The main drivers for LTE development are:

• reduced delay for connection establishment;

• reduced transmission latency for user plane data;
• increased bandwidth and bit rate per cell, also at the cell edge;
• reduced costs per bit for radio transmission;
• Greater flexibility of spectrum usage;
• simplified network architecture;
• Seamless mobility, including between different radio access technologies;
• Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

Air Interface In LTE.

 X2: The main purpose of X2-AP is to provide inter-eNB handover functionality. It also is used to exchange traffic-
related and radio quality measurement reports between different eNBs.
 S1-MME: Reference point for the control plane protocol between the E-UTRAN and MME.
 S1-U: Reference point between the E-UTRAN and S-GW for the per bearer user plane tunneling and inter-eNB
path switching during handover.
 S3: This is the reference point between the MME and SGSN. Use (inter-RAT handover) in the idle and/or active
state.
 S5: The S5 reference point provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the S-GW and PDN-
GW. It is used in case of S-GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the S-GW needs to connect to a non-
collocated PDN-GW for the required PDN connectivity.
 S6a: The reference point can be also described as the AAA interface between the MME and HSS.
 S8: It is the inter-PLMN reference point providing the user plane and control plane between the S-GW in the
visited PLMN (VPLMN) and the PDN-GW in the Home PLMN (HPLMN).
 S10: This is the reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME-to-MME information transfer.
 S11: This is the reference point between the MME and S-GW. The protocol used here is the GTP-C. The
appropriate user plane is routed across S1-U.
 SGi: This is the reference point between the PDN-GW and the packet data network.

Modulation scheme Number of bits which can be carried by one complex symbol
BPSK 1
QPSK 2
16QAM 4
64QAM 6

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access:

 Orthogonality mean “do not cause interference with each other. This allows subcarrier to overlap and save
bandwidth. That gets higher data rate and good spectrum effiency.
 Use in DL
 High spectral efficiency makes better use of the available spectrum.
 Robust against multipath Interference that relatively large OFDMA symbol time that short delay spread.
 Support of MIMO.
 Resource allocation done in time and frequency domain that provides more flexibility.
 FFT and IFFT processing simplify the design of transmitter and receiver.
SC-FDMA:

 Use in UL.
 Less Peak to Power ratio in SC-FDMA.
 Low max require due to low PAPR which require low power rating amplifier which reduce cost.
 Better cell edge performance due to Low PAPR.
 Complexity is more due to more processing blocks at transmitter and receiver side for reduce PAPR.

Comparison Between OFDMA and SC-FDMA

 For the SC-FDMA system, the original information symbols are transmitted in the time domain while for the OFDMA system,
the original information symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain;
 Compared with OFDMA, the DFT pre-coding process is available only in SC-FDMA;
 The OFDMA symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain, taking advantage of frequency selective fading; the SC-FDMA
symbols are transmitted in the time domain, taking advantage of time selective fading;
 For the SC-FDMA system, a single symbol is transmitted anytime occupying the entire bandwidth while for the OFDMA
system, overlapped independent symbols are transmitted

Benefit of MIMO:
 Transmit/receive diversity reduce: Compared to 1Tx × 1Rx the gain of 2Tx × 2Rx is about 6 − 7 dB.
 Transmit power is doubled by adding another amplifier (3dB).
 Average received signal power is doubled because of two antenna reception (3dB).
 Diversity from four signal paths brings additional gain which however strongly depends on the propagation environment.
 Good SINR.
 Increase Coverage.
 High Throughput.

Defined TM for MIMO:

 TM 1: Single antenna transmission.
 Single Transmission Antenna and Single Receiver Antenna.
 Single antenna beam forming.
 TM 2: Transmit diversity.
 What we normally call 'Diversity' is called 'TM2.
 In use when SINR/RF condition poor. Same data send by 2 antennas to same UE.
 To improve SINR/RF condition.
 Use for UE at cell edge.
 TM 3: Open loop spatial multiplexing (MIMO) using Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD). The signal is transmitted on another
antenna with a cyclic delay, in order to increase the multipath reception which leads to a MIMO gain.
 What we call 'MIMO' but no feedback from UE is called 'TM3'.
 Use feedback of RI, CQI.
 Use when High/good SINR.
 Send different data stream to same UE.
 TM 4: Closed loop spatial multiplexing (MIMO).
 MIMO and UE feedback from UE (CQI, PMI, RI) is called 'TM4
 TM 5: Multi-user MIMO (or “virtual” MIMO).
 Different data stream to different user.
 To enhanced the cell capacity.
 TM 6: Closed loop rank 1 pre-coding.
 Single layer MIMO, PMI, RI, CQI
 User for ruler area.
 TM 7: Beam forming (Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)) with UE-specific reference symbols.

