Article

A Low Profile Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable

Antenna
Amjad Iqbal 1,2 , Omar A. Saraereh 3 , Qais H. Alsafasfeh 4 , Byung Moo Lee 5 and Sunghwan
Kim 6, *
1 Centre For Wireless Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Selangor, Malaysia.
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan;
amjad730@gmail.com
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan; eloas2@hu.edu.jo
4 Department of Electrical Power and Mechatronics Engineering, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan;
qsafasfeh@ttu.edu.jo
5 School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea; blee@sejong.ac.kr
6 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ulsan University, Ulsan, South Korea;
sungkim@ulsan.ac.kr
* Correspondence: sungkim@ulsan.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-52-259-1401

Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics

1 Abstract: A printed, frequency and pattern reconfigurable antenna is proposed in this paper. The
2 proposed antenna has three switches. Switch 1 is a lumped switch that controls the operating bands
3 of the antenna. Switch 2 and Switch 3 controls the beam switching of the antenna. When the Switch 1
4 is ON, the proposed antenna has resonant frequencies of 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, covering the 2.5-4.2
5 GHz and 6.2-7.4 GHz bands, respectively. When Switch 1 is OFF, the antenna operates only at 3.1 GHz
6 covering the 2.5-4.2 GHz band. The desired beam from the antenna can be obtained by adjusting the
7 ON and OFF states of Switches 2 and 3. The performance of the proposed reconfigurable antenna is
8 investigated under different switching conditions. Simulation and experimental results are presented
9 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.

10 Keywords: Pattern Reconfigurable; Patch Antenna; S-Parameters; Frequency Reconfigurable.

11 1. Introduction
12 With the development of communication technology, there is considerable interest in
13 reconfigurable antennas, mainly for their applications in various wireless communication systems.
14 Their properties can be adjusted to achieve selectivity in frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern,
15 polarization and gain. Tunable antennas have many advantages over wide band antennas, such
16 as smaller size, comparable radiation patterns among all multiple frequency bands, productive
17 utilization of electromagnetic range, and frequency discernment, which is helpful for decreasing the
18 antagonistic impacts of co-channel interference and jamming [1]. Most of the work in the literature has
19 focused on tuning a single antenna property, rather than multiple properties. Microfluidic controlled
20 polypropylene tubes, inserted between the main radiators and the ground plane, have been used
21 for the purpose of frequency reconfigurablity [2]. A pin diode has been used to vary the antenna’s
22 bandwidth from narrow to wide, while varactor diodes have been used to continuously change the
23 resonant frequency in the narrow band [3], making it more competitive for cognitive radio applications.
24 A PIN diode-based multiband reconfigurable printed monopole antenna for WLAN/WiMax was
25 presented in [4]. A wide range of frequency tunability was achieved in a probe-feed patch antenna
26 using voltage-controlled varactor diodes [5]. A hooked-shaped, stub-loaded printed antenna with
27 reconfigurable frequency for multiple applications was presented in [6]. Frequency tunability was

Submitted to Electronics, pages 1 – 9 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 2 of 9

X
W
Switch ON Switch OFF
PIN Diodes Y
Top
Bottom L L

w2

Switch 1 L3 R R C
Lg2
wg
L
L2
Lg1
w1 PIN diode model
L1

Ls

Switch 3 Switch 2 Lg
Metal strip
Lumped RLC
boundry
Ws

Figure 1. Proposed antenna diagram and PIN diode model.

