Afro-Caribbean

Afro-Caribbean is the shorten ethnicity term ofAfrican-Caribbean which refers to

Afro-Caribbeans
the ethnicity and cultural heritage of Caribbean people whose ancestors were taken
from Africa via the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the Caribbean Islands between the
15th & 19th century to work primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic
households. Other names for the ethnic group include, Black Caribbean, Afro-
West Indian, Black West Indian or Afro-Antillean. The term was not used by
[3]
West Indians themselves but was first coined by Americans in the late 1960s.

People of Afro-Caribbean descent today mainly have between 85-95% African

ancestry DNA with their remaining of non-African ancestry DNA, such as
European, South Asian, Middle Eastern and Amerindian, as there has been extensive
intermarriage and unions among the peoples over the centuries.

Although most Afro-Caribbean people today live in French, English and Spanish-
speaking Caribbean nations, there are also significant diaspora populations
throughout the Western world – especially in the United States, Canada, Great
Britain, France and the Netherlands. Both the home and diaspora populations have
produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern
Western, Caribbean, and African societies; they include political activists such as
Total population
Marcus Garvey and C. L. R. James; writers and theorists such as Aimé Césaire and
Frantz Fanon; US military leader and statesman Colin Powell (whose parents were c. 30 million
immigrants) and Jamaican musicianBob Marley. Regions with significant
populations
Haiti 8.9 million
Contents Dominican 6.2 million
Republic
History
16th–18th centuries Cuba 4.9 million
19th–20th centuries United States 2.88
Notable people million[1]
Politics
Jamaica 2.5 million
Science and philosophy
Arts, sports and culture United Kingdom 601,647
Main groups Trinidad and 452,536 [2]
Culture Tobago
See also Bahamas 372,000
References Guadeloupe 403,750
External links
Puerto Rico 342,000
Martinique 330,000

History Guyana 290,000

Barbados 253,771
Suriname 202,500
16th–18th centuries
Saint Lucia 173,765
During the post-Columbian era, the archipelagos and islands of the Caribbean were Curaçao 148,000
the first sites of African diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic. Specifically, in French Guiana 131,676
1492, Pedro Alonso Niño, an African-Spanish seafarer, was recorded as piloting one
Grenada 101,309
of Columbus' ships. He returned in 1499, but did not settle. In the early 16th century,
more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, Belize 93,394
sometimes arriving as free men of mixed ancestry or as indentured servants, but Antigua and 82,041
increasingly as enslaved workers and servants. This increasing demand for African Barbuda
labour in the Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation of the native U.S. Virgin 106,405
Taino and other indigenous peoples caused by the new infectious diseases, harsh Islands
conditions, and warfare brought by European colonists. By the mid-16th century, the
Dominica 72,660
slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that Francis Drake
and John Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish
Saint Kitts and 38,827
colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people
Nevis
from Sierra Leone to San Domingo (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).[4] Languages
Languages:
During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonial development in the Caribbean
English
became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the
English Creole
lucrative commodity crop of sugarcane. On many islands shortly before the end of
Caribbean
the 18th century, the enslaved Afro-Caribbeans greatly outnumbered their European
Jamaican, Trinidadian, Tobagonian,
masters. In addition, there developed a class of free people of color, especially in the
Bahamian, Guyanese, Bajan,
French islands, where persons of mixed race were given certain rights.[5] On Saint-
Grenadian, Belizean, Saint Kitts,
Domingue, free people of color and slaves rebelled against harsh conditions, and
Vincentian, Surinamese
constant inter-imperial warfare. Inspired by French revolutionary sentiments that at
French
one point freed the slaves, Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines led
French Creole
the Haitian Revolution that gained the independence of Haiti in 1804, the first Afro-
Haitian, Antillean
Caribbean republic in theWestern Hemisphere.
Spanish
Spanish Creole
19th–20th centuries Caribbean Spanish
Portuguese
In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership, became
Portuguese Creole
the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state.
Papiamento
During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as the Baptist War, led
Dutch
by Sam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of
Yoruba
slavery in the region by various colonial powers. Great Britain abolished slavery in
other West African languages
its holdings in 1834. Cuba was the last island to be emancipated, when Spain
abolished slavery in its colonies. Religion
Predominantly:
During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people, who were a majority in many
Christianity
Caribbean societies, began to assert their cultural, economic, and political rights with
Minority:
more vigor on the world stage. Marcus Garvey was among many influential
Islam · Bahá'í · Judaism · Traditional
immigrants to the United States from Jamaica, expanding his UNIA movement in
African religion · Afro-American
New York City and the U.S.[6] Afro-Caribbeans were influential in the Harlem
religion · Obeah · Rastafarianism ·
Renaissance as artists and writers.Aimé Césaire developed a négritude movement.
Santería · Orisha · Trinidad Orisha ·
In the 1960s, the West Indian territories were given their political independence from Yoruba · Vodou · others
British colonial rule. They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as Related ethnic groups
reggae music, calypso and rastafarianism within the Caribbean. Beyond the region, a Afro-Latin Americans, Liberian,
developing Afro-Caribbean diaspora in the United States, including such figures as Americo-Liberian
Stokely Carmichael and DJ Kool Herc, was influential in the development of the
Black Power movement of the 1960s and the hip-hop movement of the 1980s. African-Caribbean individuals also contributed to
Frantz Fanon[7] and Stuart Hall.[8]
cultural developments in Europe, as evidenced by influential theorists such as
Notable people

