~ t)oeJ ~~ot.)~l'Irt~, fJn'E o;h.) ~m~F
(16) . &.)oQalnl'\tS.

E o:h~ tuodJ tlot..l ~voz.:.~~f\tS wo~ 'a~~;f~~JV(';) 01,)~

S-E - EE· ~1\dt). e:1r1 S'" .... E": - (EE·)· ... E· - E··E·
;: E* - EE· = E· - E*E· M~ S == E (J - E·) 03,)!2,; S·
= e*(l- E)· E = £2 e1M,)~dOod (/ - E) E
.
=0. ~d~ Oo~
8*S=E*(I-E)E(I-E·)=O. (15) Ood s=O .,:)o~J
!t;m,.~~!o(;!, wod~, E = EE.· "dQOo~ E" = (EE"')" -=
E"~= EE*:=;;. E . ..~ (16) ~~ mQ~!.d. (14) ~~
( 16) Ood ( )3) J.lo'f)~!. tS.

l3e"rl.~ : ~O'd~Frt~ m>m> ~rtFrl~.} t)ot..l;:s';)f\ru~d~~

~t)ftlO3'f1\ (!a(~!.ta!. w~~, T crl~ m~f;eJoQc:iTtlt\~d,
fJrl T = 'r fJ~cmod rT- = T2 == l"T· U·U:; JUf\d,.~,
fJri ~;IIr<:d.) 10 Ood VU· =1~m;;;dood, U·U:;:; UU·." "Qd:
(6), (1) ~ (8) d ~~'d QAiG""l\~.. U.U~! etl')d.};1oi
.. ~ duOf= d~p Cl 'liI~4 V ail ~te~ .. o~ ~......,
,.,,~... ~odo
2' ~4 W"""AJ.
,,~~~ .
'daf.»tr;S~
4Iltt.)
~.~ ~rid~ ~ ~~,.
*!,~lW ~, ~~I'I'I ~o. ~"' ...
.. ~r4d ~_'*"\ . ..,,~ ~~.~... A cd
Lt~ II X" *\ ~ ~• .,A't4, IPJ 4· A· • ... ..,••~I
A ~ Vf)~I"1~ wod-.) ~t~Jtfd. C ft ~ ~0:sJ1 tfolO~ rotet)1
 "ott..." ilIt)faO..- ~ _,,~ !!I"orl .:i
~~ ,,~~~ t)~ Qf)tlJ.! ~~V~~ m~et~d .m'tf=~...
t1r'l 'ItR~ CD ~~~ eUtl~= JSt)~:»Fc:i:l,') T t1l\dC. tin
'. ~ ~i~"~,') A. til\tS. Ig~~ ,.'fko:ru T ~ 'Uot.)mT'l0Qe ~~
~ votJwwl'\lS.
~ votJ~ ~·'~eJ~~-(t'i· t:m ib~ 24 00'0
~ T ~ ~ ~$cId t1r10~ "'~ "~,')~o':)tcxh
: n

~ {Xl, 1'1, ...... X~} .~~. j _1,2, ... ,"~ 'TXI- <lJ
(i .,~
~ ,~, X • .... (fJ1I'I3'lJ' .... , ~n!) wot:\,') '&~~
,. .
!~~J'V£9. {XI, X 2 , ~ •• , x"l ~~od-8~l'I~
)t.)F o~o1S~~,').
PliP", + PlJP...2'& + ,., + ,8IlJ~U - hj'"
1 sjsn ~~~~ I ~k s..n·
j _ 1,2, ••. , n ~ i(:!... j~t
~t\3~ X i .".d.}~ ~\"~,') U
~T'lot); ~o~, 1 S i -;;n ~~ 1 S j sn (I" Vii -,8\1' U· ...
(Ill) ~l"IdQt3, "n. 1 sisn ~~ l:;jsn f., b:l(f\ (17)
(J,lj",,!1ij'

;.1,')~.... "~T'ld.}~~ t..o~C t11'\~.

(15) U·U=I·
AU ~ j (St ~t~~ TXi .. _11'1 tJl'I~. [~~.~ 1d

t;in 6 d PS) ~tQO.) Pslf~

(18)-"... D()~ t..o~ ~~. U-~.... "'o~ 1)n~" ~•

.)_,~=!.~~ 24 ~ ;Sn~'f 'lSA~' ~oarS:
.l"
; A~~t..~~ lJx,n ~.~T'lcLe, ~n UA."'U
."'~ .,.ef#Jtab $~"cx!.nl'\~do' t..ot::~ ~~\."
ft,X II ;in••• ,U 'a~ ,64
426

A =[; t]
m~ A* A = l~o~ ';I~d!Ja~.sa"tte. (AI- AF= ~
~"d,);s~ A r..o~ 1.t~~ 1.to~o.1nl\~d, e1ri A = A
~o~ tSed rlca~~od . UfO~O. , ~ (8) dlQ " == J
t"'~ d, ~rl T ~ ~~~C)'d, 1.t~lrl~od ~"d,)~ 2t.od:
~Vo~f@ .~~~ C 1 11, 1l~.

2. .,j1jl"d,)~ C 8 O!*.,~ T ~o'd~F'rl~~ ~cm •. tjO.o'd ro£'Q

Vt.lG)~ m~f!~'" e,)otJmr\d,)~~ oin~~?

(a) T (01,,8,y) ~ (3t;t + i,8 + (2 - ny, -:-: i(); + iy,

( 2 + i)0I - i,8 + 6 y)
(b) T«();,,B,y)-(();, iOl+,8,i(); - i,8+y)
. ,
(c) T «();,,8,y) - (P,y,iOl. + i/3 + i)')
(d) T (01,/3,1')'" «2
+ i)(); - (1 + 2i)/3,
(1+2i)a:,+(2+i)P,Y) ~
j • ~

