FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL & PEMBUATAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

BMMA 3514 SEMESTER 1 SESI 2018/2019

ASSIGNMENT 3

1. AIZAT AFIFI BIN MOHD KAMAL B071610181

2. MUHD SOLEHUDDIN BIN JAAFAR B071610119

NAME OF GROUP
MEMBERS & 3. MUHAMMAD AMIRUL BIN SHAMSUDIN B071610143
MATRIX NUMBER
4. AHMAD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD SALLEH B071610082

5. MOHAMAD NAJMI BIN ISMAIL B071610567

6. MOHAMAD FADLI SYAWAL BIN ISHAHAK B071610174

COURSE 3 BMMA S1/1

1. EN. ADNAN BIN KATIJAN

NAME OF
INSTRUCTOR
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1.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY

An automotive battery is a rechargeable battery that supplies electrical current to a motor

vehicle. This process were done by feeding the starter which starts the engine. Once the
engine is being running, the power for the vehicle electrical system is controlled and supplied
by using an alternator. Automotive batteries are designed to deliver a maximum current for a
short period of time. Sometimes it is call as SLI batteries stand for Starting, Lighting and
Ignition.

Batteries are portable energy supplies that capable of producing electric current from a
chemical substance called an electrolyte. While wet cell batteries get their power from a liquid
electrolyte, dry cell batteries generate power from a slightly moist paste. Battery
manufacturers classify battery types in two types which is the primary type and it is call single
use disposables. The other types of battery is secondary types which is known as
rechargeable. The main differences between wet and dry cell batteries is whether the
electrolyte they use to make electricity is mostly liquid or mostly solid substance.

There got two major type of batteries which is Wet Cell and Dry cell batteries. On this
report, its only focus on wet cell batteries. Wet cell batteries has their own characteristics. A
wet cell battery generates power from a pair of electrodes and a liquid electrolyte solution.
Early wet batteries consisted of solution filled glass jars and with electrodes dropped into each
one. About the size of the average toaster, modern wet cells are used to start most cars and are
comprised of lead plates in a solution of sulfuric acid. A sheet of insulation separates the
anode (negative electrode) from the cathode (positive electrode). Wet cell can be either
primary or secondary cells.
 Wet cell batteries will produce 2.1 Volts each and 6 cells connected in series (+ -)
allows them to produce the 12.6 – (12) Volts used by the automobile. The main concern for
wet cell batteries in all applications is leaking sulfuric acid, as it is a dangerous corrosive that
can damage what it contacts and can burn human tissue. Lead acid battery is the most
common used batteries used in automotive. This is the chemistry used in a typical car battery.
The electrodes are usually made of lead dioxide and metallic lead, while the electrolyte is a
sulfuric acid solution. The amount and size in a battery cell determine the capacity of the
battery.

History

Early cars did not have a batteries as their electrical system on the vehicle which is
cause the electrical system is limited. A bell was used as their horn, headlight used by using a
gas-powered and the engine was started with a crank. Car batteries became widely used
around 1920 as cars became equipped with electric starters. The sealed battery which did not
require refilling was invented in 1971. The first starting and charging systems were designed
to be 6-volt and positive ground systems with the vehicle chassis directly connected to the
positive battery terminal. Today, all road vehicles have a negative ground system. The
negative battery terminal is connected to the car chassis.

The Hudson Motor Car Company was the first to use a standardized battery in 1918 when
they started using Battery Council International batteries. BCI is the organization that sets the
dimensional standards for batteries. Vehicle used a 6V electrical system until the mid of
1950s until it change to 12V when the bigger engines with higher compression ratio required
more electrical power to start. 6V batteries is still used in the smaller cars which is required
less power to start. For example the Volkswagen Beetle in the mid of 1960s. In the 1990s a
42V electrical system standard was proposed. It was intended to allow more powerful
electrically driven accessories and lighter automobile wiring harness. The availability of
higher efficiency motors, new wiring techniques and digital controls. It is focus on hybrid
vehicle systems that use high voltage starter.
2.0 I.R 4.0 ELEMENTS IN THE SYSTEM

After some research had been done about this battery technology. We think that this
technology will not be continue in the future. These are the reasons why this battery
technology will be extinct in the future:

i) The present of free maintenance battery today.

