Normal Stress

Normal stress is a stress that acts perpendicular to the area.

Tensile Stress
 The stress which induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls as shown in
the figure given below is called tensile stress.

Compressive Stress
 The stress which induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and opposite pushes
as shown in the figure given below is called compressive stress.

Shear Stress
unlike normal stress, this simple shear stress is directed parallel to the cross-section
considered, rather than perpendicular to it.

DIRECT STRAIN
Direct strain is that produce because of the action of direct stresses. These strains are also
named as simple strains.

Direct strains are further categorized in to two sub types.

1. Tensile Strain:
2. Compressive Strain:

TENSILE STRAIN
Tensile strain is that which is produce because of tensile stresses.

COMPRESSIVE STAIN
Compressive stain is that which produce in a body when two equal and opposite
forces try to compress the body. In this case length of body decreases as
compressive stress try to compress the body.
SHEAR STRAIN
shear strain is that strain which produce under the action of shear stresses. In this
case, body displace transversely from its original position. Shear strain is the ratio of
transverse shear displacement to the original length.

VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
If a stress acts on a body from all the three sides then it results change in dimensions of a
body from all sides. This change leads to a change in its volume.

The modulus of rigidity, or shear modulus, measures stiffness. When an object experiences
a force parallel to its length that is greater than its strength, it either slides against the
source of the stress, or it slides internally, causing small changes to its volume. Bolts
connecting two parts of an airplane must have a high modulus of rigidity to maintain their
integrity during flight as the plates they fasten are pulled in opposite directions.

The modulus of elasticity, or Young's modulus, measures springiness. When an object is

pulled perpendicularly to its length by strong forces, it reaches a point where it cannot
return to its original dimensions. The wings of a plane must have a strong modulus of
elasticity to withstand high winds without bending.

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area.[2] From these
measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio,
yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics.

Factor of safety is a ratio of maximum stress withstand by an object to applied stress.

Whenever a Factor of safety is greater than or equal to 1,then the applied stress is less than
or equal to the maximum stress so the object can withstand load.But when the ratio is
equal to 1 ,the object tough enough to withstand load.
Whenever a Factor of safety is less than 1 , the applied stress is greater than maximum
stress then the object can’t withstand the stress applied it leds to failure.

The factors which affects the factor of safety are-

1.Ultimate or Yeild Load
2.Nature of Force Which acts on that Material.
3.Working Condition in which that thing is employed.
4.Properties of material.
5.Stess concentration if any.

For ductile material:

Working stress = yield stress ÷ factor of safety

For brittle material:

Working stress=ultimate stress ÷ f.o.s.

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data

Relevant equations

The attempt at a solution

Linear Strain
Linear strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in length of the body
due to the deformation to its original length in the direction of the force. If l is the original
length and dl the change in length occurred due to the deformation, the linear strain e
induced is given by e=dl/l.

Lateral Strain
Lateral strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in length (breadth of
a rectangular bar or diameter of a circular bar) of the body due to the deformation to its
original length (breadth of a rectangular bar or diameter of a circular bar) in the direction
perpendicular to the force.
Poisson's ratio is

 the ratio of the relative contraction strain (transverse, lateral or radial strain) normal to the
applied load - to the relative extension strain (or axial strain) in the direction of the applied
load

Volumetric Strain
Volumetric strain of a deformed body is defined as the ratio of the change in volume of the
body to the deformation to its original volume. If V is the original volum and dV the change
in volume occurred due to the deformation, the volumetric strain ev induced is given by ev
=dV/V

The Bulk Modulus Elasticity - or Volume Modulus - is a material property characterizing the
compressibility of a fluid - how easy a unit volume of a fluid can be changed when changing the
pressure working upon it.

Let say
l = Length of the bar.

𝛿l = Deformation of the bar.

E = Young’s modulus of the material of the bar.

h = Height at which the load falls.

A = Cross-sectional area of the bar.

σi = Impact Stress-induced in the bar due to the application of the impact load.

P = Force at which the deflection is produced.

Conclusion
σi = 2W/A ( ∴Where h = 0)

This means that the stress in the bar when the load is applied suddenly is double of the
stress induced due to gradually applied load.
In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically, and release that energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum
energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a permanent distortion. The
modulus of resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit volume
without creating a permanent distortion.