He 4 2 2 2 2
O 16 8 8 8 8
Ca 40 20 20 6 6 14 14
Ca 48 20 28 2 8 6 18 14
Ni 48 28 20 2 6 8 14 18
Sn 100 50 50 18 18 32 32
Sn 132 50 82 6 8 18 18 18 32 32
Pb 208 82 126 8 18 18 32 32 50 50
Lucas’ Electromagnetic Nucleus
Magic Numbers are Composites of 6 Shells
Proton Shells Fill from Outside
The Neutron Shell Between Outer Proton
Shells Acts Like a Decoupler by Polarizing
Sideways => Liquid Drop Properties
Interior Neutrons Polarize with Plus Ends
Toward Center and Fill Inwards
Decay is a Vibration Process !
Complicated Vibrations
19 Isotopes
Odd Fm-257 @ 100 days Longest Lived
Doubly Magic Fm-258 (100, 158), Short
Spontaneous Fission
Lighter Isotopes, ms to days
Heavier Isotopes, days to ms
Nobelium, Z = 102
12 Isotopes
Odd No-259 @ 58 minutes Longest Lived
Doubly Magic Fm-260 (102, 158), Short
Spontaneous Fission
Lighter Isotopes, ms to minutes
Heavier Isotopes, ms
Fermium and Nobelium
Conclusions
Magic Effects Not As Clear
Longest Lived Odd, One Short of Doubly
Magic
Spontaneous Fission More Important, at
Doubly Magic
Magic Gives More Isotopes
Worse to Have Too Many Protons vs. Too
Many Neutrons
Cerium, Z = 58
20 Isotopes
Ce-140, Doubly Magic at N = 82, Almost
90% of Natural Cerium
Ce148, Doubly Magic at N = 90, @ 56
seconds, and Ce-150 Doubly Magic at
N = 92 @ 4 seconds Are Among Heaviest
Cerium Isotopes Known
Dysprosium, Z = 66
30 Isotopes
Dy-160 to Dy-164, Comprise Most of the
Naturally Stable Isotopes
Lighter Dy-158, with a Magic N = 92, and
Dy-156, with a Magic N = 90, Are Also
Stable
Light Dy-148, with a Magic N = 82 @ 3.1
minutes
Heavy Dy-166, with a Magic N = 100 @
81.6 hours, and Dy-168, with a Magic N =
102 @ 8.7 minutes
Osmium, Z = 76
30 Isotopes
Naturally Occurring Osmium Isotopes Lie
Between Os-192 and Os-187
Among Lightest Osmium Isotopes are Os-
166, with a Doubly Magic N = 90 @ 7.1
seconds, and Os-168, with a Doubly Magic
N= 92 @ 2.2 seconds
Among Heaviest, Os-194, with a Doubly
Magic N = 118 @ 6 years, and Os-196,
with a Doubly Magic N = 120 @ 35
minutes
Lead Z = 82
33 Isotopes
Naturally Occurring and Long-lived Lead
Isotopes Lie Between Pb-204 and Pb-208
Among Lightest Doubly Magic Lead
Isotopes are Pb-202, with a Magic N= 120
@ 5.2E4 years , and Pb-200, with a Magic
N = 118 @ 21.5 hours
Among Heaviest Doubly Magic, Pb-210,
with a Magic N = 128 @ 22.3 years
Better Fission Yield Distribution
With Magic 58
Double Hump Fission Yields , U-235 + n
Light (28, 50), and Heavy (50, 82)
+ 14 + 12 = 26 to Divide ?
Or Better Yet
Light (28, 58), and Heavy (50, 82) = 18 to
Divide ? Matches Small Lower Bound of 86
and Large Lower Bound of 132, and 18
Width Containing 95% of Fission Products
Fission Yield Distributions
Conclusions
Magic Affects Number of Stable
Isotopes
Magic Accounts For Longer Half Lives
and Number of Lighter and Heavier
Isotopes
Large Number of Isotopes Related to
New Magic Numbers
N/Z ~ 1.54 Are Most Stable
Superheavy Half Lives Won’t Be Long
Conclusions
Table of Isotopes Is Now 4 ½ Inches
Thick !
Data on 3000+ Isotopes:
Level Schemes, Half Lives, Reactions,
Abundance, etc.
Probably Not Examined for
Systematic Behavior
Fertile Area for Research !