Geometry Shortcuts Formulae1 PDF

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GEOMETRY- Formulae & Shortcuts
1. Line 2. Angle ()
Connecting two or more points When two lines intersect, it forms an Angle
(i) Parallel Lines S No Type of Angle Value
l1 // l2
(i) Acute Angle 0 <  < 90
(ii) Intersecting Lines l1 
l1 & l3, l2 & l3 (ii) Right Angle  = 90
(iii) Perpendicular Lines l2  (iii) Obtuse Angle 90 <  < 180
l1 & l4, l2 & l4 (iv) Complementary Angles A + B = 90
(iv) Transversal l4 Supplementary Angles
l4 & l5 l3 (v) A + B = 180
(Linear Pair)
(v) Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT)
(vi) Reflex Angle A + B = 360
AB = MN = PQ
BC NO QR
(l1 // l2 // l3) (vii) Vertically Opposite Angles
a = c, b = d, e = g, f = h (l1 // l2)
P l1
(viii) Corresponding Angles
M
b l1
A a = e, b = f, d = h, c = g
 Q a 
N (ix) Alternate Angles
l2 c
B c = e, d = f (interior)
 d f
a = g, b = h (exterior) l2
R e 
(x) Opposite Interior Angles
O g
l3 d + e = c + f = 180
C  h
 a=c=e=g b=d=f=h
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3. Triangle ()
(i) General Properties of Triangle B
a) Sum of interior s of a  = 180
A + B + C = 180 c
h a
b) Exterior  = Sum of Interior Opp. s
Ext. A = B + C
g) Cosine Rule
Ext. B = A + C A
Ext. C = A + B b C cos A = b2 + c2 – a2
2bc
c) The  opp. to greater side is greater and vice versa
a = b = c (Sine Rule) cos B = a2 + c2 – b2
sin A sin B sin C 2ac
d) Any one side of the  is less than the sum and greater cos C = a2 + b2 – c2
than the difference of other two sides 2ab
|b – c| < a < b + c h) Triangles on the same base and between the same
|a – c| < b < a + c parallel lines are equal in area
|a – b| < c < a + b R C1 C2
C
Area ABC
e) Perimeter = a + b + c = 2s
r = Area ABC1
f) Area = Area ABC2 h
= ½ bh = ½ AB  h
A B
= s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
[s = (a+b+c)/2]
= ½ ab sinC = ½ bc sinA = ½ ac sinB
=rs (r  in-radius)
= abc
4R (R  circum-radius)
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(ii) Congruency ()
s having same Shape & Size
a) SSS Rule
All sides are equal for both s Area of Congruent
s is equal
b) SAS Rule
Two sides and the angle between them are equal
c) AAS Rule
Two angles and any side is equal
d) RHS Rule For similar triangles, if the sides are in the ratio of a:b
In case of right angled , if any two sides are equal
 Corresponding heights are in the ratio of a:b
(iii) Similarity ()  Corresponding medians are in the ratio of a:b
s having same Shape only & not Size  Circum-radii are in the ratio of a:b
a) AA  In-radii are in the ratio of a:b
 Perimeters are in the ratio of a:b
If two angles of both the triangles are equal, third angle
 Areas are in the ratio a2 : b2
automatically get equal
A = D & B = E  C = F
(iv) Basic Proportionality Theorem
b) SSS
AD = DB = AB
If ratios of corresponding sides are equal (sides are in
proportion) AE EC AC
AB = BC = CA
DE EF FD Also, AD = AE = DE
AB AC BC
 ABC  DEF (order matters)
(v) Mid-Point Theorem

Given, AD = DB & AE = EC
then, DE//BC & DE = 1/2 BC
and vice-versa
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(vi) Right Angled Triangle Similarity
BDA  ADC  BAC
So, AD/DC = BD/AD
 AD2 = BD  DC
(vii) Types of Triangles
S No Type (Basis on Sides) Properties Perimeter Area In-radius/ Circum-radius

Scalene Triangle
All general properties

1 a+b+c 1/2  b  h r/R
mentioned earlier
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Isosceles Triangle
AB = BC
1/2  b  h
A = C
2a + b h = (a2 – b2/4) r/R
(Taking unequal
2 ADB  CDB
side as Base)
 BD is the Median, Angle Bisector, r Bisector, Altitude
Equilateral Triangle
AB = BC = CA
3/4 a2 r = 1/3 h = a/23
A = B = C = 60 3a
3 h = 3/2 a R = 2/3 h = a/3
ADB  CDB
 BD is the Median, Angle Bisector, r Bisector, Altitude

 Centroid, In-Center, Orthocenter & Circum-Center are all the same
S No Type (Basis on Angles) Properties Perimeter Area In-radius/ Circum-radius
Acute Angled Triangle
c2 < a2 + b2
4 a+b+c 1/2 b  h r/R
All angles < 90
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Right Angled Triangle c2 = a2 + b2

