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Hypercholesterolemia
Introduction
Hypercholesterolemia, or high cholesterol, occurs when there is too much cholesterol in the body. Cholesterol
is a soft, waxy, fat-like substance that is a natural component of all the cells of the body. Your body makes all
the cholesterol it needs. Any added cholesterol, which comes from the foods you eat, can cause harm.

High cholesterol raises your risk for heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. When there is too much
cholesterol circulating in the blood, it can create sticky deposits (called plaque) along the artery walls. Plaque
can eventually narrow or block the flow of blood to the brain, heart, and other organs. Blood cells that get
caught on the plaque form clots, which can break loose and completely block blood flow through an artery,
causing heart attack or stroke.

The normal range for total blood cholesterol is between 140 and 200 mg per decilitre (mg/dL) of blood
(usually just expressed as a number). However, the total number doesn't tell the whole story: There are two
types of cholesterol -- HDL (high density lipoproteins, or "good" cholesterol) and LDL (low density
lipoproteins, or "bad" cholesterol). The amount of HDL relative to LDL is considered a more important
indicator of your heart disease risk. There is a third kind of fatty material called triglycerides found in the
blood. They also play a role (generally as triglyceride levels rise, "good" HDL cholesterol falls). In fact, there
is a subset of physicians who believe that trigylcerides are the only fats in the body that increase heart disease
risk. When you have high cholesterol, it usually means you have high levels of LDL cholesterol, normal or low
levels of HDL cholesterol, and normal or high levels of triglycerides.

While heredity may be a factor for some people, the main culprits are lack of exercise and diets high in
saturated fat. High cholesterol can be prevented, sometimes with lifestyle changes (diet and exercise) alone. If
these do not work, your doctor may recommend medications to lower your cholesterol levels.

Signs and Symptoms

There usually aren't any symptoms of high cholesterol, especially in early stages. The only way to tell if your
cholesterol is high is through a blood test.

Causes
In some cases, high cholesterol levels may be inherited -- your liver may make too much cholesterol, or your
body may not remove LDL from your blood as efficiently as normal. High cholesterol and
elevated triglycerides can also be associated with other diseases, such as diabetes. But most often high
cholesterol is caused by eating foods high in saturated fat and not getting enough exercise. High cholesterol is
more common in people who are overweight or obese, a condition that affects almost half of U.S. adults.

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Risk Factors
Some factors increase a person's risk of having high cholesterol. While some of these cannot be changed,
many can be. The most important risk factors for high cholesterol are:

Being overweight or obese

Eating a diet high in saturated fat and trans fatty acids (found in processed and fried foods)
Not getting enough exercise
Family history of heart disease
High blood pressure
Smoking
Diabetes

Diagnosis
Most people don't have any symptoms of high cholesterol. A blood test is the only way to check levels of
cholesterol in your blood. If your levels are above 200 mg/dL or your HDL is below 40, your doctor may do
a fasting lipid profile (a test performed after you abstain from food for 12 hours).

Although cholesterol levels above 200 are generally considered high, what's considered safe for each person
depends on whether you are at risk for, or have, heart disease.

Total cholesterol levels:

Desirable: Below 200 mg/dL

Borderline high: 200 - 239
High: Above 240

LDL cholesterol levels:

Optimal for people with heart disease or who are at high risk: Below 70 mg/dL
Optimal for people at risk of heart disease: Below 100
Optimal: 100 - 129
Borderline high: 130 - 159
High: 160 - 189

HDL cholesterol levels:

Poor: Below 40 mg/dL

Acceptable: 40 - 59
Optimal: 60 or above

Triglyceride levels:

Optimal: Below 150 mg/dL

Borderline high: 150 - 199
High: Above 200

Adults with normal total and HDL cholesterol levels should have their cholesterol checked every 5 years. If
you have high cholesterol, you should be checked every 2 - 6 months. You should have liver function tests as
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well if you are on cholesterol-lowering medication.