3. tr(A) = All :t
~"d,)~~, (A, B) == tr(B*AJ
An.
~o.o'd ro~e,)~~tI~ v
~ 2 X 2 ;rJ::J,)e,~ ~\!\)~Ti~
~~~Il"irill'\d!I. .,j1jlt\d,)~: V ~ ;!,)fC~ T ~C'd~Fr(~~
~m!.~{?)oQr(9I"~~~ .~~? ::JiSt~.) OlJ.)~Ft.:OQ
r(,~t\~~~ oin~~?
. ~~\,'!1w~M,)~ o:m~~?
~ m,~~,":o~ ~e,)o~~n\'~~~~~ ~O;~.? e,).~~~T!O.)
~~ olr.!~~? [~'UcS ;~Ce,),) T* ~~~ r(~tS o:l.r.l~O.
tr(A Bf)') td: .,r(.J)A B) ~ot.l ,,-ijorl'~: ~~'d~t\~.]
,
. ""
,
,~
., ,.', ,~ ( I, ' J
v'

(a) c= [il :] ~MYO:$~,1;P.Ab.:At>, 1,

 (b) C= (_~ J] "r\~~, TA =AC·
i1V2 1/\1'2]
(C) C == ( 1/V2 i/V2 ~1\w.J~, .J • .J
TA= AC·

1
(d) C= [ 0"0 iJ
"I'\~~~,TA=CA.

(e) C= 1-2~i ;ji] "I'\~~~. TA=AC-CA·

(f) C - G ~J"I'\~~~, TA - C • A C·

4. (tl)
A- [_~ n~~~.B-[~ jJ~oOdtJ.
A ~;)~ B ~o!.)~l'\tS wO~ ¢1da A + B ~;)t:l .;JJ

A B ri~;) ~otJ~I'\~~O~ ts.eo,"o.

(b) AB ~ ~ot.)~I'\~do"· 2 X 2 ~F"cd>~ A

~~ B ;m;iQ)~riw.) .~oti,)~~~o.

( c) ~Ip~~ ~O~:»FMI fi.)t'K}?)Q ~ ~\,~mI'\CS wod:l

~eo,"o.

o . .C 2 ~';n,. ·e
ll .&eCld:l;i·· ,,~~~. T· '~O~~Fri~;) .~!

~o~ ~~Fdcm~~on1\~ .lode ~eo"o. ~.)!

" :," .Q!.Iao.dd,. :»,~ ~)t,)O~~""., ~~roa~o ~~
 'liI~ tf.e;:;e; .T c@ vot.)OJt)"ct.,~ ;l~~ 1s im~F"f.)OQ
l1\-fl/'\cd ..:.lor.:::J ~i)~ ~tGo. (i1ne~ e;,f.,ji~~ 11.)

(aJ T (tJoP)'" (!lei - ifJ, iel+ P)

'b) T (CI' p) -liel + (l + i)/J, - tel + fJ)
lc' l' (~,,8) -- Ua+ (3, -./& + 2ifJ)
(d) i(fX"p,y)=«2-l-i)CI-(1+2i)/3,
ilL. 2i)(j + ('2 + O/J, y)

fi. ~"'/'\-::o~ '. X:!. ~~~;¥ii~j A oj.) ~.!oir.Jod~~-d' U*AU

cC}') ~£w~~~foj.)mM)o:!o:l ,",oeil ~e~:ie.'!1 ~~w U
."_.:J Co ~.ctJ· C
......)d.. '60<Z'...J~'.,).

A_ [ i/V~ J/V~J'
-1/V/ 2 ilv 2
7. (4) If ~~, T ~ C2 ~e\!)~ t..od,} ~ m~{tJoQ
liO~)r~l'\~ d, tfn T oil' ~.dMao~ tS~l1~.) 0Jt)~:l~
~1\;3 wo1;S.) ~eo.4cS~. et e~~~~ u ~~o~~~J"
M~F ~e~;¢)trl.

(a) A ojj.) !.ood,} ~.d m~tr.JoQ n X n oir.l~1 etl\~d,

eM A ~ _fthJe ~~ CJWUNl1~· ~~:l';
.,.r..s. ~ ~tc~..
t~ T~~ .~- 'rb~ (X,T).~tS, ~~~
~~.)':J v~ ~fC~ t..od,) d~~ 1tI~tl.)F' wod,}
'aU~,,~tOJV~' T= T* etl\dQd, etrt T cd,)
;,-~~L ~ ~()m1\cS~~ bto~a.
£M_: ·rtMt· (A)~ (1')~.. 'W~fl\.li
I .... , tilpi- _ _ -lib...: ~~. TX
 - ~ x,X;t 0 ~tI~ d, ~~ (X, ~ X - (TX, X)
- (X, T,\,) ~~~ w~oitOI~I'I~~.s;o~ r(ti~o.]

8. S ~~~~ TM~ ~O£Jr(~t'\~O, ~Ji.:.. ST= TS ~t'\c:fQ~'

~rt ST ooJ) ~ot.J~l'\tl. [~,,~: ST· - T· S ~~
S" T TS·· wO~,) Meo~~~,) e;~~~i:n)I'\r!l. (1) c~d.)
;:lojl T -- a.IE t + a.2E~ + ... + a.rEr wO~,) t.)t~O. ~r(
~..).!~O~j Eio:j~ T o:j~~~ e..l~,)lII!lOml'\t:: ;:l,)~.... (13)
oo~ F Eo' M~ l s; i::; r ~ SEt::: ES· T· =
j' ""

'ii,E1 + a.lE: + ... + iirEr ~1'\d.);;!)~Ooz:S ST· = T·S

w~~~~,) ,,~~~tl.J

9. v oo,)~~~;:l ~~ot:b X M TXI-IT"'XI ut'\~Qd

~~ T oii."l tloe..lNit'\13 wo~ ~fO~O. [U.as;
~~ X n~M (IT'''T - TT"')X,X) = 0 o':)or.::$,) i.r.fO,"O
=~ ~)~e~e('O) ~i:$~~i:$~~ fS\)l)~t"M. ~n" d
~~t;t;l 9 ~.... ~tleO. ]

10. ~z1v r·cx:b,) T ~~ t..o~ t..)~~~d ;ir.)~ T

oi» t.)of.l=n~ ~oeil in~~O. (M.~; (1) d~d.)=o.
T - ~IEI + rs IE2 + ... + {J.rEr ul'\~15, un ( 13) Ood
T· - ia1Et + "2E2+ ... + ~rEr ~~o~ E, ~
T oi>~~;::$ t..oeil t.J1:ID~cxir.lI'l~.]
11. T ~ 'd£W'dt~iAt\~. T cd.> ~ ~1JO~') Vet.)
ml'\d d, un T Qi).) vot.:Olflt'\13 woeil ~~o'"o. (~.;s
~
;
( 16) ~"" wl1~el'\," ,~,)~ (1) ~oz:S T· ~~"" nt'O'"o. ]

12. • ~9il,~ ~~~~cm 24 d t..oeil ~amf"ai) 7P9~oj.),

Mzm~~Qjl~~ uro~~cS.

(a) M ahl T ltt..olil ~~ n~)':l_Act~, tf~

M~ r-~ ""ttl) ~~ fS\)~.tGt\CI woe:$.)..
430
[~.cS: X ~ M ~~r::::)Q' y o:!~
i.r.(01.l0.
M .Lo~oQd, ~n (r'Y,X)= (t,T X) =- 0.]
(b) T o»l vot.)ml"lC$ ~oO~ltr.l~JV~· ,£t~ T Qi)
t..od) ~~mo~ ~~aiJr)I'\dC (~tjl&~cm 3 d Q'i)~
2 d (15) 000 ~~;&:) ~od) ~oa~ ~~Mmo'd
tS~~~ ~~;§.d0~r!I)-' iX11- 1 ~rl~ TX' -I):

Xl e1r1dO. (J~F'~~~d,)~ w~
. {XI} (JOe
~~,)~JoW
~ M, t:jrldO. ;,1,) • ~ r
.) T* ri~d~'6~~
M, ~~ M,J.1i~.) (J~dml"l~ ~od..> MfOM.
(M~cS: ~1i (a) ~;§~ (9) ~~ eru;d~eMO.]
(c) M O'3:),) (b) ~~cj.)~o:i
M ,l~~d~~ X n
-;00.
,T,X TX (Jod O!<)~£>~;:S~~/~.)~' M,l. oS.)~~d.)~
I
=<

~O~~F~.) T, ~M(). T, 0'3.),) voeJ~l'\t'3 .:lod.)

i;deOM. [~~~: (h) ~~~ ero;d~eI'\M,
M,.1d~cj.)~ ~~ yrhin T,"'Y= T"'Y ~ot:\J
i~eo,,"O. ]

(d) ~Ii (b) ~.)~j (c) Ii.,;! ~~~~!F';§ ~~~cm~~od

;rl_);S.)(~ 24 ~oI.. mQ""O. (~dcS: M~ doza~cm.)
X 2 o:ill T tI erode;) ~od) ?tr.loOd,)~ t..o~ ~i~~
t
mo~ ~O!lml'\dQd, ~Ii' (Xl, XZ)= 0 ~od.)
~tO~')~tS.)

~rl 6. ~., a$~;Si)t~r:s "'t)~ I$OIn~~rl~ .

~ ~1i0~ vot.) ;rl0~~F'1i~ ~~Q ~1iF'~~~ ~Q~crl.)~ ~rj.)
!eO:;. ~liF'Ii";!~ ·~aciir.lod~.r.l~' ~Mmo~ tS~n.,;!· ;rldli~~ t..od.)
~d.,;! ~o:idrS~~.... If.r.ltit.)~~· ~V~;§Welf\ t..o~f fj~O-?;d ~drj.)
;J~~Moo "ao~.... ~tit.:~d). ~~ ~()~ ~~.)V~to:$.) ~I?d~"
. " . • ., . . . " I

mttt.~1"1 T~ air.l;$)C$f ;in;§~,f ~CJam&n,. ro~Q~F'Ii";!.) ~~

~1i)~oS ~.!I flo1~ t.oo~, -F'~,m\.'! ;m~"~' §1l$1i~~ .~~o~
eJ~~~o~ jJatO~t.l~ , ~.~ ,~ftb'tols~ ~dd ~~
 lICoHt9r ~f)no!sri~ ~.~ ":>.:l.~ ~:(Or1 431

~ vo2o)~ri~ ~dri~~" t.l~~2o)~d.). ,,~~ e}da~()l)· erum;drs;:t~.}-..

~~!.~;3. ~o2o)~o~t»F"ri~~ ~~I'\ ~:J\ ~ ~o~rl~o~ ;:t!F"~!.o;3.

~ ~rid. tI\)~'!f~~ Jl Q.i)~~ !wod.} ~I:IF"~ ~o:L';;:t~~ ~:J)e.~

~I:I~ ~~~ (X, Y) ~o.o~ ~~V~ ~oo~ ,.)o~ ~\J~"~~~
~e;3. wd'f)' ~~e~ ~~~ m~,.tt.)oQ~ ,;:)~ w~""e~rl~~ &~o~O"l!
/"i.)~v~"l ~~~~~~;3. es ~~~Q.i)d ~~~'d~~~1'\ ~ri (> 1'$
o?(J~o!!irl~~-.. e;~ eru~~el'\~~~;:t M~d~Me tt\)~Me:e~!e;3.

T c:b~ V o:b ;3~e(Jd~~ t..od~ Vr.>t.) ~O'd~F'c-mI'ld,)~~ ~e;:tv

;<::l~e.~_~O~rl~.}'IX" IX, ... , IXr ;:t~~ ~vot.)~rl~.} E" El , ... , Er
rl~~ ~~I'\~o~ ~d,}~ o:m~)

(a) T= IX, E, + 1X2E2 + ... + lX'rEr

(b) I =E, +E2+ · .. +Er
(I) (c) EiEJ = 0, i7:j
(d) E,* = E 2 = £17: 0 ,
j i = 1, 2, ... , ,.
~~~~ IX , 1X 2"" ,lXr ri~~' ::l~~~l\dQ d, t7rl £, ~V6t.)~
rl~J (a,b,c,d) ~t.lFo~ri~od ;":)~0:ew.,1'\ ~~F"e~j~}.i.}!o".

~~ ~;3.}ecj~ 24 1'$ ;:j~!2., ~ri 5 d (1) ;:tJ~~ ( 1.:1) d t..o~

;:j~d.>·t:l~JStCo:m~~.· '~Qilf(m~~ ( I ) ~~ tI'I)~~el'\~~;;Tt)ri ~.
IXpIXZ"",llr ~o~Ji~.} :J!I~~I'\~ o}o~ ~~~~e;3.' '

~~I'\PJil ii$~~o!l~ m~t)'!f'·~!l 1;I;:t~nY ·;3.}eO~ ~o:mori

~O'l1~n"~·,,,~~;:t~ ~~ .~~, 'ilo~l'\e..i, ;:tJ~ '. ~):Jf'!fm'
;t;itl;:t~'dd rl.}~~il'}F"ri~ t..~~ ~om;:t.}~. Ufli3.·;· t~fC~ eftTclt3~ 9', :.
~rl4).
,:' .. '.' .... ~ . -.,:..
"e;:lv V~~d,);:l ~.!~O~ X n (T4., X )O:~ ~~::l"l!
(2}" .. ,. :~1\~d"r-~ ~'m~.tf:loQ~At5. ' .', <": "
 43'
T- T* ")odl ~fA~~£I. '.If (TX,!") =iX,T.r)-
(T·X,X):: (TX,X) tt~Oo~, (TrtX) cxbl 1n~~I'l~.
;)~t~~f\, (TX,X) o:!~ V oh~m~ ~'~odl X~ ~~~
t:J;f\~ .lacS.> '2;tJ~~..Q4~f'~r;. ~rl (1"%,%) - (TX,X) etn~
OoQ', (TX,X) ::: (X, TX) - (X, rX). et~ (TX,X).., (X,
rX)t1rlliJj~od, (TX,X) =(X,T*X) = (T"X,X) ::: (T·
XX)·
(TX, Y )= HT(X+ Y),X+ Y)
- i«T(X - Y ),X - Y)
~ (i(4)( 1\X + i Y ),X + i Y)
- VI4 }(T(.f - iY).X - iY)
=i(T*(X+ Y),X+.Y}
- i (T·(X - y),X - Y)
-r(i/4)(T·(X+i Y)'X+i Y)
- Vl 4 )(T·(X - j Y),X - i Y)
=(X·X,Y)-
~".,)~ X ;$.)~ Y rtt;1\ta ( (T - T*)X,Y ) .. 0 e;,r1.l';tl
OoQ T-T*.

~ X rl\'rIJi (PX,X)~ 0 Vf\ctd JjOllt~ P o;jJ~... En~

-t• .,),o.c;i) x¢-(). 1\ (PX,X) > .,rut~ Iii~" tlocb ~.)
~f~. S- T abo. ~~.......~,~ cS ~ T ~t.) tto~'d~;1~~
;$)i.:., S - T ~ ~~~;nf\dQ" S> T .,}oW eo'6~dtt;:$~... t.I\)~
~taS. ~):00IS p";?,o ep :P)olO ~"'''Ji p -p •
..s..fm.~,;S.
.)0;1.)

~;&t&> 2' Ioai~.

",..ii
~a»~ ~;t,~ ~.

~eO'S:» 25· T~ t)o~MQ~' .n:

. (3) ff;;1v ~ .~dJi.~o'd ~~ .~~I\~.iB ¢i~
T-T'., I..
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. 't~t) T cj~ Xb~mo~ ~~rlt,;l~ ~ 0 ~I'I~Qd ~'J

(4) T~O.

(5) tf~de) Toj~ lId.r.lmo~ ~~rl~~ >0 f.11'1~d ~!>

T>O.
T em Xb~mo~ tS~rl~~ !l~z:$... ~~~l"IdQd ~~
tf~~t)
(6) T== - T* (a ~"i~ b ~~"?~rl~l"I~d~ ~o~ ~~\~
~o~ ~ == 0+ ib~~ a== 0 fjl"ldQd, ~tt~~;nnllS).
(7) ~edv Tem~ ~Mmo~ tS~r(~l (ldtt! tS~ Idmt\~d
om~ T o;h) ~ffC)is.'IJ~I'I~.

