TM

REGIONAL MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD

Path to success KOTA (RAJASTHAN ) (RMO) - 2018
Date: 07/10/2018

Max. Marks: 102 SOLUTIONS Time allowed: 3 hours

1. Let ABC be a triangle with integer sides in which AB < AC. Let the tangent to the circumcircle of
triangle ABC at A intersect the line BC at D. Suppose AD is also an integer. Prove that gcd (AB, AC)
> 1. A

Sol. Given AB < AC q x

i.e c < b b
c
Þ b–c>0 .....(1)
(q + x)
Also by tangent-secant theorem q+x 180 – q
AD2 = DB.DC D x B a C
= x (x + a)
Now we know that ÐDAB = ÐACD = q (Alternate angles)
\ ÐDBA = q + x Also ÐABC = 180 – (q + x)

b (180 - (q + x) ) sin(q + x)
Now using sine rule in DABC = sin =
c sin q sin q

AD sin(q + x) b
Now using sine rule in DADB = =
BD sin q c
b bx
\ AD = BD. = .....(2)
c c

bx ac 2 b abc
\ AD = = 2 ´ =
c b - c2 c b2 - c 2

b2
Now AD2 = x(x + a) = x2
c2

æ b2 ö
Þ x ç 2
- 1÷ = a
èc ø

ac 2
Þ x=
b2 - c 2
Suppose gcd(b, c) = 1

abc
Now AD = Þ b 2 – c2 | a
b - c2
2

Þ a > b2 – c2
a > (b + c)(b – c)

1
 We have b – c > 0 from (1)
Þ a>b+c
But by triangle inequality we have b + c > a
we got contradiction by our assumption
\ gcd (b, c) > 1
2. Let n be a natural number. Find all real numbers x satisfying the equation
n
kx k n(n + 1)
å
k= 1 1 + x 2k
=
4

xk 1
Sol. Claim : £
1+ x 2k
2
Û 2xk £ 1 + x2k
Û (1 – xk) ³ 0
equality for x = 1 (for any k Î N)

k xk k
Now £
1+ x 2k
2

k xk
n h
k n(n + 1)
Þ å £ å =
k= 1 1 + x
2k
k= 1 2 4

Hence equality must hold, which will hold for x = 1.

Alternate solution
For nÎN, and we need to find all x Î R such that
n
k xk n(n + 1)
å1+ x
k= 1
2k
=
4

2kx k
n
n(n + 1) n
æ n n(n + 1) ö
Þ å = = å k çQ å k = ÷
k= 1 1 + x
2k
2 k =1 è k =1 2 ø

n
é 2k x k ù
Þ å ê1 + x 2k
– kú = 0
k =1 ë û

n
é 2x k – 1 – x 2k ù
Þ åkê ú=0
ë 1+ x
2k
k =1 û

(
é xk – 1 2 ù
n )
Þ k. å
ê ú =0
k =1 ê 1 + x ú
2k

ë û

As k > 0 Þ (xk – 1)2 = 0

Þ xk = 1
Þ x = 1 is only Real solution.

2
3. For a rational number r, its period is the length of the smallest repeating block in its decimal expansion.
For example, the number r = 0.123123123.....has period 3. If S denotes the set of all rational number
r of the form r = 0.abcdefgh having period 8, find the sun of all the elements of S.
Sol. x = 0.abcdefgh
108 x = abcdefgh . abcdefgh
(108–1) x = abcdefgh

abcdefgh
x=
108 – 1
So, abcdefgh canbe 1, 2, 3, ..........., 108 – 2
108 – 2
1
Þ Sx= 8
10 – 1
år
r =1

=
1 (10 8
)(
– 2 108 – 1 )
8
10 – 1 2
=5× 107 – 1
In this we have added period 1, period 2 and period 4 numbers also.
Let as find sum of period 1 or 2 or 4 = y (say)

1 104 - 2
1 (104 – 2 )(10 4 – 1)
Sy= å r = (10 4 - 1)
104 – 1 r =1 2
3
= 5 × 10 – 1
Þ Req answer = (5 × 107 – 1) – (5 × 103 – 1)
= 5 × 103 (10 4 – 1)
= 49995000
4. Let E denote the set of 25 points (m, n) in the xy-plane, where m, n are natural numbers, 1 £ m £
5, 1 £ n £ 5. Suppose the points of E are arbitrarily coloured using two colours, red and blue. Show
that there always exist four points in the set E of the form (a, b), (a + k, b), (a + k, b + k), (a, b + k),
for some positive integer k such that at least three of these four points have the same colour. (That
is, there always exist four points in the set E which form the vertices of a square with sides parallel
to axes and having at least three points of the same colour.)
Sol. As there are five points on y = 1
By PHP (pigeon hole principle), at least 3 must be of same colour say 'Red'.
There can be following cases :
5

2
B B B

1 2 3 4 5
R R R

3
 (1) All three consecutive points have same colour, W.L.O.G. say (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) are red, then out
of (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2) any of red colour we are done! Let us assume all are blue. Now out of (1, 3),
(2, 3), (3, 3) any blue then we are done! and if not then all will be red and we will get a 2 × 2 square
with all red corner!!