(Pythagoras
Theorem) r
a+b+c 1/2 a  b
One Angle = 90 R = OA = OB = OC = AC/2
(ABC = 90)
5
 Some Pythagoras Triplets  (3,4,5);(5,12,13);(7,24,25);(8,15,17);(9, 40,41);…

and their multiples
 If n is one integral side, other two sides are (n2  1)/2 if n is odd
other two sides are (n2/4  1) if n is even
Obtuse Angled Triangle
c2  a2 + b2
6 a+b+c 1/2 b  h r/R
One Angle  90
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S No Type (Special Triangles) Properties Perimeter Area In-radius/ Circum-radius
45-45-90 Triangle
AB = BC = a
AC = 2a r = Area/Semi-Perimeter
= a/(2 + 2)
7 2a + 2a 1/2 a2
OAB  OCB
 ABC R = OA = OB = OC = a/2
30-60-90 Triangle
r = Area/Semi-Perimeter
= a/(1 + 3)
8 - 3a + 3a 3/2 a2
R=a
30-30-120 Triangle
3/4 a2
r = Area/Semi-Perimeter
9 - 2a + 3a h = a/2
(Taking unequal R
side as Base)
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(viii) Important Lines in a Triangle
 Median (AD)
Line joining vertex to the midpoint of opposite side
The three medians intersect in a single point, called Centroid
 Angle Bisector (AE)
Line bisects an internal angle at vertex meets the opposite side
The three angle bisectors intersects at In-center
 Perpendicular Bisector (ID)
Perpendicular line passing through the mid-point need not pass through the vertex
The three perpendicular bisectors intersects at Circum-center
 Altitude (AH)
Line dropped from vertex and perpendicular to the opposite side
The three altitudes intersects at Orthocenter
(In case of obtuse angled triangle, it does not even lie within the triangle)
 Some Important Points-

 Centroid and In-center will always lie inside the triangle
 For an acute angled triangle, the Circum-center and the Orthocenter will lie inside the triangle
 For an obtuse angled triangle, the Circum-center and the Orthocenter will lie outside the triangle
 For a right angled triangle, the Circum-center will lie at the midpoint of the hypotenuse and the Orthocenter will lie at the vertex at
which the angle is 90°
 The Orthocenter, Centroid, and Circum-center always lie on the same line known as Euler Line
(If the triangle is Isosceles or Equilateral then the In-center lies on the same line)
 The Orthocenter is twice as far from the Centroid as the Circum-center is
 Given Perimeter = Constant, Equilateral Triangle has the maximum area > Isosceles > Scalene
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(x) Apollonius Theorem
In ABC, AD is the median from A to BC
(xiii) External Angle Bisector Theorem
Then, AB2 + AC2 = 2 [AD2 + (BC/2)2] The external bisectors of A and C and the internal
Extension: bisector of B all intersect at a common point E1 and
3 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) this is the centre of a circle that is tangent to the three
= 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2) sides. This is called Ex-circle of ABC
Since there are three sides, this could be done in three
AD + BE + CF ways and we get three ex-centers.
= 3/4 (AB + BC + CA) BA’ = AB
CA’ AC
(xi) Angle Bisector

All points on the angle bisector are equidistant from the
sides forming the angle
Since,
ADB  ADC (xiv) Perpendicular Bisector of a Line
So, DB = DC All points on the perpendicular bisector of a line is
equidistant from the endpoints of the line
Since,
ADB  ADC
So, AB = AC
(xii) Angle Bisector Theorem

In ABC, AD is the angle bisector from A to BC
AB = BD
AC CD
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(xv) Important Points in a Triangle
Point Definition Figure Properties
 The median divides the triangle in two
equal parts of equal area (need not be
congruent)
The point of  Area ADB = Area ADC
Centroid (G) concurrency of
medians  The Centroid divides the median in the
ratio 2:1 with the larger part towards
the vertex (AG:GD = 2:1)
 All six s formed are equal in area
 In-radius is  distance to the sides and
not ID
The point of  In-radius = r = IJ = IK = IL = /s
In-Centre (I) concurrency of  Angle-Bisector Theorem
angle bisectors AB/AC = BD/CD
 Also, BIC = 90 + A/2
 Circum-radius =
The point of R = OA = OB = OC = abc/4R
Circum-Centre (O) concurrency of 
bisectors of sides  BOC = 2  A
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The point of
Orthocentre (H) concurrency of  BHC + A = 1800
altitudes
4. Quadrilateral
Circum-
S No Nomenclature Side Angles Diagonal Perimeter Area In-radius
radius
Square
All sides Diagonals equal =
equal = a All angles 2a Diagonal/2
1 4a a2 Side/2 =a/2
Opposite equal = 90 ( &  bisector of
r
=a/2
Sides are // each other)
Rectangle Diagonals equal

