On the Hellenic Policy of Augustus and Agrippa in 27 B. C.

Author(s): James H. Oliver

Source: The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 93, No. 1, Studies in Honor of Henry T.
Rowell (Jan., 1972), pp. 190-197
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/292911
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 ON THE HELLENIC POLICY OF AUGUSTUS AND
AGRIPPA IN 27 B. C.

Two millennia of administrative problems attract the gif

man to whom this issue is dedicated. Two inscriptions wh
reflect the work of Augustus will have a special interest
him. They are well known, but when the connection betw
two well known documents finally occurs to one, it often affec
seriously the view one takes of both.

The Date of 1. G., 112, 1035.

An inscription from the Athenian Acropolis,' I. G., II2, 10
of which only the right two-thirds is preserved, contains in li
4 if. a decree concerning the restoration of temple property an
real estate, sacred and public, which had fallen into the han
of private persons, in part persons who had leased the property
This seems to have occurred in a period of anarchy (8&a r
a[vapXlav], as Kahrstedt2 restored line 19). The decree f
bids absolutely the future alienation of the dedications or
niture of sanctuaries, calls for ritual cleansings, and establi
new rules for the leasing of real estate and the regular pe
formance of the old religious rites.
The date when temple properties passed into the hands
private persons and had to be recovered in special legislat
by the state is an important period in the history of Ath
and Greece itself, the date too at which these properties w
restored to the gods and heroes. The long inscription, howe
has not been dated yet to everyone's satisfaction, and a rec
student 3 has seen fit to leave the date open within three-hund
years. Our purpose in this article is to present one additio
argument, which, we think, places the decree almost preci

Originally published by Chr. D. Tsountas, Eph. Arch., 1884, col

165-71 with a splendid facsimile on Plate 11; J. Kirchner, I. G., II
(1916), 1035. It is now in the Epigraphical Museum (EM 13280).
2 U. Kahrstedt, Das wirtschaftliche Gesicht Griechenlands in der
Kaiserzeit (Diss. Bernenses, I, 7 [1954]), p. 60, n. 6.
3 D. Behrend, Attische Pachturkunden (Vestigia, XII [1970]), p. 62,
No. 16.

190

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 THE HELLENIC POLICY OF AUGUSTUS AND AGRIPPA. 191

in the year 27/6 B. C., but first we catalogue the factors which up
to now have served in chronological arguments.
The lettering: To us the lettering back in 1938 suggested
the Augustan Period.4 The lettering looked Hadrianic or later
to Graindor.5 Kirchner said, "De tempore non satis constat,"
but followed Keil in dating the inscription to the beginning of
the first century B. C.
The numerals: Keil 6 argued that the acrophonic numerals
(in lines 2 and 3) could not be dated later than the beginning
of the first century after Christ. Acrophonic numerals cease
with I. G., II2, 2336 of 102/1 B. C. with the whole series of
such catalogues; a sporadic use of acrophonic numerals, how-
ever, occurred later, e. g. in I. G., II2, 2292 of the middle of
the first century after Christ. Tod thought that the archaistic
taste of the second century after Christ might have revived the
acrophonic numerals; this argument, suggested by the lettering,
does not appeal to me because the system here is unaccompanied
by the old Attic alphabet which the archaizers of the second
century affected. On the other hand, the first official use of
the alphabetic (not acrophonic) numerals appears locally in the
time of Augustus with I. G., II2, 3788 () ftovX7 T[wv X]), but
the similar monuments I. G., II2, 3786, 3787, 3789 still avoid
this abbreviation. All these honor Julius Nicanor (P.I.R.2,
J 440).
The identity of the person called Magnos, who built the
Deigma: The first editor, Tsountas, saw only one individual
who came into consideration, namely Cn. Pompeius Magnus.
John Day7 found the identification rather convincing and
thought the Deigma was built with funds given to Athens by
Pompey in 62 B. C.
The reference to the so-called House of Cyrrhestes, i. e. the
'Reported by John Day, An Economic History of Athens under
Roman Domination (New York, 1942), pp. 145-51.
6 P. Graindor, Chronologie des archontes atheniens sous lIempire (Brus-
sels, 1922), pp. 142-4. He later dated it in the middle of the first
century after Christ by a mere lapsus calami in Athenes de Tib6re &
Trajan (Cairo, 1931), p. 162, n. 2. He never treated it as earlier than
the Antonine Period.
'Bruno Keil, Hermes, XXV (1890), pp. 317-20.
Day, op. cit. (see note 4). The legal and institutional study by D.
Gofas, Aet7ya (Athens, 1970), does not treat this question.

