ABSTRACT

Tests were carried out to determine the holding strength of screws in the face and edges of plywood and oriented strandboard (OSB). Ten distinct proprietary boards were included
in the study: three southern pine plywood, one Douglas-fir plywood, one hardwood plywood, and five OSB
boards. Sheet metal type screws of sizes including 6AB, 8AB, 10AB, l2AB, and l4AB were used in the study. Initial tests were conducted to determine optimum pilot hole
diameters. Predictive expressions were fitted to the results, which enable the withdrawal strengths of screws embedded in these materials to be predicted as a function of screw
diameter and depth of penetration, and density of the board material.

**********

Increasingly, manufacturers are using both plywood and oriented strandboard (OSB) in upholstered furniture frame construction. Reasons for this use vary, but elimination of
several process variables associated with the use of solid wood are among the reasons most often cited. The rational product engineering of such frames in which screws are used as
structural fasteners requires that designers have factual knowledge of the holding strength of screws in these materials. Such information must necessarily be gleaned from
published test results or obtained from predictive expressions based on test results, when such expressions are available. A study was undertaken, accordingly, to obtain this
information for representative plywood and OSB boards. Presumably, the information obtained for these boards could then be extrapolated to cover other similar boards offered to
the furniture industry.

Although the holding strength of screws in solid wood has been extensively studied and expressions have been developed to estimate holding strength as a function of either
density (8) or shear strength parallel to the grain (3,4,5), the holding strength of screws in plywood and OSB has not been widely researched. One notable study of the withdrawal
strength of screws from both the face and edge of Douglas-fir plywood was carried out by Johnson (7). In that study, 810 1-inch-long flat head screws were pulled from the faces
and edges of 5-ply, Douglas-fir, interior A-D grade, 3/4-inch-thick plywood. This was a noteworthy paper, but both materials and screws have changed since it was published. A
number of his observations and conclusions remain valid, however.

Johnson stated, for example, that the resistance of screws pulled from the face of the plywood was greatest at machine speeds of 4 in./min., but that the results obtained at the other
two speeds did not differ significantly. Similar results have been obtained with solid wood (6). Some guidance in this area is also provided by ASTM standards D 1761-77 and D
1037-78(1,2).

Johnson (7) also noted that the withdrawal strengths of screws withdrawn from pilot holes that had the same size as the root diameter of the screws were significantly less than
when the pilot holes were either 40 or 70 percent of the root diameter. Of particular importance, he also noted that no significant difference was found in strength values obtained
with pilot holes that were either 40 or 70 percent of the root diameter of the screws.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the study was to develop estimates of both face and edge screw holding strength that could be used in the product engineering of furniture frames
constructed of plywood or OSB. Secondary objectives included determination of the effect of pilot hole size on withdrawal strength and the relationship of withdrawal strength to
screw diameter and depth of penetration. An important objective was the development of predictive expressions that could be used to estimate holding strength as a function of
board properties, screw diameter, and depth of penetration.

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS

The boards included in the study are described in Table 1. A coding system was used to identify the boards used in this study. OSB stands for oriented strandboard; SPLY stands
for southern pine plywood; HPLY stands for hardwood plywood; DFP stands for Douglas-fir plywood. The boards were obtained from several different suppliers.

In the case of the 5-ply plywood construction (SPLY-1, SPLY-3, and DFP-5/8), the center ply was aligned parallel to the face plies. Thus, 3 plies were aligned parallel to the grain
direction of the face plies and 2 plies perpendicular to the face. In the case of the 6-ply plywood construction (SPLY-2 and HPLY), the 2 center plies were aligned in the same
direction; as a result, a total of 4 plies were aligned parallel to the face plies and 2 plies perpendicular to the face. In the case of 7-ply construction (DFP-3/4), 4 plies were aligned
parallel to the face and 3 plies were perpendicular to the face. In the case of 4-ply plywood construction (DFP-3/8 and DFP-1/2), the 2 center plies were aligned in the same
direction that is perpendicular to the long dimension of the panel while the 2 face plies were aligned in the same direction that is parallel to the long dimension of the panel.

