Coal reat diffs SECOND EDITION ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE 1b) 9 [1)) rT P.C. Varghese nnwih be afin wate” PrP yy eta wees . Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design SECOND EDITION P.C. VARGHESE Honorary Professor, Anna University, Madras Formerly, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, and UNESCO Chief Technical Advisor, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Prentice-Hall of bade Phbrsto Cioite os New Delhi - 110 001 2005Rs. 395.00 ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN, 2nd ed. P.C, Varghese © 2005 by Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, All rights reserved. No part of this pook may be reproduced in any farm, by mimeograph or any other means, withont permission in wriling from the publisher? ISBN-81-203-2787-X The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fifth Printing (Second Edition) oe ue August, 2005 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, Now Delhi-110001 and Printed by Jay Print Pack Private Limited, New Delhi-110015 To PC. Mathew and Omana Mathew__ Contents Preface xvii? Preface to the First Edition xix Acknowledgements uxt Introduction to IS 456 (2000) . xxifi Chapter 1 Deflection of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slabs 1-23 1.1 Introduction 1 12 Short-term Deflection of Beams and Slabs 1 ! 13 Deflection Due to Imposed Loads . . 2 14 Short-term Deflection of Beams Due to Applied Loads 3 45 Calculation of Deflection By IS 456 . 5 16 Calculation of Deflection by BS 8110 it 10 17 Deflection Calculation by Eurocode uw 18 ACI Simplified Method 4 19 Deflection of Continuous Beams by 1S 456 14 110 Deflection of Cantilevers 5 111 Deflection of Slabs 1S References : 23 Chapter 2 Estimation of Crackwidth in Reinforced Concrete Members 24-38 21 Tntroduction aA woo : come tte 22 ~~ Factors Affecting Crackwidth in Beams a we 23 +Mechanism of Flexural Cracking, 25 24 Calculation of Crackwidths 2s ‘ 25 Simple Empirical Method 26 2.6 , Estimation of Crackwidth in Beams by IS 456 and BS 8110 28 27 Shrinkage and Thermai Cracking 30 » References 38 s . Chapter 3 Redistribution of Moments in Reinforced Concrete Beams 39-49 . 31 Intoduction 39 1 32 Redistribution of Moments in a Fixed Beam 39 i 33 Positions of Points of Contraflexures 40 i 34 Conditions for Moment Redistribution Al ' 35 Final Shape of Redistributed Bending Moment Diagram ~*~ 42 3.6 Moment Redistribution for a Two-span Continuous Beam 42 37 Advantages and Disadvantages of Moment Redistribution 43 38 Modification of Clear Distance between Bars in Beams (for Limiting Crackwidth) with Redistribution 43 vii ETviii CONTENTS Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 39 Moment-Curvature (M — y) Relation of Reinforced Concrete Sections 44 310 ACI Conditions for Redistribution of Negative Moments 3.411 Conclusion References Design of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams 41 Introduction 42 Minimum Thickness 43 Steps of Designing Deep Beams 44 Design By IS 456 45. - Design According to British Practice 46 ACI Procedure for Design of Deep Beams 47 Checking for Local Failures - 48 Detailing of Deep Beams . References Design of Ribbed (Voided) Slabs 5.1 Introduction ° 52 Specification Regarding the Slabs 53. Analysis-of-the Slabs for Moment and Shears 54 Ultimate Moment of Resistance 5.5 Design for Shear 56 Deflection 57 Arrangement of Reinforcements 58 Corrosion of Steel with Clay Blocks References Approximate Analysis of Grid Floors 6.1 Introduction 62 Analysis of Flat Grid Floors 63 Analysis of Rectangular Grid Floors by Timoshenko’s Plate Theory 64 Analysis of Grid by Stiffness Matrix Method 65 Analysis of Grid Floors by Equating Joint Deflections 66 Comparison of Methods of Analysis 67 Detailing of Stee! in Flat Grids References Design Loads Other Than Earthquake Loads 7.1 Introduction 72 Dead Loads - 73 Imposed Loads (IS 875 Part 2) 74 Loads due to Imposed Deformations 75 Characteristic Imposed Loads 76 Partial Safety Factors for Loads 77 Some General Provisions Regarding Live Loads on Structures 78 — Wind Loads on Structures 85 88 88 88 89 95 96-128 96 96 97 99 99 99 100 101 CONTENTS — ix 79 ~ Indian Code for Wind Loads 103 710 General Theory of Wind Effects of Structures 108 TAL. Wind Force on Stiff Buildings (Quasi-static Method) 112 742 Gust Factor (GF) Method (Dynamic Analysis) 14 743 Wind Tunnel Tests AIS 714 Classification of Wind (Cyclones) WS 715 Importance of Checking for Wind Loads at All Stages of Construction 17 7.16 Construction Loads M7 7.17 Joints in Concrete Construction U8 References 128 Chapter 8 Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames Vor Vertical Loads by Using Substitute Frames 129-146 81 Introduction : 129 $2 Distribution of Loads from Slabs to Supporting Beams 129 83 Other Methods for Distribution of Loads 132 84 Frame Analysis 132, 85 Braced and Unbraced Frames 133 8.6 Analysis by Substitute Frames 133 87 Analysis by Continuous Beam Simplification 134 88 Use of Sub-frame for Analysis of Vertical Loads 135 89 Procedure for Calculation of (P and M) for Central Columns 138 810 Procedure for Calculation of (P and M) External Columms 140 81) Reduction in Loads on Columns and Beams 140 812 Partial Restraint at End-supports 140 813 Analysis of Single-span Portals 140 814 Critical Section for Moment and Shear 441 815 Recommended Procedure 141 $16 Formulae to Determine Span Moment 141 References 146 Chapter 9 Analysis of Frames under Horizontal Loads 147-157 9. Introduction aed 147 92 Effect of Lateral Loads 147 93 Methods. of Analysis 147 ‘94 Portal Method: (Method of Proportional Shear) 148 95 Cantilever Method (Method of Proportional Axial Stresses) 150 96 Comparison of Results of Analysis 182 97 Analysis of Rigid Frames with Transfer Girders 152 98 Drift Limitation in Very Tall Buildings | 152 99 Classification of Structural System for Tall Buildings 153 References 457 Chapter 10 Preliminary Design of Flat Slabs 158-170 10.1 Introruction 158 102 Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat Slabs % 103 Historical Development+ x CONTENTS: Chapter 11 Chapter 12 ; Action of Flat Slabs and Flat Plates : 160 104 105 Preliminary Design of Flat Slab “161 106 ‘Basic Action of Two-way Slabs o oO ~ 164 10.7 . Determination of Minimum Thickness of Slab 162 108 Moment of Inertia of Flanged Beams 165 References 170 Design of Two-way Slabs by Direct Design: Method 1714-210 11.1 Introduction . . 171 112 Limitations ‘of Direct Design Method . o 13 113. Calculation of Total Static Moments for Interior and Exterior Frames vec) 114 ACT318 Formula for Moments 175 115 Distribution of Moments My . 16 116 Longitudinal Distribution of Mo m7 117 Effect of Pattern Loading on Positive Moment (Minimum Stiffness of Columns) , 1799 118 Transverse Distribution of Moments and Factors Affecting the Distribution 181 119 ACT General Equations for Transverse Distribution of Moments to Column Strips 183 11.10 Allocation of Moments to Middle Strips 184 _ ALLL Analysis of Exterior Frame Supported on a Wall 184 11.12 Treatment of Unequal Moments in Adjacent Spans 184 1113 Design Loads on the Beams 184 11.14 Design of Reinforcements . 185 11.15 Moments.in Columns in DDM 186 11.16 Moment and Shear Transfer from Slab to Columns 187 11.17 Detailing of Steel in Flat Slabs 189 11.18 Design of Two-way Slabs 189 Conclusion 192 References 210 Shear in Flat Slabs and Flat Plates 241-239 12.1, Introduction 211 12.2' Checking for One-way (Wide Beam) Shear 2it 12.3. Two-way.(Punching) Shear : 212 12.4. Permissible Punching Shear . : 213 42.5 Shear Due to Unbalanced Moment (Torsional Moments) . 214 126 Calculation of J Values 218 127 Strengthening of Column Areas for Moment Transfer by Torsion which Produces Shear 219 128 Shear Reinforcement Design 219 129 Effect of Openings in Flat Slabs 227 12.10 Recent Revisions in ACI.318 228 1211 Shear in Two-way Slabs with Beams 228 References 239 Chapter 13 Equivalent Frame Analysis of Fiat Slabs 240-261 13,1 Introduction 240 132 Historical Development of the Concept of Equivalent Frame + 240 133 Background of ACI (977) Methiod—Equivalent Column Method 242 134 Summary of Provisions in ACI 318 247 135 Arrangement of Live Load 248 136 Reduction in Negative Moments ‘ 248 137 Generalised Space Frame Medel, 249 438 Lateral Loads and Two-way Slab Systems 250 _ B9 Design Procedure 250 References 261 Chapter 14 Design. of Spandrel (or Edge) Beams 262-273 : 141 Introduction 262 142 Design Principles 263 143 Size of Beam to be Considered - 263 144 Bending Moments and Shears in the Beam 263 145 Torsion to be Taken for Design 263 146 Designing for Torsion 265 Conclusion 266 References 273 Chapter 15 Provision of Ties in Reinforced Concrete Slab-Frame System 274-280 151 Inweduction . 714 152 Design for Overall Stability (Robustness) 25 153 Design Procedure for Tics 295 154 . Continuity and Anchoring of Ties . mn Conclusion 278 References : . 280 Chapter 16 Design of Reinforced Concrete “Members for Fire Resistance 281-293 16.1 Introduction 281 162 1SO 834 Standard Heating Conditions 281 163 Grading or Classifications : 282 164 Effect of High Temperature on Steel and Concrete 283 165 Bffect of High Temperatures on Different Types of Structural Members 284 166 Fire Resistance by Structural Detailing from Tabulated Data : 286 167 Analytical Determination of the Ultimate Bending Moment , Capacity of Reinforced Conercte Beams Under Fire | 287 168 Other Considerations 290 References . . 293 CONTENTS xi