28 achieved in [7]-[8] by using lumped switches. Frequency tunability in [9] was achieved by operation
29 of PIN and varactor diodes. Frequency tunability in Vivaldi antenna was studied in [10]. A vigorous
30 mechanism of band rejection over a large bandwidth along with a wideband state was achieved in
31 [11] using PIN diodes. In [12], pattern reconfigurablity was achieved by using open circuit switches
32 over high impedance surfaces. In [13], a central open wire was connected with two symmetric
33 monopole-loaded loops using diodes to reshape the radiation pattern. A pattern reconfigurable
34 microstrip parasitic array based on the Yagi-Uda antenna with four switches was proposed in [14]. A
35 central circular patch with multiple parasitic patches, each linked with switches, was presented in [15].
36 A reconfigurable patch slot ring antenna with an asymmetrical arrangement of PIN diodes used to
37 transmit radiation in four directions was proposed in [16]. Concerning these designs, the null or main
38 beam position in the far-field patterns can be changed by reconfiguring the antenna. A dual-polarized
39 antenna with different frequency choices using metamaterial was presented in [17]. Nonetheless, there
40 are few designs of pattern reconfigurable antennas with many beam choices in recent reports.
41 The rapid development of communication systems demands configurations where the frequency
42 and pattern of the system can be independently tuned. Combining all these configurations in a single
43 antenna is a major challenge. In recent years, some antennas have been designed successfully for
44 frequency and pattern tunability. A slot antenna having the characteristics of frequency and the pattern
45 reconfigurability using PIN diodes is reported in [18]. The antenna uses two switches on the slot
46 to produce multiple resonant bands, while the four slits along with the switches produce pattern
47 reconfigurability. The antenna presented in [18] does not cover the whole elevation or azimuthal plane.
48 The aforementioned antenna uses numerous RF PIN diodes, thus increasing the complexity of the
49 system as well as increasing the insertion losses. In [19], matching stubs are used to shift the resonant
50 frequency, while the PIN diodes in the annular slot are inserted to direct the main lobe and the null in
51 the desired direction. Liquid crystal technology is used in [20] to produce the frequency and pattern
52 reconfigurability in the antenna. In [21], frequency and pattern reconfigurability are achieved using
53 slits connected through PIN diodes with the main radiating part. The designed antenna in [21] can
54 only tilt the radiation pattern at 300 , 00 , −300 .
55 It is in this context that the presented paper can be set, with the aim of providing the design of a
56 compact frequency and pattern tunable antenna for many useful applications. The proposed antenna
57 works in either single or dual frequency mode according to the state of the lumped switch (Switch
58 1). In the ON state of Switch 1, the antenna can operate at 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz, covering the 2.5-4.2
59 GHz and 6.2-7.4 GHz bands, respectively. The same antenna can operate only at 3.1 GHz covering
60 the 2.5-4.2 GHz band for the OFF state of Switch 1. Two lumped switches (Switch 2 and Switch 3) are
61 introduced in the ground plane for the purpose of pattern reconfigurability.
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 3 of 9

Table 1. Different Parameter and values of the antenna

Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)

W 23 L1 5.05 Lg2 4
L 31 L2 6 Lg1 10.5
L3 3.5 W1 1 Wg 1
W2 7 Ws 3 Lg 7
Ls 9.5

62 2. Antenna Design
63 Fig. 1 shows the geometry of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna is designed on lossy
64 FR-4-substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The overall dimensions of the
65 proposed antenna are 23 mm×31 mm×1.6 mm. The transmission line is 3 mm wide resulting in 50 Ω
66 characteristic impedance. Values of various parameters used in the proposed antenna are summarized
67 in Table 1.
68 Equation 1 is used to calculate the length of the radiating element [22].

c
f = q (1)
λ g × ee f f

er + 1
ee f f ≈ (2)
2
69 In the above two equations, "c" is the speed of light in a vacuum , "λ g " is the guided wavelength,
70 and "ee f f " is the effective dielectric constant.

71 2.1. Switching Techniques

72 Usually the PIN diode behaves as a variable resistor in the RF frequency range; however, the
73 ON and OFF states have more complex circuitry. Equivalent circuits of the ON and OFF states of the
74 PIN diode consist of an inductor (L). Forward biasing for the diode is obtained when the inductor
75 and resistor (R) are connected in series. In the case of the OFF state, the inductor is connected with
76 a parallel-connected resistor (R) and capacitor (C). The ON and OFF behavior of the PIN diode are
77 studied as RL and RLC circuits, respectively [23]. The lower value of the R in the RL circuit allows
78 current flow between the radiating parts. The higher value of RC in the RLC circuit blocks the current
79 from flowing between the radiating elements. Thus for the sake of simplicity we modeled our PIN
80 diode as an RL circuit in the simulation. The value of the inductor (L) is kept constant. A resistor (R)
81 with a small value of 1 Ω behaves as a short circuit and allows the current flow between the radiating
82 parts. On the other hand, a resistance (R) of 5 MΩ has exhibited an open circuit behavior and blocks
83 the current between radiating elements.

