AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University
© 2007
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Define the magnetic field, discussing
magnetic poles and flux lines.
• Solve problems involving the
magnitude and direction of forces on
charges moving in a magnetic field.
• Solve problems involving the magnitude
and direction of forces on current
carrying conductors in a B-field.
Magnetism
Since ancient times, certain materials, called
magnets, have been known to have the property of
attracting tiny pieces of metal. This attractive
property is called magnetism.
S
Bar Magnet
S N
N
Magnetic Poles
The strength of a magnet is
Iron concentrated at the ends,
filings called north and south
N “poles” of the magnet.
S
W
A suspended magnet: N S N
N-seeking end and
S-seeking end are N S N E
and S poles. Bar magnet Compass
Magnetic Attraction-Repulsion
N S
S N S N
S N
N S
Magnetic Forces:
Like Poles Repel Unlike Poles Attract
Magnetic Field Lines
We can describe
magnetic field lines
by imagining a tiny
compass placed at N S
nearby points.
Leave N
and enter S
Repulsion
N N
Like poles
The Density of Field Lines
Electric field N Magnetic field flux lines
A B A
A
S N
N
E Line density
Line density A
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field BB isis sometimes
sometimes called
called the
the flux
flux
density in
density in Webers
Webers per per square
square meter (Wb/m22).).
meter (Wb/m
Magnetic Flux Density
• Magnetic flux lines are
B A
continuous and closed. A
• Direction is that of the B
vector at any point.
• Flux lines are NOT in Magnetic Flux
direction of force but . density:
When
When area
area AA isis
perpendicular
B ; = BA
perpendicular to
to flux:
flux: A
BA cos B
The angle is the complement of the angle a that the
plane of the area makes with the B field. (Cos = Sin
Origin of Magnetic Fields
Recall that the strength of an electric field E was
defined as the electric force per unit charge.
We
We will
will see
see instead
instead that
that E
magnetic +
magnetic fields
fields result
result from
from
charges
charges in in motion—not
motion—not from from
stationary
stationary charge
charge or or poles.
poles. + Bv
This
This fact
fact will
will be
be covered
covered later.
later. v
Magnetic Force on Moving Charge
Imagine a tube that F
projects charge +q B
with velocity v into v
perpendicular B field.
N S
Experiment shows:
Upward magnetic force F
F qvB on charge moving in B field.
The
The force
force isis greatest
greatest when
when the velocity vv isis
the velocity
perpendicular
perpendicular to to the
the BB field.
field. The
The deflection
deflection
decreases
decreases to to zero
zero for
for parallel
parallel motion.
motion.
Force and Angle of Path
Magnetic Field B
F
or F qvB sin
Intensity B: qv sin
AA magnetic
magnetic field
field intensity
intensity of
of one
one tesla
tesla (T)
(T) exists
exists in
in aa
region
region of
of space
space where
where aa charge
charge of
of one
one coulomb
coulomb (C)(C)
moving
moving at
at 11 m/s
m/s perpendicular
perpendicular to
to the
the BB-field
-field will
will
experience
experience aa force
force ofof one
one newton
newton (N).
(N).
Example 1. A 2-nC charge is projected with
velocity 5 x 104 m/s at an angle of 300 with a
3 mT magnetic field as shown. What are the
magnitude and direction of the resulting force?
Draw a rough sketch.
B F B
q = 2 x 10-9 C
v = 5 x 104 m/s v sin
B = 3 x 10-3 T v v
= 300
Using right-hand rule, the force is seen to be upward.
Resultant
Resultant Magnetic Force: FF == 1.50
Magnetic Force: 1.50 xx 10
10-7 N,
N, upward
-7
upward
Forces on Negative Charges
Forces
Forces on
on negative
negative charges
charges are are opposite
opposite to
to those
those onon
positive
positive charges.
charges. The
The force
force onon the
the negative
negative charge
charge
requires
requires aa left -hand rule
left-hand rule to
to show
show downward
downward force
force FF.
.
Right-hand Left-hand
B
F B
rule for rule for v
positive q v negative q F
N S N S
Indicating Direction of B-fields
One way of indicating the directions of fields perpen-
dicular to a plane is to use crosses X and dots :
F
v Up
F
Right
- -
negative q v
Crossed E and B Fields
The
The motion
motion of
of charged
charged particles,
particles, such
such as
as electrons,
electrons, can
can
be
be controlled
controlled by
by combined
combined electric
electric and
and magnetic
magnetic fields.
fields.
Note: FE on electron +
is upward and
opposite E-field. x x x x e-
x x x x v
But, FB on electron is -
down (left-hand rule).
FE B
Zero deflection
B -
-- v
when FB = FE E e v FB
The Velocity Selector
This
This device
device uses
uses crossed
crossed fields
fields to
to select
select only
only those
those
velocities
velocities for
for which
which FFBB == FFEE.. (Verify
(Verify directions
directions for
for +q)
+q)
When FB = FE : Source
of +q +
qvB qE +q
x x x x
E x x x x v
v -
B Velocity selector
By
By adjusting
adjusting the
the EE and/or
and/or B-fields,
B-fields, aa person
person can
can
select
select only
only those
those ions
ions with
with the
the desired
desired velocity.
velocity.
Example 2. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 10-16 C,
is projected through a velocity selector where
B = 20 mT. The E-field is adjusted to select a
velocity of 1.5 x 106 m/s. What is the electric
field E? Source
of +q +
E
v x x x x +q
B x x x x v
-
E = vB V
mv 2 Centripetal Fc = FB
FC ; FB qvB;
R X X +X X X X
2
mv R
FC FB qvB X X X X X X
R X X X FX X X
c
+ +
mv X X X X X X
The
The radius
radius +
of
R X X X X X X
of path
path is:
is: qB
Mass Spectrometer
Ions passed through a
+q E
v velocity selector at
x x known velocity emerge
- x x + B Photographic
x x plate into a magnetic field as
x x R shown. The radius is:
mv
slit
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
R
x x x x x x x
qB
x x x x x x m2 The mass is found by
x x x x measuring the radius R:
mv 2 m1 qBR
qvB m
R v
Example 3. A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10-19 C, follows
a path of radius 7.28 cm. Upper and lower B =
0.5 T and E = 1000 V/m. What is its mass?
+q E
v
xx E 1000 V/m
- xx + B Photographic v
xx plate B 0.5 T
R
xx
x x x x x x x v = 2000 m/s
slit x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x mv qBR
x x x x x x m R m
x x x x qB v
Right-hand Left-hand
B
F B
rule for rule for v
positive q v negative q F
N S N S
Summary (Continued)
F B
v sin
v v
+q xx E
The mass - xx + v
spectrometer: xx R
B
xx
x x x x x x x
mv qBR slit
R m x x x x x x x
qB v x x x x x x x
x x x x x m
CONCLUSION: Chapter 29
Magnetic Fields