Energy Audit for Lighting System of PIT Research, Extension and External Affairs

(REEA) Office: A Model for Lighting System of the Institute

Gregorio P. Pajaron Jr. , MSME, D.M.; Romil L. Asoque, MSME

Faculty, Department of Electrical Engineering,

Palompon Institute of Technology
Palompon, Leyte 6538, Philippines

Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Palompon Institute of Technology
Palompon, Leyte 6538, Philippines

Email addresses:greg31_@yahoo.com1; rla_0208@yahoo.com

RATIONALE
Since the start of the industrialization era, electrical energy becomes an indispensable component in development and
progress of the nation and in our everyday life. However, due to the increasing demand of electricity, it has become a scarce
commodity. Yet, as government institution, one of the biggest shares in the expenses of Palompon Institute of Technology, a
state college, is the cost of electrical energy consumption. Thus, it is in this context that we wish to conduct an energy audit
on the lighting system in the office of research to assess light intensity of the office and thereby make recommendations to
minimize the electrical energy consumption. The outcome will be used as bases for the recommendations for all the offices
in the Institute.

OBJECTIVES
This study analyzed the electrical energy related to the lighting system of PIT research office. This will be used as model
for the lighting system of the institute. Specifically, it sought to investigate the existing condition of the lighted space,
opportunities for improvement and the amount of savings and potential payback.

METHODOLOGY
An actual lighting energy audit was conducted to determine the number of lighting fixtures installed and their rating and the
number of hours of operation to compute the energy consumption. Using lux meter, the intensity of each lighting fixture at
various locations was measured and documented. The measured lux values were then compared with the standard values as
reference and locations as under lit and over lit areas were identified.

RESULTS
The average lux is 212.21875 and the Installed Load Efficacy Ratio (ILER) is 0.592. Based on 6 hours/day operation, the annual energy
wastage is about 947.08 KWh. At 8.5 pesos per KWh, the annual consumption is 19,730.88 pesos.

CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that energy efficiency cannot be obtained by mere selection of more efficient lamps alone. Efficient
luminaires along with the lamp of high efficacy achieve the optimum efficiency. Luminaires with a high output ratio
and good light distribution can save energy.

KEYWORDS
Energy Audit, Lighting System, lux, Load Efficacy Ratio, light intensity
I. INTRODUCTION
Conceptual Framework
Since the start of the industrialization era, electrical
energy becomes an indispensable component in
development and progress of the nation and in our everyday Lighting System of PIT
life. We use electrical energy in our homes for cooking, Research Office
heating, TV. etc. In industry, we use electrical energy for
lighting system and in running the machines and other  Light intensity
equipment. In today's culture, electricity is a vital part of  Room environment
functioning as a society. Simple tasks, such as waking up at  Lighting fixtures
a designated time or enjoying a piece of music, are
features and condition
accomplished currently via electronic means. One only
needs to consider the consequences of a relatively short
power outage factories close down, phones and computers
go dead, traffic slows to a crawl, food spoils in refrigerators
to accurately observe how power-dependent our society has
become. In the past century and a half, electricity has
steadily evolved from a scientific curiosity, to a luxury of the
affluent, to a modern need. Along the way, it has been
shaped by a variety of non-technological factors: economic,
Opportunities for
political, social, and environmental, to name a few.
Improvement
However, due to the increasing demand of electricity, it
has become a scarce commodity. So that, it has become very
expensive. As part of the measure to minimize expenses, due
to budgetary deficit of the government, government agencies
and principalities are ordered to reduce operating cost. Yet,
as government institution, one of the biggest shares in the
expenses of Palompon Institute of Technology, a state
college, is the cost of electrical energy consumption. To
reduce operating costs and increase output there will be a
tighter focus on minimizing power losses and on changing Savings and Potential
the way energy is used thereof. Thus, it is in this context that Payback
we will conduct an energy audit on the lighting system in
the office of research, extension and external affairs to
assess electrical energy consumption as well as determine
light intensity of the office and thereby make
recommendations to minimize the electrical energy Fig. 1: Schema of the Conceptual Framework
consumption. The outcome will be used as bases for the
recommendations for all the offices in the Institute.

This research study aimed to analyze the electrical

energy related to the lighting system of PIT research office.
This will be used as model for the lighting system of the
institute. Specifically, it sough t to investigate the existing
condition of the lighted space, opportunities for
improvement and the amount of savings and potential
payback.
II. METHODOLOGY

In order to attain the objectives of the study, an actual Step 2. With the aid of lux meter, measure and document the
lighting energy audit was conducted to determine the number lux levels at various office locations at working level alongside
of lighting fixtures installed and their rating and the number of the number of lamps “ON” during measurement.
hours of operation to compute the energy consumption
. Determination of Minimum Number of Measurement Points
Using lux meter, the intensity of each lighting fixture at and Calculation of Room Index
various locations was measured and documented.
(L x W)
With the aid of portable load analyzer (power meter), the Room Index(RI) =
voltage, current, power factor and power consumption at [ Hm (L + W) ]
various input points, e. g. distribution boards or the lighting
voltage transformers were measured and determined.