84 2.2. Antenna Analysis

85 The reflection coefficient (S11 ) of the proposed frequency and pattern reconfigurable antenna is
86 obtained using the full wave electromagnetic simulator HFSS 13.0 and is shown in Fig. 2. It is clear
87 from Fig. 2 that the proposed antenna has a single frequency band in the OFF state of Switch 1. Dual
88 band antenna performance can be achieved by changing the state of Switch 1 to the ON state, as shown
89 in Fig. 2.
90 Parametric examination of various parameters of the proposed antenna is performed so as to
91 assess the impact of different parameters on the antenna performance. The proposed antenna is
92 assessed using the parameters "w1" and "L2". It can be seen from the graph of varying parameter "w1"
93 that "w1" has a large effect on the band centered at 6.8 GHz. Changing the parameter "w1" dramatically
94 changes the resonant frequency of the 6.8 GHz band. By increasing the value of the parameter "w1",
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 4 of 9

95 the resonant frequency of the second band shifts towards the lower frequency, whereas the effect on
96 the first resonant band is negligible. Thus, it is concluded from the parametric analysis that the second
97 resonant band can be controlled by the parameter "w1". Fig. 3a demonstrates the simulated S11 of the
proposed antenna versus frequencies for varied "w1".

-5

Return Loss (dB)

-10

-15

-20
Switch 1 OFF
-25 Switch 1 ON

-30
1 3 5 7
Frequency (GHz)

Figure 2. Return loss of the proposed antenna at ON and OFF switch.

98

0 0

-5 -5
Return Loss (dB)
Return Loss (dB)

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20
w1= 1 mm w1= 0.5 mm L2= 6 mm L2= 5 mm
-25 w1= 1.5 mm w1= 2 mm -25 L2= 7 mm

-30 -30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

(a) (b)
Figure 3. Return loss against frequencies for varied parameter (a) “w1” (b) "L2".

99 Fig. 3b presents the simulated S11 of the proposed antenna versus frequencies for a range of
100 values of the parameter "L2". The effect of the parameter "L2" on the antenna performance are explored
101 in Fig. 3b. It is clear from the figure that the parameter "L2" is effective in shifting of both bands.
102 By increasing the value of "L2", both bands shift toward lower frequency. From [22], it is clear that
103 the frequency is inversely related to length of the monopole. Increasing the length of the monopole
104 increases the guided wavelength (λ g ), resulting in decrease frequency, as obvious from (1).

105 3. Results and Discussions

106 To validate the simulated results, the antenna is designed on a commercially available FR-4
107 substrate with a dielectric constant of er = 4.4 and height hs = 1.6 mm. A high frequency structure
108 simulator (HFSS) is used for simulation and optimization of the proposed antenna. Fig. 1 shows the
109 top and bottom of the fabricated antenna. A low-capacitance PIN diode, MPP4203 (Microsemi)is used
110 in the fabricated antenna. The DC path is completely isolated from the feeding path. The capacitors
111 have the ability to block DC and pass RF signals while the RF choke (RFC) blocks RF and passes DC.
112 The fabricated antenna uses 125 nH inductors, and 470 pF capacitors.
113 The proposed antenna has a resonant frequency of 3.1 GHz covering a 10 dB bandwidth of 1.7
114 GHz, as shown in Fig. 4, when the lumped switch (Switch 1) is OFF. The antenna covers two bands
115 when the lumped switch (Switch 1) is ON. The antenna has resonant frequencies of 3.1 GHz and 6.8
116 GHz, covering 10 dB bandwidths of 1.7 GHz and 1.2 GHz, respectively, when the lumped switch of
117 the proposed antenna is ON.
118 Fig. 4 compares the simulated and measured return loss (S11 ) results in both ON and OFF state of
119 the switch (Switch 1). A good agreement between the simulated and measured results is seen in Fig. 4.
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 5 of 9

120 The slight mismatch in the curves for S11 is caused by the introduction of the three lumped switches in
121 the fabricated antenna, SMA connector losses and cable losses.
0 6
Sim: ON Switch 1
-5 5 Meas: ON Switch 1
Sim: OFF Switch 1
Return Loss (dB)

-10 4 Meas: OFF Switch 1

VSWR
-15 3

-20
Sim: ON Switch 1 2
Meas: ON Switch 1
-25 1
Meas: OFF Switch 1
Sim: OFF Switch 1
-30 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
Figure 4. Simulated and Measured Return Figure 5. VSWR against varied frequencies
Loss of the proposed antenna. for ON and OFF state of the switch.