= (l2 + b2)
Opposite
(& bisector of
sides are All angles Diagonal/2 Shorter
2 each other) 2 (l + b) lb
equal & // equal = 90 = (l2+b2)/2 Side/2
(l , b)
PA2 + PC2
= PB2 + PD2
Parallelogram Opposite Diagonal/2 Side/2 =a/2
Opposite Diagonals bisect
sides are = (l2+b2)/2
angles are each other but lh
equal & // (A //ogram
(l , b)
equal not equal (d1, d2) 2 (l + b) = d1  h’
3 (A //ogram circumscribed
Sum of =lb inscribed in about a circle
Adjacent d12 + d22 sinA
ABC a circle becomes
angles = 180 = 2(l2 + b2)
ADC becomes rhombus)
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rectangle)
Rhombus Diagonal/2
Opposite
=a/2
All sides are angles are Diagonals are r ah (A rhombus
equal = a equal bisect each other
4 4a = 1/2  inscribed in Side/2 =a/2
Opposite Sum of but not equal (d1,
sides are // Adjacent d2) d1  d2 a circle
becomes
angles = 180
square)
 The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid points of intersection of the angle bisectors of a parallelogram is a rectangle
S No Nomenclature Side Angles Diagonal Perimeter Area

Trapezium/Trapezoid
Two sides parallel

(a,b) AC
Two sides non
Sum of = [(x1 + a)2 + h2]
parallel (c1,c2) a+b
5 Adjacent 1/2 (a + b) h
+ x1 + x2
angles = 180 BD
b = a + x1 + x2
c12 = x12 + h2 = [(x2 + a)2 + h2]
Isosceles Trapezium c22 = x22 + h2
c1 = c2  x1 = x2
Kite
Diagonals are
unequal and  to
Adjacent side are A = C
6 each other and 2 (a + b) 1/2  d1  d2
equal (a,b) but B  D
bisects one of the
diagonals
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Cyclic Quadrilateral
A + B (s-a)(s-b)
= C + D ABCD + (s-c)(s-d)
All vertices lies on a+b
7 = 1800 BCAD =
the circle +c+d
ACBD s=
Ext. C = A (a+b+c+d)/2
 If a Cyclic Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram, then it becomes a Rectangle/Square and the Diagonals are same as that Diameter
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5. Regular Polygon
Equilateral
Name Square Pentagon Hexagon Octagon Decagon
Triangle
Drawing
No. of Sides
3 4 5 6 8 10
[n]
No. of Diagonals
0 2 5 9 20 35
[n(n-3)/2]
Exterior Angle
120 90 72 60 45 36
[360/n]
Interior Angle
60 90 108 120 135 144
[180-Ext. ]
Sum of Int. s
180 360 540 720 1080 1440
[(n-2)180]
Perimeter
3a 4a 5a 6a 8a 10a
Area
3/4 a2 a2 1.72 a2 6 (3/4 a2) 2(1+2) a2 7.69 a2
Radius
a/3 a/2 - a [a(1+2)]/2 -
(Circum-Circle)
Radius
a/23 a/2 - 3/2 a a[(2+2)]/2 -
(In-Circle)
 In case of Regular Polygon, keeping the Perimeter Constant, more the number of Sides, greatest is the Area
e.g. Area Circle > Area Regular Octagon > Area Regular Hexagon > Area Square > Area Eq. Triangle
 For a Constant Perimeter, Regular figures has the maximum area
e.g. Area of Equilateral  > Area of Isosceles  > Area of Scalene 
Similarly, Area of Square > Area of Rectangle, Area of Rhombus > Area of Parallelogram
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6. Circle
S No Nomenclature Diameter Perimeter/ Circumference Area
Circle
2r
1 2r r2
2 = 360
(=22/7=3.14)
Sector
Length of the arc + 2  Radius

2 - (/3600)  r2
(/360 )  2r + 2r
0
Segment
(/3600)  2r + 2a Area of Sector – Area of OPQ

3 -
(where, a = r  sin/2) (/3600)  r2 – r2 sin/2
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Circular Ring
4 - 2(R + r) (R2 – r2)
(i) Chord (If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at
two other points lying on the same side of the line containing
 A line joining two points (AB or CD) on the circumference
the line segment, the four points lie on a circle i.e. they are
 Diameter is the longest Chord concyclic)
 Equal chords (AB = CD) of a circle subtend equal angles  Angle formed in a semicircle is 900 and vice versa
(AOB = COD) at the centre and vice-versa ADB = 900
(Length of Chord  Angle formed at Center/Circumference) AEB > 900
 Equal chords/arcs of a circle(s) are equidistant from centre(s) ACB < 900
and vice-versa
(Length of Chord  1/Distance from Center) (ii) Secant
 OP is  bisector of AB  If two chords, AB and CD intersect

