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Hotel Pangeran, Pekanbaru, October 28th – November 1st, 2018

Volcanostratigraphy and Its Implication to Volcanic Reservoir Characteristic of Semilir

Formation, Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Aulia Agus Patria1, Arsha Maulana, Diannovi Islamiyati, Bagus Dwi Cahya, Moch. Indra Novian
1
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No.2, Yogyakarta

Abstract
Arc-related volcanism activity in Java subduction system has been started since Eocene. This activity produces volcaniclastic rocks
and thick-volcaniclastic sequences which not only has a potential as a reservoir rocks, but also proven to have a good accumulation
of hydrocarbon in Miocene volcaniclastic sequence in Well Jati-1, West Java. Outcrop analogue studies within volcaniclastic rocks
and its sequence are enable to identify the architectural elements and geometric features of different rock units and also their
petrophysical properties such as porosity, which are essential information as reservoir characterization. Outcrop in Ngoro-oro,
Patuk, Gunung Kidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta, has an ideal dimension to identify the change of facies and rock units, both
vertically and laterally. Geologically, the study area is in Semilir Formation, Southern Mountain Zone. This paper uses detailed
stratigraphic measurement with 1:10 scale which determines the facies distribution, dynamic sedimentation and its mechanism, and
analytical petrography to determine the reservoir characteristics based on mineralogy and texture. The result shows that the study
area consists of seven volcaniclastic rocks facies, interbedded carbonaceous claystone-sandstone, bedded sandstone, bedded
tuffaceous sandstone, pumiceous breccia, interbedded tuffaceous siltstone-tuffaceous sandstone, interbedded carbonaceous
claystone-tuffaceous sandstone and massive tuff. Another result shows that the study area was in medial-distal facies which was
influenced by minimally twice periods of explosive eruption, which type of its eruption is a Plinian that indicates silisic magma
chamber. This eruption produces primary pyroclastic flow and pyroclastic fall deposits within volcaniclastic turbidite mechanism.
In conclusion, the lapilli-vitric stone has the highest porosity (20,8%-30,1%), then followed by greywacke (8%-10%) and vitric-
crystal tuff (2-3%). Fracture porosity is also boosting the porosity magnitude of volcaniclastic rocks that conventionally composed
by primary porosity. In fact, volcanic activity directly influenced the reservoir quality such as its composition, mineralogy and
texture

Keywords : Volcanic Rocks, Volcanostratigraphy, Reservoir, Porosity, Semilir Formation