122 Fig. 5 compares the simulated and measured results of the ratio of the maximum to minimum
123 voltage along the transmission feed line of the proposed antenna (VSWR) for both, the ON and OFF
124 states of the lumped switch (Switch 1). The graph in Fig. 5 clearly shows that the VSWR of the antenna
125 for both ON and OFF states of the switch (Switch 1) is less than two for the two operating bands. This
126 comparison shows that the antenna is reasonably matched in the desired two bands.
127 To further characterize the behavior of the proposed antenna, the surface current distributions at
128 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz are shown in Fig. 6. It is clear from Fig. 6 that the current density is higher at the
129 lower side of the radiating part with respect to the remaining portion of the radiator for 3.1 GHz. It is
130 clear from Fig. 6 that the lower region is responsible for resonance at 3.1 GHz. The surface current
131 density of the proposed antenna is higher at lower as well as upper portions of the antenna at 6.8 GHz
132 indicating that the 6.8 GHz resonance is affected by lower as well as upper parts of the antenna.

3.1 GHz 6.8 GHz

Figure 6. Surface Current density of the proposed antenna at ON switch condition.

133 Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, and Fig. 10 present the radiation patterns for Case 1, Case 2, Case 3, and
134 Case 4, respectively. The radiation patterns for both Phi=0◦ and Phi=90◦ are simulated and measured.
135 Figures for all cases compare the simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna
136 at 3.1 and 6.8 GHz.

Table 2. Summary of the state of switches and corresponding main lobe direction
Case Switch 1 Switch 2 Switch 3 Main Lobe Direction at Phi=0◦ for 3.1 GHz Main Lobe Direction at Phi=0◦ for 6.8 GHz
1 ON OFF OFF 180◦ 0◦
2 ON ON OFF 90◦ -30◦
3 ON OFF ON 270◦ -60◦
4 ON ON ON 30◦ -60◦ and 180◦
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 6 of 9

-180 -180 -180 -180

1 0 1 0
150 -150 150 -150 150 -150 150 -150
0.2 -10 -2 -7
120 -120 120 -120 120 -120 120 -120
-0.6 -20 -5 -14

90 -1.4 -90 90 -30 -90 90 -8 -90 90 -21 -90

60 -60 60 -60 60 -60 60 -60

30 -30 30 -30 30 -30 30 -30

0 0 0 0
(a) Sim (b) (a) Sim (b)
-180 Meas -180 -180
Meas -180
1 0
150 -150 150 -150 1 0
150 -150 150 -150
-2 -6 -2
120 -120 -6
120 -120 120 -120 120 -120
-5 -12 -5 -12
90 -8 -90 90 -18 -90 90 -8 -90 90 -18 -90

60 -60 60 -60 60 -60 60 -60

30 -30 30 -30 30 -30 30 -30

0 0 0 0
(c) (d) (c) (d)

Figure 7. Case 1: (a) Phi=0◦ at 3.1 GHz (b) Figure 8. Case 2: (a) Phi=0◦ at 3.1 GHz (b)
Phi=90◦ at 3.1 GHz (c) Phi=0◦ at 6.8 GHz (d) Phi=90◦ at 3.1 GHz (c) Phi=0◦ at 6.8 GHz (d)
Phi=90◦ at 6.8 GHz. Phi=90◦ at 6.8 GHz.
-180 -180 -180 -180
1 0 1 0
150 -150 150 -150 150 -150 150 -150
-2 -7 -2 -9
120 -120 120 -120 120 -120 120 -120
-5 -14 -5 -18