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1.92 JAMES H. OLIVER.

Tower of the Winds: According to Henry Robinson

ing could have been erected almost any time betwe
37 B. C., though he inclines to the view that it w
between 50 and 37 B. C.
The silence about Hadrianic construction: The first editor,
Tsountas, inferred that the inscription could safely be dated
before Hadrian.
To these previous considerations we now add a new one.
The decree begins in line 4 with the words irepl rTv lep6v Kal]
Trpev(V OTWS a7TroKaoTaoTa0l7t To[i]S OEOLS Kcu TrotS 7pwCntv, (oy apXs
v7rrpXe Ka 7rov 8r[ov - -. The length of the line is obtained by
the safe restoration of line 16, KOe]vaLt v 9 V e[v ev 'AAKpow7r]oAE
7rapa [TriL II] oAXta&t 'AOyqvaii, 'v 8' ev THpaeC 7rapa r(To AtL Til wrqfpt
Kat T [& | 'AOrtvai 7jL T o,Tc'pal, acrt 10 roV /autAX] Eos Kal TOV Ta/,io[v
T7rS ]pas 8LarTaous eLS TeTparETlav Kat avaypdc aLty ev (o-TrrA r Tr T? 7Wv
/e[/l]t [G [(rOw1evwv ovodJara Ka ---, "to publish which for a
period of four years, one on the Acropolis by Athena Polias,
the other at Piraeus by Zeus Soter and Athena Soteira, it is
the duty of the basileus and of the treasurer of the sacred dia-
taxis," etc.
Having ascertained the length of the line and (more important)
having measured the lacuna to the left, we can make a spatially
satisfactory, first restoration of line 9 and partly reconstruct
the article as follows:

8 [--- -- ,L' eetvat esg TOV IETa Ta VTa X[pOvov air]ooSoaL TI 7;V
tepwV TreLUvWv Ka[Ta T]roleva TrpOrov jvrl wvvraraarOa p,r
[8e aT7OTL/Lry/La ) SOpov Sovvat*' Tval 8e Ka]T[a TWV] a7roSo`evWV
ypaoas dareeflas3 [Kal 6][cA][v] T^jt 'AGrlvaL TO Xp?,La
ocrov aT7rsov TO

10 [-- - --- --] Ktip,[VOt] 1/ V0/OS.

Not only my restoration but the wording of the whole pas-

sage, I think, reflects the ruling of the consuls of 27 B. C.,
Augustus and Agrippa, which came to light on an inscriptio
from Cyme (in Asia Minor), now in Leyden.

8 H. S. Robinson, " The Tower of the Winds and the Roman Market-
place," A. J.A., XLVII (1943), pp. 291-305.
So I restore and edit instead of dvaf]esva& <T>*?v.
10 My restoration ea-r (or ToraL).

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THE HELLENIC POLICY OF AUGUSTUS AND AGRIPPA. 193

The Leyden Inscription from Cyme

There are textual problems. The reader will find bibli-
ography and more general discussion in Sherk's Roman Docu-
ments, No. 61. The stone was first published with a photograph
in the dissertation by H. W. Pleket, Greek Inscriptions in the
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden at Leyden (Leyden, 1958), pp.
49-56, No. 57. Another photograph was published by K. M. T.
Atkinson, R. I. D. A., VII (1960), facing p. 261. The text
with new restorations in lines 3 and 17, new punctuation in
line 5, and a new division between lines 15 and 16 reads as
follows.

[A]VroKparwp K raLap Oeov vtoa :E<aauros [ ]

