KULIAH KE-2

MPF-232 INTERPRETASI
WELL LOGGING
(KELAS-D)

OLEH : L. WIHARDJO

SELASA - 26.03.2013

JURUSAN PEMINYAKAN
FAKULTAS ENERGI & TEKNIK KEBUMIAN
 BOOKS / REFERENCES

REFERENCES / LITERATURES
 A BIGGER SCOPE

TUJUAN AKHIR PENILAIAN FORMASI

• Tujuan akhir adalah
mendifinisikan reservoir limit,
storage capacity, hydrocarbon
content, productivity and
economic value.
 BOOKS / REFERENCES
TUJUAN PENILAIAN FORMASI
• Pada saat awal reservoir ditemukan oleh
exploration geologist : Studi seismic, gravity and
magnetics and geologic tools.
• Formation evaluation awalnya dimaksudkan
untuk mendifinisikan lokasi reservoir dan dimana
harus melakukan pemboran sumur yang mungkin
sehingga diperoleh data yang cukup untuk
ekstrapolasi parameter reservoir dalam skala
lapangan sehingga dapat memberikan gambaran
yag realistis mengenai nilai ekonomis dan
perencanaan metode perolehan.
• Formation evaluation menawarkan data yang
diperlukan dan analisa keekonomian dan
production planning.
 WELL LOG / CORE /
MUD LOG

MUD
LOG CORE
REPORT ANALYSIS

WELL LOG
DATA
(WIRELINE,
LWD)
 MUD LOGS

The 1st and main

reference before
the Well log
Interpretation is
started
 MUD LOG
MUD LOGGING :
 Mud logging (hydrocarbon mud logging) is
continuous process monitoring of the cutting as a
result of drilling operation.
 The result will indicate rock and fluid type which is
represented as continuous curves / logs vs. depth
 Exploratory / wildcat must have mud logging
operation
 Development wells might only use wireline logging
for cost saving purpose
 Advantage : continuous data will be gathered i.e.
rock type, hydrocarbon indications, and possibly
drilling problem indicator (over pressure, lost
circulation etc)
 MUD LOG

Company Logo

Field, Well
location Map
MUD LOG
 MUD LOG
MUD LOGS PRESENTATION : THERE IS A STANDARD
FOR INTERNATIONAL OIL & GAS INDUSTRY
 MUD LOG

HOW TO DESCRIPE
DITCH SAMPLE OR
CUTTING?
MUD LOG
MUD LOG
MUD LOG
MUD LOG
 MUD LOG

END OF
MUD LOGGING SECTION
 Core Lab
Methods

Cores for :
Porosity
Permeability
Capillary Pressure
Rock Types
 CORES
Cores
 Allow direct measurement of reservoir
properties
 Used to correlate indirect measurements,
such as wireline/LWD logs
 Used to test compatibility of injection fluids
 Used to predict borehole stability
 Used to estimate probability of formation
failure and sand production
 CONVENTIONAL
CORING
Core Bit and
Cores

19
 CONVENTIONAL
CORING

Drill collar Coring Assembly

connection
and Core Bit
PDC Cutters

Thrust bearing

Outer barrel

Inner barrel
Fluid
vent
Core retaining
ring

Core bit
 WIRELINE CORING
(SIDEWALL CORE)
Sidewall Sampling Gun

Core bullets

Formation rock

Core sample
 WIRELINE CORING
(SIDEWALL CORE)
Multiple Sidewall Coring Tool (MSCT)

Coring bit

Samples
 CORE ANALYSIS
Information from Cores
Standard Analysis Special Core Analysis
 Porosity  Verticalpermeability to air
 Horizontal permeability  Relative permeability
to air  Capillary pressure
 Grain density  Cementation exponent (m)
and saturation exponent (n)
THIS ANALYSIS CAN BE APPLIED ONLY
FOR CONVENTIONAL CORE

For Sidewall Cores:

• Porosity
• Mineralogy ~ Permeability
 CORE vs. RESISTIVITY
IMAGING

Core to Image
Comparisons

Static Dynamic
 RESISTIVITY IMAGING
TOOL

Formation MicroImager *
(old version)
* Brand of Schlumberger

4 Arms - 8 Pads
192 Electrodes
DIFFERENT CORE
ANALYSIS
LOGS VS. CORE
LOGS VS. CORE
 CORE ANALYSIS

Porosity

ELEMENTAL
XRD or FTIR&
SECTION
Permeability

THIN
HPMI

or LPS
SEM
Grain Density
Velocity

Figure 2 Porosity and Permability

 CORE ANALYSIS

Petrographic
Evaluation
Petrographic
microscopes are set-up
with digital imaging and
remote viewing so both a
petrologist and observer
can describe a sample.

Fundamentals of Petrophysics and Subsurface Integration

 CORE ANALYSIS

Porosity
 Determines reservoir storage
capacity
 Ratio of void space to bulk volume
 Reported as a fraction or
percentage.
Pore Volume
PHI =
Bulk Volume

Keelan, 1982
 CORE ANALYSIS

Porosity Definition
 Porosity: The fractional void space
within a rock that is available for the
storage of fluids

Vb  Vma
Vp

Porosity    
Vb Vb
 CORE ANALYSIS

What! My core porosity doesn’t

match my log porosity
Discrepancies exist between lab values and logs.
- Issues:
 Different matrix value being used
 different scales
 different averaging techniques or statistics
 different volumes
 It is necessary to know what the physics of the
measurements are…
 CORE ANALYSIS

Total Porosity…
Total porosity includes all void space, whether the
pore are interconnected or isolated.

Oven dried core porosity should equal density log

porosity.

