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RQS 304 – QUANTITY SURVEYING 4

RISK IDENTIFICATION REPORT

Prepared for:
Dr. Nurul Sakina Binti Mokhtar Azizi

Prepared by:
Nur Millatina Binti Ridzuan (127197)
Nur Syahirah Binti Ali (128126)
Farah Anis Binti Asrudin (128026)
Nur Izny Binti Muhamad Fisol (135384)

Submission Date
13rd April 2018
Table of Content

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Risk Categorise
2.1 Environmental Risk
2.1.1 Risk of Land Degradation
2.1.2 Risk of Water Pollution
2.1.3 Risk to Flora and Fauna
2.1.4 Risk of Air Pollution
2.1.5 Risk from Noise and Vibration
2.2 Management Risk
2.2.1 Executive Risk
2.2.2 Project Management Risk
2.2.3 Schedule Risk
2.3 Design Risk
2.3.1 Infeasible
2.3.2 Lacks Flexibility
2.3.3 Fails Peer Review
2.3.4 Not Fit For Purpose
2.3.5 Fails to Pass Governance Processes
2.4 Safety and Health Risk
2.4.1 Working at height
2.4.2 Moving objects
2.4.3 Slips, trips and falls
2.4.4 Noise
2.4.5 Hand arm vibration syndrome
2.4.6 Collapse
2.4.7 Air Borne
2.4.8 Electricity

3.0 References
1.0 Introduction

All projects encounter risks. If a potential risk of the project is not identified early,
then the project will be at a high risk to complete as per schedule, within budget and to meet
the expected quality. Managing risks in construction projects has been recognised as a very
significant management process in order to achieve the project objectives in terms of time,
cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability.

Risk is a multi-facet concept. In the context of construction industry, it could be the

likelihood of the occurrence of a definite event/factor or combination of events or factors
which occur during the whole process of construction to the detriment of the project. A lack
of predictability about structure outcome or consequences in a decision or planning situation
and the uncertainty associated with estimates of outcomes will contribute to a chance that
results could be better than expected as well as worse than expected. In addition to the
different definitions of risk, there are various ways for categorizing risk for different purposes
too. Some categorize risks in construction projects broadly into external risks and internal
risks while others classify risk in more detailed categories of management risk,
environmental risk, design risk as well as safety and health risk.
2.1 Environmental Risk
Environmental risk is defined as any risk or potential risk to the environment
(of whatever degree or duration) and includes all types of impacts. The control of
environmental risks arising from construction has become a major issue for the
public. The causes are some are created by man through the introduction of a new
technology, product or chemical, while others, such as natural hazards, result from
natural processes which happen to interact with human activities and settlements.

2.1.1 Risk of Land Degradation

Large projects usually demand large scale land disturbance involving the
removal of vegetation and redevelop of topography. Such activities make the soil
erosion. Soil removed by erosion may become airborne and create dust problem or be
carried by water into natural waterways, thereby polluting them. This can result in
mud floods and flash floods in immediate or downstream areas during heavy
downpours. Landslides and slope failure can occur on unstable slopes or when the soil
is saturated with water during heavy rainfalls.

2.1.2 Risk of Water Pollution

Changes in water quality may affect its aesthetic value or even prevent some
uses of the water. During construction, the potential for soil erosion and risk to water
quality is greatest when removal of vegetation for initial clearing and grading
activities exposes soil and makes it susceptible to erosion. The impacts and risks are
greatest during the rainy season where extensive land clearing can increase sediment
load into the rivers from erosion of the exposed soil.

2.1.3 Risk to Flora and Fauna

The biological environment includes various species of animal and plant life,
and their habitats. Planning is essential to ensure minimal losses during the
implementation stages and steps must also be taken later to ensure that the losses are
restored. This is crucial especially when development is in the zone of a protected or
animal sanctuary, a forested area, or a catchment area.
2.1.4 Risk of Air Pollution
Activities of major concern for air quality are the burning of waste, the
emission of fumes and smoke, and the release of chemical impurities such as heavy
metals, acid and other toxic bases. Air quality impacts from construction include
increased dust particulates in the atmosphere caused by grading, filling, removals, and
other construction activities. Air quality may also be impacted by emissions from
construction equipment and vehicles.

2.1.5 Risk from Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration can be generated by various activities and equipment used
in construction projects. Noise and vibration levels due to construction activities in
the project area vary depending on the types of equipment used, the location of the
equipment, and the operating mode.
2.2 Management Risk

2.2.1 Executive Risk

1. Executives become disengaged with project

Executive management disregards project communications and meetings. Executive
refuses to liaise with project team which leads to miscommunication and lack of
information regarding the project.

2. Conflict between executive stakeholders disrupts project

There is a disagreement over project issues at the executive level. The project will
sometimes be halted or delayed as project team does not receive a ‘green light’ to
proceed with project.

3. Executive turnover disrupts project

A key executive leaves the company, the resulting disruption becomes a project issue.
A change in management is needed, thus information and data need to be clearly
defined again to the new recruit to avoid miscommunication.

4. Executives fail to support project

The project team fails to get authority approval to proceed with projects. Project will
not initiate based on the planned timeline unless it receives confirmation from
authority.

2.2.2 Project Management Risk

1. Priorities change on existing program

In the early stage, the Work Programme has been developed for activities
management. As the work on site starts, the priority on activities start shifting thus,
amendment on sequence of activities has to keep on record. Any disruption on
activities will affect the flow of the project.
2. Project key success criteria not clearly defined to verify the successful completion of
each project phase.