4 B B

3
B B R R or B
2

1
1 2 3 4 5
R R R

Case (2) Two adjacent points and one not adjacent point have same colour
Let (2, 1), (3, 1) and (5, 1) are red then (2, 2), (3, 2), (2, 4), (5, 4)
Must be blue, other wise we are done!
Now (4, 2) must be red. If (5, 2) Red we are done as (4, 2), (5, 1), (5, 2) are red
If it is blue then also as (3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4) are blue.
Similarly we can do it the case (1, 1), (2, 1), (5, 1) are red
Case (3) No adjacent points have same colour
Let (1, 1), (3, 1), (5, 1) are red
5
R or B
4
B B B
3

1
1 2 3 4 5
R R R

then (1, 3), (3, 3), (5, 3) must be blue now at (1, 5) whether we paint Red or blue we are done!!

5. Find all natural numbers n such that 1 + [ 2n ] divides 2n. (For any real number x, [x] denotes the
largest integer not exceeding x.)

Sol. Let m £ 2m < m + 1 for all mÎN

m2 £ 2n < (m + 1)2

Now, 1 + 2n = m + 1
Now we have to find all natural number m, n such that m + 1 should divide 2n
So, m + 1 divides m2 – 1 and next numbers
After m 2–1 are m2 – 1 + m + 1 = m2 + m
m2 – 1 + 2 (m+1) = (m + 1)2
\ A1so 2n < (m + 1)2 and m2 – 1 < 2n.

4
 From above 2n = m (m + 1)

m(m + 1)
n=
2

m(m + 1)
As mÎN, all the number in the form of are called as triangular numbers
2
So our solution is all triangular numbers mÎN
Such as 1, 3, 6, 10 ............
Verification

n=3 1 + éë 2n ùû = 1 + éë 2 ´ 3 ùû = 1 + éë 6 ùû = 1 + 2 = 3

2n = 6 3 divides 6

n = 10 1 + é 2 ´ 10 ù = 1 + 4 = 5 5 divides 20
ë û

2n = 20 so ......... on

6. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB < AC. Let I be the incertre of triangle ABC, and let D,
E, F be the points at which its incircle touches the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Let BI, CI meet
the line EF at Y, X, respectively. Further assume that both X and Y are outside the triangle ABC. Prove
that
(i) B, C, Y, X are concyclic; and (ii) I is also the incentre of triangle DYX.

A
Sol. (i) ÐAFE = ÐAEB = 90 –
2 A

æB ö Y
ÐBVC = 180 – ç + C ÷ = ÐEVY E
è2 ø F
X V

æ Aö é æB öù
ÐEYV = 180 – ç 90 – ÷ – ê180 – ç + C ÷ ú
è 2ø ë è2 øû C/2
C/2
B C
D
A B
= 180 – 90 + – 180 + + C
2 2

A B C A B
= – – – + + +C
2 2 2 2 2

C
ÐBYX = = ÐBCX
2
\ BCYX are concyclic

5
 c
(ii) Now ÐEDC = 90 –
2 A

æ cö c E
Y
ÐIDE = 90 – ç 90 - ÷ =
2ø 2 F
è
X x/2

c I
ÐIDE = ÐIYE =
2

IEYD a is cyclic quadrilateral

also, ID = IE B C
D

c
ÐIED = ÐIDE =
2

c
ÐIED = ÐIYD = = ÐIYE
2

\ IF bisects ÐEYD
Similarly,

B
ÐBDF = ÐBFD = 90 –
2

æ Bö B
ÐIDF = 90 – ç 90 - ÷ = = ÐIXF
è 2ø 2

So IDXF is also concyclic quadrilateral

ID = IF

B
ÐIDF = ÐIFD =
2

B
ÐIFD = ÐIXD =
2

Thus, IX bisects ÐDXY

Similarly we can prove IY bisects ÐDYX
\ I is the incentre of DDXY