Luncheon Talk

Hidup di Atas Cincin Api

Geologi ITB-72 & ITB-72
Mercure Hotel, Jl. Simatupang, Jakarta
Hery Harjono
7 Oktober 2018
CINCIN API – RING OF FIRE

USGS
BATAS LEMPENG TEKTONIK

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WorldAtlas.com
LEMPENG TEKTONIK: ASIA
 TEKTONIK EKSTRUSI

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Tapponnier

Tektonik di Indonesia
barat, dipengaruhi oleh
Tabrakan India – Asia yg
menghasilkan Tektonik
Ekstrusi
Tapponnier
 Tatanan Tektonik
Indonesia
• Barat: dipengaruhi
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tabrakan India-Asia

• Timur: dipengaruhi
tabrakan dengan
Pasifik, Australia

EGU.Blog
 INTERAKSI ANTAR LEMPENG TEKTONIK

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Pergeseran
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WorldAtlas.com Subduksi/Penunjaman: Indonesia

Pemekaran Tengah
Samudra: Atlantik
 APA YANG TERJADI PADA RING OF FIRE
• GEMPA BUMI
• Pusat gempa bisa dangkal hingga
ratusan kilometer (> 700 km)
• Magnitudo bisa hingga M9.5
(gempa Chili, 22 Mei 1960)
• GUNUNG API
• Beberapa letusan besar adalah G.
Toba (70 ribu th yl), G. Tambora
(1815), Krakatau (1883)….
• GERAK VERTIKAL
• Penurunan atau Kenaikan daratan
 APA ITU GEMPA BUMI?
• Gempa adalah dua blok kerak
bumi yang bergerak satu sama (bidang patahan)
lain.
• Permukaan, tempat keduanya
bergerak di sebut patahan
(bidang patahan) atau juga
sering disebut sebagai sesar.
• Sebelum gempa utama (main
shock), kadang ada gempa awal
(foreshocks) dan gempa susulan
(aftershocks)
USGS
 JENIS PATAHAN
• PATAHAN NORMAL (TURUN)
• Bagian hanging wall turun Hanging Wall
• Tanda pada peta
• PATAHAN THRUST (NAIK)
• Bagian hanging wall naik
• PATAHAN STRIKE-SLIP
(MENDATAR)
• Salah satu bergerak secara
mendatar terhadap yang lain Foot Wall

Data.allenal.org
 JENIS GEMPA: DARI SISI LOKASI
• INTERPLATE : Gempa-gempa yang
terjadi pada pertemuan antar
lempeng.
• Gempa-gempa di Indonesia
• INTRAPLATE: Gempa-gempa yang
terjadi di dalam lempeng
• Sangat jarang, kekuatan lebih kecil
dibandingkan dengan gempa
interplate
• Penyebab tak diketahui dengan pasti
• Contoh: Gujarat India (2001), Virgina,
USA (2011) Gempa Gujarat (2001)
 MEGATHRUST

http://jnewsome1.wixsite.com
Natawidjaja
PENYEBARAN GEMPA DI INDONESIA
• Hampir semua
wilayah Indonesia
dipenuhi oleh titik-
titik gempa
• Hanya Kalimantan
yang relative
“aman” dari
gempa
GEMPA M>7 SEJAK ABAD 20

Satake (2010)
GEMPA-GEMPA MEMATIKAN

Satake (2010)
SUMATRA

Natawidjaja & Triyoso

MEGATHRUST: GEMPA ACEH DES-2004

Sieh & Natawidjaja,

SUBDUKSI DI MENTAWAI SELATAN

Satish et al (2011)
JAWA

Natawidjaja
MEGATHRUST SELATAN JAWA
SEJARAH GEMPA JAVA-BALI-NTT

Nguyen et al (2015)
JAWA BAGIAN BARAT
Courtesy of Birger
Lombok
PALIU-KORO
 GEMPA PALU-KORO