Free maintenance battery is a battery that cannot be recharge once it has lose its
power. However, this kind of battery is widely use today due to its convenient to
easily change it and replace it with the new one.

ii) The price of it competitor it cheaper.

Free maintenance battery is cheaper than wet cell battery. If the owner does not take a
good care of their car, the person who use the wet cell battery will lose more than the
person who use free maintenance battery due to its cost to buy it.

iii) Need regular maintenance.

Wet cell battery need regular maintenance if the owner want to long-last its lifespan.
Sulfuric acid need to be regularly refill into the battery when the level of sulfuric acid
is low than it should. People nowadays are too busy to keep looking at their car. So,
their alternative is to use the free maintenance battery because it is more convenient to
use.

iv) The sulfuric acid need competent person to handle it.

The acid is the main material that needed to make the battery works. So, it need to be
regularly refill. Some person does not take precaution step when handling the acid
which can cause severe damage whether to the car or the human.

v) The sulfuric acid need to be buy regularly.

When the owner regularly buy the acid, it will cost the owner much annually just to
maintain the battery only and not including other parts of the car.
3.0 THEORY OF OPERATION

The principle of operation of lead-acid batteries on based on electrochemical reactions of

lead and lead dioxide in sulfuric acid medium.

The energy is formed as a result from lead oxidation by sulfuric acid to sulfate. The
electrode from oxide of lead could be graphite with hydrogen allocation. Lead oxide is
necessary only to prevent hydrogen allocation on electrode. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen of
oxide and forms water, restoring oxide to the metal and perhaps provides an additional output
of energy from the oxidation of hydrogen.

At the charge there is return reaction to which at the end of a charge reaction of water
electrolysis is added being accompanied oxygen allocation on a positive electrode and
hydrogen – on negative proceed. At the end of a charge at some critical values of
concentration of lead sulfate at electrodes process of water electrolysis starts prevailing.
4.0 COMPONENTS AND ITS FUNCTION

1. Terminal
This is where energy leaves the galvanic cell array. They are made of lead which is a good
corrosion and resistant conductor.
2. Casing
The six galvanic cells are held in position by a non-reactive plastic composite case.
3. Lead Plate
The negative electrode reacts with sulphuric ions to generate hydrogen ions and more lead
sulphate.
4. Lead Dioxide Plate
This is the active material within the battery, reacting with the acid to produce ions and
lead sulphate.
5. Sulphuric Acid
Plates are submerged in acid which acts as the chemical catalyst and an electrolyte for
ions.
5.0 ADVANCES OF THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY

Imec, the world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and

automotive, energy and digital technologies and partner in EnergyVille, has fabricated an
innovative type of solid-state Li-ion battery achieving an energy density of 200 Wh/liter at a
charging speed of 0.5C (2 hours). This battery is a milestone to surpass wet Li-ion battery
performance and reach 1000Wh/L at 2C by 2024. With this clear performance engineering
path, imec's battery technology is ready to become a contender to power tomorrow's fast-
charging, long-haul vehicles.

The future of mobility will be largely electrical, powered by fast-charging, safe, and
compact batteries. Today's rechargeable Li-ion batteries have some room for improvement,
but not enough to allow vehicles sufficient range and autonomy. Imec's researchers are
working on a next generation of batteries, replacing the wet electrolyte with a solid, in order
to increase the energy density of the cell.

Recently, imec developed a solid nanocomposite electrolyte with an exceptionally

high conductivity of up to 10 mS/cm and with a potential to increase this even further. With
this new electrolyte, imec has now made a prototype battery. The electrolyte was applied into
the battery cell as a liquid precursor, and solidified afterwards. The prototype battery achieved
a volumetric energy density of 200 Wh/liter at a charging speed of 0,5C (2 hours).