Caution if your formation contains smectite - the

total porosity from core can be a source for error.

Oven dried porosity is greater than humidity dried

porosity.

34
 CORE ANALYSIS

Effective Porosity
Clays can have a large effect on core porosity. If the
core is mishandled values may be worthless…
Oven-dried core analysis porosity - includes void
space of interconnected pores plus water bound to
smectite
Humidity-dried core analysis porosity - includes the
void space of all interconnected pores plus the volume of
all bound water in excess of the volume of a film of
water, two molecules thick, retained by smectite.
Removal of this film may increase porosity 3.3 porosity
points in rocks containing 10% smectite. (Keelan, 1982)
 CORE ANALYSIS

Sandstone Porosity Measured

by Various Techniques
Total Porosity - Neutron Log
Total Porosity - Density Log
Absolute or Total Porosity
Rock
Matrix Oven-Dried Core Analysis Porosity
VShale Humidity-Dried
Core Analysis Porosity
Quartz
Rock
Matrix
Sandstone Porosity Measured
by Various Techniques

VShale

(Framework) Layers & Interlayers Pores

Structural
(OH -) Water Hydration or
Bound Water

(modified from Eslinger and Pevear, 1988)

Total Porosity - Neutron Log
Total Porosity - Density Log

Irreducible or
Immobile Water
Pores
Capillary
Water
Absolute or Total Porosity

Oven-Dried Core Analysis Porosity

Humidity-Dried
Core Analysis Porosity
Clay Clay Surfaces Small Large, Interconnected

Hydrocarbon
Pore Volume
Isolated
Pores

Quartz Clay Clay Surfaces Small Large, InterconnectedIsolated

(Framework)Layers & Interlayers Pores Pores Pores
Capillary
Structural Water
(OH-) Water Hydration or Hydrocarbon
Bound Water Pore Volume
Irreducible or
Immobile Water
(modified from Eslinger and Pevear, 1988)
 CORE ANALYSIS

Porosity Measurements
Two of three variables must be measured:
 Bulk volume (Vb)

 Pore volume (Vp)

 Grain volume (Vg)

All three may be determined to get a cross-check.

 CORE ANALYSIS

Matrix Densities, ma, of Typical

Pure Components of Reservoir Rock

Lithology Matrix Density

3
(g/cm )
Sandstone 2.65
Limestone 2.71
Dolomite 2.87
 CORE ANALYSIS

Permeability Definition
 Darcy concluded that

K A h1 h2 
q
L
 CORE ANALYSIS

Permeability
 Darcy’s
“K” was determined to be a
combination of
 k, permeability of the sand pack (or rock), and
 , viscosity of the liquid

k
K

 CORE ANALYSIS

Laboratory Methods for Determining

Absolute Permeability
1” or 1 1/2”

Plug
Slab Taken for
Most Common  Photography
 Description
 Archival
Full Diameter

Heterogeneous

Whole Core
Heterogeneous
 CORE ANALYSIS

Different I IIa IIb

Lithologies Unacceptable

Require ~1 ft kH ?

Careful Or
Full-
k Diameter
Suitable H
Selection of kV kV
Suitable III IV V

Core Plugs Full

kV
kH Matrix
or Require Diameter
`4” - 9”
Only

Whole-Core Fracture
k and ?
Analyses Whole Core
Analysis
(2-3 ft)
 CORE ANALYSIS
Lab Procedure for
Measuring Permeability
 Cut
core plugs from whole core or use
sample from whole core
 Cleancore and extract reservoir fluids,
then dry the core
 Flow a fluid through core at several flow
rates
 Recordinlet and outlet pressures for
each rate
 PENGENALAN
Penilaian Formasi Lubang Terbuka
Interpretasi
Input: Output:
Well Logging
Log Lubang Lithology,
Terbuka Lubang Porositas & Sw
Terbuka

Beberapa faktor penyebab “ketidakakuratan”

hasil interpretasi :
1. Kondisi lubang sumur
2. Pengaruh invasi lumpur pemboran
3. Ketidakakuratan alat
4. Rumus ARCHIE tidak mampu untuk
menghitung Sw secara akurat
 KONDISI LUBANG

1. LUBANG SUMUR 2. LUBANG SUMUR YG

YG SEMPURNA KURANG SEMPURNA

R1 R1
R2 R2

Simetrik  R1 = R2
A-Simetrik, Elliptical
 R1 =/= R2

2. LUBANG SUMUR YG
TIDAK SEMPURNA
R2
R1
Irregular / washout R3
 R1 =/= R2 =/= R3
 KONDISI LUBANG
1. LUBANG SUMUR YG SEMPURNA

Posisi tool dengan Posisi tool dengan Posisi tool dengan

centralizers strong ec-centralizers medium ec-centralizers
(calipers) (bow spring)

Sonic, Induksi, Densitas, MSFL (Very Neutron

Laterolog Shallow Resistivity), FMI porosity
(Resistivity Imager)
 KONDISI LUBANG
2. LUBANG SUMUR YG KURANG SEMPURNA

Posisi tool dengan Posisi tool dengan Posisi tool dengan

centralizers strong ec-centralizers strong ec-centralizers
(calipers) (calipers)

Sonic, Induksi, Densitas, MSFL (Very Densitas, MSFL (Very

Laterolog Shallow Resistivity), FMI Shallow Resistivity), FMI
(Resistivity Imager) (Resistivity Imager)
 KONDISI LUBANG
Hole Profile
 KONDISI LUBANG
Hole Profile
 KONDISI LUBANG
Hole profile example

Plus another
 KONDISI LUBANG
Do you know ?
The most “expensive” calipers

Before Mini-Frac After Mini-Frac

END OF KULIAH-2