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Chapter 1
Introduction

The proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to 8051family microcontroller

to detect missile object. An ultrasonic transducer comprising of a transmitter and receiver are
used on same module. The ultrasonic transducer produces sound waves. The transmitted sound
waves are reflected back from the object and received by the transducer again. The total time
taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into consideration the
velocity of sound. Then the distance is measured and displayed on a liquid crystal display
interfaced to the
Microcontroller. When the microcontroller receives the signal from ultrasonic receiver, it
activates the door gun by triggering the gate of MOSFET through a transistor or relay. The
sensor is fitted on antenna and is rotated and controlled by stepper motor through 360 degrees. If
there is any target within the detection range, the application will turn the launcher to the nearest
detected target and fires. The antenna is rotated and controlled by stepper motor by one axis and
also with another axis it rotates up and down directions towards missile object simultaneously.
The tank vehicle is fitted with another microcontroller for movements of the vehicle’s control
actions send and receive by the key panel through wireless zigbee communication. The programs
for 8051 family microcontroller are written by the embedded C programming using Kiel
software.

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Chapter 2
ARCHITECTURE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The architecture of proposed system is consists of 8-bit microcontrollers AT89C51and

P89V51RD2, Zigbee wireless communication module, Ultrasonic Transducer module, Stepper
motor drive module, geared DC motor drive module, LCD interface module and other necessary
accessories. These are explained in subsections.

2.1 Microcontrollers
The missile detection and automatic destroyer system using 8-bit microcontrollers are
shown in Figure1 Fig. 2. The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8- bit
microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinot. The on-chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,
128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89C51 is designed with 1static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer / counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode
saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset

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Fig. 1: Block Diagram of Microcontroller based Missile Object Detector.

Fig. 2: Block Diagram of Microcontroller based Zigbee Wireless Key pad controller.

2.2 Ultrasonic Transducer

Ultrasonic sensors also known as transceivers work on a principle similar to radar or

sonar which evaluates attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves
respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo
which is received back by the sensor is shown in Fig. 3. Use for motion or distance sensing with
Frequency: 40kHz ±1.0kHz, Aluminum case, Capacitance: 2000Pf ±20% . The transmitter
bandwidth is 5.0 kHz/100Db and sound pressure level 112Db/40 ±1.0kHz.

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An ultrasonic proximity sensor uses a piezoelectric transducer to send and detect sound waves.
Transducer generates high frequency sound waves and evaluates the echo by the detector which
is received back after reflecting off the target.

2.3 ZigBee Wireless Communications

ZigBee is the set of specs built around the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless protocol. The name
"ZigBee" is derived from the erratic zinging patterns many bees make between flowers when
collecting pollen. This is evocative of the invisible webs of connections existing in a fully
wireless environment. The standard itself is regulated by a group known as the ZigBee Alliance,
with over 150 members worldwide .ZigBee devices are actively limited to a through-rate of
250Kbps, compared to Bluetooth's much larger pipeline of 1Mbps, operating on the 2.4 GHz
ISM band, which is available throughout most of the world.

Fig. 4: Zigbee protocol stack.

Fig. 5: Zigbee hardware module.

ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking
between numerous low-power devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next generation
automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for
communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits
finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation.

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Chapter 3

Keil Software

The keil software provides with software development tools for the 8051 family of
microcontrollers. Keil provides following tools for 8051 development such as C51 Optimizing C
Cross Compiler, A51 Macro Assembler, 8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library
manager), Source-Level Debugger/Simulator, μ Vision for Windows Integrated Development
Environment.

3.1 Keil C Cross Compilers

Keil is a German based Software development company. It provides several development tools
like, Integrated Development environment (IDE), Project Manager, Simulator, Debugger, C
Cross Compiler, Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker.

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Chapter 4
Experimental Setup Testing

The experimental setup is tested is shown in Fig. 6. and verified by the operations shown in table
1. The experimental setup mainly works on autonomous standalone system with sequence of
operations as per algorithm and programs executes through microcontrollers.

Fig. 6: Experimental Setup.

The table 1 is gives the experimental manual tested results and its successful
operations.
Table 1
Sl.no Key Pad Controls Control Actions Operation & Results
1 Right Vehicle Turn Right Operates as desired
2 Left Vehicle Turn left Operates as desired
3 Stepper Right Antenna rotates clockwise As per microcontroller
program
4 Stepper Left Antenna with sensor rotes As per microcontroller
counter clockwise program
5 Stepper Up Antenna with sensor rotates As per specified degree
Up in program
6 Stepper Down Antenna with sensor rotates As per specified degree
Down in program

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7 Fire Relay with buzzer output Destroys the missile

object

Fig. 7: Wireless Key pad controller with Zigbee interface.

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Chapter 5
Parts and software

5.1.Rf Module
 The RF module operates at Radiofrequency (RF) . The corresponding frequency range varies
between 30 kHz & 300 GHz.
 RF signals can travel even through obstruction between transmitter & receiver.
 Any RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver.