~ede) T ~ ~Mmo'IJ t5~rl~,) 0 ~r¥~ 1 '&~rte.i

(8) ~.., omf'ldQ d ~r¥~ ~oti.r.l fjl'\z:$Q d o:m~ T OO:J~ ~o~
~e)O'tJ~OliII'\~.

(9) tfede) T oj,) ~Mo::lf)o'IJ t5~M~ ~~ e~)I~.n~~"~t'I~6

o::m~ T ~ ~~M~mtit~I'ICl.

~~cS : T em.) ( 1) d~dj::fot (lMt.J~~ ~dC.

(¥I'(¥2""'(¥, rl~,) ~Cl~~'IJ"~I'Iz:$Qd, ~ri 1'* -= + 1X1E!

IX lEI

+ ... + "rEr ... T· T = T* ~~!~ IX ~ T ~ ~ocS~ XbMmo'IJ

'!!I~omr\t:S ~O~.) '&~iJ~~~Jt>vere. TX == (¥X, X;t: 0 fjl'ldt). fjrt
IX(X,X)":"{IXX,X) -= (T%'X). (2) Ood (TX,X) ~,) ~~~'IJ
~I'ICl.

_(TX,X)
IX.-~XT

,;d~ ~.~ ~~~'lJmt\d~~tSe"~. ~~ t3 ) ~~ ~Q~h~t$. T

~ 0 ;1.)~ TX - "X, X # 0 f:1l"1dQ~' fjrl

(TX,X»o
IX. - (X,X) - ,
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(..r.cf),2> {l (f/JdJ.gf~od Jiz! (J If (f..J;J}"> (J fflJg 4

_(TX,%»o.
£t (X,X)
'4S~ 2..od,) ~~t)~'C)~~ (GS~Cl\.~) JSO~::>jF"o:sJ ~M~o'd ~~~e;I~
~~t)~;ie.~ (Q~~r6)~t'I~ ,.)om ~(O~~~~.

(1) d~ ~.!~oti) a,;::: 0 ,.)oti) '&~~~~4~",eCQl. X:ID~ V

OOJ~dC. tf~ (1 b) o:)~oO X ... EIX + E2X + .. , + ErX oS~~~
(1a) o:))o~ TX - alE1X + atEzX + ... + £trErX- Mri (Ie)
oS~;i~ (ld )~e;I~,)-. w~cMet'l~l¥~ot3,), (T X, X).., £tIIEI XI 2 + (¥2
IE2XI2+ ... + a riErXI12 o. ~.!03.r.JodJ ar>!) oS:J!~ X:;tO
tft'loQd, f!:fr{ X - EIX + E2 X + .. , + ErX tft'lO:l~OOoO, om~
m~~ i ri IEjX [> O. '&d~, 4) ~,)~.2. {5) 0 N.lQ~o:b~~ ~CQlF
ri.r.J~~ ~ 1:5.

(6) ~d" N.lQ~e),) S '"" iT tft'lOC. Mn ~e~~ T*:::: - T

t:3t'1~ d ~~ S:::: S*. Too') 2..0d,) ~o:!~mo~ t5~~ £t tft'lcl,)~
0000, ~eoSe) i£t· ~ S ~ 2..oti) ~o.s.mo'd t5~omt'l0Q d ;m~ (3)
, ood (6) ~OQiIil~i:S.

T* - ~IE, + ~2El + ... + ~rEr ~ru~dOo~ (lb,c,d) ~or:l

1'*T-laI12EI + /alE2 + ... + l£tiEr ,.)omru~i:S. Mri jail;:;:
ja2/'" ••• = I(¥rl- 1 f!:fndQd, tf~ (lb) '4So~ T*T:::: [. ::>&e;l~~n
T*T- [~;i~ TX -aX, X:;f:.0 t1n~d, tfr{ (X,X) .. (T*TX,
=
X) (TX,TX) = (aX,£tX)-IClI1(X,X)· M~ lall!= 1. 'c.1r;1,)
(7 J d ~GS~oo,)~,)J,. @CQlFM~~!.rS.

(1) d~d')oSoi T-a1E1+ (I"E,,+ ... +£trEr f!:fnr:lQd ~~

~'!cModJ aj - 0 ~qS~ 1 t1t'1dQ ~t ~n T 2 - aiEl + a:& + ... +
(¥2£
r r
= T. ::>~~(;l,)~t'I 1'2._ T tfl'ldQ 0, e;n Tn 'dtJ~GI e.;~J
ISOOO;).) 12-1 OO,)~~ ~~n':;~(~t~. ...~ ~ 8) ~~ MQ~~~:::.
,
 ~e(~ (9) votJ~d;::!~~ w~~eT'l,:l~~O~. ~e;::!v TX - ()~
,0 T'lo~ ~e~ oir.l~~e ~omdrW~~ ~oOdOnQ d o:m~J T ~
lile;::!~mQ~mf'~; eo~~ ~e;::!v 0 o::!,)~ T o::!,) 'Wo~ ~Mmo~ ~~
T'le,)O~ ~ ;m~"
'" Q _,I

T~ e,)otJmT'lC! ~otJiiJ'!o~O'h~ (U)~~ ~d~~l'alI

~);S~eo:l~ 2;, cl ~~ ~iin~M e;::!~~~OJc)T'I~. ~~~~.. e~~,:liivJ~o::!,)
wt::r<J~d~ii~~ 'MeO~~;S. ~J;3~eo::!,) 25 cl ~()~o~ii~.), ,:l~'\,~J
~o~ii~ e.)~T'I~ ~vJT'I~ o?()3ClO~nvJ ~O~:J.)f ~~v~ii~T'I;3. (¥ ~ 'Wo~
,:l~.)e,~) ~o~ctr.l!\O(), (¥ = a + ib· a ;::!~~2.. b ii~:) m~~~
ii9'<J1'\d4!). ~ii "e;::!v b = 0 ~T'I~Q d o::!r.>~1 (¥ - Ii; ~e~v b - 0 ;::!~~.)~
_,I

a? 0 e3T'1~Qa ;::!Jf)~ Q ~ 0; ~e;::!v a=-O e3T'1r:lQd o:m~J (¥ == - ~;

~e;::!~ /(¥I = 1 e3f'1r:lQa ;m~ (¥Ii -= 1; ~e~~ (¥ - 0 ~lj!0Jc) 1 e3T'1~Qd
o:m~ IX::: (¥2; ~e~e,) Q;j:. 0 e3Mtd ;m~) (¥ ~ ~~Jde;::!.)iQClQ~o:r.>T'I~.
~~)e, ~ ,:lo~n~ ~~o ~~e~ ii.)t'WQ~)frl~) ~O~:J.)f~q\~~~~
~oo;3. erum~d~n, (¥ -= a + ib e3T'1~Q' a ~y~2.. b m~~'
rl9ClT'l~ d, e3r1
Q

T+T* .T-T*
T::: 2 +I 2; ,

T+ T* ..J.
~~.
T- r*
2 -- 2i

jd~ ,;lolm~..;n.)ofilii9ClT'l;3o:lSrJd Ood H ::: H" ;::!')i~ K - K*

::)~~, T:-:: H + iK. ~~e' ~t) H - (T+ 1* \/2 e!~~ To::!,)
... .... Q

~~'If ~ri ~O~, K= ~1'-T*)/2; o::!,)~~ To::!,) Wi~ renri

~ ~~~!t;3. ~~ e)otJ ~o~:J.)F'nvJ ~~o~ ~d.nmo~~
"'IC!.
 (10) "e~tl HK - KH U,..rt~ .~~ T ~ t)o~~I\r3.
~~ood T*T= TT* tf"'d~~, un ~t~l\ HK = KH.
~"~f~~", HK _ KH u"'d~~ un T"" H + iK ~i,)_, r* -
H _. ;K ~ro~oOod TT* - T· T·

Q2 "" p ~rvj;);5o-J ~r;:jeJ ,",om Q ~ 0 Uf'l~ d om~

( 11) P? O. ~~~Cl P~ 0 Ul\~ 13, uri Q 00).) Q ~ 0 ;:M~
Q2 -= P ~~ro~rl\'Od ~~'dml\ c:>~rO;r;:~a~!,c3.

~~ Q ;5~"" P oi> ~~!I"i\ ...~ ;SriF"oSMe:> ~olZJ ~o()jj)

~e;3. (II) ~~ ~Q~, p= T*T '-'l\~d, uri (PX,X) =(T'
TX,X) _ (TX, T X) ?:. 0 o)ot.)Jc:::i~')J.. rl;5,)~M. M~ Q?:. 0 ~f\C~
0:5~, P -= Q'l UI'I0 d, url P?:. o. :;:,".r. f;5,);5~~ ~Q~eJ') (1 ) d~dj
". + (X.rEr ~olZJ t.:d~,)O. P?:. 0 u"dQo,
Q

0:50' p_ (X.IE + (X.2E2+

1
"rl ~!~olZJ Ol?:. o. Q:::: v~IEI + V(x.2 E2 + ... + va.rEr
""ell. uri (Ie) ;5,)~ (ld) ~~rl1tOO Q - Q* ;5,)~ Q2 -= p.
~n 5 0 ( 1) 000, ~e;5eJ o::m~mOM ;~, 1 $ i $ r, (X. -= \;';l
UI'I0 d ;5Jil~ (X. ~ Q~ t..o~,) ~O.r.~ilo'!1 ~~o:ml'lC!. Q?:. 0 ~ot.),)r;Sj
Q

(4) ooml'l~.

QI ?:. 0 ;5J~ Q~ _ P ,.)~lZJ 'a~t.l~~~JV~· un ~oO~

O~~ ~doi>t),) Ql~ (l)~oA. e;($.d~,)"O: i:::: 1,2,,,·,k ~ ii--j, n ..
F = £.*#0 '-'1'\0Q d, F,Fj _0 u,,~~,
I I -
1- F, + F,- +." + FI
u,,~~, PI' P2' .. " p" n~,) :;:,~~ :j~e.~ :::io~~rI~"OJ;5~ QI .,
PI F,+P2F2+ ... +P . .F". (4)00d ~~ ls.i$k~ PI?:. (
~o~ a~eC!Qt~. ~e~ p-Q"=PiF,+f)iFl+ ". +f)=F. .
PI' Pl' ... , p" rl~~ ~~~m"~Q ?:. 0 t1r'1O,)~doo~ p~, Pi, ....
n~~,) t)'.~" ~ooo~~t~J. M~ ~ZIt ~ t)Oo2.l~rI~
~k ~ ~ ~ ~
Q2

~,,~~,~ k _ r wo~, ~~\~m"oQd, ;5,}Q.)'l!netir@;irf)~, 1$

 ,;o~~ttF' ~eno!rt~., ~;.,.. ~~..~ ~~or< 437

S r ~ p,;::: F;, fJ ,;::: "I ~o~ ~(~~!.~'. eje·tood QI - Q. 'Ie»

( 11 ) ~.. ~~ b:¢lt~. -.'

a ~~~ b ~~::>'II;n1\~~ «- ~+ ib ~1\dQ~' ~n «::: 0

~;$m

wo~ ,:,jo~~f"n~~ lul- 1 ;:5,)~.... r~ 0 e51\~~~,« - ru. 'aM

~~a t..om ~C~~f" ~d~!I~~~ ~oOt:l. 'So~r3f t..o~ ~(laf)o~
ee,)?eJ ~'II::>,JF"Ii~M ~~e,)~lZM 'llJia 'Sz;$t:l~ t1e;:5t) e,)oeJ ~O~~f"
1i~ti ~~ 'I!~~te~.