Preventive Care
Most people can lower cholesterol levels by eating a well balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and losing
excess weight.

Diet

A healthy diet can help you lose weight. Losing just 5 or 10 pounds may help lower your cholesterol. To eat
a healthy diet:

Cut down on saturated fats and trans fats. No more than 10% of your daily calories should come from
saturated fat, and you should avoid trans fats completely. Based on data from 4 studies, it is estimated
that a 2% increase in energy intake from trans fats increases the incidence of heart disease by 23%.
Choose unsaturated fats, such as olive oil and canola oil, instead.
Eat whole grains -- whole wheat bread and pasta, oatmeal, oat bran, and brown rice.
Eat more fruits and vegetables, which are high in fiber and can help lower cholesterol levels. Studies
show that plant-based diets are associated with decreases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol of
up to 15%.
Limit cholesterol in your diet. The highest amounts are found in egg yolks, whole milk products, and
organ meats.
Eat fatty fish. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends that people eat at least 2 servings
of fatty fish (such as salmon or herring) each week.
Eat phytosterols and stanols found in nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and fortified food products, such as
orange juice, yogurt, and salad dressing. Studies show that eating 2 - 3 grams of phytosterols daily
reduces total cholesterol by up to 11% and LDL cholesterol by up to 15%.
Increase your intake of high fiber foods, especially oats, barley, and legumes, as well as fruits,
vegetables, and other whole grains.

The AHA has developed dietary guidelines that help lower fat and cholesterol-intake and reduce the risk of
heart disease. The AHA does not recommend very low-fat diets, because new research shows that people
benefit from unsaturated ("good") fats, such as those found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts.

Many fad diets are popular, but they may not help you lose weight and keep it off. In some cases, they may
not even be healthy. Healthy diet includes a variety of foods. If a diet bans an entire food group (such as
carbohydrates), it's probably not healthy.

Experts recommend eating a balanced diet that emphasizes fruit and vegetables:

Grains: 6 - 8 servings per day (half should be whole grains)

Vegetables: 3 - 5 servings per day
Fruits: 4 - 5 servings per day
Fat-free or low-fat dairy: 2 - 3 servings per day
Lean meat, poultry, seafood: 3 - 6 oz. per day (about the size of a deck of cards)
Fats and oils: 2 - 3 tbsp. per day (use unsaturated fats such as olive oil or canola oil)
Nuts, seeds, legumes: 3 - 5 servings per week
Sweets, sugars: 5 or fewer servings per week (the fewer, the better)

In addition, the AHA also recommends eating 2 servings of fatty fish (such as salmon, herring, or lake trout)
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per week; restricting sodium (salt, including salt already added to food) to less than 2,400 mg per day; and
limiting alcohol intake to 1 drink a day for women and 2 for men. However, moderate alcohol consumption
may help lower triglyceride levels and increase HDL levels.

The TLC (therapeutic lifestyle changes) diet is recommended for people who have high cholesterol.
With the TLC diet, less than 7% of your daily total calories should come from saturated fat, and only 25% -
35% of your daily calories should come from fat, overall. Sodium should be limited to 2,400 mg per day. If
these steps don't lower your cholesterol, your doctor may suggest adding more soluble fiber to your diet,
along with plant sterols (found in cholesterol-lowering margarines and salad dressings).

The Mediterranean style dietconcentrates on whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, fish, olive oil, and
moderate, daily wine consumption. This diet is not low fat. It is low in saturated fat but high in
monounsaturated fat. This diet is naturally rich in fiber, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids. It appears to be
heart healthy: In a long term study of 423 patients who had a heart attack, those who followed a
Mediterranean style diet had a 50 - 70% lower risk of recurrent heart disease compared with people who
received no special dietary counseling.

Losing Weight

Being overweight increases the risk of high cholesterol and heart disease. Even a 5 - 10 pound weight loss
can lower LDL twice as much as diet alone. Weight loss often results in lower triglyceride levels and
increased HDL, too. To maintain a healthy diet, you should aim for a gradual, weekly weight loss of 1/2 to 1
pound.

