Name: Waha Agalin Date: Nov.

7, 2018

Subject: General Chemistry 2

1) How is intermolecular force defined by the nature of particles?

Intermolecular forces are defined as the set of attractive and repulsive forces that occur between the
molecules as a result of the polarity of the molecules.

When two or more atoms are joined by chemical bonds they form a molecule, electrons travel up to the
new molecule and are concentrated in the most electronegativity atom area, The concentration of
electrons in a defined area of the molecule creates a negative charge, while the absence of electrons
creates a positive charge.

The first three forces are collectively called van der Waals forces. All molecular and intermolecular
attractive forces are electrostatic in nature. That is, they involve attractions between positive and negative
species. The strengths of these attractive forces vary widely, though usually the intermolecular forces
between small molecules are weak compared to the intramolecular forces that bond atoms together within
a molecule.

2) Dipole-dipole forces

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative
end of another polar molecule. Dipole-dipole forces have strengths that range from 5 kJ to 20 kJ per mole.
They are much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds and have a significant effect only when the molecules
involved are close together (touching or almost touching).

 Polar molecules have a partial negative end and a partial positive end.

 The partially positive end of a polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of another.

 In a ICl molecule the more electronegative chlorine atom bears the partial negative charge; the less
electronegative iodine atom bears the partial positive charge.

 The partially positive iodine end of one ICl molecule is attracted to the partially negative chlorine
end of another ICl molecule.

A dashed line is used to represent an intermolecular attraction between molecules because these forces are
NOT as strong as chemical bonds.

3) Hydrogen bond

A hydrogen bond is a weak type of force that forms a special type of dipole-dipole attraction which occurs
when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom exists in the vicinity of another
electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons. These bonds are generally stronger than ordinary
dipole-dipole and dispersion forces, but weaker than true covalent and ionic bonds.
4) Ion-Dipole Forces

An ion-dipole force is an attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction between an ion and a
neutral molecule that has a dipole.

 Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for solutions of ionic compounds in
polar liquids.

 A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a neutral polar molecule.

 A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a neutral polar molecule.

5) London Dispersion Forces

The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a
temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that
make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole
attraction. London forces are the attractive forces that cause nonpolar substances to condense to liquids
and to freeze into solids when the temperature is lowered sufficiently.

Because of the constant motion of the electrons, an atom or molecule can develop a temporary
(instantaneous) dipole when its electrons are distributed unsymmetrically about the nucleus.

A second atom or molecule, in turn, can be distorted by the appearance of the dipole in the first atom or
molecule (because electrons repel one another) which leads to an electrostatic attraction between the two
atoms or molecules. Dispersion forces are present between any two molecules (even polar molecules)
when they are almost touching.

6) General Properties of Liquids

a) Surface Tension-On the surface of a liquid, there are negligible adhesive forces attracting the liquid to
the gas phase, but substantial cohesive forces attracting the liquid to itself. The result is that particles near
the surface of the liquid feel a net force pulling them into the liquid, with a resulting decrease in the
surface area, which is why liquids form drops. The surface tension is related to the force required to
increase the surface area, and can explain why objects like a paper clip can float if they are on the surface,
but sink if they are placed below the surface. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the greater the
surface tension.

b) Viscosity (Resistance to Flow)-The viscosity of a fluid is a measurement of its resistance to flow. A

high viscous fluid is like molasses and has a large resistance to flow, while a low viscous fluid would be
like water and have a low resistance to flow. The following 2 You Tubes demonstrate high and low
viscous fluids.

c) The Vapour pressure of liquid substance is the partial pressure due to the particles of that substance
which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the cohesive forces near the surface of the liquid and enter
the gas phase and form a vapor. The moment a chemical entity enters the gas phase it can hit the surface
and condense back into the liquid phase (Figure 11.6.111.6.1). If we ignore intermolecular interactions for
the molecules that enter the vapor phase we can use the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) to correlate the vapor
pressure to the number of particles in that phase, where the vapor pressure becomes the partial pressure
due to the gas.

D) Boiling Point-The definition of the boiling point is when the vapor pressure equals ambient
(surrounding) pressure. At this pressure molecules within the bulk of the liquid turn to a vapor and bubble
up through the liquid. This is the difference between boiling and evaporation.

e) Heat of vaporization- A molecule in a liquid which is moving towards the surface of the liquid may
have enough kinetic energy to overcome the cohesive forces that hold the molecules in the liquid together
and escape into the vapor (gas) phase. Likewise a molecule in the gas (vapor) phase that collides with
molecules on the surface of the liquid can transfer energy to the liquid molecules and enter the liquid
phase. This results in two phase transitions.

7) What is the structure and properties of water?

 Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure (25 degrees Celsius and 1 atm, for liquids).

 Water is tasteless and odorless.

 Water is transparent in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

 Water can act as either an acid or a base.

 Water is a universal solvent, dissolving many substances found in nature.

Chemical Structure of Water

Each molecule of water consists of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, so it has the chemical
formula H2O. In each water molecule, the nucleus of the oxygen atom (with 8 positively charged protons)
attracts electrons much more strongly than do the hydrogen nuclei (with only one positively
charged proton). This results in a negative electrical charge near the oxygen atom (due to the "pull" of the
negatively charged electrons toward the oxygen nucleus) and a positive electrical charge near the
hydrogen atoms. A difference in electrical charge between different parts of a molecule is called polarity.
A polar molecule is a molecule in which part of the molecule is positively charged and part of the
molecule is negatively charged.