T o.:b.) eJoeJo:J.)1\tt 0, ~1i P ~ 0, p9 - T* T t:t1\\i);:s~

(l:.!) T"'" UP ;:5.)~J U ~e'il!~'d~1\t3. T C"J~~ ~~m1\ttc5,
~n U .\:)'I!tI~o:J.)flts. ~'t~t3, UP::; PU, TU - UT,
;:jv~ TP= PT·

( 1 ) d~m;so~ T,.,_ il, E1 + il2E2 + ... + ilrEr ~1"Id(l. ~Ii

i = 1 ,2, ... " ~ E"'j = EJ e5M~~dOod T"':= tilE, + fx.2£~ + ... +
l¥rEr' M~, (1 c) ;3')~ (1 d) c:h~"," tf\)~~et\~i~oci~ T* T::;
a "2 £1 4-1a:lj2 £2 + ... + lilrllEr wOOilnt3. p -lilIIE, + lil21E2
+ .. , + larlEr ~M~. ~dleoj.) 25 Ood, P"?: I), e~C3 p2 - T*T.
~a~om i ~ aj:;t:0 e5l'\d~.

u == .!!i-E, + ;?--- E2 + ... + ~r-Er woO~.

10 d 'lil21 l()!r1

~Ii T I/P. ~~~dM i ~ _a, - (I _ 6t"1dQ o, (I,::: 0 wot!.)

'CIeJ~"'.n~tJ~z;$.). tirt i> 1 ~ ai:;t:0.
U'" El + IlIll E2 +· .. + Ti, Er •
il2 ,~a:rf
 438
~~ T c_-: UP. wdriR ~odvn~~ U ~\.-d.n1\13 wod~ ~~eo:
25 Ood .!~®,)~13. ~;!)eQi) 2~ Ood i- 1,2, ... ,," (t;t.1
~"OQ d ~~ T ~ ~~~,,~. t1~ Ood U - TP-' ~ru~~OO!
U ~tf0 't1~,,13. U;i)~ P ® d~~O'hl UP - PU, U1 - Tl
~~~~ PT= TP wo~ ueo~!,13.
T ~ e)02J~1'\~~, f t..o~ 2J~~om1\~ 13, ~n f (T)
oj.) rl~~oj,),) ~.)e.>~~1'\d. (1) d~ru;1o'l T= a,E, + a!E2 + ... +
arE ~1'\~O, e1rl (Ie) ;1,)i~ (Id) oiJ~~ eroticMrMJf!~o~, T2
r
= aiEl + agE2 + ... + a: Er• ~~r .y6~1'\, o:troJ~df oWamF"O~
=
k? I ~ T" a~ EI + a~ Eg + ... + a~ Er • 6t ~~~o~n~od
( J3 ) f (T ) == f (0%, )EI +f (a~ )Eg + ... +f (a r )Er•
f (al), f ((l;l)' ... , f (at) r..;,) ::J~O~~~ro~o~ f Q'j,),)
oir.>;;»de ~::J')e,~ ~;j""tl~~e~t}s ero:t~c/..~1'\dQd, e1r. f (T) oj,)~c/.. ~~
(13) 000 ~~~~~,)~t03. Mt'I f (T) OO,)~,)c/.. liti~;;»O~-d" T OO~
~.dMmo~ tS~li~~~ ;i)~~ T em ::J,)zp~ ~e)o2J~r.~~~ liti~,);;»O,)
~O:;!:$~~~r\1!l. f (T) ® ~~m~~o~ 0Sil~~0Sil1'\ ~~~e~ ~~.
~d,) ~eO:;e) T n ~o~oQ~tt ::J::JQ ~O~OJ.)rli~~~ ~o'l¥e!~~ ;:.wQ~
~~~T\1!l. ~ ~~m~~d r.~~~e,~ ~~~~;;» ~~,,~ ~cm~li~~
~,)d.Jf'I~.
(a) (f+g)(T) ""/(TJ+g(T),
(b) (a/)(T)=a/(T),
(c) (fg)(T) - f (T)g(T)·
eI\lt:r.l~cltM, I (a) -ea ;i)~g(a)=e-a ~1'\dQ~' ~r. f (T)
1 1E
=ealEl+ealE'1.+ea'Er+ ••. + g (T)=ccc E.+ccc '1.
+ ... + cccr E,; ~~ f (T )g( T) - E. + Em + ... + Er =[.
=
I g(a) 1 ~1'\~~dOot$" ~~opj~ ~~Q(14c)~od ~OQ~~tS.
~ t;$()1nopjrl';~ dn.t)"rl~" ~e)Q03Cl" ~~O~~;!. ;:b;)1t1"
li~" ~QcSrl~~c/.. cS~d;n" ,,~mt.)~~ ~~03Cl ;:b;)~"~4 C
;!,)~~~ t..o~ ~o'd~.)F'Qi), ~.t)" wot$.) zorl~~ ~ b~t.)~t$.).
 e9~oJlrl~

1. 'lJ~1\~~ ell ;i)tCid ~O";::l)F"Ii~~ ~!~or;ir.) ~()i)i

e:to~O'; ru~e.l~'lJ.e ;:;ro~e!ml'\ e.lof..lml'\~ wo~ MeO.llo.
~!~o~ l30~::l~F"o:h ~dJi,mo"; ~~Ii~~.... ~o~!xll'l
~~O. ~m~n.JoQrI~I'\d,)~~ o:m~~ ? Q~\.~
;;:r.J1'\d,)~~ om~~? ~~->m\.re;;:r.JI'\d,)~~ o:llil~?
~e>of..l~rI\"f)M,)~~ om~~?

(a) T(/l'"fJ)=(/l',+ifJ,-;t%+fJ)
(b) T(t%, fJ) ... «(2i+ 2 )t%+(-1+2i)fJ,
(1-2i)t%+ifJ)
(c) T (t%,fJ) .., (t% + ifJ, - ;t%)
(d) T (t%,fJ) "'" (2;t% - fJ, (1 + i)/l', + (2 - 2i)fJ)
(e) T(/l'"fJ)=(i/l',+(i+ 1)fJ,-i/l',+(i+ l)fJ)
(f) T(/l'"fJ)C:(/l',+(l+i)fJ,(l- i)t%+fJ)

i/l', + fJ ~+ _ifJ)
(9) T (t%,fJ) = ( v~' '\1'2

(h) T(t%,fJ) =(/l',-:+-2i_~, -i~+fJ)

2. 'lJe~e> T=(T+T*)/2 e:t1\~lOld o:m~ T-T* wo~

~eOM. (~d~: (T- 'r)/2i- Owo~ ~eo~o.]

3. S o:J,)~ Trl~,)~de~eO'honl'\zt~. e:trl(SX,X) - (TX, X)

V cxiJ~~~ w~ X ~ 'lffo:Jt) S- T e:t"~Qd;:m~ wo~
Meo~o. [udcS: (2) d 7AQ~o:i)~.... ~e~o.]

4. e:to~o'd ruCillVtlQ (A, B)=tr(B"'A) O~:l~ V~,)

2 x 2 ~~e.~ ~~\frl~ ~;)~omf'lo(). (~ec:ao
es~.~ 3, ~rI 5) 'lJ~I'\~o:J V Q'j,) o!,)eC~ ~O~::l~rI~~
440 t'flln_. f1 ~fWrl"'.

'!J.!~O~ VOr.l~f'lr! .;)O~ bro.2.lo. :J~\~~"

~tiJ dbil~~? .~\CI'IdJ";~ a:U;~~? ~~c
m>~reJotprl~flrj.)~~ om~~ ?

(a) c= [; j]~f'ldJd~, TA=AC-CA.

(b) C. == [ if V 2 f V "dJd~ 'T''A 1 2]

1/y'2 i/y'2 ell m'.L, = AC-CA·

iJ
1 0 e1f'1dJ;S~, TA= C*AC
(c) C= [ -i

(d) c= [2i1:/ i-/ ] ~:H\dJo::$~, TA == AC

5. T (a.,fJ) - «3; + (1)a + (2-7 i),8, 6ia-fJ) ~1'Id()"
Cl ~ ~~ ~o~O~ Ii)~t)~;:::~~ ~~oo?3 ~o~ ~oo'"
T em ~~:J'd ;SJ~-" eM~ ~rlTi~~J... 'doz:iJ~ta~JO.
6. (a) PI?:: 0 ;S,)8~ P1 ?:: 0 ~,)~ PI P2 - P2P1 .,":)o~:b
,;e3JeJ'I1~~JV~' P1P1 ?:: 0 ~o~ \beOM. [~~~t3:
t;rwli 1 d (1 I) ~,)~ (13) ~tl~o~Ii';tS~ PI P2 ~~~
~Ml.>~J~~'I1f)~f'I ~.lJO. ~~o8d ~~~foj,):..O tS)...
tS\)~~erv"jo. )
7.
[1 iJ
•••1

;"~'"
.~ - -; l'

P?:: 0 wo~ ~o~; p ~ :;).)tP~ ~vo~tS~~oI.. ~o~

l;gQ~O ~ P Qi) ~1if"~~~4I. ~otil~Q~O.

R. (a) T*T2: ~ wod,) bfO.'.lO.

j.', "

(b) f '.~ ~~.~~1;\,\ d ;i)~l. ~ ~ oo)~ ~dJ& mo~ tS~

rl~J li li~~ 0:::. (J ::; 1 ~1'I~15, ~11 P?:: 0 ~,)!:"
i?:: P ~o6 I~~o~-o.
/

!). 'C l -u3,),) ~O:)'i t1t>ie, rut$~t.) rl~, ~.r.:>Od~ O::l:!!_)•

.;l •
tNn~o"«J

T (1%,,8) - (2jl% -,8, 1% + i(8)·

T* T 00) ;::!nFoi>~V;::!~~ ';or;1)!oIl~~O. (~) ~~t)~;)1i,)
;::jo~ P 0::1~!~ V ~C;';~fli~~~ ~o~~Il~)O. PU = UP
~o~~ ~~ ~f~.