The measured lux values were then compared with the Where:
standard values as reference and locations as under lit and over L = length of interior
lit areas were identified. W = width of interior
Hm = mounting height above the working
The failure rates of lamps, ballasts and the actual life plane
expectancy levels from past data were collected and analyzed.
Based on careful assessment and evaluation, improvement Note:
options were brought out. 0.75 m – above floor offices
0.85 m – above the floor of manufacturing
The study also utilizes interview questions schedule to get areas
the opinion and observation of the occupants of the office on
the utilization of electrical energy of the research office. * Unit does not matter as long as the same is used throughout.

Determination of Measurement Points

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Minimum number of
Existing Lighting Condition of the PIT VPREEA Room Index
measurement points
Office Below 1 9
1 and below 2 16
Amount of Light Distributed in the Room
2 and below 3 25
Using lux meter, the lux levels at various office 3 and above 36
locations at working level were obtained. Detail procedure in
getting the average lux is shown below.

Step 1. Inventory of lighting system elements and transformers REEA Office Interior Dimensions
in the facility
24 m
Device Rating, Population and Use Profile

No.
Lighting Rating
of
No Locat Device & in Watts Population 6.68 m
hours
. ion Ballast Lamp & Numbers
Per
Type Ballast
day
REE Flourescent 19-
A Lamp 40W, 5- 25
1 6
Offic Electrical 36W & (1 busted)
e Ballast 1-23W
 (L x W) 24 x 6.68
Room Index(RI) = =
[ Hm (L + W) ] [ 2.45 ( 2 + 6.68) VT = 222.6 V (as measured)

= 2.313 19 x 40W = 760

5 x 36W = 180
From table, the minimum number of measurement
points is 25. As it is not possible to approximate a “square 1 x 23 = 23 (busted)
array” of 25 points within such a rectangle it is necessary to
increase the number of points to say 32. Total = 940W (for lamp)

Thus: + 300W (for ballast consumption)

 To have square array of points, use 8 by 4 spacing Total Power Consumption = 1240W
between points.
For the current:
 The distance between points along its interior
length is obtained by dividing 24 by 8 which is 1240W
equal to 3 m. = 5.636Amperes
220V
 The distance from the wall along its interior length
is obtained by dividing 3 by 2 which is equal to
1.5 m.
For the Power factor:
 The distance between points along its interior
length is obtained by dividing 6.68 by 4 which is 1240W = 222.6V (5.636A) P.F
equal to 1.67 m. P.F. = 0.98836

 The distance from the wall along its interior length

is obtained by dividing 1.67 by 2 which is equal Step 4. Compare the measured lux values with standard values
to 0.835 m. as reference and identify locations as under lit and over lit
areas.

Actual Light Intensity Measurement (in lux) in PIT REEA Total Wattage divided by Space Area:
Office
2
1240 Watts = 7.74 W/m

24m x 6.68m
140 400 360 390 270 205 284 243
Step 5. Collect and analyze the failure rates of lamps, ballasts
110 120 190 243 215 200 228 225 and the actual life expectancy levels from past data.
125 100 220 245 207 180 255 237 140 + 400 + 360 + 390 + 270 + 205 + 284 + 243
110 + 120 + 190 + 243 + 215 + 200 + 228 + 225
75 80 200 216 180 196 216 236 125 + 100 + 220 + 245 + 207 + 180 + 255 + 237
75 + 80 + 200 + 216 + 180 + 196 + 216 + 236
Lux Ave. =
32
Step 3. With the aid of portable load analyzer (power meter),
measure and document the voltage, current, power factor and = 212.21875 lux
power consumption at various input points, e. g. distribution
boards or the lighting voltage transformers as the same as that *way below the recommended light levels for general offices
(300 – 750 lux)
of the lighting level audit:
 RESULT SUMMARY
Dividing 5 by 4 to calculate lux per watt per square meter:
SCOPE
212.21875 lux
= 27.418 lux/W/m2  PIT Research, Extension and
7.74 W/m2 External Affairs

