Session 08
Fundamentals of Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Based on ASME Y14.5M
Session Speaker
Dr. N S Mahesh
Professor and Course Manager
Center for Manufacturing
MSRSAS
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 1
PEMP- AME501
Session Objectives
• Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
• Components and the overall system of GD&T
• Need for GD&T and the meaning of dimensioning and
tolerancing and GD&T specifications
• Concepts of Functional Dimensioning and Tolerancing
and Dimensioning and Tolerancing Philosophy
• Implications of Engineering Specifications and their effect
on all downstream processes, such as manufacturing,
inspection, assembly, service, etc.
• The coordinate tolerancing system, geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing system
• Introduction to Geometric Tolerancing Symbols and Terms
Three
Three Categories
Categories of
of Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning can be divided into three categories:
•general dimensioning,
•geometric dimensioning, and
•surface texture.
Manufactured part
that conforms to
the drawing
(previous slide)
without GD&T
Drawing that
uses GD&T
gives no room
for ambiguity
and is very
precise and
unique
What is GD&T?
• ASME Y14.5M-1994 GD&T is a language of
symbols used on mechanical drawings to efficiently
and accurately communicate geometry requirements
for features on parts and assemblies.
• GD&T, both ASME Y14.5M-1994 and ISO series are
the only recognized international drawing standards
in use throughout the world.
• GD&T is the language that designers use to translate
design requirements into measurable specifications.
WHEN
WHEN TO
TO USE
USE GD&T
GD&T
GD&T Benefits
• GD&T provides better product design
• GD&T increases tolerances with cylindrical
tolerance zones
• GD&T allows additional (bonus) tolerances
• GD&T allows the designer to communicate
more clearly
• GD&T eliminates confusion at inspection
Using English to
control part
features
+/- 0.5
1.4
+/- 0.5
Symbols
• Anyone, regardless of his or her native tongue, can
read and write symbols.
• Symbols mean exactly the same thing to everyone.
• Symbols are so compact they can be placed close to
where they apply, and they reduce clutter.
• Symbols are quicker to draw and easier for computers
to draw automatically.
• Symbols are easier to spot visually.
Introduction to Geometric
Tolerancing Symbols and Terms
Contents
• Introduction to Geometric Tolerancing Symbols and
Terms: Definitions, concepts of LMC, MMC and
RFS
• Rules and Concepts of GD& T: Rules, Virtual
Conditions, Resultant Conditions, Applications of
virtual and resultant condition boundaries, Bonus
Tolerance
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
SIZE DIMENSION
WHAT DOES
THIS MEAN?
2.007
2.003
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
A variation in form is allowed between the least material
condition (LMC) and the maximum material condition (MMC)
SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
MMC
(2.007)
LMC
(2.003)
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC
CLEARANCE
MMC
ALLOWANCE
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
The actual size of the feature at any cross section
must be within the size boundary
ØMMC
ØLMC
Examples of features
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
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0.11
Review Exercise - 3
Use the figure to fill the value of the MMC and LMC for each
dimension (or indicate, does not apply).
CR should only be used in special cases for eg: when the part
stresses are very high and reversals in the radiused surface would
produce higher additional stresses
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COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
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COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
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COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
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COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
THE
RELATIVE TO
OF THE FEATURE
MUST BE WITHIN
CONNECTING WORDS
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Uses feature
control frames
to indicate
tolerance
Feature
Feature Control
Control Frame
Frame
Uses feature
control frames
to indicate
tolerance
I Applied to surface.
I Applied to axis
Placement
Placement of
of Feature
Feature Control
Control Frames
Frames Cont’d.
Cont’d.
RULE – 2
Geometric tolerances are understood to be applied RFS. If MMC or
LMC is required, it must be placed in the feature control frame.
Rule#1
• There are two general rules in ASME Y14.5M-
1994. The first rule establishes default
conditions for features of size. The second rule
establishes a default material conditions for
feature control frames
• Rule#1: For features of size, where only
tolerance of size is specified, the surfaces shall
not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of
perfect form at MMC
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Rule#1 Examples
Rule#1 Examples
ABCD four FOS, Rule #1 applies independently to each FOS. The angles b/w
these features of size (EFG) are not controlled by Rule 1
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Rule#2
• Rule#2 is called “the all applicable geometric
tolerance rule”
• Rule#2: RFS applies, with respect to the
individual tolerance, datum reference or both,
where no modifying symbol is specified.
MMC or LMC must be specified on the
drawing where required
Basic Dimensions
• Basic Dimensions
– can be used to define the theoretically exact location, orientation or true
profile of part features or gage information
– that define part features must be accompanied by a geometric tolerance
– that define gage information do not have a tolerance shown on the print
1.000
Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension cont’d.
cont’d.
Bonus Tolerance
• Bonus tolerance is an additional tolerance for a
geometric control
• Bonus tolerance is only permissible when an
MMC (or LMC) modifier is shown in the
tolerance portion of a feature control frame
• Bonus tolerance comes from the FOS tolerance
• Bonus tolerance is the amount the actual
mating size departs from MMC (or LMC)
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