10. ~~,,~ 1JO';:J.),.r(t;;l ~~~odd X1Mmo~ ~~r(~~~

'l!o~!o~~,)O. (5), (6), (7) ~~!~ (R) o~, ~;::!~~t\
VO'l.l!d~ ~~~O:l=&~~ ~;::!lJ'~'d w~-.~~~~ ~!~ot:'Jil
;iJileO;I:b~;S oJo~~ ;l;WQ~O.

(a) T(o.,,8)-(I%+ip,Z(3)
(b) T (1%' (8)"'" (il%' il%+ '2i(3)
(c) T(I%,,8)=(iI%+,8,i,8)
(d) T(or.,{3)-(I%+/J,,8)

11. T OO~ ~o~mt\~b' T .. I% 1E 1 + I%~E2 + ,.. + I%rE r ll)

d~dJ;::!o' 1%1' 1%2' .'" I%r ::>!~rl~~t:i~ o::1~;i.:?. 1%1'" 0
~t\~Q 15, ~r( U ~:.r. f r(~.) ( 1 ;.!) ~4 m()~;::!o' ~~e'!f
~'I!~Fr(~.) U~ wC~ ~eo~o. [udcS:

U .. iE t +.2.L Ei+ ... + .!!:£1 Er o:hl

1«2t Il%r
/'

(l2}d ~CIh~ " ..~o" ~~Fah ~" ~~t

. ~o9~~oI. mt.I~J

12. (s) a ~ t..ot:b ~:.:r! ~o~Cli.r.H'\ctd, t1r( a~ 0

~p 0<0' T~O ;::!.)~ - T? 0 ~t\~;::jo'
t..o~ ~m~FlJoQ zo'il»F T ~~oI. 'l!o~!o~~
166
442

~t.10od~ zSo~~li~ ;:1,).~ ~o~1'(~ ~~

~ct~~ $t:;F"mli.)~~;So~ ~(O~o. [~~,
(4) ~'" tl\)zSoisitt\~o.]

(b) Tam v o:i> ~ft)ru~ ,",od,) ~~F"tJoQ lSO'l5::.

amnd(). (Ii" mo. e1am~~o:i», P,:!:. O,P2!:.
~.)~ T =P, - P'J e1nro~o" V oj,) ~fej 1
~~ ~, ido!1:J')F'rl~~ .:>ocS.> tta~o~o. [~?J~
( I) d~d:J;$oj T - (X,IE, + a i E 2 + ... + tlrl.
e:t n~ d, Of 2:: 0 e:tnd:J;:So~ PI ~ e:t OlE, 1'(~ ~!
~!\de)'1

]3. e~'If~~<J,l\ X· y ~.)ot5 ;rio'f¥e-!m;$ 2..ot5,) e:to~O~ rbro

e.>~Mli~ V ~ 2.>om ~o~ ~oo~~d ;rJ~~ ~o!:
;rJ~~~M().

(a) P? 0 e:t1'ld:Jo:!oi P c:S,).) Voo') ~.)e()~ 2..ot5,) idO~:J~F"

..:Joe.) 'aU~~~~~,,(~. hlX, Y) =PX' Y e.1MC,
h (X, Y) - h( Y,X), h(aX I + PX2,y ) "'" ah
(X', Y)+{Jh(X2, Y) ~.)~ h(X,X)?() ..:Jod~
M(O~O.

(b) h(X,Y) = h(};X), h(aX'+{JX2,Y)=Oth

(Xl, Y) + ,8h(Xl,y ) ~,)~ h (X,X)? 0 ~(S~
'm();ri)~, wOtll ;rJO~ ta~o'rl~.) X ~.)~ Y1'("
2..od.> ~~ ;:$fat)~t~a tl\)t~",~ heX, Y) ~T'I~
wod.> lI~t.i"a\'~.,ft1. =
heX, Y ) PX' Y e:tT'lC:
;$0. 2..01'$) ~,,~~ ido'!1:»r p lIlS wo~ tafO~O,
~~tS P? 0 ~ isafO~O. (UllfiS: X t!I~.
\d~~.t.a ,;:$.)'i.f(Y}~h(X,Y)~l\OC!). ~;!.)tcx$;
16 ~... ' t!I~4=~ f (Y) - X·I Y ~1'd:J;$o' t..o~
~i~~ ;rfe';;X ) 'CI1~ wo~. UfO)A X I ~~... P>'
~od ;t;o*.!~.J
14.
i/2 -~] . . 1 1
A - [ i ij'l ' 1(1)= C:'r' g(t'--
1+t
2'

10
h(t)=3i(1 -( 2 ), k{t)-t'+2t+ I, m(t)_t •
.,)00040. "~T\mOi$)Oi$) ~~O~~~;!cMt .,)ot.l~d~... ~QF"O~O.
~T\dQ a, ~Oi$)n~~~<k n~~o. [udeS : A 00.l ~~
~lt)Ot.l~n~~<k ~oti~oota~o.] "

(8) g(A) (b) f (A)h(A)

(c) (kg)(A) (d) m(A)

(e) h(A)k(A)m(A){/(A))l
1 n.

A_ [_~ t} woOO4O;

(8) 4B= BA e.1T\O~~oJ, w~ ~m~.l·t.loQ B o:mt"

n~~.)<k ~o~oot:e~.

(b) A em) C OO~ m~~~ ~rlmT\m~oJ w~ t)ot.)

~~v~rl~.) C rt~~~ =eoti~oota~.)o. [;¢nileS :
~1i (0) ~~J (lO) ~.)__ t.l~M.]

16.
,A = [~ ~]wOOd40.
"e~v p _ 0 e.1T\dQd '~~ A ~ e.>o'WOSelT\Q wot;::!.)
~eo".e. n x n ~_w"n~~ 7add ~o~ ~~F',y~d~
~~} ~M:';"'O ~)~:, mQ~O .
...
17. V o:!~~ (X, y) e.1oiO'lf ru~WQdttlti(S ~om ilWO~
~o:m~~ '-1~'e.~) '-10!l -,s~.:l~~o:mT\dC. T ~ V oj~
~)~OUJ~ de~eem ~O~~.:lF'aiTo>T\dO. e1n Taj,) o:il'di->"~
 C!u,,~'.1f CltwtllH
~44

t.>;:l:,,_ !)~.r.t~to;i);si"'~~O. JI ~ t..ot:b ~~~o~~~~

~~d:;:'~. .as ~QClrl~d ~r(n~ 'add t..oG,) ~~(M tEO
om~!.i!.

la) T*(S t..or:~ ~c~mo~ tS~~ .,""'d!l \X I

\= I
;::$~~ T*X' _",Xl 'JI\C»~O' V~~ Xl ~r~.
Xl ~od ~:;:,;)n1~~ wI$Jl~o;i)~... M, ~o~
~o~e.!". Mt~ T ~ t..od,) (.)f.d tIUi:l,;l~o:ir.lf\t:l
..:;,od~ i.r.~O~O. [~Uf!: ~f~ ~tjJ.l~~ J:!,
~rJrl 5.]
( b ) Mf~.e T em ~.!em~~ T, ~oC: ~offf ~~, e;o~d,
M t -=~~;1 K ~, Tr X=:; T .A~ TI "'rS 2..00')
~r'Ji ~o"l1 teejoi>~ (l:~ ~"c:() /X 21 I ;j,)i~
1'1* X 2 _ (l:,X 2 ~M,)~o~ M1J.deJ X ~rS.)J. ~~,),
2
_ ('f'l t)

X 2 (vo~ ~::>~F',;l~ ~ eI\)~r,;j,)l>IeJ oj,)~.J...

;:i.r.J<)O.
M2 ~od ,;lo~f.!"O. M+ d~ M2 rS tJo~eoj,)
~~;::$~... (MiH ;sJo~t!;ljIO; ~or::!d,.(X,X2) ~ 0
ul\~o:loi Mt d~d~ .;)I'l X Ii'; ;sJo~a5~ (M~);
UI\r3. T/' (Mt)t o:$~ 2..o~ tJ~O fJ\)lS;tJ~.)~~
c:rlr.>1\~ ,.)o~ ~~~ dim (M~H = dim V - ~
.;)od~ ~ro:tJo. [~dcS: dim ~Mt)t - dim
Mt - 1.J
lc) (Mt)t~.o T. ~!cm~~ Tl ~od il:lo't¥e!:tJo
(S
~~~ T2 ~~~ (MHt ~ 9~1i (b) ~,)~... ~~~
o:l!F':tJ. .as ~~cmF'~~ ~(SOio:llF'~~~ i:-= 1,
2, ... ,n ~ {Xi, X iT', ... , xn 1 (S t..o~ &:eecm
il:lo~(~~cm,) TX i ~I\~o:lo' V ~ 'i..od,) ;tJo:l')
vo~C~ t19'ilO {XI, Xl ... , XD} fI mo o:lJUG~
~CS. T 0:.» "4Coli3f1dQ~' un .. ~oi)f'~~~
~n 5. d ~~~ 2 ~ 'If~~d.l~oieSr:t ~ I\~
~n~~. _' .
 \l'b"n~
1 d,)~ 2~t ~""~ ~a;o~4 Courant and Hilhert
[5] ~~ e~t~ ~ ~~~ W~~tf\"~ ~. ~d~ t9cSf~ ~~....
n~~.. ~m~'II ~~ 0.d~tm\.'If tiQ~rt\! W~I'I~ ~'",""" dAmo.
o;:;l?l~C!o~'. ~~'d'; lr.!eo~~C!. >;id e~.dahli\i~ m~ >;~....~~
~C~opJr<~~.... [24, e~~~ 4] d~
Smirnov ""~?l~~.
Smirnov ~ ~'IId III cSt
~r<~ t)o~ta;i) ;$. 1 dn~ot1'N ~o
ri
~Ir~li\i mJ'~tii~ ~o~ eGi~cxb~~~~ ~~Mo~~. ~oo~~~
!e~r<fOl ~t~ Q.dedt.m3\,~ ~~~ ~mF'\.'d ~alr<~ ~o~ alO~~F"
~'It~ ~~~~~.... Jacobson [1 ", t9t?~~rW~ 5 ~i~ 6) ~~
~~?l~~. 'dt)~R~d~ Qilrl 3 d et.Jl~:r:: 9 d ~o~ et$.do;i)oS~~
Cramer [6, ~. 184 If J ~~ fit9~:>d,).
I

~~oi e;,~~~o ~;:;lor<"-d 25 ~!2.. 26~f ~~t~"fOl ~o~~

<:;)~d~o±J~~ Berherian [2] ~~ ~~t.l~~. ~oS:>pt$~t4~~...
[~n 5 d (12) ) d~ iQilql ~~~fj~~ ~Of.:OQ::I~QdWl (~ t)Ot.l~;1~....
wi!3~tT\~C! &d-a;t$t.)~~. >;od ,:"oi:S.:> m9~mT\ Hoffman
and Kunze [14, ~. 279 ff] ~ft). '

iQil~F" ~td~ ~~~~1f (T) ah ~~ah~.... ?l~

~on~l'Io~ ~'2!id ;;W~r~'d w~~~~ ~~ t)o~O~~rl':f\ol
~2&iJ Ne)oSF' ~ ~ ~~f"ne;" ~~~~ w~t\~, 1Id'lf-d
alo:iJ;)F'oi) ~/!)r<~~ Courant and Hilbert [5) ~ brl!l"ci>~ ~~
Jacobson [15, ~9i~ail6J ~~ 'lf~Q~~~.
 1. AITKEN, A. C., Determinants and Matrices. 3rd ed
New York: Inter scienCe, 1944.' ..: .,
2. BFRBERIAN, S;, Introduction to Hilbert
, Space. , New
'

York: Oxford University Press, 1961.

3. CHURCHILL. R. V" Operational Mathematics., 4nd en.,
New York: McGraw-HIli, 1958.
4. CHURCHILL, R. V., Introduction to Complex Variables
and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hili 194~.
5. COURANT, R. and D. HILBERT, Methods of Mathema-
tical Physics. Vol. 1, New York: Interscience, 1953.
6. CRAMER, H., The Elements of Probabiiity. New York:
Wiley, 1955.
7. ERDELYI. A., Operational Calculus and Generalized
Functions. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1962.
8. FAPDEEVA, V. N., Computational Methods of Linear
Algebra. C. D. Benster, translator, New York: Dover" 1939'
9. FICKEN, F.A., The Simplex Method of Linear Program-
ming. New York: Hoit, Rinehart. and Winston, 1961.
10. FRIEDMAN, 8., Principles and Techniques of Applied
Mathtmatics. New York: Wiley. 1956.
11. GAGTMACHER, F. R., Applications of the Theory of
Matrices. Translated by J. L. Brenner with the assistance of
D W. Bushaw and S. EvanU18. New York: Intersc\ence, 1959·
12 GUILLEMIN. E. A" Intruductory Circuit Theory. New
York: Wiley, 1953.
13. HALMOS. P., Finite - Dimensiona, Vector Spaces.
Second Print, Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1958.
 447
14. HOFFMAN. K, ,and R KUNZE, Linear Aigebra. Engle-
wood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961.

15. JACOBSON, N., Lectures in Abstract Algebra .. Vol. 2.

New York, Van Nostrand, 1953..

16. KAPt AN. W. Ordinary Differential fquatio"s. Rea

ding, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1958.

17. KAPLAN, W., Advanced Calculus. Rea~ing,' Mass.:

Addision-Weslev. 1953.

18. KLEIN. F.• Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced

Standpoint, Geometry. E. R. Hedrick and C.A. Noble, translators
New York: Dover. 1939.
19. LANCZOS, C., Applied Analysis.. Englewood Cliffs,
N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1956.
20. LOVITT, W. V.• Linear Integral Equations:· New Yo,:,:
Dover, 1950.
21. NICKERSON, H. K.• D. C. SPENCER, and N. E. STEEN-
ROD. Advanced Calculus. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1959.
22. ROBINSON, G., Vector Geomttry. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon, 1962.
23. RUDIN, W., Principles of Mathematical Analysis.
New York: McGraw-H ill, 1953.
24. SMIRNOV, V. I., Linear Algebra and Group Theory.
Revised. edited, and adapted by R. A. Silverman. New York:
McGraw-Hil".1961.
25. TOLSTOV, G. P., Fourier Series. R. A. Silverman,
translatos, Englewood Cliffs, N. J : Prentice-Hall, 1961.

\
 ~~~oi> 1