Page -1-
All of the boards were kept in an environmentally controlled testing room set to produce an average of 7 percent equilibrium moisture content. Representative 48- by 24-inch
sections cut from the boards were measured and weighed in order to determine the density of the boards.

Page -2-
DESCRIPTION OF TESTS AND CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIMENS

PILOT HOLE TESTS

Pilot hole studies were conducted in order to obtain estimates of the holding strengths of screws, both when pilot holes were not used (face withdrawal only) and when pilot holes
of optimum size were used. Only two board types were used in this study: SPLY-3 and OSB-1. Screw sizes included 6AB, 8AB, 10AB, 12AB, and 14AB. Four pilot hole diameters
were used with each screw size. Each pilot hole differed from the preceding one by 1/64 inch. Also, one set of face withdrawal specimens was constructed without pilot holes. A
previous study conducted with hardwoods indicated that holding strength decreased rapidly once the pilot hole exceeded the root diameter of the screw. An attempt was made,
accordingly, to set the largest pilot hole diameter equal to or slightly larger than the root diameter of the screw. The three remaining pilot holes were then drilled 1/64, 2/64, and
3/64 inches smaller than the largest pilot hole.

The configurations of the specimens used in the tests are shown in Figure 1. All of the specimens used in the tests measured 6 inches square. In the case of the face withdrawal
specimens, the screws protruded from the specimens, whereas the screws were embedded 1 inch in the edge withdrawal specimens. A 1/2-inch hole was drilled through the broad
face of each edge withdrawal specimen at its center in order to provide a point of attachment for the testing machine jigs. Three replicas of each specimen combination were
constructed.

Four pilot holes were drilled for a single screw size in each specimen. This procedure was followed in order to reduce variability and thereby provide a better indication of
withdrawal strength versus screw diameter. In the edge withdrawal specimens, pilot holes were drilled at the center of the edge. Also, no edge specimens were prepared without
pilot holes since the screws tended to cause the specimens to delaminate.

SCREW WITHDRAWAL STRENGTH TESTS

The objective of the screw withdrawal strength tests was to determine the holding strength of various size screws penetrated to various depths in the edges of plywood and to 1 inch
in OSB. These tests were conducted in essentially the same manner as the pilot hole tests with the following exceptions or additions.

1. The face tests were conducted with OSB-1 through OSB-5, SPLY-1 through SPLY-3, and HPLY

2. Optimum pilot holes were used in keeping with the findings of the pilot hole tests.

3. In the case of the face withdrawal specimens, one set of specimens was constructed in which the screw was embedded to the full thickness of the specimen (Fig. 2a); a second
set of specimens was constructed in which the full tip of the screw protruded from the specimen (Fig. 2b). Four replicas were prepared for each combination.

Locations of the screws in the specimens are shown in Figure 1. In practice, only one screw was inserted at a time. Once it had been withdrawn, the next screw was inserted in the
second position and the test was repeated. This procedure was repeated until a complete set of five screws had been tested.

Two sets of edge withdrawal specimens were constructed and tested. The first set was constructed with SPLY-1, SPLY-2, SPLY-3, HPLY, DFP-3/4, and OSB-1 through OSB-5.
All screws were embedded 1 inch in the edges of the specimens. The primary purpose of this set of tests was to determine the relationship of withdrawal strength to screw
diameter.

The second set of specimens was constructed with DFP-3/8, DFP-1/2, DFP-5/8, and DFP-3/4 (OSB was not included). Depths of screw penetration included 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 1-1/4
inches. The primary purpose of this set of tests was to determine the relationship of withdrawal strength to depth of penetration in plywood. Only one diameter screw was used in
each specimen. Screws were inserted perpendicular to the edge of the specimen at the midpoint of each edge. Thus, two screws were tested along the grain (parallel to the 96-inch
length of the panel) and two were tested perpendicular to the grain (along the 48-inch width of the panel).