Logical Channels:
 Channel Name Information carried Direction
DTCH Dedicated traffic channel User plane data UL, DL
DCCH Dedicated control channel Signalling on SRB 1 & 2
CCCH Common control channel Signalling on SRB 0
PCCH Paging control channel Paging messages DL
BCCH Broadcast control channel System information
MCCH Multicast control channel MBMS signalling
MTCH Multicast traffic channel MBMS data

Transport Channel

Channel Name Information carried Direction

UL-SCH Uplink shared channel
RACH Random access channel
DL-SCH Downlink shared channel
PCH Paging channel
BCH Broadcast channel
MCH
Uplink data and signaling UL
Random access requests
Downlink data and signaling DL
Paging messages
Master information block
Multicast channel MBMS

Physical Data Channel

Channel Name Information Carried Direction

PUSCH Physical uplink shared channel UL-SCH and/or UCI UL
PRACH Physical random access channel RACH
PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel DL-SCH and PCH DL
PBCH Physical broadcast channel BCH
PMCH Physical multicast channel MCH

Physical Control Channel

Channel Name
PUCCH Physical uplink control channel
PCFICH Physical control format indicator channel
PHICH Physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel
PDCCH Physical downlink control channel
R-PDCCH Relay physical downlink control channel
Information Carried
UCI Uplink control information
CFI Control format indicator
HI Hybrid ARQ
DCI Downlink control information
DCI Downlink control information

Information Carried Information carried Direction

UCI Uplink control information
CFI Control format indicator
HI Hybrid ARQ
DCI Downlink control information
DCI Downlink control information
Hybrid ARQ acknowledgements UL
Channel quality indicators (CQI)
Pre-coding matrix indicators (PMI)
Rank indications (RI)
Scheduling requests (SR)
Size of downlink control region DL
indicator Hybrid ARQ acknowledgements
DL
Downlink scheduling commands DL
Uplink scheduling grants DL
Uplink power control commands
Downlink scheduling commands DL
Uplink scheduling grants DL
Uplink power control commands

RF KPI
RS: Reference signal is used to channel establishment, time and synchronization establishment.
• DL-RS: This is containing cell specific user information. UE measure this information and use for cell estimation, ho and
resource allocation purpose.
RSRP: RSRP is the linear average of reference singal power (in Watts) across the specified bandwidth (in number of REs). This is the
most important item UE has to measure for cell selection, reselection and handover. This measures only the reference power, which
is the strength of the wanted signal.
Excellent: >= -75
Range: -140 to -44

RSRQ: It is defined as (N x RSRP)/RSSI, where N is the number of RBs over the measurement bandwidth. As you see from the
definition of RSSI, RSSI contains all sorts of power including power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells, adjacent channel
interference, thermal noise, etc. Therefore, (N x RSRP)/RSSI indicates "What is the portion of pure RS power over the whole E-UTRA
power recived by the UE".
RSRQ: >= -10,13.8
Default: -8 Range:-19.5 to -3

RSSI: RSSI is the total power UE observes across the whole band. This includes the main signal and co-channel non-serving cell
signal, adjacent channel interference and even the thermal noise within the specified band. This is the power of non-demodulated
signal, so UE can measure this power without any synchronization and demodulation.

RS-CINR: RS-CINR means RS-Carrier to Interference plus Noise Ratio. Within coverage areas, the TD-LTE network coverage must have
a more than 95% probability of RS-CINR >0dB.

CQI – CQI stands for Channel Quality Indicator. As the name implies, it is an indicator carrying the information on how good/bad the
communication channel quality is.

CQI is the information that UE sends to the network and practically it implies the following two
i) Current Communication Channel Quality is this-and-that..
ii) I (UE) wants to get the data with this-and-that transport block size, which in turn can be directly converted into throughput.

The eNodeB then uses the CQI to select the correct modulation and coding scheme for the channel conditions
Range: 1 to 15

SINR: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio. SINR is a measure of signal quality. It is not reported to the network. UEs typically use
SINR to calculate the CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) they report to the network.
The components of the SINR calculation can be defined as:
S: indicates the power of measured usable signals. Reference signals (RS) and physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) are mainly
involved
I: indicates the power of measured signals or channel interference signals from other cells in the current system
N: indicates background noise, which is related to measurement bandwidths and receiver noise coefficients
Range: 0 to 30

Rank Indicator (RI): RI is an indicator showing how well multiple Antenna work. Maximum RI value is very closely related to the
number of Antenna. Max RI means "Best Performance".
For example, in case of 2x2 MIMO, the RI value can be 1 or 2. When the value is 2 in this case means "Best Performance".