, tprl 1
1. (8) [2 l]
(c) [; iJ
(e) [
12
~ 1: _8]
62 -3
(g) U~ ; -ij
-3 8 -2

(i) [!a 1
!
a 1
~]
a2
2. Mtm~~aS MM';.).

(0) (1 !J (e) [~ ~J

(e) ri ~ !] (9) [1o 0 0

o
1
0
0

(i) [~ g ,iJ
,
3. (a) Xl - - Ix, (e) X 1 -Xl+ 3 X,
Xl - - Ix, X2 - - 2X3 - 3x 4
4. (8) ~!~ zfomo~~(i>", ~ol!lt!.
(e) ~!.)~ ~omdn.;(i>", ~ol!lt!.
(e) ~!.)~ ~o:nd"';~~ !MoO~.
(g) a!.)~) aSo~e~c$~ ~oO~.
 449

qart2
1. (8) ~O~d~ ~~. .

lCl:x~"t -1'-i. z~t .

l~e):IX~ w+i,Y- ·-tW+P z-- 3W
1
(g) x- , y_ 1, Z_O, W--

(c) ~.O~OTN~.
'\ '\

2. .~1N !J:~.t ~~?lred~~~ '.i. ... ",.

• -II;

3. (8) Y, - Y1 - Y3 + 3y.=~
{,9) Ytt r'=O 3
4. (e~· x= (7 - 21)/3, y= (-2 - n/
(C) ~O~d~.

'. . 6. (8)~' (cJ 0,1,2".

7. (8) ,~t)ot)~ ~), ,,~o~.' ,(e.}:, i~d~t)o~.
8. ~(~. ~~~~~ ~) ~d~~ :~e) ~~t)o~~
9. (~~;"'~~~~! '~.~~
10. (8) ",0::$) afa\.'If . . .~ e~.
(C) ~,2, 1,0)=2 (6, - 1, 2, 1)+(1, 7; ... 1)
,('~ ,~"."H i ,'. ,-B(&. 1;:9,0)~~' 3,-2, -1)
3, . .
n. (8) 'M~t1rpd=Hl,~'1),.(O,l,O)}.
V ~ t1~d::::·~{(.a,.(), 1); (0, 1, .Q),-(l, 0, O)}4
r:"l:~O{, , •. ~". ':.. ! 'I , 167
460
(c) M= y. .,'J

(e) M f. ,,~= {l~J, "T.l},

Vf. ur;sad= {t-I, ',1+1, I}.
(~f.~ ~~rd 'B~ 7a9ttn~;!.)

12. (8) [1 0 - 1J , ,[~

(c), 0 ,0
0 o 0OJ
l)
. 0 0 o 0
o 0 o 0

13. (8) ,;t)4l~ - 2.

~~ mt)~ ~~,)~eJ~ ur?d - {( 2, 1), (1, 2)}.
M~~~~eJ~ ~~~ w~~~~~,..~·
(c) ,;t)cp~_3 • .
ell" ~t)~ :l.I~lieJ~ e.1~d - ~ ( 1, 0, 0, H),
, to, !,o,h),
(0, 0, 1, - H)}'
M~~xj~':3~ e.1~d - {(-H, - f-'fj' H, I)}.
14. ~tS(" ~~~rW:J iGtii. "~,,,~~"~:l.I~ w~t!le~li~
(a) {I, t, t', ... (fIJ} (0). {x,y, z}
{e}. lit' I, r, 'B~:lt ~"'j 12 rt".) ~V, ~
ucrbt1~st ~~ I, ~d 10 ~ 'adil;$ vo~ Iltl
°
10 f. ..~ t)Ot.li~ :l.I;in~oad ""R~
. ,. :';t.~i .. , : ' ."

1. (8) ~C_\;1f,; ,,"f:',· (c) Otm\.'~~'

(e)
'.
~~\.' "~I ,1 \ :, tg)
J ~
~,t~\'.
) '
 461

5. =
(a) n=m=.3; 17lx,y, z) (3.x+:.)' + 2z,y+z,
-x+y+z)
(c) n=3,m=2; T{x,y,Z) = (2x+y+Z,x+,Y+z)

7. (8) ;,i~'=.o~ R8 ~1\~ ~~;s1;i).eJ~~ MtS"" wiD

;s1~.J~1\~.
(c) ~62:.O:»;)
;s1;$;)iu :x+y=O ~1\~; ~ua x-t,
y __ t, Z - 0 ~~ M~~ ;s1;$;)~~"t1

8. (a) m~~ - 2, ~~'I- 1.

(c) ;qt)~~_2, ~,~I_1.
9. (8) mfJ~f.. ~I?d - H~_,l:J, { -1, tH'
M~~ ;s1;$;)Ji.Jf.. ~r?d,- {(~ ~j ::-2~. 1)}.
(c) mr3~A,,~d= H~.) -: 1, (1),(2, 1, S)}.
Mt\~J' tnpI1=.'{:( 1, 1,.~,.6)}.
Sy)
10. (8) .,
T{x,y)-l-,x+4:y;-x+
T(l,O)=l-l,:"l)

.,
t \
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::~ ~a~ ~~~iilf~i~!trl~
17. (a) , ~y, %l_(3~ 4y - %,0, x) t
; T$.(x, y~:~ .,.(3S;- y, %, Sx - y)
(S ;I:}).it'~~~) 4X~.2l'y+ z,x + z) ;S
(352 - 1T~, p, ~ .. f.f!t;t .. 4z, JY+
I - ~f- 2z,
,,:"~~+4y+5Z)

(e) ST(x, y, z) ":'1(4-*.l. 4y, 0, z)

'. : Ts<'X",Z)_(3X-y',-:3X+Y, z)
(8 + T)(x, t, z)" (4x, - x - y, 2z)
(3S 2.~')(x, y;IZ ) - (27 x '- 9y, 0, z)
1 :._

13. "(a1 'I[_l 31'

() 2J',
on 'f6° .":1]' '(er' [1 2J 1 -5 -1

'14. ~oe·rtrJ~~tt~t;!,. ~~~ It)~.,,; .. ~ ~~~tS,

'(8) nx~ y~ %l-tJ.,,··z~ 0) (c) T. - I
Ir. . ·,·,,>- j..,,. ',\...-

(e) T-I, S{x, y, x) -t.t,·,;~:),

(g1' .'SCx;'y, z) .1(i+Y4- z/,'+':;"%),
:7(~,y, z5!.«1, V, - 'z)

2. (a) T-1(x, y;~) !tx':': y";, -i,:~)

(e)'~~".:
3. (~~: ~~,~.
\~l! (a,).{o) ~'.:{'1i:f,·'lj _"'&~...t; (0, 0, 0
,~_~,~.~ -r/' ~
~t1*.'tSai» T-' tfI\ZS.

4.
~ ':.;

(8) ~~~;qa~""."
:,' ("\
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3. (8) T- 1 _ ~,,,CIS» [0 1]
. . 1 -t'
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(i'Y' ~&fBS~9~i~. J
(., i:..· ~ *~t)"~ '1,0 01]: [,~0 oJ [1 -2J
1
l'
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, '

[:1~-
cf-3
-1
13 ,~;a._~13 ]
cr- 3
tfl'\13.

12. (a) t..o~ ~!~O~~' ~~.

(c) .. o~ ~a~o~ e~.