GENERAL METHOD OF TEST

All of the tests were carried out on a Riehle universal testing machine. Rate of loading was 0.1 in./min. Ultimate load was taken as the holding strength (withdrawal strength) of the
screw. The fixture used to hold the screw head is shown in Figure 3. A different size of fixture was used with each size screw in order to provide maximum support to the underside
of the screw heads. The screw holder itself was coupled to a length of rod that passed through the upper crosshead and ball seat of the testing machine. It was anchored in place in
the crosshead with a shaped nut so that it was centered in the ball seat. This fixture was used in both the edge and face withdrawal tests.
RESULTS

PILOT HOLE TESTS

Results of the pilot hole tests are given in Table 2. Results are also shown in Table 3 expressed as percentages of root diameters. Due to the composite nature of the boards, highest
strength yielding pilot hole sizes varied as a percentage of root diameters among the screw sizes as well as between two types of boards. As can be seen, the average optimum pilot
hole expressed as a percentage of the root diameter of the screw amounted to 64 percent in the face of plywood and 71 percent in the face of OSB.

Similarly, the average optimum pilot hole expressed as a percentage of the root diameter of the screw amounted to 80 percent in the edge of plywood and 82 percent in the edge of
OSB.

FACE AND EDGE SCREW HOLDING TESTS

Numerical results for the face and edge holding strength of the screws in the face and edge of plywood and OSB are given in Table 4. Results for the holding strength of screws
embeded 1/2, 3/4, 1, and 1-1/4 inches in the edge of Douglas-fir plywood are given in Table 5.

DISCUSSION

Given the variability of the results obtained, an attempt was made to derive simple expressions to represent the data. The form of these expressions was based on previous studies
(4,5) carried out with solid wood to estimate holding strength of screws as a function of depth of penetration, screw diameter, and shear strength parallel to the grain. In general,
therefore, an attempt was made to develop equations based on linear relationships provided they did not greatly degrade the quality of the predictions. Accordingly, an expression
of the following form was fitted by means of non-linear regression techniques to the results for face withdrawal and for edge withdrawal from both plywood and OSB:

y = a[D.sup.b] [(L - cD).sup.d][W.sup.e]

In this expression, y = screw holding strength (lb.), a, b, c, d, and e = regression coefficients; D = screw diameter (in.), L = depth of penetration (in.), and W = density (pcf). The
term [(L - cD).sup.d] is used to take into account both the depth of penetration of the screw, represented by the term L, and the loss in strength that occurs because the tip of the
screw is not in contact with the composite when pilot holes are used (hereafter called "tip effect") represented by the term cD. It should be noted that the tip is also not fully
effective when pilot holes are not used. This is a particularly important consideration when estimating the strength of short screws. It should be noted that the term D refers to the
major or outside diameter of the screw. Major screw diameters may be calculated by means of the following expression:

D = 0.06 + 0.013N

where D = major diameter of the screw (in.); N = gage of the screw (e.g., a #10 screw has a major diameter of 0.190 inches).

The expressions were fitted to the results by means of statistical non-linear regression techniques and then simplified, if possible, in accordance with the outcomes of the analyses.
Results of the statistical analyses (including the expression developed, the accompanying coefficient of determination value, [r.sup.2], the maximum and minimum deviations
between predicted and observed values, and the standard deviations) are given in Table 6.

Since all of the plywood except Douglas-fir measured a nominal 3/4 inch thick, only the face withdrawal data for screws in Douglas-fir plywood was used to determine the
relationship of depth of penetration to holding strength. As previously discussed, the term [(L - cD).sup.d] was used to take tip effect into account. The best fit to the data was
obtained with the factor [(L - 2D/3).sup.1.4] with [r.sup.2] = .905. When this factor was simplified, however, with d = 1.0, the factor gave the best results with [r.sup.2] = .856.
This term is incorporated into the simplified expression given in Table 6, i.e., y = [9D.sup.0.5](L - D)[W.sup.1.5]. With OSB, on the other hand, best results were obtained with the
factor (L - 2D/3) in the simplified expression y = 0.87[D.sup.0.5](L - 2D/3)[W.sup.2] as is also shown in Table 6.