Copyright PIT IAGI – 2018. All right reserved

INTRODUCTION
The study of stratigraphy in the field of
geology have been widely used for some intensions.
Stratigraphic data or what we usually called measured
sections is the basic data for further interpretations,
such as deposition and deformation processes that
might lead to economic potential.
The study area is part of Semilir Formation,
located in a-newly-cut road at Nglanggeran, Gunung
Kidul, Yogyakarta. Geological data are taken from a
±1000 m-long and ±20 meter-high outcrop along the
Nglanggeran – Kalasan Road. Stratigraphically,
Semilir Formation is one of the formation in Southern
Mountain Zone, it composed by volcanic rocks as a
product of Oligo-Miocene volcanic activity. Semilir
Formation started since Late Oligocene – Early
Miocene and interfingering with Kebo-Butak
formation below and Nglanggran-Sambipitu above
(van Bemmelen, 1949).
DATA AND METHOD
The methods used in this research started with
fieldwork to get measured section data from ±1000
meters-outcrop and produced a 125 meters measured
section data. The objective from doing stratigraphic
measurement is to divide the outcrop into some
facieses and get an interpretation of the depositional
process along with literature study. Detailed
petrographic analysis in order to named the rock
samples that representing some points in the outcrop.
To get further interpretation about reservoir potential,
 PROCEEDINGS PEKAN ILMIAH TAHUNAN IAGI 2018
Hotel Pangeran, Pekanbaru, October 28th – November 1st, 2018
point counting method used to determine porosity
quantitatively in order to explai qualitative porosity. In
point counting method, we use 10 fields of view for
each sample and counting 100 points in each fields of
view. We count the ratio of pores, minerals, lithic and
other fragments to get to know how effective it is to be
a reservoir. The deformation process might be
interpreted by identifying the pore type in the thin
sections.
After gathering all data from all methods and
doing literature study, comprehensive interpretation
about the reservoir potential and volcanostratigraphy
of Semilir Formation that is represented by the outcrop
and combining data results.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Volcanostratigraphy can be defined as
stratigraphic and chronological studies within
products of an eruption, series of eruptions and
interruptive periods which arise in the geological
record. The main goals studying volcanic stratigraphy
is to distinguish single eruptive units that records in
volcanic rocks, because a group of volcanic deposits
formed during an eruptions and reflect single volcanic
event. Volcanic rocks that formed during volcanic
activity has unique and special features that differs
with other sedimentary rocks both laterally and
vertically, it can be used to determined the genetic,
type of volcanic activity, magma source, depositional
system and environment. Based on detailed
stratigraphic measurment shows that Semilir
Formation in Patuk Area consist of seven
volcaniclastic facies which classified into two type
group of volcanic facies that reflect two different
depositional system and environment.
- Lithofacies
Lithology and lithofacies are basic geologic
features of volcanic rocks and stratigraphy, they are
basic content in volcanic reservoir characterization.
Based on 125 m detailed stratigraphic measurement,
Patuk Area consist of volcaniclastic rocks and
sedimentary volcaniclastic rock, that can be classified
into seven lithofacies based on composition, texture,
geometry and sedimentary structure.
Interbedded carbonaceous claystone with sandstone
This facies consist of interbedded silisiclastic
rocks within claystone and sandstone present laminae
structure, wavy structure and normal grading
structure. Mainly consisting of quartz, clastic
materials, carbonaceous material and rare of feldspar.
Commonly grain size less than 2 mm, with matrix
supported and gradually coarsening with lessening of
claystone and carbonaceous materials.
Stratigraphically, this facies position at the bottom of
measurement with 19 m of thickness vertically.
Bedded sandstone
Show different in grain size, consist of sandstone
with rich of clastic materials, quartz and rare of
feldspar. Consist of bedding structure with gradually
coarsening in grain size from very fine to coarse. This
facies is a contact with volcaniclastic rocks, at the top
of this facies starting richness of volcanic material
such as ash and tuff. Consist of 11 m thick and show
sharp contact within overlaying facies.
Bedded tuffaceous sandstone
28 m total of bedded tuffaceous sandstone from
medium-very coarse grain size indicate starting and
ending of peak volcanic activity. Occurence of
volcanic materials such as tuff, glass, and lithic
fragments, feldspar and small-sized pumice with grain
supported, densely fabric with point and long contact.
Influence of volcanic materials intense upward
gradually, shows that change composition in mix-
volcanic sedimentary rocks into volcaniclastic rocks.
Pumiceous breccia (ignimbrite)
Very coarse grain-pebbly size of fragments,
massive structure and very welded characterized this
facies. Consist of rich in large-sized pumice, glass,
ash, feldspar and less of clastic materials. Imbrication
of carbonaceous materials in large size indicate high
tension of welding and hot temperature as the resulted
from compaction and consolidation of volcanic
pyroclastic. 25 m thickness in twice periods iteration
indicate the peak of eruption activity.
 PROCEEDINGS PEKAN ILMIAH TAHUNAN IAGI 2018
Hotel Pangeran, Pekanbaru, October 28th – November 1st, 2018
Interbedded tuffaceous siltstone with tuffaceous
sandstone
This facies consist of 11 m thick with tuffaceous
siltstone and sandstone, with small-sized grain, rich in
clastic and quartz, less in volcanic materials like
pumice but still show ash and glass in low content.
Laminae and wavy structures also shown in this facies
Indicate the mix-volcanic sedimentary rocks
(epiclastic) generate again, during low stage of
volcanism.
Interbedded carbonaceous claystone with tuffaceous
sandstone
The end stage of volcanism indicate with less of
volcanic content and start with rich silisiclastic
(epiclastic), in this facies consist of interbedded
silisiclastic rocks within claystone and tuffaceous
sandstone present laminae structure, wavy structure
and normal grading structure. Mainly consisting of
quartz, clastic materials, carbonaceous material and
rare of feldspar and less of ash. Commonly grain size
less than 2 mm, matrix supported with total of
thickness 26 m.
Massive tuff
5 m of massive tuf with ash-grain sized (< 2 mm)
shows high content of volcanic materials such as ass
and glass, and less-none silisiclastic materials. Shows
laminae structure and amalgamated bedding.