13. (a) t1um~dtt~, T (ao+;'tIlt+Q~!tll = (0., a" Q2)'

rtnrl6

1. (a) ~ ,~) ,f i
',,+(s~ ~~2"'!+ /\1212+ 2+ v2'
tC) ld.;..3+,/2 'If,
1-:-:2. 2' -/2 i
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0
(C) _['04)
810
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,0 g.:
o OJ
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o 0'
, , 0 '0
- '
7. (8) ~~A~~~Q~ e~.
(C) [fJ _12 _6]
n =~ l~ 1~
(e) [_2 -7 7 1 !:J]
)0 12 -35 -12 1
(" -15 ... IB 18 41 10
3 -1 1 1 -2
-1 8 15 -8 -7

8. (a)
,
[-~, ~ ~]i' [~ ~ ~]1 [~ ~! -:3J
0 0, 0 0 1-1
(c) ~~u:~.m~Qa e~.
1(I. (a) a;t: 1 ;i)~ a;t: - 3 t"'dQ~' ~~t;i)~Qa'
~c).' oi)~ ;n~~~ A~,~dsac&mGi'
(c) (1, 1, \, 0, 1, 2)
16. (8) (3, 7, - 6)
e;:Svo~.
17.' ,(8) ~d;!~o~~! qJ (c)

18. ~8)
,,;:$oo~' :
:
0-
o i-2 0
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1 ; 1 0'
6

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I
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21. (8) (1, 1,6)

22. (b) (1,4, 10, 40)
(c) (6, 1,-1)
23 •. '(8) 1 3, - 1)

27.
(0)
.
~~ ~][~ ~ ~ ij~ :W ~11l1~ ~ ~ ~J
1 0][3 1) [0 0)[ I 0 - 2 I 4 I
0102 0001 1103

[~ ~1(~ ~) IT 001234".

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e9'i~cd) 2

qarl1
(e) -8
2. (8) 4i+k
_ 18/0V 14 UJ} , 2 ~v ,\l + 21v/ = 26
(e)
(.i) 1 V, ,f

,. (b) tix+by+C% _ ' . d;

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6. {'!.vt )r dl\!119 -a~ Vl:;C0 ~~~..... {yl' !~} ~~~~.

;:sil'\~. 'a~dQ~' V, = V.-(Vl·Vt)v1IlvtP . "I'\~~~, ..
~~o~~~ (V;~l)Vl~Yllltr (v.v~)v~ly,\~· "f\~" ~Qoot:!
V1'r, -~; " ,
1P~2
6. (8) -16 (e).y'7 -~¥ (g) 5!V 42
(e)
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8. (8) Hi (e) ly'll (e) iViY (g) y3aJ~2
"
11. (b) ~~~o~, ~-Un-) sin 2,.t·
_t:lOt.l,.t+(1ln-) !in ~frt·

(a) t:l~~ ,~. (c) ~~t~~~

" (I ..., l , ,"
)V~'Tc~ e~"
I

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'. .
3. (8) ~~ ~9id. ., ; I

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(t'-If +~t..i.n)
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:. ..~: ll/vAt , 'IVY, 6).

t)rjrJ~ "~-A ~tf~~;: (3, ,-1,2) 'lile

~~c~ :~3.! i\-~t~~. :.

(c) (~' n~rIt>: (It'#Jir;,4Iv%-v'2
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r,nrl4

1. (8) (1,1, -1) Ocd ~~')F"jlj~~e.l eJi)li%$;:j~.

(c) (1, 1, 1, ... , 1) Ood (::l~)F'~~~ eJi)~Z:f

(e) {(3, 0, I, 2), \ 1, 0, 1, 1) }Ood (::l:»F"jlj~~ eJi)~

~;:j,)~.

2, (8) M'f!t: {(-1/"/35" 5/ :fb, S/Va-f))}.v

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-'/6)}. l/V/ji,
(c) Mf!t: { (-2/y'6, 1/,/[', 0), (-~/:V70,
- 6/ V70, 5iV 70)}.
MJ.~: {(I/y'14, 2/y'14, 3/,\/14)}.

(c) H!, -;, 'I.)

4. (8) {a P, 0, _10), b (~1, ,,;"101, 81)}, 'l/;~
a8- Tk,., l/b2 ... 612+ 468 + 352 •
(t:) {!l/yHi (l:1, 0: '4)} ,
o. (4) -b (-1,0,3) (c) (lJ, -1, Ir)
6. (8) Y - (3, -1, 0)
.', .: . ,": ,. 'I " ,"\ ' ....
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t - 447{ +
8S)2dt. , ':, '" l·
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458
(C) g_390t% - 37.2/+ 51
;10. (a) ~t;:1t) Xi -+- y2 _1 t1t\~" ;m~ (x,y) ~ Ud;:
t1t\C!.
(d) Y _ 3, - 1 5: X ~1 'ade.» g ail,) i~.t.. rlO~$;S~
aSnoQ~.

flirt 5
J. (8)' T*(x, y, z) -(x+ y+z, y+z. z),

(c) T* - T
(e) T*(x,y, z)_(_y- 2z,x- 3z,2x+ 3y )

2. (a) T*(x, y) _(3x+ y, - 4~-y)

~~. (a) T"',j- - T,I+/(1)(30rl-24/+3)-

/(0)(30 / 2 - 116t+9)
3
(c) r"'s/- - TIl +/(1)(30(2 - 2 4 1+ )
(8) r"'5- T p·
4. (a) fj~d: {(1/v'2,(),(I!v'2,-2h/~)}'

T oil ~i.>': [~ ~l r~ ~ •.>": [~ (

5. (8) T,"'T2( /) - -

t ~ I_tt) _t!/.J!)+ df C!_l_tSOf-24t + 3)

d,g dt ~\

(c)
(T .*T,.) (1) _180t2 - 168t + 24; T1"'T,"'(
2
_150t2 - 144t+ 2~ •.
Tl"'T,.)(f)'- 120f - 11 6t+ 18
), _, I - \

(e) 2TG I' .

(c) rA.-AC'+ CtA

6. ,(8) T*A...:C\4
 459

9. (a) l(b) i:$~~ l(c) ~rlM!~ t)o~aiH:sir."; 1{l')

~~ l(d,~,) ~;mori:s;r.d i:$,)~ 1(e) cxb,)
:;,z~ ~~orii:Rr.I:S. T cxb,) ~ri l(b) cd;)
~O~;))Fcx!.nr.dQ~' ~ri T,(x,
y, z) -( (V2/2)
x,y,( V2/ ) z), Tz - «-\/'2/2 )z,0, (v~/2)z)
2
~r.d)i:$~, T - T, + Tl'
(b) T o:h) 2(a)oll ~O~~Fam"dQ~' ~ri T,(x,y)=
(2x, - 2x) ~~ T2(x,y - (- x - y, 2x+ y)
ttr.~d~, T= T, + Tz-
111 6
2. (a) - 6 (c) - 18 (8) "
6. (a) 0
7. (a) :;'~Md,)1JUQ, ef;l.

(e)

,
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1
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1
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1
1
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l]-1
11. (a) x ... ·h y-l, (c) x-i, y-l, z-~

pit 7
3. (a) (Z, Y) T- 0 ttr.dQ~ mC, (Z, Y) _0 ~,)jjJ
Y:r!=0 "'r'ldQ~' ~ri Y~ ~~o.omr'l Yx Zjl'12
~t)'; ~~d,) tMfr.t;l.)d ~t.:d~ ';~t ~1\r!I.

(e) (Z,Y) = 0 t.1t\dQ~'(X,Z)., 0 ~~~il (X, y )

=0 ~,)od "~zi~~t;l.)~ wozi.) ~~~~tJTW~ ...03t

4. (I) -1 (c) (- 1 - 4, 4)
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 ~~oi) 3 I' .:

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1. (~). X =~ ~~~d~,~~~~~~,(~,~~~fJl l"~ ~(O~~
",t..~~" ~~~OW,: ~~!S~r\.~ ~~ .. ;ti;5')I~tf~
, e.>oL);:nI\C.)~ !~~~. =~~ 1If. ,,~fO~~ t..otlJ-
~mo'!f ~~M:~; •

(c) ts\lml:ldf'M~ T(l, J, O)~(l, 1,0)

(e) wmaSdrM, T(O, 1, -1) _(0, 1, -1).
3. (a) '!f~Fde~;:1~. (c) '!ft'Q:F~~ru~.

4. (a) (2a) Tk(x,y,z)-=

(x,2(:2 k - l)x + ~"'y, .g ( 1 ,_ 2k+~ + 3k~ J )x + iJ
(31r. - 21r.)V+ 3 k z) t2c) T k,= 3 k- 1 T
10'
'a~ /Jk-[o
I

(2e) Tit.A=B"'A, (-3)".J

(b) (2a) ~ti'>. (2c) ~... ~. (2.,) 7il1'(.
(c) (2a)":;t: 1, A:;t: ;2 ;5.)~ A;i: 3
(2c) A;t0 ~~ A;z:3
(2e) A:;t: 1 ~~ A:;t:3 '

~. (a) ~~, (c) 'a~. (e) 'aSl' .'

11 AII3 -A.

,.nri2
1. (8) q-t'+t+ 1, r_O
(c) q_O, r-:.;1
"
 461

'( )"p' '(1'-2)(/..:.3)(/-4)(t- 6 )'

6. 8 1- 5f4 '
\, ,

p~ = (t - 1)( 1 - 3)(~ -: 4)(/ ~ ~), ~~O.'

I -6
(c) (1 - I)(t - 5)(Ht2 - Yt+ 1f))
R. (8) f(T)~K'Y'Z) = (1l4X - 271'- 2z, ,'iJx.+ 14-2y
+ 23z, 15x- 2y+ 8z)
(C) ( - 386x- 4748y - 705z, 1020lx + IHlIOtly
+ 3338z, 51Rx - 705y - ll!z, "
(e), (:396.~-2\18y - 97 z, Hll7x + 3240), +
fl6(iz, 181x-,\ll.l'.+38z~

9. (a) f 14
(A) = [ 0
;\3'
14'
1

q(A).., ~ [I Ill]
i'J ,

14 33]
(qq+r)(A)=fi A )- [ 0 14

(c) f (A) - [I
0 6Jl ' ' • g(..4) -,[1'() OJ1

q(A) - [ -~
0
-l'1]
r(A) = [l'6' ~
111,7<,J

(gq+I')(A) - f(A) - [ 01 fJ; \

64 + 3 16 21) + 3 16 - :.zIG OJ
10. 1(..4)- . ,0·' 2~+216 0
[ 00\1

an 3
1. (8),8 - 9(2+',71 -12 \ (c) '(/- I)"
: (e) I{I - ~-) €t - 2)
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462
(c) (tLbt+ 3)(P- 2 1
2. (a) ~ . . '. . t- )

3. T-I =(-l/a o) (0,1+ 02T+ ... + a.T·"-')

( 1c) P =t( t- 1)
4. (tr) (10) P - A -
(le)p= .6

(b) (20) t3 (2c) p= ~

(c) p=(f-2t+ 3)2

8. (a) p - (t- 1)'

".rl4
(c) ~c». (e) 'I~. (g) ~~.
1. (8) 'I~.

(i) 'I~

2. (a) ~~~c&o~ 15~~ y= x et\~; Mt\~~~~ ~t~

x= 0 ttr.tS.