In the case of edge withdrawal in plywood, the best fit was obtained with the factor [(L - D).sup.0.78] where [r.sup.2] = 0.670. With d = 1.0, so that the term (L - D) is obtained,
the [r.sup.2] value is slightly reduced to 0.630. This term is incorporated into the simplified expression given in Table 6, i.e., y = 6.8[D.sup.0.5](L - D)[W.sup.1.5].

Only one depth of penetration, 1 inch, was used in the edge holding tests of OSB. As a result, no depth of penetration term is given in the predictive expression for edge withdrawal
from OSB in Table 6. Likewise, no correction term is given for tip effect. Thus, the following simplified expression results y = 0.66[D.sup.0.5][W.sup.2] (also given in Table 6).

In general, non-linear regression analyses of the test results indicated that relatively simple power expressions could be used to estimate the holding strengths of screws in the face
and edge of plywood and OSB. Typically, these expressions had coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.571 to 0.779. Expressions under-predicted holding strengths from
a low of 38 to a high of 108 percent and over-predicted strengths from a low of 36 to a high of 69 percent. The standard deviation of the differences between predicted and
observed values expressed as a percentage of predicted values ranged from a low of 16 to a high of 27 percent.

In general, therefore, the withdrawal strength of screws in composites must be regarded as somewhat variable, but the statistics presented in the paper allow this variation to be
taken into account in the design of a screw-based joint.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of the tests indicate that the holding strength of screws in both the face and edge of plywood and OSB may vary considerably from board to board and also within boards.
This variability is likely more closely related to process variables than basic wood properties since boards manufactured from the same species may still exhibit significantly
different holding strengths. In general, therefore, these results indicate that predictive expressions should be based on results derived from a larger population of boards and should
include pertinent process variables. The problem that exists for the practicing furniture engineer, however, is that such processing information is not readily available, and if
available, would not likely be specific to the boards he is using at a given time.
TABLE 1

Description of panels used in the tests.

Material code Board description Wood species

OSB-1 Oriented strandboard Mixed softwoods

OSB-2 Oriented strandboard Mixed softwoods
OSB-3 Oriented strandboard Mixed softwoods
OSB-4 Oriented strandboard Mixed softwoods
OSB-5 Oriented strandboard Mixed softwoods
SPLY-1 5-ply, 5-layer C-C Southern pine
SPLY-2 6-ply, 2 center plies, furniture Southern pine
grade
SPLY-3 5-ply, structural sheathing Southern pine
HPLY 6-ply, 2 center plies, furniture Hardwood
grade
DFP-3/8 4 ply Douglas-fir
DFP-1/2 4 ply Douglas-fir
DFP-5/8 5 ply Douglas-fir
DFP-3/4 7 ply Douglas-fir

Material code Density Thickness

(pcf) (a) (in.) (b)

OSB-1 46.9 3/4

OSB-2 39.1 3/4
OSB-3 48.5 7/8
OSB-4 42.5 7/8
OSB-5 46.1 3/4
SPLY-1 35.9 23/32
SPLY-2 36.3 23/32

SPLY-3 36.8 23/32

HPLY 36.3 3/4

DFP-3/8 31.1 3/8

DFP-1/2 34.4 1/2
DFP-5/8 32.1 5/8
DFP-3/4 32.8 3/4

(a)1 pcf = 16.02 kg/[m.sup.3].

(b)1 inch = 25.4 mm.

TABLE 2.

Withdrawal force versus pilot hole diameter. (a)

Pilot hole diameters (in.)

0/64
(no hole)
Screw gage Withdrawal force (lb.)
(major
diameter) (b) Statistic (c) Face withdrawal - SPLY-3

6AB Avg. 390

(.138) SD 11
8AB Avg. 481
(.164) SD 52
10AB Avg. 508
(.190) SD 29
12AB Avg. 581
(.216) SD 26
14AB Avg. 570
(.242) SD 8

Face withdrawal -- OSB-1

6AB Avg. 351

(.138) SD 41
8AB Avg. 328
(.164) SD 28
10AB Avg. 350
(.190) SD 36
12AB Avg. 403
(.216) SD 33
14AB Avg. 425
(.242) SD 22