Getting Exercise

Regular exercise both reduces the risk of death from heart disease and helps lower LDL cholesterol levels,
especially when combined with a healthy diet. Just 30 minutes of moderate exercise 5 times per week can
help you lose weight or maintain a proper weight, reduce LDL and triglyceride levels, and increase levels of
HDL. Studies show that every 10 minutes of added exercise per session is associated with a 1.4 mg/dL
increase in HDL cholesterol. Exercise may also lower blood pressure. Talk with your doctor before starting a
new exercise program.

Treatment Approach
Lowering your cholesterol level reduces your risk of heart disease and stroke. Studies show that for every
1% reduction in cholesterol levels there is a 2% reduction in the rate of heart disease. People who already
have heart disease or are at higher risk benefit most from lowering their cholesterol.

Changes in lifestyle -- improved diet, more exercise -- are the most effective means of both preventing and, in
less severe cases, treating high LDL cholesterol levels. In addition to recommending lifestyle changes,
physicians often prescribe specific cholesterol-lowering medications.

Medications
If your LDL cholesterol remains high, after changing your diet and exercise habits, your doctor may prescribe
medications to lower it. If your cholesterol is very high (more than 200 mg/dL), you may start drug therapy at
the same time you improve your diet and exercise habits. Drugs commonly used to treat high cholesterol
include:

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Statins -- These are usually the drugs of choice as they are easy to take and have few interactions with other
drugs. Side effects can include myositis (inflammation of the muscles), joint pain, stomach upset, and liver
damage. People who are pregnant or have liver disease should not take statins. Statins include:

Lovastatin (Mevachor)
Pravastatin (Pravachol)
Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Fluvastatin (Lescor)

Niacin (nicotinic acid) -- In prescription form, niacin is sometimes used to lower LDL cholesterol. It can be
more effective in raising HDL cholesterol than other medications. Side effects may include redness or flushing
of the skin (which can be reduced by taking aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin), stomach upset (which
usually subsides in a few weeks), headache, dizziness, blurred vision, and liver damage. Dietary supplements
of niacin should not be used instead of prescription niacin, as it can cause side effects. Only take niacin for
high cholesterol under a doctor's supervision.

Bile acid sequestrants -- These are used to treat high levels of LDL. Common side effects include bloating,
constipation, heartburn, and elevated triglycerides. People who have high levels of triglycerides (fats in the
blood) should not take bile acid sequestrants. These drugs include:

Cholestyramine (Prevalite, Questran)

Colestipol (Colestid)
Colesevelam (WelChol)

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors -- The medication ezetimibe (Zetia) limits how much LDL cholesterol can be
absorbed in the small intestine. Side effects include headaches, nausea, muscle weakness. Ezetimibe is
combined with simvastatin in the drug Vytorin.

Fibric acid derivatives -- These medicines are effective at lowering triglyceride levels, and moderately
effective at lowering LDL. They are used to treat high triglycerides and low HDL in people who cannot take
niacin. Side effects include myositis, stomach upset, sun sensitivity, gallstones, irregular heartbeat, and liver
damage.

Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Fenofibrate (Tricor, Lofibra)

If you do not respond to one class of drugs, you doctor may use a combination of drugs from 2 classes.

Nutrition and Dietary Supplements

In addition to eating a healthy diet -- low in saturated fat, with plenty of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables --
some specific foods and supplements may help lower cholesterol.

Fiber -- Several studies have shown that soluble fiber (found in beans, oat bran, barley, apples, psyllium,
flaxseed, and glucomannan) lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Fiber can also help you lose weight
because it makes you feel full. Your doctor will encourage you to get more fiber in your diet. You may also
take a fiber supplement. Men should get 30 - 38 g of fiber per day. Women should get 21 - 25 g per day.

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Beta-glucan -- is a type of soluble fiber found in oat bran and other plants. It slightly reduces LDL
cholesterol, which is why oat bran is touted as a cholesterol-lowering food.