90 -8 -90 90 -21 -90 90 -8 -90 90 -27 -90

60 -60 60 -60 60 -60

60 -60
30 -30 30 -30
30 -30 30 -30
0 0
0 Sim 0 Sim
(a) (b) (a) (b)
Meas -180 -180 Meas -180
-180 2 0
1 0 150 -150 150 -150
150 -150 150 -150
-6 -2 -8
-3 120 -120 120 -120
120 -120 120 -120
-12 -6 -16
-7
90 -90 90 -10 -90 90 -24 -90
90 -11 -90 -18

60 -60 60 -60 60 -60

60 -60

30 -30 30 -30 30 -30

30 -30
0 0 0
0
(c) (d) (c) (d)

Figure 9. Case 3: (a) Phi=0◦ at 3.1 GHz (b) Figure 10. Case 4: (a) Phi=0◦ at 3.1 GHz (b)
Phi=90◦ at 3.1 GHz (c) Phi=0◦ at 6.8 GHz (d) Phi=90◦ at 3.1 GHz (c) Phi=0◦ at 6.8 GHz (d)
Phi=90◦ at 6.8 GHz. Phi=90◦ at 6.8 GHz.

137 Fig. 7 shows the radiation pattern for Case 1 where Switch 1 is ON and the rest of the switches
138 are OFF. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that the main lobe at Phi=0◦ is directed towards 180◦ while a low
139 backward lobe is observed as compared to the main lobe at 3.1 GHz. In the Phi=0◦ plane, the main
140 lobe is directed towards 0◦ and a low backward lobe is observed at 6.8 GHz. At lower frequency band
141 the designed antenna radiates predominantly as a “Figure of Eight” in Phi=90◦ plane while a little
142 distortion is observed at high frequency band.
143 Fig. 8 shows the radiation pattern for Case 2 where Switch 1 and Switch 2 are ON, and Switch 3 is
144 OFF. It is quite clear from Fig. 8 that the main lobe of the proposed antenna is directed towards 90◦ for
145 Phi=0◦ at 3.1 GHz, while the main lobe is directed towards -30◦ for 6.8 GHz. At lower frequency band
146 the designed antenna radiates predominantly as a distorted “Figure of Eight” in Phi=90◦ plane, while
147 much more distortion is observed at high frequency band.
148 Fig. 9 shows the radiation pattern for Case 3 where Switch 1 and Switch 3 are ON, and Switch 2
149 is OFF. It is clear from Fig. 9 that the main lobe of the proposed antenna is directed towards 270◦ for
150 Phi=0◦ at 3.1 GHz while main lobe is directed towards -60◦ at 6.8 GHz.
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 7 of 9

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

-180 -180 -180

1 1 -180
1 150 -150 150 -150 1
150 -150 150 -150
Phi=0 at 3.1 GHz

0.2 -2 -2
120 -120 120 -120 -2
120 -120 120 -120
-0.6 -5 -5 -5
90 -1.4 -90 90 -8 -90 90 -8 -90 90 -8 -90

60 -60 60 -60 60 -60 60 -60

30 -30 30 -30 30 -30 30 -30

0 0 Sim 0 0
Meas
-180 -180 -180 -180
1 1 1 2
150 -150 150 -150 150 -150 150 -150
Phi=0 at 6.8 GHz

-2 -2 -3 -2
120 -120 120 -120 120 -120 120 -120
-5 -5 -7 -6
90 -8 -90 90 -8 -90 90 -11 -90
90 -10 -90

60 -60 60 -60 60 -60

60 -60
30 -30 30 -30 30 -30
30 -30
0 0 0
0
Case 1: sw1=ON, sw2=OFF, sw3=OFF, Case 2: sw1=ON, sw2=ON, sw3=OFF, Case 3: sw1=ON, sw2=OFF, sw3=ON, Case 4: sw1=ON, sw2=ON, sw3=ON

Figure 11. Summary of the beam switching using switch 2 and switch 3.

Table 3. Summary of the different cases and its corresponding gains and efficiencies at both bands
Gain (dBi) Gain (dBi)
Case Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%)
Sim (3.1 GHz) Meas (3.1 GHz) Sim (6.8 GHz) Meas (6.8 GHz)
1 4.01 3.93 81.6 4.60 4.58 83.1
2 3.81 3.78 80.3 4.44 4.35 80.5
3 3.99 3.89 81.4 4.51 4.46 81.6
4 3.77 3.70 78.8 4.31 4.21 80.1

151 Fig. 10 shows the radiation pattern for Case 4 when Switch 1 and Switch 2 and Switch 3 are ON.
152 It is clear from Fig. 10 that the main lobe of the proposed antenna is directed towards 30◦ for Phi=0◦ at
153 3.1 GHz, while the main lobe is directed towards -60◦ and 180◦ at 6.8 GHz.
154 After analyzing the characteristics of the radiation patterns, it can be concluded that the proposed
155 antenna has stable radiation patterns at each state of the switches. The gains of the back lobe and side
156 lobe are both low compared to the main lobe. Table 2 summarizes the pattern reconfigurability of
157 the proposed antenna achieved by adjusting different switching states. Table. 3 summarizes the gain
158 and the efficiency for all switch states. Table. 4 compares the proposed antenna with the antennas
159 presented in the literature.

160 4. Conclusion
161 In this paper, a very small size frequency and pattern reconfigurable multiband monopole antenna
162 for portable wireless applications is simulated, fabricated, measured and analysed. The proposed
163 antenna is switch-dependent and has dissimilar performance for ON and OFF states of Switch 1. The
164 designed antenna can be operated at two unique frequencies, depending on the state of Switch 1.
165 When Switch 1 is OFF, the antenna operates at 3.1 GHz. Changing the state of Switch 1 causes the

Table 4. Performance comparison with previously published work

Ref. Size (mm) Reconfiguration Actuators Bandwidth (MHz) Peak Gain (dBi)
[18] 130×160 Frequency and Pattern 11 PIN diodes 200/150/150 5.6/4.6/3.3
[19] 50×50 Frequency and Pattern 2 PIN diodes 100/70 4/5.6
[21] 50×50 Frequency and Pattern 4 PIN diodes 180/200/180/200 4/3.8/4.4/5
This Work 23×31 Frequency and Pattern 3 PIN diodes 1700/1200 4.01/4.60
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 8 of 9

166 antenna to operate at 3.1 GHz and 6.8 GHz with good gain (4.01 dBi and 4.6 dBi, respectively). The
167 pattern reconfigurability is obtained by changing the states of Switch 2 and Switch 3 introduced in the
168 ground plane. Four different beam directions may be obtained by adjusting the states of Switch 2 and
169 Switch 3.

170 Author Contributions: Amjad Iqbal and Omar A Saraereh provided the idea, performed the experiments and
171 managed the paper. Qais H. Alsafasfeh, Byung Moo Lee and Sunghwan Kim assisted in the idea development
172 and paper writing.
173 Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research
174 Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016R1D1A1B03934653).
175 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

176 References
177 1. Augustin, G.; Aanandan, C.; Mohanan, P.; Vasudevan, K. A reconfigurable dual-frequency slot-loaded
178 microstrip antenna controlled by pin diodes. Microwave and optical technology Letters 2005, 44, 374–376.
179 2. Tang, H.; Chen, J.X. Microfluidically frequency-reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and array. IEEE
180 Access 2017, 5, 20470–20476.
181 3. Tang, M.C.; Wen, Z.; Wang, H.; Li, M.; Ziolkowski, R.W. Compact, Frequency-Reconfigurable Filtenna
182 With Sharply Defined Wideband and Continuously Tunable Narrowband States. IEEE Transactions on
183 Antennas and Propagation 2017, 65, 5026–5034.
184 4. Abdulraheem, Y.I.; Oguntala, G.A.; Abdullah, A.S.; Mohammed, H.J.; Ali, R.A.; Abd-Alhameed, R.A.;
185 Noras, J.M. Design of frequency reconfigurable multiband compact antenna using two PIN diodes for
186 WLAN/WiMAX applications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 2017, 11, 1098–1105.
187 5. Rouissi, I.; Floc’h, J.M.; Rmili, H.; Trabelsi, H. Design of a frequency reconfigurable patch antenna using
188 capacitive loading and varactor diode. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2015 9th European Conference
189 on. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–4.
190 6. Sharma, N.; Yadav, M.; Kumar, A. Design of quad-band microstrip-fed stubs-loaded frequency
191 reconfigurable antenna for multiband operation. Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2017
192 4th International Conference on. IEEE, 2017, pp. 275–279.
193 7. Iqbal, A.; Ullah, S.; Naeem, U.; Basir, A.; Ali, U. Design, fabrication and measurement of a compact,
194 frequency reconfigurable, modified T-shape planar antenna for portable applications. Journal of Electrical
195 Engineering & Technology 2017, 12, 1611–1618.
196 8. Iqbal, A.; Saraereh, O.A. A Compact Frequency Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Wi-Fi/WLAN
197 Applications. Progress In Electromagnetics Research 2017, 68, 79–84.
198 9. Li, H.; Xiong, J.; Yu, Y.; He, S. A simple compact reconfigurable slot antenna with a very wide tuning range.
199 IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2010, 58, 3725–3728.
200 10. Hamid, M.R.; Gardner, P.; Hall, P.S.; Ghanem, F. Reconfigurable vivaldi antenna. microwave and optical
201 technology letters 2010, 52, 785–787.
202 11. Perruisseau-Carrier, J.; Pardo-Carrera, P.; Miskovsky, P. Modeling, design and characterization of a very
203 wideband slot antenna with reconfigurable band rejection. IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation
204 2010, 58, 2218–2226.
205 12. Deo, P.; Mehta, A.; Mirshekar-Syahkal, D.; Nakano, H. An HIS-based spiral antenna for pattern
206 reconfigurable applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 2009, 8, 196–199.
207 13. Kang, W.; Lee, S.; Kim, K. Design of symmetric beam pattern reconfigurable antenna. Electronics letters
208 2010, 46, 1536–1537.
209 14. Zhang, S.; Huff, G.; Feng, J.; Bernhard, J. A pattern reconfigurable microstrip parasitic array. IEEE
210 Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2004, 52, 2773–2776.
211 15. Cai, X.; Wang, A.; Chen, W. A circular disc-shaped antenna with frequency and pattern reconfigurable
212 characteristics. Microwave Conference Proceedings (CJMW), 2011 China-Japan Joint. IEEE, 2011, pp. 1–4.
213 16. Nair, S.V.S.; Ammann, M.J. Reconfigurable Antenna With Elevation and Azimuth Beam Switching. IEEE
214 Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 2010, 9, 367–370. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2010.2049332.
 Version December 13, 2018 submitted to Electronics 9 of 9

215 17. Chen, X.; Zhao, Y. Dual-band Polarization and Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Using Double Layer
216 Metasurface. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 2018, 95, 82–87.
217 18. Majid, H.A.; Rahim, M.K.A.; Hamid, M.R.; Ismail, M.F. Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Slot Antenna.
218 IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2014, 62, 5339–5343. doi:10.1109/TAP.2014.2342237.
219 19. Nikolaou, S.; Bairavasubramanian, R.; Lugo, C.; Carrasquillo, I.; Thompson, D.C.; Ponchak, G.E.;
220 Papapolymerou, J.; Tentzeris, M.M. Pattern and frequency reconfigurable annular slot antenna using PIN
221 diodes. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2006, 54, 439–448. doi:10.1109/TAP.2005.863398.
222 20. Zhao, Y.; Huang, C.; Qing, A.; Luo, X. A Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on
223 Liquid Crystal Technology. IEEE Photonics Journal 2017, 9, 1–7. doi:10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2700042.
224 21. Selvam, Y.P.; Kanagasabai, M.; Alsath, M.G.N.; Velan, S.; Kingsly, S.; Subbaraj, S.; Rao, Y.V.R.; Srinivasan,
225 R.; Varadhan, A.K.; Karuppiah, M. A Low-Profile Frequency- and Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna. IEEE
226 Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 2017, 16, 3047–3050. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2759960.
227 22. Stutzman, W.L.; Thiele, G.A. Antenna theory and design; John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
228 23. Yeom, I.; Choi, J.; Kwoun, S.s.; Lee, B.; Jung, C. Analysis of RF front-end performance of reconfigurable
229 antennas with RF switches in the far field. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014, 2014.

230 c 2018 by the authors. Submitted to Electronics for possible open access publication
231 under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
232 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).