Edge withdrawal -- SPLY-3

6AB Avg.
(.138) SD
8AB Avg.
(.164) SD
10AB Avg.
(.190) SD
12AB Avg.
(.216) SD
14AB Avg.
(.242) SD

Edge withdrawal -- OSB-1

6AB Avg.
(.138) SD
8AB Avg.
(.164) SD
10AB Avg.
(.190) SD
12AB Avg.
(.216) SD
14AB Avg.
(.242) SD
 Pilot hole diameters (in.)
1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64
(.0625) (.0781) (.0938) (.1094)
Screw gage Withdrawal force (lb.)
(major
diameter) (b) Face withdrawal - SPLY-3

6AB 548 429 319 313

(.138) 16 30 7 18
8AB 539 464 454
(.164) 52 11 16
10AB 565 519 517
(.190) 11 41 42
12AB 608
(.216) 54
14AB
(.242)

Face withdrawal -- OSB-1

6AB 363 316 304 275

(.138) 36 106 54 54
8AB 333 280 280
(.164) 69 14 14
10AB 395 395
(.190) 43 43
12AB 402 402
(.216) 11 11
14AB
(.242)

Edge withdrawal -- SPLY-3

6AB 538 484 628 556

(.138) 79 32 27 74
8AB 692 695 775
(.164) 143 55 214
10AB 668 789 786
(.190) 64 29 50
12AB 616 935
(.216) 13 79
14AB 673
(.242) 61

Edge withdrawal -- OSB-1

6AB 293 333 255 299

(.138) 19 51 63 27
8AB 372 375 346
(.164) 27 12 79
10AB 379 387
(.190) 36 48
12AB
(.216)
14AB
(.242)
 Pilot hole diameters (in.)
1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64
(.125) (.1406) (.1563) (.1719)
Screw gage Withdrawal force (lb.)
(major
diameter) (b) Face withdrawal - SPLY-3

6AB
(.138)
8AB 450
(.164) 33
10AB 480
(.190) 24
12AB 493 492 478
(.216) 48 22 84
14AB 645 623 631 640
(.242) 60 36 66 60

Face withdrawal -- OSB-1

6AB
(.138)
8AB 269
(.164) 32
10AB 384 328
(.190) 33 54
12AB 472 378 289
(.216) 66 54 67
14AB 456 453 447 443
(.242) 12 40 21 15

Edge withdrawal -- SPLY-3

6AB
(.138)
8AB 629
(.164) 128
10AB 776
(.190) 24
12AB 657 831
(.216) 46 144
14AB 921 737 777
(.242) 115 24 44

Edge withdrawal -- OSB-1

6AB
(.138)
8AB 308
(.164) 26
10AB 379 317
(.190) 37 45
12AB 359 454 372 401
(.216) 120 36 39 68
14AB 446 382 382
(.242) 13 37 37

(a)1 inch = 25.4 mm; 1 lb. = 4.445 N.

(b)Major diameter refers to basic diameter (in.) of screw used in

predictive expressions.

(c)Statistic: avg. refers to average; SD refers to standard deviation.

TABLE 3

Optimum pilot hole diameter expressed in inches and as a percentage of

root diameter. (a)

Screw gage 6AB 8AB

Root diameter (in.) .102 .120

Material code Orientation Pilot hole in inches (% of

root diameter)

SPLY-3 Face 4/64 (61) 5/64 (65)

Edge 6/64 (92) 7/64 (91)
OSB-1 Face 4/64 (61) 6/64 (78)
Edge 5/64 (77) 6/64 (78)

10AB 12AB 14AB

.137 .160 .182
Average percent
Material code Pilot hole in inches (% of root of root diameter
diameter)

SPLY-3 5/64 (57) 7/64 (68) 8/64 (69) 64

7/64 (80) 7/64 (68) 8/64 (69) 80
OSB-1 6/64 (68) 8/64 (78) 9/64 (69) 71
7/64 (80) 9/64 (88) 10/64 (86) 82

(a)Root diameter refers to the minor diameter of the screw.

