Electricity Distribution Network Design

Planning distribution networks

Overall philosophy
Planning objectives
Combining engineering and economics
Effect of the existing network
Consideration of development trends
Production of long-term plans
Bibliography

2 Technical considerations
3.1 General 27
3.2 Modelling network components 27
3.2.1 Components 27
3.2.2 Transforming impedances 29
3.2.3 Per-unit values 30
3 3.3 Power flows and losses 32
3.3.1 Power flows 32
3.3.2 Power losses 33
3.3.3 Load and loss load factors 35
3.3.4 Heating effect 36
3.4 Voltage drop

4 3.5 System earthing

3.5.1 General
3.5.2 Hazard voltages
3.5.3 Neutral earthing arrangements
3.5.4 Direct earthing
3.5.5 Impedance earthing
3.5.6 Arc-suppression-coil earthing
5 3.5.7 Isolated neutral systems
3.5.8 Low-voltage-system protective earthing
3.6 Fault calculations
3.7 Unsymmetrical faults
3.7.1 Sequence networks
3.7.2 System sequence impedances
3.7.3 Earth faults
Overvoltages
Bibliography

7 6 Equipment
6.1 General
6.2 Transformers
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Losses
6.2.3 Insulation life
6.2.4 Reactance of large supply transformers
6.2.5 Unsymmetrical loads
8 6.3 Overhead lines
6.4 Underground cables
6.5 Switchgear
9 6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Circuit breakers
6.5.3 Disconnectors
6.6 Replacement of equipment
6.7 Bibliography
10 9 MV networks 166
9.1 General 166
9.2 Choice of network voltage 167
9.3 System modelling 169
9.4 Principles for determining circuit dimensions 171
9.4.1 Example: Choice of conductor size for a new line on an
economic basis 172
9.4.2 Example: Choice of conductor size to replace an
existing conductor 174
9.5 Operational aspects 176
9.5.1 Network arrangements 176
9.5.2 Load-transfer schemes 183
9.5.3 Optimum location of protective equipment and
switching devices 185
9.5.4 Network reinforcements 188
9.6 Bibliography

11 10. Distribution substations and LV networks 192

10.1 General 192
10.2 Cable-connected substations 195
10.3 Pole-mounted substations 199
10.4 LV network arrangements 199
10.5 Service connections 205
10.6 Bibliography

Load Data
11.1 Demands for design
11.2 Load-monitoring measurements
11.3 Load analysis and synthesis
11.4 Load forecasting
11.5 Short-term load forecasts
11.6 Bibliography

12 Special Load
12.1 General
12.2 Electric-arc furnaces
12.2.1 Load characteristics 222
12.2.2 Voltage fluctuations and lamp flicker 223
12.2.3 Methods for reducing voltage fluctuation 225
12.2.4 Loading cycles and transformer losses 227
12.3 Convertors 229
13 12.4 Motors 234
12.4.1 Starting currents 234
12.4.2 Voltage variations 235
12.4.3 Short-circuit contribution 235
12.4.4 Example of effect of motor loads on system 238
12.5 Railway traction 240
12.6 Other loads 242
12.6.1 Welding equipment 242
12.6.2 Induction heating equipment 243
12.6.3 Miscellaneous loads 244
12.7 Electromagnetic compatibility 245
12.7.1 International regulations 245
12.7.2 Voltage characteristics 247
12.7.3 Measurement of voltage characteristics 249
12.8 Bibliography 250

14 13 Network voltage performance 252

13.1 General ' 252
13.2 Voltage regulation 255
13.3 Automatic voltage control 256
13.4 Line-drop compensation 257
13.5 Distribution-transformer tap settings 260
13.6 Regulators and capacitors 261
13.7 Integration of voltage-control facilities 263
13.8 Voltage unbalance 265
13.9 Constraints affecting network-voltage performance 266
13.10 Customer-voltage fluctuations 267
13.11 Harmonics 269
13.12 Bibliography 271

14 omputer-based planning

I. MAIN CONCEPTS OF ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

1 PENDAHULUAN
Power System Arrangements
DUTIES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNERS
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PLANNING PROCESS
STRUCTURE OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Distribution Voltage Levels
Distribution System Configurations

II LOAD DEMAND FORECASTING

SPATIAL LOAD FORECASTING ( SLF )

III PROTECTION AND DISTRIBUTION SWITCHGEAR

earthing of electric distribution systems
BASIC OBJECTIVES
EARTHING ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT

DISTRIBUTION SWITCHGEAR
Types of Switchgear Installations
DIMENSIONING OF SWITCHGEAR INSTALLATIONS
Dimensioning of Insulation
Insulation Coordination Dimensioning of Bar Conductors for Mechanical Short - Circuit Strength
Mechanical Short - Circuit Stresses on Cables and Cable Fittings
Dimensioning for Thermal Short - Circuit Strength