Courtesy of Widiyantoro Courtesy of Daryono, BMKG

SEAWALL di TOHOKU

Triyono, 2012
GREAT EAST JAPAN TSUNAMI 2011

Foto: Triyono, 2012

 3.2. Japan and Indonesia: Two Earthquake Countries
-Short Profile-

JAPAN
• Island Arc, Northern part of “Ring of Fire”
• Pacific Plate subducts beneath Eurasian
plate
• Active faults on land
• More than 100 volcanoes and 50 are
actives
• The Big One was the March 2011 Tohoku
Mw-9.0 event (followed by tsunami) and
fatalities were around 19,000 people and
damage: US$210,000,000.-
INDONESIA
• Island Arc, Southern part of “Ring of Fire”
• Indo-Australian plate sinks under Eurasian
plate
• Active faults on land
• More than 400 volcanoes, which 128 are
actives
• The Big One was the Dec 2004 Sumatran
Mw-9.2 earthquake (followed by giant
tsunami), and > 165,000 people were
killed, damage: US$4,451,500.-

Harjono, 2012
3.2. Two Earthquake Countries: Japan and Indonesia (1)

Geological Background

Presentation of Harjono: CSEAS, Kyoto Univ., 2012

Destructive Earthquakes: Sumatra and Japan

Geological Survey o Japan, courtesy og Satake (2012)

 Two Last Events

Mentawai, 25 October 2010 Tohoku, 11 March 2011

Source: USGS
 Two Earthquake Countries: Japan and Indonesia
-Brief History-
JAPAN
• 599: Oldest known earthquake
• Rikkokushi (Six National Histories) completed in 901, included
earthquake, tsunami and volcanic records.
• 1180-1266: Azuma Kagami contains earthquake records.
• Edo Era: created many primary documents
• 1868: Meiji Restoration, western science and technology
became national mandates. Japanese Seismology began
• 22 Feb 1880: Yokohama earthquake, 26 April 1880:
Seismological Society of Japan was established (1st
seismological society in the world).
• 28 Oct 1891: Nobi earthquake (M=8.0, killed>7,000).,
Earthquake Disaster Prevention Investigation Council was
established
• 1 September 1923, Kanto earthquake (M=8.1, killed >140,000).
Establishment of Earthquake Research Institute (ERI) of The
University of Tokyo
• 17 January 1995, Kobe earthquake. (killed > 5,000)
• 11 March 2011, Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami.
INDONESIA
•1600: Oldest earthquake identified by Visser (1922)
•1833: Tsunami in Padang-Bengkulu, Sumatra.
•1867: Jogjakarta earthquake
•1883: Krakatau Volcano eruption, and triggered tsunami (killed
>36,000).
•1992: Flores earthquake and tsunami (killed > 2000).
•2004: The Sumatran-Andaman earthquake and tsunami (killed
>200,000). International collaboration in DRR
•2005: Nias earthquake ( killed > 5000)
•2006: Pangandaran Tsunami (killed > 600), and Jogjakarta
Earthquake (killed >5,000)
•2007: Disaster Management Law is enacted
•2008: BNPB (National Disaster Management Agency) is
established. InaTEWS Inagourate by President.
•2009: Padang earthquake (killed >1000)
•2010: Mentawai earthquake and tsunami (killed > 400).
Evaluation of InaTEWS
•LIPI and ITB establish Graduate Reseach School on Earthquake and
Active Tectonics (GREAT)
•2012: Indian Ocean earthquake (M=8.6), panic situation in Banda
Aceh and Padang. Evaluation of InaTEWS
Harjono, 2012
Presentation of Harjono, 2012 at CSEAS, Kyoto Univ., 2012
Meiji Era

Presentation of Harjono, 2012 at CSEAS, Kyoto Univ., 2012

SKALA INTENSITAS GEMPABUMI BMKG
Tizi, Kidang Pananjung, Bandung, Agustus 2001