TABLE 4

Face and edge withdrawal strength (lb.) of screws in OSB and plywood.
(a)

Screw size
Face -- tip not protruding
Material
code Statistic (b) 6AB 8AB 10AB

OSB-1 Avg. 468 525 540

SD 103 48
29
OSB-2 Avg. 319 333 330
SD 69 30 43
OSB-3 Avg. 598
SD 101
OSB-4 Avg. 565
SD 54
OSB-5 Avg. 566
SD 101
SPLY-1 Avg. 468 491 493
SD 19 89 23
SPLY-2 Avg. 565 522 601
SD 56 57 93
SPLY-3 Avg. 447 493 544
SD 12 18 62
HPLY Avg. 509 501 611
SD 58 66 64
DFP-3/4 Avg. 371 382 410
SD 6 32 48
Edge --
side grain
OSB-1 Avg. 687 710 725
SD 76 36 129
OSB-2 Avg. 286 301 391
SD 65 38 29
OSB-3 Avg. 710
SD 93
OSB-4 Avg. 521
SD 428
OSB-5 Avg. 577
SD 47
SPLY-1 Avg. 364 380 519
SD 33 55 145
SPLY-2 Avg. 555 697 741
SD 46 73 72
SPLY-3 Avg. 618 629 676
SD 62 110 52
HPLY Avg. 524 598 656
SD 82 134 93
DFP-3/4 Avg. 398 500 462
SD 160 143 58
 Screw size
Face -- tip not Face -- tip protruding
protruding
Material
code 12AB 14AB 6AB 8AB 10AB

OSB-1 589 623 552 580 632

57 137 50 70 79
OSB-2 300 363 362 383 447
54 109 62 39 65
OSB-3 727
16
OSB-4 683
96
OSB-5 650
91
SPLY-1 569 584 451 502 530
61 71 22 58 9
SPLY-2 561 606 553 621 595
62 83 63 45 76
SPLY-3 544 608 574 567 639
57 53 30 123 51
HPLY 663 730 546 583 633
109 89 101 45 63
DFP-3/4 435 458 384 506 537
41 52 21 57 27
Edge --
end grain
OSB-1 815 876 742 663 707
32 152 45 112 68
OSB-2 354 423 279 392 378
23 77 31 66 47
OSB-3 581
74
OSB-4 428
74
OSB-5 607
81
SPLY-1 613 619 366 477 557
69 82 80 131 70
SPLY-2 698 768 462 683 659
117 32 76 92 161
SPLY-3 742 707 706 750 701
129 26 104 61 25
HPLY 862 693 591 668 640
52 81 98 73 88
DFP-3/4 478 579 379 454 459
52 45 32 97 41
 Screw size
Face -- tip
protruding
Material
code 12AB 14AB Thickness Density
(in.) (pcf)

OSB-1 572 759 3/4 46.9

93 12
OSB-2 402 420 3/4 39.1
79 31
OSB-3 7/8 48.5

OSB-4 7/8 42.5

OSB-5 3/4 46.1

SPLY-1 587 612 23/32 35.9

11 17
SPLY-2 663 719 23/32 36.3
99 103
SPLY-3 582 805 23/32 36.8
78 147
HPLY 716 785 3/4 36.3
62 59
DFP-3/4 620 598 3/4 32.8
11 73

OSB-1 823 875 3/4 46.9

62 53
OSB-2 443 422 3/4 39.1
67 25
OSB-3 7/8 48.5

OSB-4 7/8 42.5

OSB-5 3/4 46.1

SPLY-1 589 639 23/32 35.9

71 59
SPLY-2 603 684 23/32 36.3
73 53
SPLY-3 637 676 23/32 36.8
203 48
HPLY 771 721 3/4 36.3
75 44
DFP-3/4 517 603 3/4 32.8
90 152

(a) 1 inch = 25.4 mm; 1lb. = 4.445 N.

(b) Statistic; avg. refers to average; SD refers to standard deviation.

TABLE 5

Edge withdrawal strength (lb.) of screws embedded 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25
inches in Douglas-fir plywood of four thicknesses. (a)

Screw
gage Statistic (b)

Depth of penetration - 0.5 in.