- Volcanic facies type
Volcanic facies type can be describe as a type of
series facies with characteristic and volcanic deposit
accumulation during volcanism, also can be defined as
a characteristic of different rocks and rock mass
formed by different process. Generally, lithofacies of
volcanic rocks can be used for interpreting geological
characteristic comprehensively such as, volcanic type
eruption, transportation and mechanism, accumulation
environment and many more.
Based on scheme volcanic rocks classification,
reccomendation from Union of Geological Sciences,
volcanic rocks in Patuk area can be classified into two
volcanic facies type by considering some aspects like
volcanism condition formation, volcanic mechanism
and distribution of volcanic rocks.
Volcanic Eruption Facies Group
Generally, volcanic eruption facies group is a
related facies with volcanic activity, located in near
crater and deposit in surface both subaerial or
subaqeous. Volcanic eruption facies type can be
classified into three facies, Extrusive facies, Effusive
facies and Explosive facies. In this case, Patuk area
consist of explosive facies, this facies can be
breakdown into two subfacies, Pyroclastic flow
subfacies and Pyroclastic fall subfacies.
- Pyroclastic flow subfacies
This subfacies consisting of Pumiceous breccia
(ignimbrite) lithofacies. This subfacies charcterized by
welded volcaniclastic rocks, large grain-sized,
imbricating of carbonaceous materials as a result from
welding, within explosive eruption type. This
subfacies indicate the transition belt in volcanic facies
model, located in surface near crater.
- Pyroclastic fall subfacies
This subfacies consisting of some lithofacies,
bedded tuffaceous sandstone, interbedded tuffaceous
sandstone with siltstone and massive tuff.
Characterized by small-sized grain, low-non welded
volcaniclastic rocks, transported by aerial suspension
mechanism from explosive eruption, usually this
subfacies located in nearfar from crater, indicating
transition belt-distal crater belt in volcanic facies
model.
Volcanic Sedimentary Facies Group
Volcanic sedimentary facies group is a facies
related with mixing volcanic activity and other
materials such as carbonate or silisiclastic materials,
located far from crater and can be deposit in surface
both subaerial and subaqeous. This facies indicated by
rch of silisiclastic materials or less of volcanic
materials. Consist of interbedded carbonaceous
claystone with sandstone, bedded sandstone,
interbedded carbonaceous claystone with tuffaceous
sandstone. This facies characterized by bedded or
 PROCEEDINGS PEKAN ILMIAH TAHUNAN IAGI 2018
Hotel Pangeran, Pekanbaru, October 28th – November 1st, 2018
lenticuler bedding and non-welded deposits within
dust drift, fallout deposits, debris flow and erosional.
Indicating far away from crater end stage of volcanism
and located in distal-crater belt in volcanic facies
model (shown on Figure 1).
Figure 1: Volcanic facies model, (a) Zou et al.,
(2003); (b) Boogie & MacKenzie (1998)
- Volcanic Reservoir Characteristic
Porosity Quality
Quantitative petrography method to determine
porosity using point counting of each samples results
are the highest porosity in Lapilli-vitric stone (20,8%-
30,1%) in sample AAP06, followed by Greywacke (8-
10%) in sample AAP15 and Vitric-crystal tuff (2-3%)
in sample AAP09. Based on quantitative counting, the
porosity quality of volcanic rocks Semilir Formation
can be classified into three types, Very good, poor and
negligible. Comparison of facies, facies type, volcanic
rocks and their porosity explain (table 1) below.
Types of Porosity
Based on petrography analysis, porosity of
volcanic rocks in Semilir Formation can be classified
into three major types, Primary pores, Secondary pores
and Fracture, with every types show distinguish
features and origin (Figure 1).
Primary pores
This pores are formed during volcanic activity
and post-volcanic activity due to rock or volcanic
materials formation/lithification. This pores can be
derived into primary air pores, intergranular pores and
intercrystalline pores.
Primary air pores formed due gas expansion
during volcanic explosion and diagenetic process, this
feature of porosity distribute minor as pore in lithic
andesite of tuffaceous sandstone and pumiceous
breccia. Intergranular pores formed during formation
of rocks and after diagenetic compaction between
clastic particles, common found in pyroclastic rocks
and also can be found in volcanic sedimentary rocks.
Intercrystalline pores is pores in framework of rock-
forming minerals, can be found as lithic or single
minerals, common found in cleavage face and
distribute in all pyroclastic rocks and some in volcanic
sedimentary rocks.
Secondary pores
Secondary pores are pores come from expansion
of primary pores or pores come from dissolution and
devitrification of minerals caused by increasing
temperature or pressure and response of minerals
during expose in surface.
Figure 2: Types and microscope photos of reservoir
space in volcanic rocks. (a) primary pores, vesicle; (b)
primary pores, intergranular pores; (c) primary pores,
intercrystalline pores; (d) secondary pores, devitrivied
pore; (e) secondary pores, dissolved plagioclase; (f)
secondary pores, dissolved volcanic ash (matrix); (g)
secondary pores, dissolution pores among grain; (h)
fractures pores, micro-structure; (i) fracture pores,
weathering fractures.
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Can be derived into devitrification pores,
phenocryst dissolution pores, dissolution pores in
matrix and dissolution pores among breccia.
Devitrification pores formed by glass or vitric
matterials, common feature in micropores with
favorable connectivity. Phenocryst dissolution pores
generate due to dissolution of fluid within cleavage
face of minerals, like plagioclase. Dissolution pores in
matrix origin from citric matterial such as glass and
ash as matrix, common features with fine pores and
certain connectivity. Dissolution pores among breccia
formed due to weathering, leaching and dissolution
among fragmen or breccia, common found in
pyroclastic rocks and developed in cracked clastics
and contact bertween material.
in Semilir formation can be classified into Eruption
stage and Re-construction stage (table 2).
Eruption stage divided by volcanic active period
with diagenesis mechanism eruption, cracking,
differentiation and crystallization and solidification
period. Re-construction stage can be classifief into two
periods, Weathering-leaching period and burial
period. Weathering-leching period marked by
intergranular-innergranular fracture and common
fracture in cleavage face of minerals. Burial period
marked by micro-structure and cryptocrystalline
structure caused by tectonic stress and devitrification.

