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Adverbs
Adverbs are used to modify verbs. They tell us when, where, how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is
performed.Adverbs are also used to modify adjectives and other adverbs. For example:

 He's an extremely nice chap.

 She can run extremely quickly

Although many adverbs end ly,

Anita placed the vase carefully on the shelf.(The word carefully is an adverb. It shows how the vase was placed.)

Kinds of Adverbs
KINDS OF ADVERBS EXPLLANATIION
Adverbs of Time These adverbs answer the question ‘when’. Examples are: tomorrow, today, yesterday, now,
then, never, soon, already, ago, formerly, lately etc.

He will come tomorrow.

I wrote to him yesterday
Adverbs of Place These adverbs answer the question ‘where’.
Examples are: here, there, upstairs, downstairs, everywhere, nowhere, in, out, inside, away.

We have been living here for several years.

I searched for him everywhere.
Adverbs of Frequency These adverbs answer the question ‘how often’. Examples are: again, frequently, always,
seldom, hardly, often, once etc.

I have gone there only once.

We visit them frequently.
Adverbs of Number These adverbs answer the question ‘in what order’.
Examples are: firstly, secondly, lastly, once, never, twice etc.

I have seen him only once.

Secondly, I can’t afford to buy it
Adverbs of Manner These adverbs answer the question ‘in what manner’. Examples are: slowly, carefully, terribly,
seriously, well, pleasantly, really, thus etc.

The soldiers fought bravely.

Walk carefully.
Adverbs of Degree or These adverbs answer the question ‘how much’ or ‘in what degree’.
Quantity Examples are: much, very, fully, partly, little, enough, so, rather etc.

He is quite strong.
She is very beautiful.
Adverbs of reason These adverbs answer the question ‘why’.
Examples are: therefore, hence, thus, consequently etc.

He did not work hard, therefore, he failed.

Consequently he refused to come.

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Reported Speech

WHAT IS REPORTED SPEECH USED FOR?

It is used to report what someone else said without repeating his exact words. In reported speech, quotation marks
shouldn’t be used.
Direct speech: "Don't walk alone at night, son." (imperative)
Reported speech: My mom told me not to walk alone at night. (infinitive)

WHEN DO YOU HAVE TO CHANGE THE VERB TENSE?

In general, we go one step back to the past, as in the table below.

The past perfect never changes and the simple past can also stay the same.
Tom said, "I woke up feeling ill."
Tom said he woke up/ had woken up feeling ill.

In the following situations, it is not necessary to change the verb tense:

When reporting something that is still true:
"Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius," said the teacher.
The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

WHAT MODALS CHANGE WHEN USED IN REPORTED SPEECH?

Changes in modals are usually made according to the table below:

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DO I HAVE TO CHANGE OTHER WORDS, OTHER THAN THE VERBS, WHEN USING REPORTED
SPEECH?
Some adverbs and pronouns also have to change due to the shift in perspective:

WHEN DO YOU USE "SAY" AND "TELL" IN REPORTED SPEECH?

In general, either one can be used to report almost any statement. However, the following patterns must be
followed:
say + (to somebody) + reported statement
She said (to me) that she would get a promotion.

tell + somebody + reported statement (more commonly used if the indirect object is mentioned)
She told me that she would get a promotion.

However, if the statement is an order or a request, only told can be used.

She told me to be quiet.

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Direct and indirect speech exercise

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. The stranger said to me, ‘Could you help me?’

2. The clerk said to the officer, ‘Can I go?’

3. The officer said to the clerk, ‘Do it immediately.’

4. The doctor said to the patient, ‘Come in, please.’

5. The master said to the boy, ‘Post this letter at once.’

6. The teacher said to the boys, ‘Do not make a noise.’

7. The teacher said to the boys, ‘Work hard if you want to pass the exam.’

8. I said to the child, ‘Do not look down into the well.’

9. I travel a lot in my job

10. We lived in China for 5 years

11. I was walking down the road when I saw the accident.

12. They had already eaten when I arrived

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Find the correct tense - Exercise

Find the correct tenses on the right. Mind the verbs in bold. Match all the items on the right
with the items on the left.

1) They are riding a bike. -

2) he looked at a picture. -
3) We often take photos. -
4) I have just had a cup of tea. -
5) Alice will learn French next year. -
6) Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music. -
7) She is going to tidy up the room. -
8) Brian always sends text messages. -
9) Karen is making breakfast now. -
10) Have you ever been to Africa? -

Rewrite in interrogative (don't forget the question mark "?")--- Exercise

1. I bought this at the shop.

2. This is my luggage.

3. I got up at 10:00.

4. I spoke to the supervisor.

5. The supervisor allowed it.

6. The work will be discussed.

7. The insurance will be bought.

8. The cargo was delivered.

9. I can take it.

10. You know the way to the city center.

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