6AB Avg.
SD
8AB Avg.
SD
10AB Avg.
SD
12AB Avg.
SD
14AB Avg.
SD
Depth of penetration - 0.75 in.
6AB Avg.
SD
8AB Avg.
SD
10AB Avg.
SD
12AB Avg.
SD
14AB Avg.

Depth of penetrati on - 1 in.

6AB Avg.
SD
8AB Avg.
SD
10AB Avg.
SD
12AB Avg.
SD
14AB Avg.
SD
Depth of penetrati on - 1.25 in.
6AB Avg.
SD
8AB Avg.
SD
10AB Avg.
SD
12AB Avg.
SD
14AB Avg.
SD
 Board thickness (in.)
3/8 1/2
Withdrawal strength
Edge - side grain
Screw
gage

Depth of penetration - 0.5 in.

6AB 204 183
38 19
8AB 244 206
37 41
10AB 208 228
6 50
12AB 144 167
21 10
14AB 120 197
10 34
Depth of penetration - 0.75 in.
6AB 320 279
70 58
8AB 414 309
60 46
10AB 349 320
80 27
12AB 256 348
25 49
14AB 316
38
Depth of penetrati on - 1 in.
6AB 347 356
42 29
8AB 531 426
68 96
10AB 458 463
26 134
12AB 434
40
14AB 431
64
Depth of penetrati on - 1.25 in.
6AB 601 531
62 81
8AB 571 566
61 138
10AB 383 527
77 147
12AB 571
42
14AB 534
71
 Board thickness (in.)
5/8 3/4 3/8
Withdrawal strength
Edge - side grain Edge - end grain
Screw
gage

Depth of penetration - 0.5 in.

6AB 197 233 153
30 47 36
8AB 264 201 245
63 54 66
10AB 212 191 170
18 29 15
12AB 213 216 125
8 33 55
14AB 186 227 144
35 31 14
Depth of penetration - 0.75 in.
6AB 251 291 258
109 90 69
8AB 374 319 373
40 44 76
10AB 405 470 307
63 49 23
12AB 325 410 250
25 40 17
14AB 343 340
13 12
Depth of penetrati on - 1 in.
6AB 381 398 300
76 160 47
8AB 548 501 515
147 143 153
10AB 471 462 385
83 58 72
12AB 494 478
68 79
14AB 564 579
47 45
Depth of penetrati on - 1.25 in.
6AB 468 543 427
138 181 49
8AB 473 572 438
96 79 109
10AB 576 648 434
201 109 19
12AB 530 519
26 60
14AB 598 689
57 14
 Board thickness (in.)
1/2 5/8 3/4
Withdrawal strength
Edge - end grain
Screw
gage

Depth of penetration - 0.5 in.

6AB 219 192 195
71 24 27
8AB 262 217 198
38 65 86
10AB 183 235 234
20 41 32
12AB 192 189 220
28 33 48
14AB 217 186 216
28 11 16
Depth of penetration - 0.75 in.
6AB 252 272 317
66 62 83
8AB 214 372 312
53 87 23
10AB 221 375 396
16 86 88
12AB 374 331 420
22 45 61
14AB 366 423 411
88 77 22
Depth of penetrati on - 1 in.
6AB 351 347 329
65 75 90
8AB 448 479 454
87 52 97
10AB 402 532 459
125 50 41
12AB 469 475 517
55 37 90
14AB 389 634 603
74 19 52
Depth of penetrati on - 1.25 in.
6AB 391 441 524
96 118 60
8AB 426 590 516
77 97 178
10AB 663 588 586
116 95 73
12AB 475 655 545
98 12 128
14AB 567 569 691
152 22 33

(a) 1 inch = 25.4 mm; 1 lb. = 4.445 N.

(b) Statistic: avg. refers to average; SD refers to standard deviation.

TABLE 6

Summary of predictive expressions.