Fractures pores
Fracture pores are pores origin from tectonic
stress and burial event. This process also can boost the
number of porosity. This types can be classified into
structural fractures with features micro-structure
mostly fault-like shape and weathering fractures
dissolution and extension of original fractures. Table 2: Diagenetic stage of volcanic rocks in Patuk,
Semilir Formation

Table 3: Comparison of facies, facies type, volcanic Table 3: Classification types of porosity and its
rocks and their porosity. features of reservoir space of volcanic rocks in Patuk,
Semilir Formation.

Diagenetic stage
According to distinctive features in hand sample
and petrography analysis, volcanic rocks of Semilir
Formation have obvious stage and periods in
diagenesis and evolution (Sruoga and Rubinstein,
2007). Diagenesis have special indicators in different
stages and periods, it possibly to divide the process
that control the diagenesis. Research on volcanic rocks
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CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms and Petroleum Exploration Potential

of Volcanic Rocks in China, Springerlink p54-66
1. A total seven lithofacies, three volcanic Pujun, Wang, Chen Chongyang, Zhang Ying, Gao
subfacies, two volcanic facies and two Youfeng, Qu Xuejiao, Yi Jian, 2015,
volcanic facies groups are developed in Patuk Characteristics of Volcanic Reservoirs and
area, Semilir Formation. The most favorable Distribution Rules of Effective Reservoirs in the
volcanic reservoirs mainly distributed in Changling Fault Depression, Songliao Basin,
pyroclastic flow subfacies of explosive Natural Gas Industry B2, p440-448
facies. Furthermore, pyroclastic fall Seubert, W. Bernhard., 2015, Volcaniclastic
subfacies of explosive facies may be petroleum Systems – Concept and Examples from
effective and volcanic sedimentary facies are Indonesia, p1-12.
negligible as volcanic reservoir. Song, Sheng-Rong Huann-Jih Lo, 2002, Lithofacies of
2. Lapilli-vitric stone has the highest porosity Volcanic Rocks in the Central Coastal Range,
(20,8%-30,1%), then followed by greywacke Eastern Taiwan : Implications for Island Arc
(8%-10%) and vitric-crystal tuff (2-3%). Evolution, Journal of Asian Earth Scientist 21,
3. The most effective porosity types are p23-38
intergranular porosity, devitrification pores,
phenocryst dissolution pores, dissolution
pores in matrix and among breccia, and
fractures. Primary porosity process is very
important for reservoirs porosity, which may
enhanced for the porosity of volcanic rocks
was less influenced by compaction and burial
depth.
4. Volcanic facies and their process influenced
the volcanic reservoir quality, Transitional
belt-medial facies would have potential to be
a reservoir than Distal belt facies.

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