[M]5pKoo 'Ayptlras AEVKltOV vios vraroi v c[--]
[Of]TLVeS r7flUoaloL T7TOL ) i Epol 'V r6Ea[Oiv EIlL Tnsv]
7r OWAccs eKac'ac7T' iTrapxetas Etilv, eLTE Tt [va avaOj]
5 JLaTa 7T'TOVTV TWV TOTrwV Ecoiv eoovTal T7 [. Ure/os]
[Tj]avTa atQpcTL) E^L7e alyopaErTwo) u?7S a'7ro [Tr'rlpa]
[\] Spov af,i/3ave`T(>. 'o aiv OKELrEV a )TEY[v- yie7vov]
[1 7j]yopaorp,evov iv re aOpo ScSo8,ErVOV 0, [S av irl TrS]
[] TrapXeta aT roKaTarrTa9i@val e TOV 8jJ [' COcLoy TOrTOv]
10 7) lEpOV T7r) 7roXIEWs >poVmTttTW, Kalt 'av XP[Ia -- -]
[o] v 8o0e, Troro VT0 &KatoSTordrt {L} vacat
[.] Vinicius proc(onsul) s(alutem) d(at) mag(istrati-
bus) Cumas. Apollonides L. f. No[race(us)]
[c(ivis) v(ester)] me adeit et demostravit Liberei Patris
fanum nom[ine]
[ven]ditiones possiderei ab Lusia Diogenis f. Tucalleus
c(ive) [v(estro)]
15 [et c]um vellent thiaseitae sacra deo restituere iussu Au
[gus]ti Caesaris pretio soluto quod est inscreiptum fano,
[cohi]berei ab Lusia. E(go) v(olo) v(os) c(urare), sei
ita sunt, utei Lusias quod
[est] positum pretium fano recipiat et restituat deo fa
[num e]t in eo inscreibatur Imp. Caesar Deivi f. Augustu[s]
re [sti]
20 [tuit. Sei] autem Lusia contradeicit quae Apollonides
post[u]
[lat, vadi]monium ei satisdato ubi ego ero. Lusiam
prom [it]

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194 JAMES H. OLIVER.

[tere magi]s probo. 'E,rl 7rpvTardwves avTov vacat

[-- o- ] ,OVaVKLoS Xalpew XEyeI apXOVa KvfLalwv. 'A [ro
[XAv`8]77s AVKlIov NwpaKelos TroXqls Vr/ATcpO[q /otL]
25 [7rpooiaAX] v Kat V7rectEvcy AltoiVOov LcpOVy Ot[aTt]
[7rpaCeouw K] aTe'xco-aL V7rO Avcdov ToiV ALOYE'VOv [TvKcaX
[A?s roAci'7roV ViTepO]V, Katl OTCe ov [Aovro ol iaoaei
[rat ------------------------]

Previous restorations of line 3 are: [E'] rTve

others; ev 7roa'Xr[v iv ev wpa] Pleket, X KaT& T
7rdoXa[Cv Ocroo] Atkinson, 7ro'Xa[Cv ar`tves] K
pies half a letter space.
For the new restoration [O] TrLVE in line 3 follo
in line 4 compare the statutes of the Iobacchi
the section in lines 127-35, beginning os 8' a
continuing Kalt E rTL T in line 135.
Lines 5-6: " Let no one remove the latter," etc.
The specific case raised by the intransigence of Lysias son of
Diogenes is the ownership of the sanctuary, which he possesses,
claiming to have bought it outright (nom[ie ven] dition<i>s).11
In line 17 I now restore [cohi]berei for Pleket's [Li]berei,
not only because we need an infinitive but because [Li] berei now
seems to me too short. I am judging from a photograph.

New Conclusions and Refinements.

Lines 15-16 of the Leyden inscription mention a iussus Au-
[gus]ti Caesaris the essence of which-Leyden line 15 plus
Athens line 4-was sacra de<is et heroibus> restituere. The
first of the two documents from Cyme at Leyden was not the
iussus Augusti Caesaris but a ruling by the consuls Augustus
and Agrippa concerning one question connected therewith. It
must not be assumed that the iussus (no longer extant) was

1 The Athenians and Greeks of the Aegean area sometimes used the
word 7rp&ais when they spoke of a leasing of sacred property. From a
Greek standpoint this might be a sale of the use for a certain time,
though in Roman Law it was not a sale. See D. Behrend, Attische
Pachturkunden, pp. 86-8 and 147-9; H. J. Wolff, Beitrdge zur Rechts-
geschichte Altgriechenlands und des hellenistisch-rimischen Agyptens
(Weimar, 1961), p. 139. Venditio was not always the right translation
of the Greek word 7rpiias.