Material Predictive expression

Face withdrawal

Plywood: SPLY-1, SPLY-2, SPLY-3,

HYPLY, DFP-3/8, DFP-1/2, DFP-5/8,
DFP-3/4
Initial y=[10.3D.sup.0.6] [(L-D).sup.1.02]
[W.sup.1.5]
Final y=[9D.sup.05] (L-D)[W.sup.1.5]
Oriented strandboard: OSB-1, OSB-2,
OSB-3, OSB-4, OSB-5
Initial y=[l.99D.sup.0.5] (L-2D/3)
[W.sup.1.78]
Final y=[0.87D.sup.0.5](L-2D/3)[W.sup.2]

Edge withdrawal

Plywood: SPLY-1, SPLY-2, SPLY-3,

HPLY
Intial y=[0.63D.sup.0.52] [(L-D).sup.0.78]
[W.sup.2.17]
Final y=[6.8D.sup.0.5] (L-D)[W.sup.1.5]
Oriented strandboard: OSB-1, OSB-2,
OSB-3, OSB-4, OSB-5
Initial y=[0.032D.sup.0.547][W.sup.2.81]
Final y=[0.66D.sup.0.5]W[sup.2]

Coefficient of
Material determination Percent under (a)

Face withdrawal

Plywood: SPLY-1, SPLY-2, SPLY-3,

HYPLY, DFP-3/8, DFP-1/2, DFP-5/8,
DFP-3/4
Initial 0.779

Final 0.796 55
Oriented strandboard: OSB-l, OSB-2,
OSB-3, OSB-4, OSB-5
Initial 0.657

Final 0.654 38

Edge withdrawal

Plywood: SPLY-l, SPLY-2, SPLY-3,

HPLY
Intial 0.642

Final 0.603 108

Oriented strandboard: OSB-l, OSB-2,
OSB-3, OSB-4, OSB-5
Initial 0.612
Final 0.571 45
Material Percent over (b) SD (c) (%)

Face withdrawal

Plywood: SPLY-1, SPLY-2, SPLY-3,

HYPLY, DFP-3/8, DFP-1/2, DFP-5/8,
DFP-3/4
Initial

Final 49 19
Oriented strandboard: OSB-l, OSB-2,
OSB-3, OSB-4, OSB-5
Initial

Final 36 16

Edge withdrawal

Plywood: SPLY-l, SPLY-2, SPLY-3,

HPLY
Intial

Final 69 27
Oriented strandboard: OSB-l, OSB-2,
OSB-3, OSB-4, OSB-5
Initial
Final 39 20

(a)Under: maximum under-predicted by percentage.

(b)Over: maximum over-predicted by percentage.

(c)Standard deviation of the under-and over-predicted values.

LITERATURE CITED

(1.) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1984. Evaluating the properties of wood-base fiber and particle panel materials. Standard D 1037-78. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.

(2.) _____. 1984. Mechanical fasteners in wood, Standard D 1761-77. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.

(3.) Eckelman, C.A. 1973. Holding strength of screws in wood and wood-based materials. Res. Bull. 895. Purdue University Agri. Expt. Sta., West Lafayette, IN. 15 pp.

(4.) _____. 1975. Screw-holding performance in hardwoods and particleboard. Forest Prod. J. 25(6):30-35.

(5.) _____. 1978. Predicting withdrawal strength of sheet metal type screws in selected hardwoods. Forest Prod. J. 28(8):25-28.

(6.) Johnson, J.W. 1959. Screw-holding ability of western woods: Effects of test variables. Special Tech. Pub. 282. Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

(7.) _____. 1967. Screw-holding ability of particleboard and plywood. Rept. T-22. Forest Research Lab., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.

(8.) USDA Forest Service. 1974. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Agri. Handb. 72. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC.

YUSUF Z. ERDIL *

JILEI ZHANG *

CARL A. ECKELMAN *

* Forest Products Society Member.

The authors are, respectively, Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Assistant Professor, Forest Products Laboratory, Mississippi
State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9820; and Professor, Dept. of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Approved for publication as Journal Article No. FP 205 of
the Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University. This paper was received for publication in March 2001. Reprint No. 9277.

[C] Forest Products Society 2002.

Forest Prod. J. 52(6):55-62.

Notes: