CODES AND STANDARDS

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WHAT IS A STANDARD ?

1. A set of technical definitions and guidelines and “how to” instructions

for the designers and manufacturers

2. It is a vehicle of communication for producers and users.

3. It is a common language establishing quality and safety criteria

4. Use of standards lowers cost; simplifies training and increases

acceptance among consumers;

5. Use of standard however is non-mandatory.

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STANDARDS CAN BE FOR SEVERAL LEVELS

Company Standard--consensus being among the employees of a given

organization (principally within such departments as design, development,
production, and purchasing).

Industry Standard--consensus being among the companies within a given

industry (typically developed by a trade association).

Professional Standard--consensus being among the individual members

of a given profession (typically developed by a professional society).

Government Standard--consensus often being among the employees of a

government agency or department.

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WHAT IS A CODE ?

CODE IS A STANDARD ADOPTED BY ONE OR MORE GOVT. BODIES

AND HAS THE FORCE OF LAW and Therefore MANDATORY

Safety of the public and users is the primary concern.

Quality, interchangeability etc., follows.

Several countries have Codes of their own, applicable for various

categories/Industries

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SOME INSTITUTES RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CODES
AND STANDARDS

ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
API - American Petroleum Institute
AISI – American Iron and Steel Institute
AWS – American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Association
MSS-SP – The Manufacturers Standardisation Society of Valves and
Fitting Industry Standard Practices

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OTHER NATIONAL STANDARDS

BS – British Standards
DIN – German Standards
AFNOR – French National Standard
IS – Indian Standards

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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

1. Founded in 1918 by five engineering societies and three

government agencies
2. Does not develop standards by itself; but facilitates development
by issuing guidelines
3. Serves as the U.S. member body to the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), coordinating the U.S. position in the development of
ISO and IEC standards
4. Insists on consensus., due process and openness
5. Gives accredition to the standard developers

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American Petroleum Institute

Concerns itself with the Oil and Natural Gas Industry

Activities:

• Statistics
• Standardisation
• Taxation – coordination with the US Govt.

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American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

1. Founded in 1898
2. Promotes development of standards for materials, products,
systems, and services
3. ASTM standards serve as the basis for manufacturing,
procurement, and regulatory activities
4. Now this is known as ASTM International
5. Their standards are used in research and development, product
testing, quality systems, and commercial transactions around the
globe.
6. More than 10,000 ASTM standards are published each year in the
73 volumes of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
7. ASTM develops full--consensus standards – among companies,
Industries, Professionals and Govt. bodies.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Formed by 30 Mechanical Engineers in the year 1880 led by Alexander

Lyman Holley in New York

Asme started its research activities in 1909, publishing steam tables,

properties of gases the properties of metals, the effect of temperature on
strength of materials, fluid meters, orifice coefficients, etc.

Formed a boiler technical committee in 1911 to go into the causes of

boiler explosions and suggest remedy

Boiler code first published in 1914-1915

Had 6 divisions when formed but now have 36 technical divisions and 3
Institutes.

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THE ASME B31 CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

The above code has the following sections:

B31.1 – Power piping

B31.3 – Process piping
B31.4 – Pipeline transportation systems for liquid hydrocarbons & other
liquids
B31.5 – Refrigeration piping
B31.8 – Gas transportation and Distribution piping
B31.9 – Building services piping
B31.11- Slurry transportation piping systems

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LET’S GO INTO DETAILS NOW !

REQUIREMENTS OF CODE ASME B31.3

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ASME B31.3 Chapter I SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

APPLICABILITY

Applicable for Process Piping – typically found in

Petroleum Refineries,
Chemical,
Pharmaceutical,
Textile,
Paper,
Semiconductor and Cryogenic plants and related process plants and
terminals

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ASME B31.3 Chapter I SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

The code prescribes the requirements for materials and components,

design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection and
testing of Piping

The code applies to all fluids namely

Raw intermediate and finished chemicals
Petroleum products
Gas,steam,air and water
Fluidized solids
Refrigerants
Cryogenic fluids

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ASME B31.3 Chapter I SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

Fluid Service “D” means

1. Fluid is noninflammable, non-toxic, and not damaging human tissues

2. The design gauge pressue less than 1055KPa (150 psi)
3. The design temperature is from –29degC to 186degC

Fluid service “M” means

Potential for human damage is significant; a single exposure of small

quantity of toxic fluid caused by leakage can produce serious,
irreversible harm.

