Dept.

of Geology

Stress

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
STRESS vs. STRAIN

III Stress
STRESS vs. STRAIN Dept. of Geology

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Relationship Between Stress and Strain

• Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock

Deformation
• Rheology of The Rocks
• Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus
• Measuring Shortening
• Measuring Strain Rate
• Strength and Ductility

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Stress – Strain Diagram

Yield Strength
400 After Strain
Hardening Ultimate
D Strength
C B E
300 A

Differential Stress (in MPa)

Yield
Strength Rep ture
Strength

200

100

1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain (in %)

A. Onset plastic deformation

B. Removal axial load
C. Permanently strained
D. Plastic deformation
E. Rupture
III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Effects of Temperature and Differential Stress

2000

140
130
25ºC

Differential Stress (in MPa)

30 0 1500
80
Differential Stress, MPa

70
60
300ºC
20 0
40 1000

20
500ºC
10 0
500
Crown Point Limestone
700ºC

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 800ºC
Strain, percent 0
5 10 15 Strain (in %)

III Stress
 Deformation and Material
Dept. of Geology

Rheology : Study of mechanical properties of materials

(solid, fluids & gases)

III Stress
 Deformation and Material
Dept. of Geology

Hooke’s Law: e = s/E, E = Modulus Young or elasticity

Newtonian : s = he, h = viscosity, e = strain-rate

A. Elastic strain
B. Viscous strain
C. Viscoelastic strain
D. Elastoviscous
E. Plastic strain
(Modified from Park, 1989)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Effect increasing stress to strain-rate

(Modified from Park, 1989)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Stress Strain

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Limitation of The Concept of Stress in Structural Geology

• No quantitative relationship between

stress and permanent strain
• Paleostress determination contain
errors
• No implication equation relating
stress to strain rate that causes the
deformation III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCES AND VECTORS
• Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter
• Newton II law of motion : F=Ma
• Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes

(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction

(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces

Two Types of Force

• Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force)
• Contact Forces (i.e. loading)
Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990)
III Stress
Force Equilibrium Dept. of Geology

(A) Balance

(B) Torque

(C) Static Equilibrium

(D) Dynamic Equilibrium

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

III Stress
 STRESS
Dept. of Geology

Stress defined as force per unit area:

s = F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),
Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

STRESS on PLANE

• Coordinate System
III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

z s
The State of s3
x
Two-Dimensional
Stress at Point

A. Stress elipse

s
s3
X3
X1

Principal Stress:
s1 > s3
B. Principal stress components Principal coordinate
axes and planes
s(top)
zz
(top)
z x, z = Surface Stress
Z
s(top) (rt)
x
zx

s(lft)
s(lft)
xx
xz dz
X
dx
s(rt) s(rt)
xx
xz

 (lft) s(bot)
zx
x

(bot)
z
s (bot)
zz Arbitrary coordinate
axes and planes
C. General stress components
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Stress Ellipsoid

a) Triaxial stress

b) Principal planes of
the ellipsoid

(Modified from Means, 1976)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

The State of
3-Dimensional
Stress at Point Principal Stress:
A. Stress elipsoid
s1 > s > s3
x3
z
x1
s s3
Principal
coordinate planes
z Stress Tensor Notation

s s11 s12 s13

x2
y
s = s21 s22 s23
s31 s32 s33
y
x
B. Principal stress components x
z
Arbitrary
coordinate planes
szz z
s12 = s21, s13 = s31, s23 = s32
szx
szy
syx
y
sxy syy
sxz syz
sxx

y
x
x
C. General stress components
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Geologic Sign
Convention of
Stress Tensor

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

STRESS
• Stress at a point in 2D

Stress (s)
• Stress on a Surface

Normal stress (sN)

(+) Compressive (-) Tensile

Shear stress (sS)

(+) (-)
III Stress
Stress at a Point
Dept. of Geology

Fn = F cosq
Fs = F sinq
s = Fn/p
s = Fs/p
A = p cos q
P = A/cos q

Fn = A s cosq
= p s cos 2q
Fs = A s sinq
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

= p s sin q cos q III Stress

 Stress at a Point
Dept. of Geology

cos 2q = ½ (1+ cos2q)

sin q cos q= ½ sin 2q

s1 + s3 + s1 – s3
sN = cos 2q
2 2

s1 – s3
ss = Sin 2q
2

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

x1 ss
n
 q
s(p')
n , ss 
(p')
s(p)
 n , ss 
(p)
p'
n' 

p 
s3 q s sn
x3 sn

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram A. Mohr Diagram

x
ss
n
q

s
s(p)
n , ss 
(p)
ss(p)
s s3 sin r
sn(p) q
2 q s(p) s
s3 x3 s3 sn sn
ss
(p) n 

Plane P
s s3 s s3
2 2

s s3
(Twiss and Moores, 1992) cos q
2

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

x1
x ss
q

q  º) sxx
z sxx' sxz

sxz s s zz

sz x  q  º) q sxz
s3 x3 s3  s sn

szz' szx
s xx s zz 
sxx  szz
2
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress

A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram

ss
x x
q = +45º Planes of maximum ss
q' = +45º max

+
shear stress -
Counter clockwise
n n
s s

ss s3 x3 s3 x3 s3 q = º s sn
ss
q' = º

Counterclockwise Clockwise ss max

shear stress shear stress Clockwise

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Mohr Diagram 3-D

Geometry of a three-dimensional
Stress on a Mohr diagram

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Mohr Diagram 3-D

Maximum Shear Stress

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Principal Stress:
s1 > s > s3
• All stress axes are mutually perpendicular
• Shear stress are zero in the direction of
principal stress

s1 + s3 s1 – s3
sN = + cos 2q
2 2

s1 – s3
ss = Sin 2q
2
Stress Ellipsoid
III Stress
 Dept. of Geology

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

• Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress

• Mean stress is hydrostatic component which tends to produce dilation
• Deviatoric stress is non hydrostatic which tends to produce distortion
• Differential stress, if greater is potential for distortion
III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Image of Stress

ss ss ss

s = s = s3 sn s = s3 s sn s3 s = s sn
p

p 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0
0 p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 p 0 0 0 0 0 -a
A. Hydrostatic stress B. Uniaxial compression C. Uniaxial tension

ss ss ss

s s sn s3 s sn s3 s3 s3 sn
s3 s
a 0 0 a 0 0 a 0 0
0 b 0 0 a 0 0 b 0
0 0 b 0 0 b 0 0 c
D. Axial or confined E. Axial extension or F. Triaxial stress
compression extensional stress

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
Image of Stress
ss ss
sn
Deviatoric Applied

s3 s s sn s3  s3 s3 s sn
sn

a 0 0
0 0 0 s 0
 s  sn 0
=
0 0 -a 0 s
 0 s3  sn
G. Pure shear stress H. Deviatoric stress
(two-dimensional)

ss ss

Effective Applied

s3 s s3 s s3 s sn s3
E s
E Es s sn
s3 s

D s D s D s pf s 0 s p f
0 0 0
E

D s = s   s3 0 Es  0 = 0 s p f 0
I. Differential stress J. Effective stress 0 0 Es 3 0 0 s3 p f
(Three examples)

III Stress
 Dept. of Geology
STRESS

• Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of

materials affected (i.e. gravitational force).
• Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the
distortion they produce.
• Stress is defined as force per unit area.
• Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component
depending they direction relative to the plane.
• Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and
homogenous
• Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.
• Principal stress s1>s2>s3
• The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and
has nothing directly to do with distortions.
• Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock

III Stress