Politics
Sir Grantley Adams — Barbados, politician and lawyer; the first and only Prime Minister of the West Indies
Federation (1958-1962)
Jean-Bertrand Aristide — politician, priest and head of state, Haiti
Dean Barrow — head of government, Belize
Maurice Bishop — Grenada, revolutionary leader
Paul Bogle — Jamaica, political activist
Juan Almeida Bosque — Cuban revolutionary and politician
Dutty Boukman — Jamaican and Haitian freedom fighter
Forbes Burnham — Guyana, head of government
Bussa — Barbados, freedom fighter
Stokely Carmichael — Trinidad-born, civil rights activist and leader in the US
Mary Eugenia Charles — Dominican head of government
Perry Christie — Bahamian, politician and lawyer
Henri Christophe — Haiti, revolutionary, general and head of state
John Compton — Saint Lucia, politician and lawyer
Jean-Jacques Dessalines— Haiti (est. 1804), revolutionary, general and first head of state of independent Haiti
Papa Doc Duvalier — dictator of Haiti, 20th century
Marcus Garvey — Jamaica, politician and writer, founder of UNIA and active in US politics from 1916-1927
Philip Goldson — Belize, politician
Sam Hinds — Guyana, head of government
Hubert Ingraham — Bahamian, politician and lawyer
Toussaint L'Ouverture — Saint-Domingue, revolutionary, general and governor
Joseph Robert Love — Bahamian-born, medical doctor; Jamaican politician and political activist who influenced
Marcus Garvey
Antonio Maceo Grajales— Cuban revolutionary and general
Michael Manley — Jamaica, politician
Nanny of the Maroons — Jamaica, freedom fighter
Lynden Pindling — Bahamian politician, and first Prime minister of the Bahamas
Samuel Jackman Prescod— Barbados, first elected Afro-Caribbean politician in the House of Assembly
Sam Sharpe — Jamaica, freedom fighter
Solitude — Guadeloupe, freedom fighter
Eric Eustace Williams — Trinidad and Tobago politician, writer and head of government

Science and philosophy

Frantz Fanon — Martinique, writer, psychiatrist and freedom fighter
Hubert Harrison - St. Croix, writer, orator, educator, critic, and race and class conscious political activist based in
Harlem, New York
Stuart Hall — Jamaican philosopher
C. L. R. James — Trinidad and Tobago, activist and writer
W. Arthur Lewis — Saint Lucia, economist and Nobel Prize recipient
Pedro Alonso Niño — Afro-Spanish explorer
Arlie Petters — Belizean mathematician
Walter Rodney — Guyanese activist and writer
Mary Seacole — Jamaican nurse and hospital director