RB: Resource Block. A unit of transmission resource consisting of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and 1 timeslot (0.5 ms) in
the time domain
 PERFORMANCE KPI

Accessibility: A KPI that shows probability for an end-user to be provided with an E-RAB at request. This is the KPI where UE can
access the network (Call/Connection Establishment). This includes RRC, S1. E-RAB)

Formula: RRC Connection Setup Complete x100

RRC Connection Setup Request

Retainability: A measurement that shows how often an end-user abnormally looses an E-RAB during the time the E-RAB is
used. Call/Connection Failure
MME or eNB drop

Mobility: Intra, Inter IRAT

 HO Preparation: Handover preparation is the phase in which the target cell assigns the necessary radio resources for
taking over the connection and sending back a handover command message containing the new radio parameters to the
source cell.
Root causes for handover preparation failures are insufficient resources in the desired target cell, signaling transport
between the source and target cell, protocol errors in one of the involved peer entities, and parameterization errors in the
network configuration, for example, errors in IP/ATM routing tables.

 HO Execution: The handover execution phase starts when the previously received handover command message is sent to
the UE and successfully finished after the UE has arrived at the target cell.
Handover execution can fail because the UE refuses to execute the handover by sending a RRC reconfiguration failure
message or if radio contact with the UE is lost during handover execution on the radio interface.

 HO Complete: Data Forwarding.

 HO EVENTS (RRC measurement event IDs and description)
Event ID Description
A1 Serving becomes better than threshold
A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold
A3 Neighbor becomes offset better than serving
A4 Neighbor becomes better than threshold
A5 Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 and neighbor becomes better than threshold 2
B1 Inter-RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold
B2 Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 and inter-RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold 2

Integrity: Throughput (DL/UL), Latency, RTT, Setup

 Throughput:
 DL: 25/5 Mb
Field Name Recommended Value Meaning
 UL: 8/2 Mb
The timer for UE to detect radio link
byT310_Ue 2000 ms 200ms  Latency: 60 ms
failure(T310_UE)
 Setup Time: <5
The timer for UE to detect radio link failure and
byT311_Ue 30000 ms sec
switch to idle(T311_UE)
The timer for UE to wait for RRC connection
byT300 2000 ms 300ms TIMERS
response (T300)
The timer for UE to wait for RRC connection re-
byT301 2000 ms 200ms
establishment response (T301)
The Timer for UE to Wait for RRC Connection
byT302 1s Request Retry After Reception of RRC Connection 1s
Reject (T302)
Maximum number of consecutive out-of-sync
byN310 6
indications (N310_UE)
Maximum number of consecutive in-sync
byN311 1
indications (N311)
 Timer Start Stop

Reception of RRCConnectionSetup or RRCConnectionReject message,

RRC T300 Transmission of RRCConnectionRequest cell re-selection and upon abortion of connection establishment by
upper layers

Reception of RRCConnectionReestablishment or
Transmission of
RRC T301
RRCConnectionReestabilshmentRequest
RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject message as well as when the
selected cell becomes unsuitable

Reception of RRCConnectionReject while

RRC T302
performing RRC connection establishment
Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED and upon cell re-selection

Upon detecting physical layer problems i.e. Upon receiving N311 consecutive in-sync indications from lower
RRC T310 upon receiving N310 consecutive out-of-sync layers, upon triggering the handover procedure and upon initiating
indications from lower layers the connection re-establishment procedure

RRC/PS Upon initiating the RRC connection re-

T311 Selection of a suitable E-UTRA cell or a cell using another RAT.
Drop establishment procedure

Maximum number of consecutive "out-of-sync" indications received

N310
from lower layers
Maximum number of consecutive "in-sync" indications received from
N311
lower layers

SCHEDULAR
 Round Robin: A round-robin scheduler gives the same data rate to every mobile.
 Minimum Proportion Fair: In this the user get mini throughput in any condition
 High Proportion Fair: Allocates resources to the mobiles with the highest signal-to-noise ratios, which can
transmit or receive at the highest data rates.

Parameter Values
Bandwidth
(MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Subframe
Duration 1 ms
Subcarrier
Spacing 15 KHz
FFT Size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Resource
Blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
OFDM
Symbol
per
timeslot 7 or 6
Modulatio
n Schemes BPSK, QPSK (Signaling) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Data)
Error
Coding Rate 1/3 Convolution (Signaling), Rate 1/3 Turbo (Data)

Self Optimizing Networks:

 Auto Discovery
 Self provisioning & automated BTS network integration (Plug & Play)
 Cell outage detection
 Verify the X2 signaling message exchanges
 Sleeping Cell detection and repair
 RACH optimization
 Automatic Neighbor Relation
 Interference Co-ordination
 Mobility Load Balancing