Soy -- Many studies have shown that eating soy protein (tofu, tempeh, miso), rather than animal meat, helps
lower blood cholesterol levels, especially when you eat a diet low in saturated fat. One study found that as
little as 20 g of soy protein per day is effective in reducing total cholesterol, and that 40 - 50 g shows faster
effects (in 3 weeks instead of 6). Another study found that soy can help reduce triglyceride levels. The AHA
recommends that people with elevated total and LDL cholesterol add soy to their daily diet, and that soy is
safe when consumed as part of your regular diet. Before you take soy supplements, however, talk to your
doctor. Soy isoflavones may have estrogen-like effects in the body, which might lead to an increased risk of
breast and other cancers.

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil -- There is good evidence that omega-3 fatty acids (namely EPA and
DHA) found in fish oil can help prevent heart disease, lower blood pressure, and reduce the level of
triglycerides in the blood. However, fish oil can also raise levels of both HDL and LDL slightly. When taken
as a supplement, it can also act as a blood thinner, so people who already take blood-thinning medication
should only take a fish oil supplement under their doctor's supervision. One preliminary study found that
people with high cholesterol who took fish oil and red yeast rice lowered cholesterol levels about as much as
people who took simvastatin (Zocor). The AHA recommends that people eat at least 2 servings of fatty fish
(such as salmon) per week, and that fish is safe when consumed as part of your regular diet. If you have high
cholesterol, talk to your doctor before taking a fish oil supplement.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) -- ALA is another omega-3 fatty acid that may protect the heart. However,
studies have shown conflicting results about its ability to lower LDL, and it does not appear to lower
triglyceride levels.

Vitamin C (100 - 200 mg per day) -- Several studies suggest that eating a diet high in vitamin C can help
lower cholesterol levels, but there is no evidence that taking extra vitamin C through a supplement will help.

Beta-sitosterol (800 mg to 1 g per day in divided doses about 30 minutes before meals 3 times daily) --
Beta-sitosterol is a plant sterol, a compound that can stop cholesterol from being absorbed by the intestines.
Several well-designed scientific studies have shown that beta-sitosterol does lower "bad" LDL cholesterol
levels in the body. Beta-sitosterol may lower the amount of vitamin E and beta-carotene absorbed by the
body, so you may want to ask your doctor if you need to take extra vitamin E or carotene.

Policosanol (5 - 10 mg 2 times per day) -- Policosanol is a mix of waxy alcohols usually derived from sugar
cane and yams. Several studies have indicated it may lower "bad" LDL cholesterol and maybe even raise
"good" HDL cholesterol. One study found that policosanol was equivalent to fluvastatin (Lescol) and
simvastatin (Zocor) in lowering cholesterol levels. It may also inhibit blood clots from forming. However,
almost all of the studies have been conducted in Cuba or Latin America using a proprietary form of
policosanol, so it is hard to evaluate the evidence. Policosanol may increase the risk of bleeding, and should
not be taken by people who also take blood-thinning medication.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) -- Researchers believe that CoQ10 may boost levels of antioxidants. One study
found that people who received daily CoQ10 supplements within 3 days of a heart attack were much less
likely to experience subsequent heart attacks and chest pain. They were also less likely to die of the condition
than those who did not receive the supplements. Still, more research is needed to say whether CoQ10 has
any role in preventing or treating atherosclerosis. People who take statins may have low levels of CoQ10. If
you take statins, you may want to ask your doctor about taking a CoQ10 supplement. CoQ10 can interfere
with anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
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Polyphenols -- Polyphenols are chemical substances found in plants that have antioxidant properties. Test
tube, animal, and some population-based studies suggest that the flavonoids quercetin, resveratrol, and
catechins (all found in high concentration in red wine, and in grape juice) may help reduce the risk of
atherosclerosis by protecting against the damage caused by LDL cholesterol. However, more studies in
humans are needed to confirm these findings.