(c) ~~~~ ~;i).t) x+y=O ~r.~; M~~~~':.l~

°
dut~ x + z =y = ~l\tS.
(e) ~,~~ ~~orl ;:$.Tol~t)"n~r.tS; ut\1.I~~~
~~ ~~on ~'_II)"rl9ir.!3.

~g) 0Tt>~':.,~ l < t $ 1~ f It) =0 t1r.d.J;:Soi J

w~~-.n~ nwml\!3; ~t11.1~~ttb~ f (t) - 0
0$ t $! ~r.~;:So. f ~ m.,.,,,dt
 463

'4:. (8) E(X,y)=(-xJ3+2y/3,-2X/3 + 4yJ3)

11. (a) [~ i H[~ ! =l} [~ ~ U

-1
-2
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o
0]
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0 '
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0

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0
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1
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f) O' 0 0

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1iI. (a). ~ ~~Ot.ltl~ ~~. ~O'!O~ r\)et~t.)"",, ~etOJ.if\

~o~ecrl,)~I'\t3, ~t::lCl ... ~....ot::l.) ~o.o~ li.>t'Olt.n.l",,~-t
NC>~tt~1'\ ~~.

(c) ~ ~)e)Ot.l~ wOG~e e;o ~o~ li.)CQe)'WQ ~-d mte~OJ.irl

~o~to:h~I'\t3.

[
~+'_Y_2\)
14, (a) P o "'" 2a
1
a

1 + ,\/'-1-7 1 -, V17 0 ()
4(1
---"4-b-
lib 0 0
(c) Po- l/a
1 + "./f> I-v [j
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- 2c ~

a'-- 17 + V17, b'l- 17-y'17 c2 = 5+yo,

- 8 - 8' :1

tP - 6~fb

H :]. u I] n n
0
~}
15 .. 0 0
0 1
-1 O· 1
0

[~I
.og 2 log
log i
24. 1(.4)= O~ log 2
o 0 log_3 _

26. (b) [!\ ~]

27.. (e) R., {'O, 0) } ~~ x - e£.
 461
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~I?~~ 4

Q"Iri 1
1. (8) <;~. (C) <;~. (e) ~~. (g) <;~. (i) '&~.

2. (a) {( 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2) }

4. (A+B)lO=[~10 ~IO} f(A+B)=[~' ~J

.. Ii 2
1. (a) P(X,y)=(2x+y,X+Y)
(c) P(x,y) = (1 00 X + y, x)

2. (a) [t tJ (c) [;~ ~~]

6. (a) 19 =5\1'13 oi)~ 19 >°03
2

r;ari3
(c) ~z:$).
1. (a) '&~.
tc) ~~.
o. (8) ~~.

remt4
.n~::>'; ~rl: 9 \1'2 - 5; eM~ ~rl: - 5V2-
V
1. (a) '
(c) '~'1::>'; ~n: - 38; tf\f,I~ ~rl: 124.
(t) \I 169
466

o
-(1 + i)
2
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3. (a) lI\)m~or$n, {(1, 0, 1),(0, 1,0)} 'a~ lv!

~O~ ~t;riJOOJc)r'\~ ~~~ {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1,0
(0,0,1)} C3~ t..o~ ~t;riJOOJolf\t5.

(c) wm~orS~, t (.i, 1, O)} ~~ M ~ ~)~

{(.1,O,6), (1,1,0), tl,l,l)}OO')~ c
t..o~~ ~t;riJomr'\t5.

4. (a)
t · ° 0]
1
~
~_ ii 0i i1

4
6. {1y''5(.1,;, 1), 1y'15(-1-;, 1-;,-1+ ;),

1 (3 . 1 3 - 4i - 3 + 4i\)
V'Ii 1- ,~' 3 )}

7. (8) y'f80(t" - t+l) ~:lO~ ~:J:lF;:1~~ w~~;::)~&3'

(c) 9*·1 _12t - 6, D*t- ao.t'1. - 24·t+ 2,
D$,a .. 8tlt - 26t + 3

12. (a) PI)"; [

1
1 -1'
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wm~· , '.
 .467

3.5: aij
14.

15.
B ...

n'l.
l
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17.
1/v!2
Po" [ _1!v!2 1/v!2]
1/v!2' wm~o~~.
33; - 32 33; - 31]
18. [ 32-; 31-;

2. (a) vo'W. (c) vo~o::l~.

3. (a) vo'W~~. (c) ~'!r.l~~.

_1
-; 1
t
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v!ti '

1 1
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468

6. (8) U= [v'~~;il
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~/I
lVaJ

(C) U" [~~~~ -~~~~]

~n 6
L (8) 2, 0; ~~tl~\.~·
(C) (1 + .y5)/2, (1 - y'S)/2; ~.dm~l2JoO.

( )
e 2
~[2.I + 1 II: ( 41 )1/(82-10y
. _4 4i+ 8~-::I-O\lfl'
,/ 41 - 5 .

4. (8) :J~;i) m~.ltJoQ.

(C) ~~\,~~~, Q~\.~;$~ e5~~ :J~;i) m!!.l·tJoQCI
e~.

5. m~:J~ ~~rl :
H(~'P) _ [6,. +(::-213i) P, (2 +;13i)~_
tAA~~rl:
{1 + 2 i\ Q (-i 1+2
K( (J,~)- [B (J-\~y' ---2-

\ i/2]
7 pt/l .. t -1/2)+ ~ 12'[ -i/2 i
Orli/2
. 1 v

9. p-[ _~ f),· U"[~ ~]

10. (8) 1,2. (C) i

14:. (8) g(A) ~ ~.:tl~~~~~.

(C) (kg)(A)-tt'+l)(A)- U/2 -ii2)
(e) h(A)k(A)m(A)(f(AW·O

10. (8) AB-BA,'1~.~e~~ 'B~[_~ 1.¥!2i,8)

dM:lmGil 1'\0Gil~ ~i"
~
 ~c~~~ ~ZJQ ~Jele!)

~~~'d~ UniqueneSs
~d NOl~ Row
.l> L~ Cross
~~~ Scalar
~~Fde~~ Diagonali~able
~~F"~t8!
Semi definite
~~F"et~ Diagonal
~~o~
Infinite
~;:l,)tl~'"~ Ordered
~~;:l!F";:l~e) Factor root
~;:l,)~e~~ permutation
~oz;,m!
Classical
'Ir.lOO.)F~t?~ Process
~;:le)o'W~ Dependence
~J<i~Mtl Block form
~~;:l,)~ lneqality
~J<ieBme'l~~;:l,) Cosin law
Nontrivial
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~~e~
~o~if~J~e'~d~ Interpolation
m~) Volume
~o.!;:l,)
Terminal
ru~~ Multiple
u~
Initi"
;i,)~e)t.l Product
Basis .;jl
~i:iltld Components
~.~:e;i~,)
~o:m;:l,)
Dimension
'l!o;:l') Extreme
~o~o'd
Inner
~d~too,) Extremal
Function
~~r::~ ~e)~~IU~ Integral
~~l'te~ Trace
<>.A'
Projection md,)
~e)~'W~ Geometric
Sub 'l:3~~,)!t~
tN~ Triangular
Subset ~~~e~eoo,)
w~;i~ Triple
w~~
Duel ~~
Triangle
Upper ~~~
eAA~.l· Entry
Imaginary part m~m!
eAA~~;i 0ddem\_tpj M~ Bilinear form
Negative
oo')')m1e,tpj Bilinear
SimultaneOus o}e~e~
~tpj~O~ Polarization
~~~etpjdt'Q)
Monic
~tpj.!.:l Rigid motion
Unitary tit~'l!t)~
~~~tpj
\)
 471
l)llOt;'>". 8t.)QU UI

Positive 't,~xl.)~ ~~~ Method of

Q~~oe solving
~(;St)~\.oe Non-negative
Strictly ~o~.) Point
~Ofi& orill"l Algebra
~t~~~3
~~n~oe~~.) coordineats
~~~-oe AlgebraiCallY
~ttlclfjoe Determinant
~~e)?.) Quotient
~~)f'! Spanned Q

Absolute value ~m~o Division

~d~tt ~~ algorithem
Independant ~o~~~~
~d~e)o~~
~(;S..oet)~ Different lation
Invariant
~~d Matrix
~ee.3;tWe).} Column om~v~
~!
Restriction
~!~o?.) Image
Spectral
~).!~o?.l~ Isometric ~tj1~
~.)~e) Root
~!~O~~ Isomorphison
~.)JO)e)~3 Fundamental
Prime
~ttlcl~ Sum
Norm ~!
~.)om~oe Proper
Theorer:n crS')'}~
~);3.}tOO.)
t'le~~od Line Segment
~O~~f Operation
t'le:ee~ Linear
~ooS.)e~ Rational
Translation
Transformation M motd
~O~~f~ Perpendicular
Flow diagram e)o?.)
~o~lrl~ ~~
~O~o Solution
e)o~e~ Orthogonal
Parenthesis
~)te~ ~~.;c Square root
~~f~.)JO) e)
m~.;:if?.)oQ Adjoint
~~F'AA~ Quardratic
Domain
~o. formula
Le~~.}Qa~~ Convex set
Quadratic
Complementary ~mF'~~
~d~ Commuted
Lemma '13b~~~
~;lF'~t Inverse
~e)~e~e~ Functional ;l~:S
Definition
?.l~~O polynomial ~~~
Range
?.l~~.)I) ~~oev! polyhedron ~a~
~:s~~ Real
~~d~M~ Arrow Itnveritb' u
rept esentatlon ~~~e~jqiQ~
 _tIP" 1ft.)Il:>... Ul

472 \
Degree
Skew ~o
~~ Characteristic
J:I:lMmo~
System
~~8$ ~~r,;1o:»
Similar
Augmented
~~OCil~d pure imaginary ~~Tbt'itdn~.)
Coefficients
~.)dGi) eAA~ ~otd.)'1!(5
Reduction
Zero
~~~~ ~o~.)t.!~v
Nullity Irreducible
M~~i ~Qa~d
~ot.)oQ3
Affine
Reminder Conjugate
$e~
Automorphism ~o~.)T\,
~:lrut'n~U'l~ ~orMe~tS
Combination
,:lOP; vector Finite
Self adjoint ~o"
~.dmP;:lrt.)oQ Rank
HomogenoUS ,;ii)cp ~
,:l~~~~a~ Transpose
system ~(?~~~~~
With respect
~iletOlf)r'I
,:l~.)vot:)eo:j.) Orthonormal
Identity
Space ~O:»a~
~~Z:o\ General form
&.l
Symmetric
~~r!)td M~
~;:5J'f)on Constants
~ tnotdntQ.)
,;1~o.d (?
~.) Formula
Parallelogram
t!~~r~ Echelon
parallelopiped ~~m~~t'rl
~oaoetdt)1 Trivial
Equivalent !,.)d)
~~~qSr~ Field
Complex ~!;
~:J')e.P;)
~~tdd~
Equation
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