Project Manager has not clearly explained the key criteria of activities to project team
which may lead to priority is not placed on the important activities.

3. Projects within the program often need the same resources at the same time

Some activities rely on other activities for supply of resources. Any inadequate supply
of resources will affect the performance of the activities.

4. Date is being totally driven by need of market, not capacity

The period of construction is shorten than planned to start marketing demo, trade
show, or other mandate with little consideration of project team estimates.

2.2.3 Schedule Risk

Schedule is not realistic, only cater for the "best case". Next, some important task are
missing from the schedule. The project team only realises the mistake during
construction. This may lead to cost overrun and schedule overrun. There is also a case
in which a delay in one task causes cascading delays in dependent tasks. If a
professional lacking of experience develops the plan of work, he may not recognized
unfamiliar areas which take more time than expected to design and implement.
2.3 Design Risk

2.3.1 Architecture fails to pass governance processes

It is difficult to pass government strict policies and regulation maybe in terms of plan
of their architectural or technology processes It is especially when the project
involved is to construct hospital, school, and other infrastructure that require certain
approval and specification as that kind of building should have great protection from
germs, fire and so on.

2.3.2 Design is infeasible

The designer can be wild sometimes, their ideas can be unacceptable to be build in
reality even it is excessively costly to be build. The design should support the
requirements and the main function of the building. It can be infeasible if the design
does not comply with the constraint functions and it can be infeasible for an entire
design space or region of interest.

2.3.3 Design lacks flexibility

Designer should provide the best quality of design as a poor design will require a lot
of changes request and its difficult to be done as it can be very costly. A visual design
should not has a confusing and unattractive layout as it can increase the possibility to
face client rejection. It is also proven that there is a correlation between design
changes and cost as a study conducted by Cox et al. (1999) revealed in their research
that design changes often have a major impact on the client objectives in construction
projects where the cost associated with post contract award design changes typically
amount about 5% to 8% of the contract value

2.3.4 Design is not fit for purpose

The feasibility study should be precisely and accurately be done. The project purpose
need to fit the purpose and the priority of project needs can be identified to avoid low
quality design produced by designers as it will require design changes in the future
and will affect the quality, time and cost of the project.
2.3.5 Design fails peer review

It is important to have peers and architectural experts to review the design produced to
make sure opinion and recommendation can be made by them before any ideas been
finalised. The reviews will reveal the level of project review to be carried out and
report what will be undertaken by the project team. Describe how plans and
specifications will be reviewed, at what stages (for example 33%, 66%, 99%), and
members of the design review team.
2.4 Safety and Health Risk

The construction industry accident fatality rate positions at twice that of other sectors.
Construction sites are therefore challenging places from a health and safety angle and almost
every possible hazard exists within this constantly changing working environment.

2.4.1 Working at height.

Risk for falling from height were the most common cause of construction site fatalities,
accounting for nearly three in ten fatal injuries to workers. So for the project in penang,
most of the construction was built in high rise building.

2.4.2 Moving objects

A construction site is always on the move, hazards are essential to this industry and only
increase as a construction project progress. Construction sites are busy places what with
the take away or remove volume of constantly moving vehicles and skills people.

2.4.3 Slips, trips & falls

Construction sites are a mish-mash of holes in the ground, buildings at many stages of
completion, scaffolding, stored materials and equipment the workers or people in site
really do need eyes in the back of your head at times. This because the activities going on
at construction site seems hardly because it at any one time surprising slips, trips and falls
happen on an almost daily basis.

2.4.4 Noise
Noise is a major hazard on site. Excessive noise causes over a period can cause long term
hearing problems and can be a dangerous interruption, the cause of accidents.

2.4.5 Hand arm vibration syndrome

Hand arm vibration syndrome, or ‘vibration white finger’s as it is commonly referred to a
painful and unbearable industrial disease of the blood vessels, nerves and joints, caused
by continued use of vibratory power tools and ground working equipment. This industrial
disease is frequently mentioned in compensation claim cases opened by ex-construction
workers who worked for years with little or no protection, using inappropriate and poorly
sustained tools.
2.4.6 Collapse
The precaution need to be planned before start the work because the unintended risk on
collapse is generally more related with demolition works or in a partially completed
building or scaffolding collapses. Every year always have records regarding excavation
and trenches collapse, bury and seriously injure people working on construction site.

2.4.7 Airborne (floating or flying) fibres &materials- respiratory diseases

On construction sites cause a lot of dust, some of which can be toxic where it can mix of
hazardous materials and fibres that can damage the lungs. Often the dust is invisible and
fine.

2.4.8 Electricity
The most average workers electrocuted in construction industry are during refurbishment
work on commercial and domestic buildings. Besides that, people that conduct working
near overhead power lines and cables more expose to risk.
References

J. Yap, H.A. Rahman, W.Chen. (2015). Impacts of Design Changes on Construction Project
Performance : Insights from a Literature Review. 14th Management in Construction
Research Association (MiCRA 2015) Conference and Annual Meeting, Kuala Lumpur.

Norulaini, N., Ab, N., & Esa, N. (2014). Sustainable Living with Environmental Risks,
Managing Construction Development Risk to the Environment, 193-196.

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). (1980). Chapter 1.,

Environmental risks. Environmental Risk Assessment, 1–14.

William, Terry. (1995). The Effect of Design Changes and Delays on Project Costs. Journal
of The Operational Research Society, Volume 46 (Issue 7)

Rawi, R. M. (n.d.) Project Risk Identification For New Project Manager. Retrieved 12 April
2018, available from https://www.projecttimes.com/articles/project-risk-identification-
for-new-project-manager.html