Resveratrol -- A study in mice found that resveratrol protected against age-related damage to vital organs,
including the heart and liver, even when the mice ate a high-fat diet. Although this study is promising, more
studies are needed to determine whether resveratrol would have the same effect in humans. No one is sure
how much resveratrol is needed to see a benefit. In addition, resveratrol may have estrogen-like effects, and
researchers don't yet know whether it would pose the same risks as estrogen supplements. Resveratrol can
potentially interact with a number of medications, including medications that are used to slow blood clotting,
such as warfarin (Coumadin) and aspirin. If you take any prescription medications, check with your doctor
before adding resveratrol to your regimen.

Herbs
The use of herbs is a time honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however,
can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you
should take herbs with care, under the supervision of a health care provider.

Hawthorn(Crataegus monogyna, 900 - 1,800 mg per day in 2 - 3 divided doses) -- Hawthorn contains the
polyphenols rutin and quercetin, and was traditionally used to treat cardiovascular diseases. Animal and
laboratory studies show that hawthorn has antioxidant properties that may help lower high cholesterol and
high blood pressure. Talk to your doctor before taking hawthorn, as it can interact with other drugs taken for
heart disease and high blood pressure.

Garlic(Allium sativum, 900 mg per day of garlic powder, standardized to 0.6% allicin) -- Previous clinical
trials have shown that fresh garlic and garlic supplements may lower cholesterol levels, prevent blood clots,
and destroy plaque. However, more recent studies show no effect on cholesterol. Garlic can increase the risk
of bleeding and should not be taken if you are also taking blood-thinning medication. Garlic may interact with
Isoniazid and medications used to treat HIV/AIDS. Speak with your physician.

Olive leaf extract(Olea europaea, 1000 mg per day) -- One study found that people with mild high blood
pressure (hypertension) lowered cholesterol and blood pressure by taking olive leaf extract, compared to
those who took placebo. More research is needed to confirm these findings.

Red yeastor red yeast rice(Monascus purpureus, 1,200 mg 2 times per day with meals) -- Several
studies indicate that a proprietary form of red yeast (Cholestin) can lower cholesterol levels, and that the herb
acts like prescription statin drugs (See "Medications" section). For that reason, you should not take red yeast
without a doctor's supervision, especially if you already take statins to lower cholesterol.

Psyllium(Plantago psyllium, 10 - 30 g per day in divided doses taken 30 - 60 minutes after meals) --
Taking psyllium, a type of fiber, helps lower cholesterol levels, as well as blood sugar levels. If you take
medicine for diabetes, talk to your doctor before taking psyllium.

Guggul (Commiphora mukul, 75 - 100 mg per day divided into 3 doses) -- Guggul is used in Ayurvedic
medicine to treat high cholesterol levels. Scientific studies have found mixed results -- guggul appears to work
in Indian populations, but not in people who eat high-fat Western diets. Guggul may have estrogen-like
properties. Take caution if you have a history of estrogen-sensitive cancers or if you're taking medications.
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Guggul can also affect thyroid function and therefore interact with thyroid medications. Speak with your
physician.

Other Considerations
Pregnancy
Cholesterol-lowering medications should be avoided during pregnancy.

Prognosis and Complications

Several complications may occur if high cholesterol is left untreated. These include:

Heart disease -- high cholesterol levels more than double the risk of heart attack. Lowering cholesterol
by 1% reduces the risk of coronary artery disease by 2%.
Stroke -- low levels of "good" HDL cholesterol have been associated with an increased risk of stroke.
Insulin resistance -- 88% of people with low HDL and 84% with high triglycerides also have insulin
resistance (which leads to high blood sugar levels). Many people with insulin resistance go on to
develop diabetes.

Maintaining a proper weight, eating a diet low in saturated fat, and exercising can lower cholesterol levels and
improve long-term prognosis.

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Alternative Names
Cholesterol - high; High cholesterol

Version Info
Last Reviewed on 02/14/2013
Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and
alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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