Obtain target Lux/W/m2 lux for type of the interior/application FEATURES

and RI (2):
 25 light fixtures, 1 – busted
 19-40W; 5-36W FL
 Area: 160.32 sq. m
 Room Index: 2.313
 No. of Points: 32
 Total Circuit Watts: 1240W
 Operation: 156 hrs/month
STEP PROCEDURE RESULT
1 Measure the floor area A = 160.32 sq. m
of the interior
2 Calculate the Room RI = 2.313
index
3 Determine the total
circuit watts of the
installation by a power Total Circuit Watts =
meter if a separate 1240 W
feeder for lighting is
available. If the actual
value is not known a
reasonable
approximation can be
obtained by totaling up
the lamp wattages
Target Lux/W/sq. m = 48 including the ballasts:
4 Calculate watts per W/sq.m = 7.74
square meter, Value of
Calculate Installed Load Efficacy Ratio by dividing step 3 divided by step 1
Lux/W/sq.m by Target Lux/W/sq.m: 5 Ascertain the average Lux Average =
maintained illuminance 212.21875
27.418 by using lux meter, Lux
ILER = = 0.592 average maintained
48 6 Divide 5 by 4 to Lux/W/sq.m = 27.418
calculate lux per watt
per square meter
7 Obtain target Target Lux/W/sq.m =
Lux/W/m2 lux for the 48
type of
interior/application and
(RI) 2:
8 Calculate Installed ILER = 0.592
Load Ratio (6 divided
by 7).
  ILER = 0.592

ANNUAL ENERGY WASTAGE:

= (1 – 0.592) x 1.24 KW x 1872 hrs
= 947.08 KWh/year

FINDINGS

APPROXIMATE
CORRESPONDING
FINDINGS ENERGY
EMOs
SAVINGS

FL19- 40W,
5-36W &1-
Replace with T8 FL
23W (busted) 11.23%
36W
used in
lightings
 For 20-36W T8 FL lux level computation:
Replacement (25
Existing (19 pcs x 40; 5 20 x 2450 lum/lamp = 49,000 lumens
pcs. X 20W T8
pcs. x 36 & 1 pc. x 23)
FL)
49,000
No. of Lux = = 305
Fixtures 25 20 2
160.32 m
Considered

Total
Lighting 1.24 KW 0.97 KW IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Load (KW)
Annual Lighting Energy efficiency for the office of Research,
Energy Extension and External Affairs of the PIT cannot be obtained
2,321.28 KWh 1815.84 KWh
Consumption, by mere selection of more efficient lamps alone. Efficient
KWh luminaires along with the lamp of high efficacy achieve the
optimum efficiency. Luminaires
Annual
with a high output ratio and good light distribution can save
Consumption 19,730.88 15,434.64
energy.
@ 8.50/KWh

Annual Lighting Improvements:

Monetary 4,296.24
Savings  Examine scope for replacements of lamps by more
energy efficient lamps, with due consideration to
Investment luminaire, color rendering index, lux level as well as
Cost
1,400 expected life comparison.
(P70/T8-36W
lamp)
 Replace conventional magnetic ballasts by more energy
Payback efficient ballasts, with due consideration to life and
0.326 years
period (years) power factor apart from watt loss.

 Select interior colors for light reflection.

 Modify layout for optimum lighting.

V. REFERENCES
[1] Albert Thumnn. Handbook of Energy Engineering. The Fairmont
Press Inc.

[2] Robert L. Loftness. Energy Handbook. Von Nostrand Reinhold

Company.

[3] Kaplan, Seymour. Energy Consumption. New York: McGraw-Hill,

1983.

[4] Kennedy & Turner. Energy Management. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.

Prentice Hall Inc., 1984.

[5] Meckler, Milton. Energy Conservation in Buildings and Industrial

Plants. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., 1981.

[6] Encyclopedia of Energy - McGraw Hill Publication

[7] Energy Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York - V

Daniel Hunt.

[8] Energy management handbook, John Wiley and Sons - Wayne C.

Turner

[9] Energy conservation – The Indian experience, Department of Power &

NPC Publication

[10] Illumination engineering for energy efficient luminous environments

by Ronald N.Helms, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

[11] Cleaner Production – Energy Efficiency Manual for GERIAP, UNEP,

Bangkok prepared by National Productivity Council

[12] Review of utility home energy audit programs

by E Hirst, L Berry, J Soderstrom - Energy, 1981 - Elsevier

[12] Review of utility home energy audit programs

E Hirst, L Berry, J Soderstrom - Energy, 1981 - Elsevier

[13] Energy audit of water networks

by E Cabrera, MA Pardo, R Cobacho… - Journal of Water …, 2010 -
ascelibrary.org

[13] Energy audit of water networks

by E Cabrera, MA Pardo, R Cobacho… - Journal of Water …, 2010 -
ascelibrary.org

[14] Energy audit of a full scale MBR system

by A Fenu, J Roels, T Wambecq, K De Gussem, C Thoeye… -
Desalination, 2010 - Elsevier

[15] Energy audit and conservation opportunities for pyroprocessing unit of

a typical dry process cement plant
by G Kabir, AI Abubakar, UA El-Nafaty - Energy, 2010 - Elsevier

[16] Energy audit of an educational building in a hot summer climate

by A Alajmi - Energy and Buildings, 2012 - Elsevier

[17] Review of evaluations of utility home-energy-audit programs

by L Berry, J Soderstrom, E Hirst, B Newman, R Weaver - 1981 - osti.gov