Fig.8. Rf Module

5.2.Robot Chassis
A chassis is a base - the physical frame or structure of an automobile, an
airplane, a desktop computer or other multi-component device. In military terms, it refers to the
frame on which a cannon carriage moves backwards and forwards.

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Fig .9. Robot Chassis

5.3.Stepper Motor
 A stepper motor is another kind of electric motor used in the robotics industry.
 Stepper motors move a known interval for each pulse of power. These pulses of power are
provided by a stepper motor driver and are referred to as a step.

Figure 10. Stepper Motor

5.4.Ultrasonic Sensor
 Ultrasonic Rangefinder is used to find range of an obstacle from the sensor.
 It works on a principle similar to RADAR or SONAR which evaluate attributes of a target by
interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively.

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Fig.11. Ultrasonic Sensor

5.5.LASER (Light Amplification (by) Stimulated Emission (of) Radiation)

 Any device that emit highly amplified and coherent radiation of one or more discrete frequencies.
 LASER delivers light in an almost-perfectly parallel beam (collimated) that is very pure,
approaching a single wavelength.
 Well basically it is used to produce a coherent non dispersing beam of light by multiple
refractions inside a highly polished glass cavity.

Fig.12. LASER

5.6.Wireless Video Camera

Wireless cameras are basically described as a wireless transmitter carrying a
camera signal. The Camera is wired to a wireless transmitter and the signal travels between the
camera and the receiver. The sound you hear on a radio is transmitted wirelessly and you tune to a
certain frequency and hear the sound. Wireless cameras have a channel also. The receiver has
channels to tune in and then you get the picture. The wireless camera picture is sent by the transmitter
the receiver collects this signal and outputs it to your Computer OR TV Monitor depending on the
receiver type.

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Fig.13. diagram of wireless video camera

5.7.Video Camera
The Camera sees the image, the camera then provides the video to the
transmitter, then the transmitter sends the wireless signal to the receiver. There are many types of
wireless cameras. You can make most any camera wireless by adding a wireless transmitter and
receiver. The camera and transmitter require power. The power is provided by battery and/ or
transformer / adapter.

The camera sees an image, sends it to the transmitter, and the transmitter sends
the signal out to the air. The receiver picks up the signal and outputs it to a TV / Computer / Digital
Video recorder/ This is a basic diagram many wireless cameras and transmitters are very small and
the power is provided to both from one source.

5.8.The Receiver
A wireless receiver has only one function. After the camera and wireless
transmitters have provided the wireless video signal the receiver collects this signal and routes it the
Monitor, TV, VCR , DVR or PC (or alternative recording or viewing device). See diagram 2 .

As you can see in Diagram 2 The receiver accepts the wireless transmitters signal and then out puts it
to your TV, VCR, Monitor or PC. The receiver needs only power and a Device to view and or record
the Signal /Video.

5.9Video Transmitter
Video Transmitters can be obtained separate from cameras. If you have a
wired camera now you can turn it into wireless by adding a transmitter and receiver. Instead of the

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wire from the camera to the recording device or monitor the wireless signal will send the video.
Again you will need to provide power to the camera and the transmitter. Most transmitters and
receivers are sold as a package but some are not. Be sure to check with the supplier.

5.10.Software
 Code Vision AVR

Code vision AVR is a very powerful and user friendly compiler/IDE for Atmel’s AVR series of
microcontrollers.

 AVR Dude

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Chapter 6

Results and Discussion

By using ultrasonic waves we can detect the missile then micro controller
activate the destroyer. This can be applied in various defence fields to protect the Nation from foreign
attacks. In case of global military conflict, the role of antimissile defence becomes very important.
Although anti-missile defence with a hundred percent reliability was not reached by any country, huge
efforts are put into this area. For this purpose early attack detection systems, controllable rockets, high
power lasers are used. We would like to believe that such technologies will never be used according
totheir direct destination, but will be applied by mankind for peaceful purposes.

6.1.Future Scope
1. By using controller microcontroller we can implement the intelligent system in future.

2. In Future it can be used as an advanced tracking system along with high intensity camera to
track a real target (say a Missile or Tank).

3. The advantage of this unit is that to run the system we can use video camera and other sensors
to see the live moving target from anywhere in the world.

Further developments could relax these restrictions by allowing range detection

from the video image and implementing tracking and prediction of a moving target, but these features
proved impossible to include within our timeframe. Target acquisition occurs via processing of an image
stream from a single webcam, making use of foreground segmentation and SURF feature detection,
together with a calibrated pinhole model to convert from pixel distances into real-world Cartesian
coordinates. Because the missile launcher has no sensors to provide feedback on its pose, described in
terms of the altitude and azimuth angles of its barrel, we also present results for a visual servicing system.
This uses a camera mounted on the barrel to read a calibrated fan pattern printed behind the launcher
base, providing pose feedback by detecting and recording movement from a denned origin. We also show
results for ballistic light tests conducted on the foam missiles, swhich allow the calculation of the desired
launcher pose given a target location

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