Arts, sports and culture

Carlos Acosta — Cuba, ballet dancer
 Deandre Ayton — Bahamas, #1 Overall Pick of the 2018 NBA Draft and player for the
Phoenix Suns
John Barnes — Jamaican-born English footballer
Beenie Man — Jamaica, artist and musician
Usain Bolt — Jamaica, Olympics Gold Medalist and W orld's Fastest Man.
Frank Bowling — Guyana, painter
Aimé Césaire — Martinique, fiction writer
Kingsley Coman — Guadloupe, football player
Celia Cruz — Cuba, singer
Tim Duncan - St. Croix (Anguilla parentage), Basketball player
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce— Jamaica, athlete
Eddy Grant — Guyana, singer and musician
Thierry Henry — Guadeloupe, football player, best French scorer
Buddy Hield — Bahamas, NBA player for theSacramento Kings
C. L. R. James — Trinidad, historian, essayist and journalist
Wyclef Jean — Haitian singer, composer and activist
Brian Lara — Trinidad, cricketer
Earl Lovelace — Trinidad, novelist and writer
Bob Marley — Jamaica, singer and musician
Anthony Martial — Guadeloupe, French football player
The Mighty Sparrow — Grenadian/Trinidadian singer and composer
Shaunae Miller — Bahamian, 400m and 200m runner and Olympic Gold Medalist
Nicki Minaj — Trinidad, rapper and singer
Sean Paul — Jamaica, dancehall artist
Sidney Poitier — Bahamas, First black Academy Award-winning actor in Hollywood/US
Cardi B — Trinidadian/Dominican, rapper and singer
Sir Vivian Richards — Antigua, cricketer
Rihanna — Barbados, singer
Teddy Riner — Guadeloupe, Judoka
Chevalier de Saint-Georges— Guadeloupe, composer
Darren Sammy — Saint Lucia, cricketer
Kimbo Slice — Bahamian boxer and MMA fighter
Sir Garfield Sobers — Barbados, cricketer
Bebo Valdés — Cuban musician
Derek Walcott — Saint Lucia, poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature

Main groups
Afro-Antiguan and Barbudan
Afro-Aruban
Afro-Bahamian
Afro-Barbadian
Afro-Colombians
Afro-Costa Ricans
Afro-Cuban
Afro-Curaçaoan
Afro-Dominican (Dominica)
Afro-Dominican (Dominican Republic)
Afro-Grenadian
Afro-Guatemalan
Afro-Guyanese
Afro-Haitians
Afro-Hondurans
Afro-Jamaican
Afro-Kittian and Nevisian
 Afro-Mexicans
Afro-Nicaraguan
Afro-Panamanian
Afro-Puerto Ricans
Afro-Saint Lucian
Afro-Salvadoran
Afro-Surinamese
Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
Afro-Venezuelan
Afro-Vincentian
Belizean Creole people
Black Bermudian
Other members of theAfrican diaspora in or from the Caribbean

Culture
Afro-Caribbean culture
Afro-Caribbean music
Afro-Caribbean religion

See also
Afro-Latin Americans
African diaspora in the Americas

References
1. Results (http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&p
rodType=table) American Fact Finder (US Census Bureau)
2. "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report"(https://web.archive.org/web/20171
019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf) (PDF). Central Statistical
Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_Dem
ographicReport.pdf) (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
3. Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Congress House (1970)."Hearings" (https://books.google.com/?id=yj8g
AAAAMAAJ&q=Afro-+Caribbean). 2: 64–69.
4. (https://books.google.com/books?id=3ukDAAAAMAAJ&pg=P A48)Some Historical Account of Guinea: With an
Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave T
rade (https://books.google.com/books?id=3ukDAAAAMAAJ&pg=P A
48), p. 48, at Google Books
5. Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis,W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American
Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas".
Stephen Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African
American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books.ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5.
6. Martin, Tony. Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro
Improvement Association. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
7. Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination(2003: Oxford, Polity Press)
8. Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual: An interview with
Stuart Hall," collected in David
Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds),Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies
, New York: Routledge, 1996.

External links
The dictionary definition ofAfro-Caribbean at Wiktionary

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afro-Caribbean&oldid=878537550

"
This page was last edited on 15 January 2019, at 11:29(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.