Block Information Examples

MIB Master information block Downlink bandwidth
PHICH configuration
System frame number/4
SIB 1 Cell selection parameters PLMN identity list
Scheduling of other SIBs Tracking area code
CSG identity
TDD configuration
Qrxlevmin
SIB mapping, period, window size
SIB 2 Radio resource configuration Downlink reference signal power
Default DRX cycle length
Time alignment timer
SIB 3 Common cell reselection data SIntraSearchP, SNonIntraSearchP
Cell independent intra frequency data Qhyst
SIB 4 Cell specific intra frequency data Qoffset, s, n
SIB 5 Inter frequency reselection data Target carrier frequency
Threshx, LowP, Threshx, HighP
SIB 6 Reselection to UMTS UMTS neighbour list
SIB 7 Reselection to GSM GSM neighbour list
SIB 8 Reselection to cdma2000 cdma2000 neighbour list
SIB 9 Home eNB identifier Name of home eNB
SIB 10 ETWS primary notification ETWS alert about natural disaster
SIB 11 ETWS secondary notification Supplementary ETWS information
SIB 12 CMAS notification CMAS emergency message
SIB 13 MBMS information Details of MBSFN areas

LTE Call Flow:

System Acquisition:
  Power Up Acquisition
 System Information Broad cast
 Network Signaling
 Access Signaling

Connected Mode and UE State:

 RRC Connection Setup
 NAS (Non Access stratum State)

Attached to the Network:

 Initial Attach
 Authentication and Security
 Default Bearer Setup

Security:
 Authentication
 Integrity Protection
 NAS Security Procedure
 AS Security Procedure

PCI (Physical Cell ID):

PCI is always 3 * SSS + PSS where the SSS is 0-167 and the PSS is 0-2.
Range : 0 to 502
PSS: primary synchronization signal (PSS), it discovers the symbol timing and gets some incomplete information about
the physical cell identity. , The synchronization signal are always sent only on the center 62 sub carriers irrespective of
the channel bandwidth (1.25,3,5,10,20). Therefore, UE will look for the central sub carriers, i.e at the last OFDM symbol
of the 1st time slot and again at the last OFDM symbol of the 11th slot.

SSS: secondary synchronization signal (SSS), it discovers the frame timing, the physical cell identity, the transmission
mode (FDD or TDD) and the cyclic prefix duration (normal or extended). SSS is always send at the slot before the PSS is
present. In other words, SSS immediately precedes the PSS.

EnodeB:
• Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility
Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling).
• IP header compression and encryption of user data stream.
• Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined from the information
provided by the UE.
• Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway.
• Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME).
• Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M).
• Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling.
MME:
• NAS signaling.
• Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling security.
• Access Stratum (AS) Security control.
• Inter Core Network node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks.
• Idle mode UE Reach ability (including control and execution of paging retransmission).
• Tracking Area list management (for UE in idle and active mode).
• PDN GW and Serving GW selection.
• MME selection for handovers with MME change.
• SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G access networks.
• Roaming.
• Authentication.
• Bearer management functions.

SGW:

• Local Mobility Anchoring for inter-eNodeB handover.

• Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility.
• E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of network triggered service request procedures.
• Lawful Interception.
• Packet routing and forwarding.
• Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink.
• Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator charging.
• Uplink and Downlink charging per UE, PDN, and QCI.

Physical Channel:
PDSCH( Physical Downlink Shared Channel):
• carries all data in the DL direction to the UEs within a cell.
• UE-specific RRC messages are transmitted with the PDSCH together with user plane packets, and also with paging and system broadcast
information (SIBs).
• The different Transmission Modes (Tms) apply for the PDSCH only. Different TMs can be used dynamically between UEs signaled within
the rrcConnectionSetup message.

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel):

• The PBCH carries the Master Information Block (MIB), which is transmitted logically in an interval of 40 ms.

PMCH (Physical Multicast Channel):

• The PMCH is transmitted on the fourth antenna port only with designated reference symbols.This channel is basically similar to the
PDSCH, but designed for a multicell reception.

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel):

• These indicate how many symbols are reserved at the start of each downlink subframe for the physical control channels and
how many are available for data transmissions.

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel):

• The PDCCH is needed to transport DCIs. DCIs carry information on scheduling assignments for the DL and scheduling grants for the UL

PHICH (Physical HARQ Indicator Channel):

• The PHICH carries HARQ feedback information in the DL to the UEs. In other words, the ACK or NACK of a previous UL transmission is
signaled to the sending UE via the PHICH.

Time Division Duplexing (TDD) – The communication is done using one frequency, but the time for transmitting and
receiving is different. This method emulates full duplex communication using a half duplex link.
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) – The communication is done using two frequencies and the transmitting and
receiving of data is simultaneous.
 The spectral efficiency (which is a function of how well a given spectrum is used by LTE) of FDD is greater
than TDD.