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ASME B31.3 Chapter- II Design

Covers the following among other things:

- Design pressure Design Temperature

- Pressure Temperature Design criteria
- Lists Allowable stresses and other stress limits for various
materials
- sub-parts dedicated to the following:
Pipes, components, joints, flexibility and supports &
Piping systems

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ASME B31.3 Chapter- II Design

BASIS FOR ALLOWABLE STRESS

Stress factor of safety

Tensile strength at room and operating temperature 3

Yield strength at room and operating temperature - 1.5

Average stress to produce creep rate of .01% per 100hr- 1.0

Av.stress to produce rupture at the end of 100000hr 1.6

And several other conditions

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ASME B31.3 Chapter- II Design

The calculated stresses must be less than the allowable limit set by the
code.
Calculated Stress Allowable limit
Due to

1. Internal pressure Sh,listed in Appendix-A

2. External pressure ASME SECVIII- DivI
3. Longitudinal stress due to W,P,
AND other sustained loading Sh
4. Thermal Expansion Sa + margin
5. Occasional loads 1.33Sh

Sh – Allowable stress at operating temperature; Sa – stress range

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ASME B31.3 Chapter- II Design

DESIGNING FOR STRESS DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE

PD
Minimum wall thickness = ---------------
2(SE + PY)

P= Pressure, D= Diameter of Pipe; S= All. Stress; y= factor; E= effy.

This is the code required minimum wall thickness of the pipe; The
thickness selected must be more than this after considering negative
tolerance and other allowances;

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ASME B31.3 Chapter- II Design

Rules for calculation of strength for the following components

• Branch connections
• End closures with and without openings
• Flanges
• Reducers
• Expansion joints
• Bends and other fittings
• Pipe supports
• Specific pipe systems like instrument piping, pressure relief piping
components

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REQUIREMENTS OF CODE ASMEB31.3

Chapter- III Materials

- states limitations and required qualifications for materials based

on their inherent properties
- Lists material specifications approved
- Lists temperature limitations lower and Upper
- Verification of serviceability (temperature, fluid and all.stresses)
- Impact testing and Acceptance criteria

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REQUIREMENTS OF CODE ASMEB31.3

Chapter- IV Piping components

- Dimensional requirements of fittings, flanges and other piping

components
- Pressure Temperature ratings

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REQUIREMENTS OF CODE ASMEB31.3

Chapter- V Fabrication, Assembly and Erection

- Welding processes (procedures, qualification, materials etc.)

- Pre-heating
- Heat treatment
- Bending and Forming
- Brazing and soldering
- Assembly and Erection (alignment, joints etc.,)

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REQUIREMENTS OF CODE ASMEB31.3

Chapter- VI Inspection, Examination and Testing

- Inspection – owners’ responsibility, qualification of inspector

- Examination – Quality control functions that of manufacturer or
Erector
- Testing - leak test Hydraulic or Pneumatic test

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REQUIREMENTS OF CODE ASMEB31.3

Chapter- VII – Non-metallic piping and piping lined with

non- metals

Chapter- VIII– Piping for Category M Fluid Service

Chapter- IX – High Pressure Piping

Appendices – 26 nos. Starting from listing of the

Allowable stress

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WHAT CODE IS NOT !

REMEMBER

THE CODE IS NOT A DESIGN MANUAL;

ADHERENCE TO CODE ONLY ENSURES THE SAFETY ASPECTS;

THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF A SYSTEM OR COMPONENT MUST

BE TAKEN CARE OF SUFFICIENTLY BY THE DESIGNER

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 THE END

THANK YOU

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