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THE HELLENIC POLICY OF AUGUSTUS AND AGRIPPA. 195

promulgated by the young Caesar after he took the name of

Augustus; the Roman governor would naturally call him by
his new name. Probably he issued the order in 30 or 29 B. C.
while he was in the Aegean area.l2 The ruling, on the other
hand, concerns the movable property of public localities and of
the sanctuaries which the young Caesar had ordered to be re-
stored to the gods and heroes. The Athenian decree which is
the second document of I. G., II2, 1035 reflects both the iussus
Caesaris and the ruling by Augustus and Agrippa. The epistle
of the proconsul Vinicius reflects merely the iussus Caesaris.
The ruling in the Leyden inscription, lines 1-11 begins with
the statement that whatever public or sacred property exists
in city states belongs (I think) to the domain of the city con-
cerned. With Roman encouragement the city should see to it
that powerful men like Lysias not only give the sanctuaries
back when the money has been raised or the time has elapsed
but do not in the meanwhile sell, lend, or pledge the furniture,
dedications, or equipment. Whoever is in charge of the domain
([lo av r&T rjs ] rrapXetda ,) must recover also these movables.
The clause [os av err rr-s i]7rapxdaE ,_ does not mean the governor
of the Roman province but the strategos, archon, epimelete, or
other official who in this or that city might watch over the
public and sacred domain in the city's interest. At Athens a
more or less permanent ert/,iLAEXr Trgs rji ro'XE under the Prin-
cipate seems to have protected the domain.
The word brapX'a was not yet the obvious translation of
provincia as readers of Z. P. E., V (1970), p. 226 will know.

The Background Recorded at Aphrodisias.

In 1970 Kenan T. Erim, P. B. S. R., XXXVII (1969), p. 95
published an excellent transcript (with photograph) of an
inscription at Aphrodisias which contains a decree of the

12 As a parallel the iussus Caesaris which resulted in the Forum

Iulium at Alexandria may be mentioned. A reference to it was pub-
lished by F. Magi, "Le iscrizioni recentamente scoperte sull'Obelisco
Vaticano," Studi Romani, XI (1963), pp. 53-6: Iussu Imp. Caesaris
Divi f.l C. Cornelius Cn. f. Gallus,j praef(ectus) fabr(um) Caesaris Divi
f.,l Forum Iulium fecit. Octavian was not yet Augustus. The condem-
nation and death of Gallus occurred in 26 B. C.

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196 JAMES H. OLIVER.

Hellenes of Asia in honor of two men who went on a dan

embassy 13 to [Caesar Augus]tus and the Roman author
(usually the proconsul of Asia and his legates). The aim
to ask them for permission to lay claim to the domain (
cities), avtLAacl/3Eat r77 b7rapXEtag. The decree begins with
words rJv 7rToAhEv. It dates after Octavian took the name of
Augustus, but the embassy doubtless occurred in 30 or 29 B. C.
when Octavian was in the neighborhood. The two ambassadors
then stayed on as members of the consilium for the Roman
authorities and undertook an active role in many trials and

13With supplements the inscription at Aphrodisias might read as

follows:

["E8oev TYr KOLPVC 'yv'Ijdt 7r]poe'pwv Kal ypatL<i>aaruws v 'Ere' rTcp 7or6Xe?[v]
[al 7rXelaraL -----] Vr6 re rSv 8 7CLOoCLWv$v Kal r7cv yetrvoAevwv
[ -- ----- -] 'v Kai eis r7jv eoxaTr77v d7ro'yvwoatv rape.iw
[----- rT KotvOV] TYv 'EXXy'wv avveX\h6v 6tzoOvvLa bPv eKpLte
5 [- --]a eV ry 'Eq)eliwv w6roXt 7re/at 7rrpea3evras 7rpbs
[Kaicrapa `e/3a7rr6o Kal 7ro]bs 7jyovfl4eovs EK TWv 7rp&wT7w Kaa /ia\4tra rCt/lW
[Ae'vwv avspwv - --] s 7rept re TWV 7rpoye'ypa/iU evlwv Kal Tr.Py aiXwv TC [p]
[- - - - - ]os atwovTas avTi\a(3ea0aat 7ris 7T rapX'aS Kal v[.]
[------?-]v?]v'qv K aTv Ka alpeOevTw'v 7rpea6evrTvv, ev ols Kai [Ato]
10 [vvoa'ov Kal Ilp]o~KXeovs rWv 'Idaovos TOv 2iKV'POvov 7-V 'A/poSoate'wv 7roX[t]
[7-rv, o? ae'evo]y evt Tp\\XXeo'v iv v Kat A7 e7rt87LropvT-vvrwp ereu4'av ol irp6e8po[t]
[dis rTov KeK 7r]ap' 'Aq5potose'wv 8cs7ov ypacp[cua]Ta rept re ro7u eZpffOat a6To7[9]
[-?-?-- ]- -? ]tovrTas &ta r6 KoLvl av/ep.ov rw'v 'EXk vwv, tLvwTKOtevx)s
[a&raao-v Ws elr].e;v r7-s Cr' aperp KaCl 8a6, 6ta\Xoeos, Kaor- rTa Kar7-a Lpos
15 [al ro6Xets ec] Tirv eta7reo'-rakX/e'wv vtrep avrwv -ypat,LTarwc v 8tvXov
[a-u --- -- 5] Kcal K\X70evrTes Vt'rb rov /L0v avvaXefelas eK\X7i-ias
[vtreaXOovro eK]reXeoaev T7rv ~rpeofJav~VL' r)v Katl rpeo'ajav 'roXXovs
[Kal /Ae'yaXovs] KltPVOVS v7ro/Jei'vavres Kal a.vao6vTes ra /7)(lboALaTra
[Kaio'apc le/3ao]T75 Kacl TOZs fryou[vevois Kal [Ka -lat] rpoOepevfaavres ev rav
20 [7l KatpCQ rots] fryove'zLvos X K al T'okko s Kal /eydXovs adyy.as [d] va5ed.ae
[vot VTrep roQ] KOVoioV rv 'EXX7'vwv Ka' 7raparvXor7es tra'iv rois d'ywoat Kal 7ro[t]
[?fa-avres T-]v rpeojf3rav KaX\`V Kal eTrvUXi Kal dtiap rov KQOVOV 7TdV 'EXXk wv
[Kaal T s r epl] avTrv ot>a\1p,ews, KaTwpOdcravro ra AecytosaTa Kal ?uvvp'epovr-a Tros
[rr7 s 'Ao'las 7r] aiatv o tl5s rTe Kal eOveo'tv,~eUo.oxat rT KOLvP TW'v eCrl ri 'AolA
25 [as 'EXXu'wzV] ervrIFOata rovs T rpoey7 paoy /ye'vovs avo'pas Kal eat'rTeo avio'ata %Xpvaw
[orTe-ecdv. TO ea] relov avruv' dTv e `71 lve'7Kavro dvaopa re -Kal arovv.3 vacat
[Kal lTTrdveL]v avrwv Kal IKovas xaXKa1s 7rap' c av 3ov\6XivraT 8'?sUp 7J 9O0ez, Jir[1]
[rijs w7rvypa]cis v Ol ev r7- 'Aclta o &q/soi Kal Ta v7 eriT-l7aa'p Atovpltov, Kical p6K\XvP
[rovs 'Iacoovo]s TOV 2iKsV'oV KaropOwsaa.evovs Ta jeLyoTra dperjs [reeK]
30 vacat eveKev vacat

For agreement and

published by Th. Drew-Bear, Z.P. E., VIII (1971), pp. 286-8.

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THE HELLENIC POLICY OF AUGUSTUS AND AGRIPPA. 197

put in an appearance at all the trials. Among the causes of the

despair into which [most] of the cities had previously fallen
are mentioned the tax-farmers.
The inscription at Aphrodisias, implying tyranny at Aphro-
disias and anarchy throughout the province of Asia, best shows
the sad condition of the Greek republics in 30 B. C. and illumi-
nates the tremendous effort which the young Caesar had to make
to recover for the cities their public and sacred domain.14 In
the senatorial provinces of the East he was remembered as the
protector of the cities against foreign domination, represented
primarily by the old kind of Roman tax-collectors and ex-
ploiters. A hundred years later there was nothing absurd in
the phrase, "the Caesar-loving demos of the Aphrodisians, free
and autonomous from the beginning by the grace of the
Augusti" (McCrum-Woodhead, 495).

JAMES H. OLIVER.
BALTIMORE, MD.

14 In some cities it may have been the local citizens who failed to act
and so failed to recover the domain. Not all will have had the energy
and courage of the exiles from Aphrodisias. That in the Augustan
Period the domain was not recovered everywhere appears from Ann.
np., 1940, 44 (Aezani), but there were also special cases which should
not be cited as evidence thereof, e. g. in I. Cret., I, xxvi, 2.

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