By research it show that it can make solid-state batteries that have the potential to
reach the capabilities of wet batteries, and this using manufacturing processes similar to those
for wet batteries and solid-state batteries will be compatible with metallic lithium anodes with
a target of 1,000Wh/liter at a charging speed of 2C (half an hour). This, together with their
longer lifetime and improved safety, makes them a promising compact battery technology for
tomorrow's long-range vehicles."

To further improve the battery performance, imec is looking into combining

nanoparticle electrodes with its solid nanocomposite electrolyte. Imec uses ultra-thin coatings
as so-called buffer layers to control the interface between the active electrode and electrolyte.
This technology can also be used to improve the performance of standard liquid cells and
even for all-solid-state batteries with pressed and sintered inorganic electrolytes.
6.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM

Advantages Of Lead Acid Battery:

i) It is available in all shapes and sizes.
ii) It does not require any maintenance.
iii) It is best in terms of reliability and working capabilities.
iv) It withstands slow, fast and overcharging.
v) It is capable to withstand long term inactivity with or without solvent.
vi) It offers best value for power and energy per KWH.
vii) It offers longest life cycle.
viii) About 97% of lead can be recycled and reused in new batteries.
ix) It is inexpensive and simple to manufacture; low cost per watt-hour
x) It offers low self discharge, which is lowest among rechargeable batteries.
xi) It offers good performance at low and high temperature.

Disadvantages Of Lead Acid Battery:

i) Lead is heavier compare to alternative elements.
ii) It has low specific energy, poor weight to energy ratio.
iii) It can be charged slowly i.e. fully saturated charge takes 14 to 16 hours.
iv) It must be stored in charged condition in order to prevent sulfation.
v) It has limited cycle life. Moreover repeated deep cycling reduces battery life.
vi) Flooded version of battery requires watering.
vii) It is not environmentally friendly.
viii) There are transportation restrictions on flooded type.
7.0 OPINION ON THE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE NEAR FUTURE

A battery that can operate at super capacitor levels to completely charge or discharge in
just seven minutes - making it ideal for cars. Since it is solid state that also means it's far more
stable and safer than current batteries. The solid-state unit should also be able to work in as
low as minus 30 degrees Celsius and up to one hundred.

For safety reasons, if the main battery power was to fail, strategic systems would require
local batteries and micro-chargers. These micro-chargers share similarities with infotainment
power supplies in that they are often installed in confined environments. Thus, they share a
need for high efficiency designs optimised around thermally managed conduction cooled
mechanical formats. Designing to mitigate potential failures caused by thermal stress is vital
and contributes towards high reliability units on the road.

The batteries can be charged to full in just a few minutes and can charge and discharge
faster than lithium ion. Discharge is also crucial for things like cars that want vast amounts of
power in order to pull away quickly.

Uses oxygen from the air to fill its cathode. This makes it far lighter than liquid filled
lithium-ion batteries to give car a far greater range.
8.0 REFERENCE

 Heide Budde-Meiwes, Julia Drillkens, Benedikt Lunz, JensMuennix, Susanne

Rothgang, Julia Kowal and Dirk Uwe Sauer, Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering,2013.

https://www.academia.edu/18436016/A_review_of_current_automotive_battery_techn
ology_and_future_prospects

 M.A. Kreusch, M.J.J.S. Ponte, H.A. Ponte,N.M.S. Kaminari, C.E.B. Marino, V.

Mymrin, Resources, Conservation and Recycling,2007.

https://www.academia.edu/22086496/Technological_improvements_in_automotive_b
attery_recycling

 Linda Gaines, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2014.

https://www.academia.edu/18305545/The_future_of_automotive_lithium-
ion_battery_recycling_Charting_a_sustainable_course

VIDEO LINK
https://youtu.be/82lLX6HRkrg
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