inside the circle at point P, then
 ORA  ORB PA  PB = PC  PD
 AOB  COD  = 1/2 (arc AC + arc BD)
 Angles in the same segment of the circle are  If two chords, AB and CD intersect outside the circle at point
equal and half of the subtended at centre P, then
AXB = AYB = AZB = 1/2 AOB PA  PB = PC  PD
and APB = AQB = 1/2 (3600-AOB)  = 1/2 (arc AC - arc BD)
So, AXB + APB = A + B = 1800
PBA & PDC are Secants
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(Length of tangents from an external point are equal)
(iii) Tangent
 PA  PB = PT2
 A tangent PT is a line which touches the circle at only one
  = 1/2 (arc AT - arc BT)
point
 PBA is a Secant
PT, PT’ are Tangents
 PT (tangent)  OT (radius)
 PT = PT’
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(iv) Common Tangents  where r1 & r2 are the radius of the circles having
centers O1 & O2 respectively
No. of
Distance between
Common Diagram
their Centers (d)  No. of Common Tangents = 4
Tangents
 2 Direct Common Tangents
0 d < r1 – r2 PQ2 = RS2

= (O1O2)2 – (r1 - r2)2
 2 Transverse Common Tangents

1 d = r1 – r2
PQ2 = RS2
= (O1O2)2 – (r1 + r2)2
PHO1  QHO2
2 r1 – r2 < d < r1 + r2
(v) Alternate Segment Theorem

Angle between any chord passing through the tangent point
and tangent is equal to the angle subtended
by the chord to any point on the
other side of circumference
3 d = r1 + r2 (alternate segment)
 CBQ = BAC
and ABP = BCA
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7. Mensuration
Lateral/Curved
Name Drawing Diagonal Total Surface Area Volume
Surface Area
Lateral Surface
Perimeter of Base Area of Base 
Right Prism ˗ Area
 Height Height
+ 2  Area of Base
Face (12) Body (4)

Cube 4a2 6a2 a3
2 a 3 a
Face (4)
(l2+b2) Body (4)
Cuboid 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+lh) lbh
(b2+h2)
(l +b +h )
2 2 2
(l2+h2)
Cylinder [(2r)2 + h2] 2rh 2r(r+h) r2h
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Cylindrical 2rh + 2Rh

[(2r)2 + h2] 2Rh + 2rh R2h - r2h
Shell + 2(R2 ˗ r2)
Lateral/Curved Surface Total Surface

Name Drawing Diagonal Volume
Area Area
Lateral Surface
1/2 Perimeter of Base  1/3  Area of
Right Pyramid ˗ Area + Area of
Slant Height Base  Height
Base
rl
Cone ˗ r(r+l) 1/3r2h
[l = (r2 + h2)]
H = R = L RL - r(L-l) 1/3

H-h r L-l RL - r(L-l) + R2 + r2 (R H - r2h)
2
Frustum
l2 = (R-r)2 + h2 (R+r)l (R+r)L 1/3h
+ R2 + r2 (R2+Rr+ r2)
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Sphere ˗ 4r2 4/3r3
Hemisphere ˗ 2r2 3r2 2/3r3
Spherical Shell ˗ 4(r2+R2) 4/3 (R3 - r3)

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(v) Mid-Point Theorem

(vii) Types of Triangles

S No Type (Basis on Sides) Properties Perimeter Area In-radius/ Circum-radius

All general properties

 BD is the Median, Angle Bisector, r Bisector, Altitude

 BD is the Median, Angle Bisector, r Bisector, Altitude

Right Angled Triangle c2 = a2 + b2

 Some Pythagoras Triplets  (3,4,5);(5,12,13);(7,24,25);(8,15,17);(9, 40,41);…

Obtuse Angled Triangle

 Some Important Points-

(xi) Angle Bisector

(xii) Angle Bisector Theorem

Rectangle Diagonals equal

S No Nomenclature Side Angles Diagonal Perimeter Area

Two sides parallel

Length of the arc + 2  Radius

(/3600)  2r + 2a Area of Sector – Area of OPQ

4 - 2(R + r) (R2 – r2)

 OP is  bisector of AB  If two chords, AB and CD intersect

 2 Direct Common Tangents

0 d < r1 – r2 PQ2 = RS2

 2 Transverse Common Tangents

(v) Alternate Segment Theorem

Face (12) Body (4)

Cylinder [(2r)2 + h2] 2rh 2r(r+h) r2h

Cylindrical 2rh + 2Rh

Lateral/Curved Surface Total Surface

H = R = L RL - r(L-l) 1/3

Sphere ˗ 4r2 4/3r3

Hemisphere ˗ 2r2 3r2 2/3r3

Spherical Shell ˗ 4(r2+R2) 4/3 (R3 - r3)

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